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TITLE Child Pornography and Pedophillia. Report Made by the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Governmental Affairs. United States Senate, Ninety-Ninth Congress, Second Session. INSTITUTION Congress of the U.S., Washington, D.C. Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs. REPORT NO Senate-R-99-537 PUB DATE 9 Oct 86 NOTE 57p. PUB TYPE Legal/Legislative/Regulatory Materials (090) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC03 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Child Abuse; Children; *Government Role; International Cooperation; Pornography; *Prevention; *Sexual Abuse; *Victims of Crime IDENTIFIERS *Child Pornography; Congress 99th; *Pedophilia ABSTRACT This document contains an extensive overview of the topics of child pornovaphy and pedophilia. Pedophilia is defined for this report as a condition in which an adult's primary sexual attraction is to prepubescent children roughly between theages of 6 and 12. The introduction discusses the recent history of public awareness of the problem, characteristics of child molesters, and the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigation's interest in and action on the topic. Further sections discuss the following: (1) organized crime's involvement; (2) prosecutions by the Department of Justice; (3) pedophilia; (4) meeting and seducing children; (5)use of child pornography; (6) correspondence among pedophiles; (7)use of computers by pedophiles; (8) pedophile organizations and publications; (9) international distribution of child pornography with virticular emphasis on Sweden, Denmark, and the Netherlands; (10) importation of child pornography into the United States; (11) quality and content of child pornography; and (12) price and cost of child pornography. Three recommendations are made by the subcommittee for combating child pornography and child molestation. Theseare: banning advertising of child pornography and child prostitution, increasing pressure on foreign pornographers, and creating regional child sexual exploitation task forces. The appendix includes letters relevant to the topic to and by the subcommittee. (A8L)

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99TH CONGRESS 1 I REPORT SENATE 2nd Session 99-537 irk 417% trt CHILD PORNOGRAPHY AND PEDOPHILIA CI UieNi REPORT

MADE EY THE PERMANENT SUBCOMMITTEE ON INVESTIGATIONS

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS UNITED STATES SENATE

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUC TIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) Ns document has been reproduced se received from the person or organisation originating It 0 Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction Quality

Pants of view or optntonsstatedinthodocv ment do nornecessardy represent official OERI position or policy

Ocroasa 9 (legislative day, Ocroarat 6), 1986.Ordered to be printed

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 63-080 0 WASHINGTON : 1986

BEST COPY AVAILABLE COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS WILLIAM V. ROTH, JR., Delaware, Chairman TED STEVENS, Alaska THOMAS F. EAGLETON, Missouri CHARLES McC. MATHIAS, JR., Maryland LAWTON CHILES Florida WILLIAM S. COHEN, Maine SAM NUNN, Georgia DAVE DURENBERGER, Minnesota JOHN GLENN, Ohio WARREN B. RUDMAN, New Hampshire CARL LEVIN, Michigan THAD COCHRAN, Mississippi ALBERT GORE, JR., Tennessee Fmturcus G. Pout, Chief Counsel and Staff Director GARY EMIG, Minority Staff Director

PERMANENT SUBCOMMITTEE ON INVESTIGATIONS WILLIAM V. ROTH, JR., Delaware, Chairman WARREN B. RUDMAN, New Hampshire, ViceChairman CHARLES McC. MATHIAS, JR., Maryland SAM NUNN, Georgia WILLIAM S. COHEN, Maine LAWTON CHILES, Florida THAD COCHRAN, Mississippi JOHN GLENN, Ohio TED STEVENS, Alaska CARL LEVIN, Michigan ALBERT GORE, JR., Tennessee DANIEL F. Ritual., Chief Counsel ELEANORE J. Mu., Chief Counsel to the Minority CARLA MARI1N, Chief Clerk

(II)

3.18ATAVA Y9O3 1238 CONTENTS

Page I. Introduction 1 II. Organized crime 4 III. Prosecutions by the Department of Justice 5 IV. Pedophilia 6 V. Meeting and seducing children 7 VI. Use of child pornography 9 VII. Correspondence among pedophiles 12 VIII. Use of computers by pedophiles 13 DE. Pedophile organizations and publications 15 Early publications 17 Pedophile organizations 19 X. International distribution of child pornography 29 Sweden 30 Denmark 31 The Netherlands 32 XI. Importation of child pornography into the United States 35 XII. Quality and content of foreign child pornography 37 XIII. Price and cost of child pornography 41 XIV. Conclusions 43 XV. Recommendations 44 Appendix 47

(

4 99TH CONGRESS I REPORT 2d Session SENATE 99-537

CHILD PORNOGRAPHY AND PEDOPHILIA

Ocromut 9 (legislative day, Ocroasa 6), 1986.Ordsred to be printed

Mr. Rom, from the Committee on Geverninental Affairs, submitted the following REPORT I. INTRODUCTION A decade ago, the sexual abuse of children was a subject that came to the attention of most Americans infrequently, if at all. As- sault cases often were quietly kept out of the courts, and many police departments viewed such cases as little more than time-consuming social work. Child molesters were more often the target of jokes than investigations. For millions of Americans, child sexual abuse was a problem that was out of sight and out of wind. During the late 1970s, however, reports of child lexual abuse slowly began to increase, and so did public awarene s.of the problem. The American Association for Protecting Children, a subsidi- ary of the American Humane Association, noted a ten-fold increase in the number of children reported to be sexual abuse victims from 1976 to 1988,1 but it was not until the following year that the problem was presented to the general public as a "crisis." Beginning in 1984 and throughout 1985, child sexual abuse was almost constantly in the national focus. Networks and local TV stations devoted scores of prime-time hours to its exposure; hundreds of newspapers and magazines ran lengthy accounts of child sexual assaults and pornography rings; grocery bags and milk cartons began to carry the faces of missing children; citizen awareness groups sprang. up around the country; police agencies that once paid scant attention to the problem began establishing special training programs for their officers and setting up child sex crime units; the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children was established in Washington, D.C.; and in Congress, from 1988 to mid-1986 a total of

' American Humane Association/American Association for Protecting Children, Highlights of Official Child Neglect and Abuse Reporting Denver, CO, 1984, p. 17. 63-080 0 2 194 bills and 13 hearings focused specificallyon some aspect of child abuse or child sexual exploitation.2 With this unprecedented attentioncame an exponential increase in the reporting of child sexual abuse, believed bysome to be the most underreported major crime in America. Reports increased dramatically throughout the United Statesin Farm Belt states and in the nation's largest cities, in West Coast beach towns and East Coast industrial centers, in the neighbor- hoods of the affluent, the middle class and thepoor. A 1985 report by the New York-based Child Welfare League of America said child sexual abuse reports rose 59 percent from 1983 to 1984.5 In Dela- ware and Idaho reports nearly doubled from 1983 to 1984; in Oregon they rose 129 percent; and in Wisconsin, they wentup by 132 percent.* In Houston, police received 1,600 reports of child sexual assaults in 1985, more than double the total in 1983.5 In virtually all cases the extraordinary rise in sexiial abusestatistics re- flected a state's or city's increased efforts to discover and investigate such crimes, rather than a sudden increase in molested children over years past. And yet there is wide agreement thateven these are conservative figures.5 The following are just a few of themany cases that attracted national attention during 1984 and 1985: In Manhattan Beach, California, in the Spring of 1984,seven employees of a day care center were charged with 207counts of rape, sodomy and other abuses, involving at least 41 children over a six-year period. Doctors confirmed that 37 of the children showed physical signs of molestation. Aftera grueling pre-trial hearing lasting several months,many parents with- drew their children as witnesses after watching other children undergo lengthy cross-examination by defense attorneys. Later the Los Angeles County District Attorney dropped allcharges against five of the seven defendants, citinga lack of evidence.7 In 1985 a Roman Catholic priestwas convicted of molesting over a period of years at least 37 boys, among them altar boys and members of the parish Boy Scout troop in Henry, Louisi- ana. Depositions in the case disclosed that the priest's supervisors had confronted him with such allegations as far backas 1974 and had received similar complaints from parents in 1977. Yet the supervisors did not alert police and still allowed the priest to work with children. More thana dozen civil suits were filed against the diocese by the families and $4 2 million in damages already has been awarded.*

' Report to Subcommittee by Congressional Research Service, Washington,_June 1986. 3 Child Welfare Imams of Amerim, 2120 Young to Run: The Status of Child Abusein America; New York, February 1985, p. 5. 4 Ibid., p. 10 Subcommittee staff interview with Sgt. William D. Brown, Vice Division, Houston, TX, Police Department, February 1986. 6 National Committee for the Prevention of Child Abuse, "The Size of the Child Abuse Prob- lem"; Chicago, February 1985, p. 2; Sally Squires, "Who Would Sexually Abusea Child?"; The Washington Post "Health" Mamba, June 19, 1986,p. 7. Ted Rohrlich and Lois Minnick, "McMartin Flaw: Gaps in Evidence"; The Dimes, Jan. 27, 1986, 9. 4 Los Angeles Jon Nordheimer, "Sex Charges Against Priest Embroil Louisiana Parents"; The New York 7imes, June 20, 1985, p. A-24.

6 3 In Tampa, Florida, Eric Cross, who had been convicted of molesting young girls in four countries, was indicted for alleg- edly distributing child pornography while in prison on a molestation charge. He was convicted on 19 counts of distributing child pornography and other charges and sentenced to a 95- year prison term.9 As a large number of cases illustrate, child molesters come from virtually every type of background in society. In the past two years those convicted on such charges have included police officers, politi- cians, judges, physicians, lawyers, journalists, grandmothers, teachers and military officers, among others. To their neighbors and co- workers they were often respected, responsible members of the community, remembered by some acquaintances as being "great with kids." Many were active in church, school and sports organizations. The stereotype of the child molester as a menacing deviate lurking in public places obviously does not apply to many of them. With these events as a backdrop, the Senate Permanent Subcom- mittee on Investigations in early 1984 began an investigation of child pornography and pedophiliathe abnormal sexual desire of an adult for pre-pubescent children. Subcommittee investigators interviewed more than 200 people in more than 30 states, including convicted child molesters, pornographers, pro-pedophilia activists, molestation victims, investigators, judges, prosecutors, psychiatrists and child protection workers. The Subcommittee also reviewed thousands of documents, including arrest reports, victim state- ments, pedophile correspondence, newsletters, child pornography catalogs, films, videotapes and magazines. Finally, the Subcommit- tee held three days of public hearingson Nov. 29 and 30, 1984 and Feb. 21, 1985for further exploration of the issues and questions raised during the investigation." The investigation's primary focus was on child pornography and pedophile activities in the United States, but because of the impor- tance of the Netherlands, Denmark and Sweden in the international distribution of child pornography, the Subcommittee also examined efforts to combat child pornography in those countries." The Subcommittee found that while the growth in the number of reports of abuse and sexual exploitation of children is cause for continuing concern, recent Federal lawsnotably the Child Protec- tion Act of 1984are beginning to show significant results in the battle against these evils. The public perception of an "epidemic" of child abuse and child pornography reports and arrests, which has led to demands for even tougher laws, may actually be testimony to the effectiveness of the existing laws in providing authorities with the tools to arrest and convict child abusers and pornographers. In addition, the economic impact of the child pornography industry often tends to be overstated. The most significant to socie-

John Dorachner, "The Child Seducer"; The Miami Herald "Tropic" Magazine, Oct. 9, 1983, pp. 14-21; Subcommittee staff interview with Special Agent Barry Carmody, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Tampa, FL, March 1986. (Also see pp. 39-41.) 10 Permanent Sukommittee on Investigations, 'United States Senate, Child Pornography and Pedophilia; S. Hrg. 98-1277, Part 1, Nov. 29-30, 1984; S. Hrg. 99-18, Part 2, Feb. 21, 1985 (Hear- ings). The U.S. Customs Service estimated in 1985 that 85 percent of the child pornography seized as it was entering the United States came from Denmark and the Netherlands; see pp. 29-34.

7 4 ty from this practice cannot be measured in economicterms; instead, it must be measured in terms of theextent of physical and psychic damage to innocent children broughtabout by the production and use of child pornography. U. ORGANIZED CRIME Because of the Subcommittee's historic interest inthe activities of organized crime, an effortwas made to obtain any information that might show a direct link between organizedcrime and the distribution of child pornography in the United States.The Subcom- mittee interviewed former child pornography distributors,federal informants, pedophiles, prosecutors and law enforcementofficials from the United States, Canada and Europe. Noone produced definitive evidence that traditional organized crimegroups, such as La Cosa Nostra, have any appreciable influenceon the production or distribution of true pedophile-oriented child pornography. Nor was evidence found of any widespread involvement, much lesscon- trol, of child pornography distribution by otherethnic crime organizations or criminal groups, suchas motorcycle gangs. There is evidence that La Cosa Nostra crime familiesare involved in the production and distribution ofcommercial adult pornography.'2 A small portion of this marketmay include underaged models, usually 16 or 17, andsome material appears to show legal- aged models who are dressed and madeup to look like minors. While any sexually explicit material involvingpersons of this age is usually harmful, if not illegal, forpurposes of this report child pornography refers to material involving childrenunder 13. After extensive inquiries, the Subcommitteehas concluded that the distribution of child pornography in theUnited States is large- ly carried out by individual pedophiles,who produce this material and trade it among themselvesor order it through the mail from other countries. In the few instances whenpolice have uncovered commercial child pornography operations, theypaled in comparison to the sophistication and profits of adult pornovaphy distributors, and were not controlled by traditionalorganized crime. One such organization was run by Cathy Wilson,who at the time of her arrest in California in 1983was believr 1 to control about 80 percent of the commercial child pornography tradein the United States." Wilson told Subcommittee investigatorsin August 1984 that "the Mafia" had not been involved in heroperation or that of any other child pornographer with whom she dealt duringthe 1970s and early 1980s." Richard Trolio,once a business partner of Wilson's who later becamea federal informant against her, told the Subcommittee he agreed with Wilson'sassessment." Economics probably plays a major part in organizedcrime's lack of interest in child pornography. Theadult sex industry (magazines, videotapes, X-rated movie theaters,nightclubs, massage par-

It California Department of Justice,Organized Crime in California, 1982 48; 1984, pp. 14-16. Sacramento, " '`Case Synopsis," Administrative Vice Division, Loe Angeles Police 1982 (copy retained in Subcommittee files). Department, May 7, '4 Subcommittee staff interview, August 1984. 15 Subcommittee staff interview, August 1984. 5 lors, "dial-a-porn" and "escort" services, etc.) operates legally in much of the country and grosses several billion dollars annually." Conversely, the commercial child pornography industry has declined substantially in recent years." Perhaps equally discouraging to organized crime is the aggressive enforcement of the 1984 federal child pornography statutes," which carry 10-year prison terms for production, importation or distribution of the material. In comparison, violations involving adult pornography are often treated as misdemeanor obscenity cases, when they are prosecuted at all. III. PROSECUTIONS BY THE DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE On February 6, 19'78, Congress enacted Public Law 95-225, the Protection of Children Against Sexual Exploitation Act of 19'77. This legislation added sections 2251 through 2253 to Title 18 of the United States CAxle to deal specifically for the first time with the problem of child pornography. Efforts by prosecutors to obtain convictions under these statutes, however, were hampered by a provi- sion in the law that the pornographic material in question had to be produced or distributed for "commercial" purposes in order to warrant prosecution. Since most child pornographers in the United States tend to trade child pornography among themselves rather than hell it, the Department of Justice was forced to rely primarily upon sections 1461-1465, Title 18 of the U.S. Code, the federal obscenity statutes, to prosecute child pornographers. Congress moved to close this loophole on May 21, 1984, by amz.ndingthechildpornographystatutestodeletethe "commerciality" requirement and a requirement that the dissemi- nated material be legally obscene.19 The amendments, which also added civil s ad criminal forfeiture provisions to the statutes, now appear as sections 2251-2255, Title 18, U.S. Code. The effect of these amendments on the Department of Justice's ability to prosecute child pornography cases has been dramatic: from 19'78 to April 1984, the Department obtained 64 convictions; between May 1984, and June 1986, at least 164 convictions were obtained."

Indictmenb Convictions

Yee: 1978 . 13 13 1979 1 1 1980 11 10 1981 14 15 1982 19 7 1983 6 15 1984 (pte-kt) 5 3

" Grwry Stricharchuk, " 'Porn King' Expands His Empire With Aid of Businessman's Skills"; The Wall Street Journal, May 8, 1985, p. 1. " US. Customs Service seizure reports, February 1986; Subcommittee staff interview with Cathy Wilson, op. cit.; Subcommittee staff interview with Joyce Karlin, Assistant U.S. Attorney, Lce Anples, August, 1984. " See following section. " Child Protection Act of 1984, P.L. 98-292. ao Report to Subcommittee by Criminal Division, U.S. Department of Justice, June 1986.

9 6

IndOmads coMakm

1984 (postAct) 55 35 1985 123 102 1986 (Kw) 24 27

IV. PEDOPHILIA The terms pedophile and pedophilia havebeen so widely used in the news media in recent years that their clinical defmitionssome- times are overlooked. Many references to "pedophiles"seem to indicate the term is applied to any adult who is sexuallyattracted to a legal minor. That is not the case, and the distinction is worth noting. Pedophilia, literally "love ofa child," as used in this report refers to the condition in whichan adult's primary sexual attraction is to prepubescent childrenroughly between sixand twelve years of age.21 Whilemany cases exist in which true pedophiles have been involved with children below and abovethose age bound- aries, the vast majority fall between them. (Aless-commonly used term, hebephilia, describes an adult's sexual attractionto adolescents. This more accurately defines the offenders involvedin teenage prostitution, for example, than does the often-misused label,pedophile.) Pedophiles normally have little interestin adolescents who are beginning to reach sexual maturity; it is,in fact, the very lack of sexual development, the childishinnocence, that arouses most true pedophiles. The term pedophile is oftenmisused when applied to all child sex crime offenders. Expertsagree that many children are assaulted simply because theyare available and, of course, more easily overpowered than an adult. The true pedophile, as a rule, does not commit violent acts against his victim. Pedophiles often are attracted to children withina specific age rangeboys from 8 to 10, girls under 9, etc.andthere is some evidence to show this preferencemay develop because it was the same age at which the molester was also first molestedas a child.22 Many studies have showna large percentage of convicted child molesters were themselves molestedas children.23 While pedophiles come from virtually all social,racial, ethnic and age groups, therapists and investigatorshave been able to arrive at some common characteristicsmany of them seem to share. Pedophiles normally are divided intotwo categoriesre- gressed and fixated. An authoritative psychiatricprofile described them in this way: 24 The [fixated] offender hasnever developed emotionally or intellectually. He feels comfortable around children and uncomfortable around adults. Hesees the child as an adequate sexual partner who will enjoy the experience. He shows no guilt or shame afterwards. This offenderwill be

II Kenneth V. Lanning, Child Molesters: A Behattorial Analysis; NationalCenter for Missing and Exploited Children, Washington, February 1986,pp. 1-2. 81 Sharon Araji and David Finkelhor, "Abusers: A. Review of the Research,"in Finkelhor, A Source Book on Child Sawa! Abuse (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1986),p. 103. "Lanning,op. 11. 14 M. Cohen, T. orn and W. Calmas, "Sociometric Study of the Sex Offender," 74 JnI. Abnormal Psychology 1969), PP. 249-256. 1 0 passive, dependent, immature, lonely, inadequate, with low self-esteem. He knows right from wrong and will be law- abiding apart from child molestation. He will have dated little and rarely be married. His inunaturity will mean that his work, social and personal adjustment will be poor. He will often be employed in menial jobs and prefer to work around children. He seeks children out as compan- ions and in his jobs, so he may be found working with children in his job or as a recreation. The [regressed offender] is reasonably well adjusted. He will have no criminal record (apart from child molestation) and will have a good job, social and personal adjustment. He will have dated and typically be married. 'However, under stress, especially threats to his masculinity, he re- gresses to immature behavior. So if he is fired, or criticized at work, or if his wife has an affair or criticizes him, he may begin to drink alcohol and impulsively choose a non- threatening female sexual partner (a child). After the experience, he will realize what he has done and feel guilt and shame. He deals with this guilt by attributing his behavior to alcohol. V MEETING AND SEDUCING CHILDREN I used all the normal techniques used by pedophiles. I bribed my victims, I pleaded with them, but I also showed them affection and attention they thought they were not getting anywhere else. Almost without exception every child I molested was lonely and longing for attention. JOSEPH HENRY 25 A determined pedophile quickly masters the art of meeting and engaging the trust of children. Pedophiles are constantly seeking out new ways of drawing children into their confidence without raising suspicions. Those who seek frequent contact with children, and either have no criminal record or believe it would not be discovered, may fmd employment as day care center workers, recreation directors, video arcade managers, Little League coaches, scout leaders, Big Broth- ers, schoolteachers or in a host of other occupations where children are present. In a study of 40 pedophile cases by FBI Special Agent Kenneth Laming andl Dr. Ann Burgess, almost half of the offenders used their occupations to encounter children.26 Other pedophiles have located children through babysitting, neighborhood contacts and volunteer organizations. Many have met their eventual victims through adult relationships with parents, as friends, co-workers, counselors, etc. A number of cases have involved people in positions of author. . itypeople to whom even careful parents often entrust their children, such as priests, teachers and police officers. These cases are cited not to undermine faith in these professions, but to emphasize

la Hearings,Part 2, " Kenneth V. Lannn and Ann Wolbert Burgess, "Child Pornography and Sex Rings," FB/ LowEnforcement Bulletin,Washington, January 1984, p. 11.

11 8 that a pedophile's all-consuming desirefor children will oftk .1 out- weigh his position of trust in thecommunity. Some pedophiles expose themselves tochildren or attempt to lure them into their carsor homes with presents, promises and de- ception, but these cases representa small minority of the molestation incidents investigated by policeofficials in the United States. Fortunately, the stereotype of the childmolester as a dirty, leering stranger on a park bench is disappearingas awareness of the true nature of pedophilia grows. The words of a pedophile provide thebest description of the thought process involved in attemptingto meet and seduce children. Following is an anonymously-writtenexcerpt from How to Have Say With Kids, a booklet publishedby David Sonenschein, an Austin, Texas, author who has written lia: extensively about pedophi- The important thing about meeting kidsis that it hap- pens best when you meet in places or in doing things that interest both of you. Like in videogame arcades, kids can tell if you're just in there cruising forsex, or are there because you like playing the games. The same with sports and sporting events. You can meet kids anywhere you go. that you're interested in going, andwhat's important about this is you've got a right to be whereyou are. Like your own neighborhood. You have a right to walk around, talk to people there, and get to know who'swho... It's also a good idea to get to knowparents. Sometimes you can get babysitting tasks or youcan just take the kids places when they knowyou and know that the kids like being with you. Sometimes parentscan introduce you to other kids too.27 Once the pedophile has gained privateaccess to the child, he then must convince the childto cooperate. According to Nicholas Groth, a psychiatrist who has workedwith many pedophiles in the Connecticut prison system, "Themost commonly used technique of luring the child into... sexual activity is by capitalizing on the child's need for attention, approval,and human contact." 28 Convicted child molester Joseph Henry,who molested 22 girls aged six to fourteenover a period of nearly SO years, testified before the Subcommittee about thetechniques he used to manipulate children: ... I would take my victims to movies and to amusement parks. When I babysat them, I wouldlet them stay up past their bedtime if they letme fondle them. One little 8-year-old girl I was babysittingcame over to my house one day soaking wet from a rainstorm. I told her I'dpay her $1 if she would stay undresaed foran hour: This inci- dent opened the door for threeyears of molestation.29

" David Sonenschien, ed., How to Have Sex With tained in Subcommittee files). Kids; Austin, TX, 198, pp. 6-7 (copyre- " A. Nicholas Groth with H. Jean Birnbaum, Men (New York. Plenum, 1979), p. 142. Who Rape: The Psychology of the Offender " Hearings, Part 2, p. 8. 1 2 rumCV, 10 to another pedophile, but they almostnever destroy them... Ezpert1 cite seven primaryreasons that pedophiles collect child PrilursatStion.Apedophile needs to knowor to convince himself that obseesson 1r not "abnormal" and dirty, butIs shared by thousands of other intelligent, sensitivepeople. The collection and trading of child along with scientific and academic articles 'accomplishesthis goal. Pornography also provides wi a common currency, a mutually desired possession which can be bought, soldand traded in order to develop trust and oamsraderie with fidlowpedophiletas The pedophile's collection includes listsof names, addresses and Ease numbers of other Mophiles, andcorespondenos rekceeived subtacobeillersiaboxeior secretlyhia7denguagpeLlisoepncr4'residetc:. =risco: only iprovide contacts fbr the tetheyfiarther the belief that because somany othrs engage in the same activity, it must not be as "wrong"as sodey be This constant need fbr validation and support from otherpedophiles, however, often overcomes the instinct forcaution. Enticecl by fantasy letters about child sex or promises of exchanging childpornogra- have been trapped by -police through tile sim* of letten. I Arousal.the same way others use adult pornography, dophiles use child pa'noy to stimulatetheir sexual drive and to aid in masmrna, uon. Irhilisome pedophiles may only fantasise about the material, Luning suggests that"the arousal and fantasy futhd by the pornography is oilya prelude to actual sexual activity with children." se b lower a child's inhibitionLMany pedophilesfirmly be- neve children enjoysex with adults and that pictures of this activi- %so? convince reluctant childrento more freely participate. pressure has a tremendous effect on children," Lamingtes- tified. "If other childrenars involved, maybe it is all right, the child thinks. In the used to lower inhibitions, the child portrayed will appear là be havinga good time IT In two cams examined extensivelyby Subcommittee investigators, convicted molesters_ Joseph Woodward ac- knowledpd that they showed their yHj child pornogra hy in an effort to lower their inhibitions andeven to acts. In letters written by Woodwardto other he ex- specifically what he had in mind for the pornography reatisedsendingor receivinw mItererasst mailed you, ina separate envelope, a bunch of on (the two children Ise was convicted of molesting). I need this material back balmy 7/28 foruse as "bait" in a plan rn tell you all about if itcomes off. Maybe bait

a=11"Cutritirensetunrems alas* MktAlrograPai at Wows "lid.. pp. 4641. " Jh, p45 . SIP ma

1 4 11 is the wrong word; they (the photos) are intended to be emulated by prospective participants...38 ...The photos of [his 10-year-old victim], of course, are to be samples of poses that I want them [other children] in, from mild and sweet, to hot and lewd..." Woodward and his friends also found that a Polaroid camera came in handy during photo sessions with children. "I may just pick up a Polaroid... since kids always enjoy seeing howt'hey look in picturee right away," Woodward wrote to another pedophile, "and I think it helps persuade them to go 'just a little far- ther' in the next shot..." 4° 4. Preservation of the child's youth.Another principal reason for the collection of child pornography by pedophiles is to insure there will always be an image of the child at the age of sexual pref- erence. "No matter how attractive any one child sexual partner is," Leaning testified, "there can be no long-term sexual relationship. All child victims will grow up and become sexually unattrac- tive to the pedophile. However, in a photograph, a 9-year-old boy stays young forever." 41 Nor are the photographs always sexually explicit Many pedophiles avidly collect photos of clothed children. Pederasts, or "boy-lovers" as they call themselves, quite often collect photos of young boys in sports outfits. William Thorne, a detective in the Bergen County, New Jersey, prosecutor's office, testified before the Subconunittee that in the arrest of James Cooper on molestation charges, officers found several hundred 85mm photographs of teenage boys at parks, swinur ing pools, ice rinks, video arcades, baseball games, even newspaper boys on their routesall clothed, but usually wearing shorts (see pp. 20, 21). 42 Other pedophiles have collected department store catalog photos of young children in underwear. 5. Blaclemail.A child molester is consumed with the prospect of being caught When he has taken sexually explicit photos of his victims, he not only has preserved the object of his desire for pos- terity, but he also has created an effective tool for keeping the child from revealing his abuse. If a child should threaten to tell his parents or authorities, the m inter will remind him of the photos and tell him he will be punished or lose the affection of parents and siblings if the photos are revealed." 6. A medium of exchange.Agent Lanning testified that some pedophiles exchange photographs in order to gain access to other children. The quality and theme of the material (boy-boy, boy-girl, adult-child, etc.) determines its value. Because of this system of exchange, copying machines, slide enlargers and photo duplicating equipment are ofteh used to produce duplicate copies of material which can be offered to other pedophiles.**

" Donald Woodward, personal correspondence seized as evidence by Lce Angeles Police De- partment. . " Aid 44 Aid Subcommittee on Juvenile Justice, op cit., p. 42. ItHearing%Part I, p. 54. " Subcommittee on 'Juvenile Justice, opcit.,pp. 48-44. Also seeHearings,Part 2, p. 18. " Subcommittee on Juvenile Justice, op, cit., P. 44. 12 7. Profit.Although most pedophiles do not sell childpornogra- phY, some do. Usually this involves the sale of homemade films, tapes and photographs on a one-to-one basis to other pedophiles,to pornography distributors or to European pornographicmagazine publishers." Distribution on a wider scaleis discussed on pages 29 to 41 of this report. VII. CORRESPONDENCE AMONG PEDOPHILES Correspondence among pedophiles providesa valuable source of information about their thoughts and behavior,as well as graphic and incriminating accounts of their crimes. Forreasons apparently related to self-validation, ego and camaraderie, pedophilesoften write to each other with detailed accounts of theiractivities and fantasies, as seen in numerous collections of pedophilecorrespond- ence seized by law enforcement authorities and reviewed by the Subcommittee. Some are pure flights of fancy, butmany are chill- ingly real. These letters are rarely read anddiscarded; investigators report that many pedophiles keep them foryears, even when their discovery would mean certain arrest. This penchant for detail has been the undoingof hundreds of pedophiles and child pornography collectors. Numerousarrests are made each year by local police investigators and U.S.postal inspectors who acquire the names of likely pedophiles by variousmeans, then write to them under assumednames, offering to buy or trade child pornography, children'snames, addresses and similar entice- ments. The correspondence often results ina face-to-face meeting in which a crime is committedor police gain enough information to obtain a search warrant. Convicted child molesters Joseph Henry andDonald Woodward wrote detailed letters to fellow pedophiles outliningthe time and place of various criminal acts. Typically, theletters reflect the fear of discovery with which child molesters live.Despite the specificity of most letters, pedophiles repeatedlywarn each other to be wary of the police. In one of Joseph Henu's firstletters to convicted mo- le:star John Duncan, later identifiedas the leader of a child prostitution ring in Los Azweles, Henry wrote: "Letme put you at ease to the fact that I am NOT a cop, postal inspector,a police informant, or any other such person witha similar nature? 'Ironically, Henry was unaware at the time that Duncanwas using an alias, Lance Carlson. In succeeding letters Henry detailed hislife history as a pedophile, apparently for his own and Duncan's arousalas well as to prove himself to Duncan. "Well, Lance,"Henry wrote after an unusually graphic account of his molestationof an eight- year-old cousin, "the above is justa sample of my pedo experiences with my cousin. I hope I was explicit enough." 47 Eventually Henry visited Duncan, who fora fee provided Henry with access to three young girls, whom hemolested. At one point, Henry asked Duncan if a certain child whose father rentedher out for $100 a night could be made available. "Perhapssome deal with 46 Ibid 46 Joseph Henry, personal correspondence seizedaz evidence by Loe Angeles Police Depart- ment (copy retained in Subcommittee Slee). 47 Ibid

1 6 13 Chuck (the father) could be made to reserve (the girl) for one, two or maybe all three holiday weekends," Henry wrote. "I'd give Chuck $250 to have (the girl), say from noon Saturday until 6 p.m. Monday." 44 When Duncan was arrested for child molestation, police found approximately 300 other letters from pedophiles. From reading the letters, the police identified 16 children, from 18 months to 16 years old, who had been "sold" by Duncan to other men for sexual purposes over a threz-year period." Rarely do investigators fmd other criminals so willing to incrimi- nate themselves in print, even to the point of discussing prices, intended victims and time of the act. Woodward, a gifted engineer who did top-secret contract work for the Central Intelligence Agency and National Security Agency, used a simple code system in his letters for his ring of correspondents and victims, but he too went into explicit detail about crimes he had committed or planned to commit. He discussed the production, duplication and distribution of child pornography, and various acts of molestation. Los Angeles Police Detective William Dworin, who has carried on correspondence with many pedophiles, was able to unravel an international child prostitution ring involving men from France, Panama and Italy, all through the seizure of correspondence between pedophiles. According to Dworin, "A conspiracy does exist among pedophiles. Magazines and personal contacts encourage the molestation of juveniles, train the closet pedophile, promote child pornography and reinforce the idea that sex with juveniles is both acceptable and necessary." 5° Many law enforcement agencies have exploited pedophiles' penchant for incriminating themselves by devising false pedophile newsletters and pen pal organizations in order to identify child pornography distributors and child molesters. The most successful to date probably has been "Crusaders for Sexual Freedom," a sting operation originated in 1984 by U.S. Postal Inspector John Ruberti of Chicago. Ruberti reported that CSF developed evidence that led to the arrests of about 35 child molesters and child pornography traders.5' Several major metropolitan police departments use similar programs, which are time consuming but often effective. Such sting operations have become so popular with police that several investigators told the Subcommittee they had corresponded with suspected pedophiles for weeks only to later discover they *ere writing to other undercover police officers. VIII. USE OF COMPUTERS BY PEDOPHILES The computer age has produced an alternative, high-technology form of communication which enables pedophiles to ffild and corre-

" Ibid. " Subcommittee staff interview with Det. William Dworin, Los Angeles Police Department, June 1988. " William Dworin, "PedophiliaThe Hidden Conspiracy: The Relationship Between Correa- and the Pedophile"; Delinquency Control Institute, University of Southern California, ro:denceAmeles, February 1981, p. 18. 51"The Silent Shame," NBC News documentary, August 1984.

6 3-080 0 86 2 1 7 14 spond with one another with greater safety than lettersor telephone calls would permit. In recent years, thousands of homecom- puter users have learned to communicate withone another by leav- ing electronic messages on computer "bulletin boards." By using the proper access code, users can gain entry to entire communities of special interest, from electronic flea markets, to specialized hob- bies, to explicit messages about a wide variety of sexual activities. The pedophile undergroundwas quick to take advantage of this new, anonymous means of exchanging information. Messages have appeared on computer bulletin boards offering to buy, sell or trade child pornography, establish correspondence about sexual interests, trade names of "available" childrenand even propose sexual liaisons. One article in a pedophile newsletter suggested that the speed and anonymity .of bulletin boardsare especially valuable to pedophiles, "given the fact thatmany of the positions we take are at or near the borderline of the law." 52 An undercover officer from the West Coast told the Los Angeles Times in September, 1985, that he had left thismessage on a computer bulletin board: "Hi! My name is Billy. I'm 13 and I wonder if I can find a friend to tell me more about the life style." Within hours, the officer had received, several dozenmessages from adult men hoping to meet "Billy." 53 Sgt. William Brown of the Houston Police Departmentwas able to access "at least 80" bulletin boards ofa sexually explicit nature, several of which contained ads forpersons wishing to buy, sell or trade child pornography, correspondor meet with other pedophiles, and in some cases actually contact children." The bulletin boards actually arean electronic form of the classified ads that amar in sexually-oriented magazinesthroughout the country. The difference is that the computer operatorscan communicate with each other over the computer by usinga device called a modem, which allows computers to share dataover regular phone lines. Some of the networks available to computerusers are free, while others require small annual dues ($10 to $20)to obtain the special codes needed to become "validated" and leavemessages on a bulletin board. The bulletin board users, who normallyuse aliases, now have virtually complete anonymity becausepolice are not authorized under current federal law to intercept computer conversations without a warrant basedon probable cause. "We've seen that the (bulletin board) ads tend to be a bitmore explicit," Brown reported, "because they (the senders) havea sense of anonymity or security. There's a likelihood they'llnever be caught." " Federal law does prohibit the transmission of obsceneor indecent material across state lines, but the exchange ofnames between pedophiles, even if they werenames of potential victims, could not be regulated under current law. Recently, attempts havebeen made in the U.S. Senate to ban the transmission ofinformation over computer lines that facilitates the sexual abuse of childrenand

52 Scott Kraft, "Computer Game Helps Pedophiles Woo Children for Sex";The Los Angeles Times,Sept. 16, 1985, p. 8. 58Ibid. " Subcommittee staff interview, August 1985.

1 8 15 also to prohibit the transmission of advertising that deals with child pornography.56 The largest bulletin board accessed by Sergeant Brown was called "Lambda" and was based in San Francisco. It charged users $20 to obtain the code allowing them to leave messages. "Lambda" also had three telephone lines which enabled clients to carry on running conversations using their computers. Brown also identified three bulletin boards in Houston"Free for All," "Zachary Net" and "Connection"and oneinAlexandria,Virginia,called "Switchboard," on which participants could exchange information about sexual interest in minors. Many of the systems indicate how many calls have come into the network, and Brown reported that he never saw one with fewer than 20,000 calls.57 Nicholas Battaglia of the San Jose, California, Police Depart- ment's vice section told the Subcommittee that as of May, 195, he had developed four criminal cases on pedophiles based on information obtained through computer bulletin boards. In the Bay Area alone, Battaglia had found nine bulletin boards containing pedophile-related messages. Battaglia believes electronic messages are replacing more traditional mail correspondence between pedophiles. "There's really an attitude that these are more safe," he said. "The ads and messages are more provocative, not secretive. You can't trace them through false names and you can't eavesdrop on computer conversations." He added that the increasing participation of law-enforcement officials in undercover letter-writmg has forced many pedophiles "far- ther underground. You'll see more use of these bulletin boards and also the insistence that they meet you face-to-face. Letter writing is going out the window." 58 IX. PEDOPHILE ORGANIZATIONS AND PUBLICATIONS Several organizations whose members openly advocate adult sex with children have been active in the United States and Europe at least since the 1960s. The goals of these groups often are couched in legal and psycho-sexual arguments about "age of consent" laws and prevailing social attitudes, but at the heart of each grouex- amined by the Subcommittee was a basic obsession with just g "consensual" sex with children, regardless of age. In some cases, the groups' leaders were convicted child sex offenders. The groups range from anarchistic, underground clubs whose newsletters and philosophies are haphazard at best to well-organized, politically astute groups that march in parades and openly distribute literature. Although primarily based in major cities, the American o- phile support groups have members throughout the United States and foreign countries. Subcommittee interviews with former members of these organizations, some of whom were imprisoned for child molestation, indicate that while they ostensibly exist to support such goals as "sexual liberation for all persons," these groups serve primarily as contact services for pedophiles. Like most clubs,

" S. 1305, 99Cong. Rec.S 8341, June 17, 1985; S. 2398, 99Cong. Rec.S. 5214, May 1, 1986. 57 Brown interview, OP. Cif. " Subcommittee staff interview, June 1985.

1 9 16 they bring people of similar interests in touch with eachother; in the case of pedophiles, however, thepurpose of this contact often is to exchange child pornography and information about meeting children. Although mst of the American pedophile organizations described in this report have been investigated, if not infiltrated, by police agencies, they are not normally prosecutedas criminal organizations. Instead, individual membersare prosecuted for specific acts, even though they may have been aided by membershipin the group. Most of the groups activities (public meetings, newsletters, etc.) fall into constitutionally-protectedareas. In addition, the depth of infiltration of these groups by police is severely limited by an officer's obligation never to allow a child to enter a situation in which he or she may be abused. If an officer successfully infiltrates an organization, he or she almost surely will obtain information about the possible molestation ofa child, or actually be invited to participate in such activity. At that point, investigators pointout, no responsible police agency could allow an officer to continue the undercover operation. Thus the full criminal involvement ofsome pedophile organizations may be extremely difficultto determine. How serious a threat, then, do these groups pose? Clearly, they are not traditional criminal organizations likenar- cotics or auto theft rings, whichuse violence, payoffs and extensive resources to control their interests. There abo is little evidence that organized pedophilegroups have controlled the larger child pornography rings th.at have been prosecuted during the pastten years. Nor are these groups as large or influentialas some citizen groups tend to believe. For example, a well-meaning publication called Child Protection Alert, published in 1985 by theAmerican Christian Voice Foundation, reported that the combinedmember- ship of two well-known pedophile organizations,the North Ameri- can Man-Boy Love Association (NAMLA) and the Rene Guyon So- ciety, is "estimated to number 25,000." 59 Undercoverofficers and NAMLA officials themselves have confirmed that itsmembership is only about 400 and the Rene Guyon Society is widelyknown by most investigators as a one-man propaganda operation whosemem- bership claims are not credible. Organized pedophile groups pose the most seriousthreat when they serve as contact and supportgroups, justifying pedophilia in the minds of their members and reinforcing withinchild molesters a belief that society, not the pedophile, is misguided. There isno way of knowing how many "closet" pedophiles, who had only fanta- sized about molesting children,were moved to act out their fantasies by the encouragement and support of thesegroups and their newsletters. It would be a mistake, however, to overemphasizethe threat posed by these groups to the exclusion of themore numerous unor- ganized groups of child molesters that makeno pretense of wanting to change legislation or to argue theircase in public. The largest and most dangerous child sex rings invariably haveproven to be

" American Christian Voice Foundation, Child Protection Akrt; Washington,1985, p. 4. 20 17 groups of friends and/or pen pals with no real organizational structure. In some publications, more so in the 1970s than today, advertisements appeared offering to buy, sell or trade child pornography, which is now illegal. A bill introduced in 1986 by Subcommittee Chairman William V. Roth, Jr., R-Del., S. 2398, would prohibit the advertising of such materials as well as the solicitation of child prostitution.°° (See Recommendations section of this report, pp. 44- 45). The history of pedophile groups is somewhat difficult to trace. Some of the best sources for information are acknowledged pedophiles like authors David Sonenschein and David Techter, who will be discussed later in this section. Sonenschein writes that one of the first organized group in America was a pederast organization called the International Circle Enclave, which was active in the 19508.61 The lifespan of many pedophile organizations has been quite short, and some have had little to offer their members other than photocopied newsletters whose primary feature was the classified ad section.

EARLY PUBLICATIONS The first era of pedophile publications discussed in this report will be those active in the mid-to-late 1970s, when child pornography was still being sold in adult bookstores and most police departments were not aggressively pursuing cases involving child sexual exploitation. Person to Person [PTP] This pedophile newsletter based in Hollywood, California, was put out of business in 1978 with the arrest of its founder, Bobby Wayne Seida, on misdemeanor charges of pornography distribution, and confiscation of its nationwide mailing list." PTP apparently was the sister publication of The Compendium, a preteen heterosexual journal which advertised itself as a "service designed to assist you in the biological phenomenon of puberty." Subscribers to The Compendium also received PTP, which was tell- ingly subtitled "The Mystique of Puberty Revealed Photographical- lyCaptured at That Tender Time by & for Private Collectors." The first issue of PTP apparently included several bogus classified ads designed to drum up business, according to Det. William Dworin, who worked on the investigation. But a second issue was produced. Seida was arrested, Sworin recalled, as he was preparing to publish the third." PTP resembled pedophile newsletters in circulation today except in two significant respects. PTP published nude photographs of preteen children and also contained classified ads such as these:

"See note sa j David Sonenschein, "What Is Pedophilia Anyway?"; Austin, TX, 1982, p. 22 (copy retained in Subcommittee files). 'it Subcommittee staff interview with Dworin, May 1985. Ibid. 18 MAN, 55, interested in girls 6 to 12, wishes to correspond and meet with others with the same interest. Would like to personally meet young girls in my area. YOUNG MAN wants to hear from anyone whomay have very strong teen and pre-teen material for sale. Also families having funfilm or photos. WILLING TO En waroz PHoTos of my two daughters. Seek photos of nymphets 11 to 15, nude or semi-nude.64 Like its successors, Person to Person often tried to distance itself from those who might actually use the newsletter to find and molest children. "Anti-social behavior or adult sexual involvement with children is neither advocatednor promoted," said a statement of policy in PM second issue, dated 1977/78. "However,"the statement went on, "it is recognized that those who wish to freely express or absorb ideas on the subject of youthful development de- serve a forum free of social stigma."65 PTP would not be the last pedophile publication to tell itsread- ers, in essence, that it would provide all the ingredients for finding, filming and molesting children, but what they did with the information was strictly up to the readers. According to Det. Dworin, Seida later published a portfolio of child photos called "Lynnat 11," and also established contact witha Florida pornographer named Eric Cross, who would become the target ofan international child pornography investigation in the 1980s (seepages 89-41). Seida was last reported living in Long Beach, California. Broad Street Journal 1BSell Because of its longevity and the fact that itwas edited by a former law enforcement officer, the Broad Street Journal of Evans, Colorado, merits significant mention inany discussion of pedophile publications. The Illinois Legislative Investigating Commission (ILIC), after a three-year investigation of child sexual abusedirect- ed by the Illinois General Assembly in 1977, reportedthat BSJ began publication in 1971 andwas e&ted by Donald James Kilgore, who described the magazine to the ILIC investigatorsas "the oldest Gay-Ad listing service in the world."66 The entire magazinecon- sisted of classified ads, most of which were directed towarda young audience. The ILIC undercover investigators, under the guiseof potential buyers of the magarine, learned that theaverage press run of BSJ was 600 to 1,000 copies, withan estimated gross of $1,200 to $2,500 per issue. Typically the adswere from pederasts seeking contact with young males or persons wishing to buy, sellor trade child pornography (the use of terms suchas "under 20" was requested by Kilgore, and although thatage group would include adults, its use clearly was intended to attracta much younger group):

" Person to Person, No. 2; Los Angeles, 1977/78. OfThici. " Illinois Legislative Investigating Commission, Sexual Exploitation of Children,. Chicago, August 1980, p. 59 19 Relocate to Seattle. Friend/lover, runaways 20's or younger, quiet, smooth, honest looking for love, understanding & needs lots of hugging, loving & affection. Home with w/m-87. W/m-36 wants to be a big brother to a guy U(nder)-19. Pref. a blonde and hairless. No drugs. Also interested in models. Photo appreciated. The ILIC investigation further showed that there were 59 "under-20" ads in the issue and that the vast majority contacted were only interested in young boys.67 Several other publications active in the 1970s appealed primarily to homosexual, sado-masochistic, fetishist or "swinger" audiencies, but included material clearly designed for pedophiles, either in special issues or in advertising. The ILIC, in its 1980 report, Sexual Exploitation of Children, reported on groups and publications such as: The San Francisco Ball in California; the Teddy Bear Club in Connecticut; Freddie's Gay Guys in Illinois; and Kalos, Fetish Times, Midwest Hot Line, Gay Chicago News/Journal, Media Ex- change Service/Creative Registry, B.A.F.S. Newsletter, and Hermes in Illinois. The Commission's investigators were able to show through several undercover ads they placed that most of these publications ran ads from persons interested in child PornograPhY.68

PEDOPHILE ORGANIZATIONS

NORTH AMERICAN MAN-BOY LOVE ASSOCIATION The North American Man-Boy Love Association (NAMBLA) is by far the most active and sophisticated of the pro-pedophilia organizations in America. It is based in New York City, with active chap- ters in Los Angeles and San Francisco, but its approximately 400 members are from throughout the United States and several foreign countries. According to its own literature, NAMBLA was foundedon De- cember 2, 1978 in Boston at a conference on "Man/Boy Love and the Age of Consent."69 The conference was generated in part, the literature states, by several widely publicized arrests or controver- sies involving "man/boy love" in Toronto and Revere, Massachu- setts. As its name implies, NAMBLA is composed almost exclusive- ly of pederasts, or adult males who are sexually attracted to boys. NAMBLA's statement of purpose reads in part: "... membership is open to all individuals sympathetic to man/boy love in particular and sexual freedom in general. NAMBLA is strongly opposed to age of consent laws and other restrictions which deny adults and youth the full enjoyment of their bodies and controlover their lives."" NAMBLA spokesman Robert Rhodes said on a Denver radio show in 1985 that the group establishes no age under which

" Ibid., pp. 61-62. i Ibid., pp. 37-65. is "Introducing the North American Man/Boy Love Association," undated pamphlet,p. 1 (copy retained in Subcommittee files). 7°Ibid, p. 12. 20 sex with an adult would be damaging because "there will always be someone younger who is able to havea fulfilling experience."" Unlike some other groups described in this report,NAMBLA does not shy away from publicity. Its members havemarched in gay pride demonstrations around the country, it publishesa monthly newsletter that includes thenames of its staff members, its leaders appear on radio and television and thegroup has regional conferences open to the public. "Our conferencesprovide a unique opportunity for man/boy lovers to meet eachother, exchange information, and offer mutual support,"the NAMBLA pamphlet states.7 2 Its members also tend to be well-educated professionals,including Rhodes, who as of this writing worksas an attorney in the Newark, New Jersey, office of the Internal RevenueService. Rhodes said that as of June, 1985, thegroup had about 400 dues- paying members throughout the United 3' tates and severalforeign countries, including an unknown number of policeofficers who sub- scribe under assumed names. He estimated the totalcirculation of the NAMBLA Bulletin at rroo, with about 200 ofthat total sold in gay bookstores.73 Police officers who have infiltrated NAMBLA differ only slightly with these estimates. (In Washington,D.C., Sub- committee investigators found copies of the NAMBLABulletin on sale at the city's largest gay bookstore, LambdaRising.) NAMBLA also has many subscribers and supportersin foreign countries. A three-page NAMLA document entitled, "Groupsand individuals endorsing Nambla's Civil Rights," whichwas seized from a convicted child molester's residence in New Jersey,lists 50 supporters from the Netherlands, France, Italy, Canada and England." Undercover New York Citypoliceofficers who attended NAMBLA meetings during 1988 and 1984 reportedthat the normal attendance for monthly membership meetingswas about 15. Male minors often accompanied NAMBLA members. Thecontent of the meetings was reported to be similar to that of theNAMBLA Bulle- tin: general issues concerning pedophiliawere discussed, but not specific actions that would qualify the discussionsas criminal conspiracies. Capt. Jerome Piazza of the ManhattanSouth Public Morals division of the New York Police Departmentsaid the infiltration of NAMBLA, which lasted for almosta year, was "moder- ately successful" but that the undercoverofficer would never be fully trusted by NAMBLA members because hewould not be able to participate in sex acts with minors. "It isa very tight organization," Piazza said. "They'revery paranoid about police, though I'm sure they know police have infiltrated them forsome time." Piazza said the infiltration did help police target severalchild molesters and that investigations of other suspected molestersaffiliated with NAMBLA are continuing. As to childpornography, Piazza said there were no signs of organized distribution,although child por-

71 "The Ken Haxnblin Show," KOA Radio, Denver, CO, March 19, " Op. cit., p. 2. 1985. " Subcommittee staff interview, March 1985. " Subcommittee staff interview with U. William Thorne, BergenCounty, NJ, Prosecutor's Office, January 1985.

4 21 nography often has been seized in the arrests of NAMBLA members on child sex charges." Lt. William Thorne, a detective with the Bergen County, New Jersey, Prosecutor's Office in Hackensack, has directed the investigation of scores of pedophiles, including the arrest and conviction of three NAMBLA members in 1982. One of those convictedwas James Cooper, then 41, of Paramus, New Jersey, the recording secretary of the New York chapter of NAMBLA. In February, 1984, Cooper was convicted of two counts of criminal sexual assault and two counts of criminal sexual contact with a 14-year-old boy. He was sentenced to five years in the New Jersey State Prison. His case is on appeal. A search of Cooper's residence provided police with a glimpse into the life of an ardent NAMBLA member. Thorne testified that the bedroom of Cooper's home was a virtual shrine to teenaged boys. The walls were covered with photos of young male TV and film stars, some clothed, some semi-nude, and also large drawings of young boys engaged in sex acts. Also seized from Cooper's home were several hundred 85mm photographs of teenaged boys shown playing various sports, in parks or at the beach. A.s Thorne testified before the Subcommittee: "The photos and slides of children in various types of clothing are significant because they show the pedophile does not use a child only for definitive sexual pleasures but is engrossed totally with the child. He is turned on by the child's body and also by the type of clothing worn by that child, clothing such as the macho-type sports uniform of hockey, football or soccer." 76 Thorne added, however, that he believed pro-pedophilia groups such as NAMBLA "are not as severe a threat toour children as we may feel they are." It is the pedophile with no organized affili- ations who is the real threat to children, Thorne said. He alsoas- serted that NAMBLA's efforts to gain publicity have intensified the public's outrage over the group's practices and, in turn, made Thorne's job somewhat easier. "I sometimes think Iowe NAMBLA a thank-you," Thorne told Subcommittee investigators. "Now, far more people support the work we're doing trying to stop child molesters." 77

THE CHILDHOOD SENSUALITY CIRCLE Of all the well-known pedophile organizations in America, none had more convicted child molesters among its members than the San Diego-based Childhood Sensuality Circle (CSC), run by an el- derly woman, Valida Davila. Det. William Dworin of the Los Ange- les Police Department estimated that at least 30 CSC members have been convicted on child molestation charges around the country.78 In 1984, however, the organization was dealt a devastating blow when the San Diego County Sheriffs Department executeda search warrant on Davila's apartment and seized a mailing list of

7 5 Subcommittee staff interview, April 1985. "Hearin"Part 1, p. 54. " Thorne interview,op,. cit. " Subcommittee staffinterview, August 1985.

25 22 more than 2,000 names and several thousand other documents, including correspondence with known pedophiles, organizationnews- letters and membership applications. Soon after, Davila announced that CSC was going out of lousiness. (Davilawas indicted on a misdemeanor obscenity charge, but thecase later was dropped.) 79 Like NAMBLA, CSC's ostensible goalswere to support the sexual liberation of children, oppose age-of-consent laws andoppose the sexual abuse of children. But again, like NAMBLA, the activities of many of its members exposed the organization as little more thana contact service for pedophiles. Former CSC member Donald Wood- ward, a convicted child molester now imprisoned in California,told the Subcommittee he knew most CSC memberswere pedophiles, possibly as many as 85 percent. Most of them, Woodward said, simply used the group's "ioen pal" program to contact otherpedophiles in order to meet children. "Itwas obvious that after they (wdophiles) had made a few contacts...that satisfied them. 'rhey'd drop out of CSC... They had found what they wanted. The.y were content." 99 Woodward and other former CSC members said that Davila would place certain members in touch with each other by sending them copies of other members' applications. Woodward said hemet about a dozen pedophiles through CSC, including threemen with whom he corresponded for several years. Convicted child molester Joseph Henry, a former CSC member who testified before theSub- committee, said Davila put him in touch with other knownpedo- philes.81 "She (Davila) really wanted to control CSC," Woodward said. "She was extremely againstanyone knowing the inner work- ings of CSC. She kept the membership list entirely to herself.She never told you exactly how many members there wereverysecre- five about everything. Everybody reported directlyto her. And if you didn't go along with what her thinking wasyou would soon find yourself frozen out and you'd stop getting information."92 Did Davila know for certain that shewas putting known pedophiles in contact with each other? "Oh yes, oh yes. She was aware," Woodward toldSubcommittee investigators. "I don't think shewas doing it for that purpose, but as a carrot for the good donkey as a reward for somebody who had (for example) been a frequent contributorto the newsletter and had buttered her up. She would set themup. She would say, 'Can I give your address to someone ,you'd like to know,' likeparents of children who practice sex with their childrenand are willing to take in (outsiders)..." 93 On advice of counsel, Davila refused to speak with Subcommittee investigators. Henry testified that he wrote Davila about membershipin CSC and that she, in return, advised him to fill outan application form, make five copies and return them witha $25 membership fee. "I later learned," Henry said, "the otherextra copies of the applies-

19 Subcommittee staff interview with Michael Pent, Assistant DistrictAttorney, San Diego County, CA, March 1985. " Subcommittee staff interview, July 1985. 01 Subcommittee staff interviews, December 1984 and January 1985. Woodward interview, op. cit. Ca Ibid.

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DAVID TOONTIR AND ma LIMES CARROLL COLUMNSGUILD In 1988, a Chicago man named David Techterformed the Lewis Carroll Collectors Guild. The organisationwas named for the authorAlke in Wonderland, who is hiOly regardedin pedophile circles es an early practitioner al nude ldrtm's ithotography." Techter, 58, is an articulate pedophileactivist who has written ex- under the pseudonym of David Edwards 00about the woM of pedophilia, including hisown sexual activities with children. In a chapter of his uncom_pleted bookentitled, 'The Child Lovers America's Most Despieed Minority,"Techter wrote: "I am sexually attracted to children and find nudephotographs of them immensely erotic. In short, Iam a pe .. am a =saber of America's most despised, and hog understood,sexual minority. 01 Molder was sentenced to 80 months probationin 1988_ by an nob state court he distribution of childpormraphy. Techter also was featured in a sientnt of the 1984 NBC documentary 'The Silent Shame,"00 in Mark Nykanen, posing as apedophile and working with ar=camera, lured Techter to an In- diana motel room with the promise of possiblymeeting children and exchanging child pornography. After 'rechtershowed Nykanen wallet photos of children whoa he claimedto have molested, Ny- kanen diniosed that hewas an NBC reporter. Although momentar- ily startled, Techter quickly repined hiscomposure and continued taking on-camera about his interest in children. The Guild newsletter, Wonderlan4 whichTechter estimated in 1985 had about 225 subscribers, isa ly publication featuring news articles and essays about and the collection of child pornwaphy. The newsletter alsocontains numerous carefUl- ly worded ads Wwim to buy, sellor trade photos of children or to correspond and meet with people of shnilarinterest Although the ads carry clear memo to pedophiles, Techtersays he edits them to ensure that they do notappear to be adverUng an illegal act. As previously noted, however, currentfederal law &es not prohibit more specific advertising.00 Some of the ade found ina recent Josue of Wonderland read as follows: I want to buy VHS videotapes ofpreteens and teens doing anything nude. Confidentialityassured. (Nashua, NID Girls 7 to 14want to purchase photos t3f&la in swim- suits, panties, short eleepwareor srts. Buk front, side views. (Blisebethton, TN) Youngsterswant to correspond with collectors,publishers, producers of young boy or girl material; also with

erWareaVer"pliergd1 et".* "cud PorztraPhr.....;.Psa=ng.thataSeralAbi,..Victia: 114, Neatnial, lisreshater 111-1109:54r.rich-8.Also iwe bLColts% Lewis °snug Photos- Ifewbeeteithadre:staff isterviww with David Tachr.blicrboir 1984. " David Ihtitilar wain us "David Dtwwzda," "The Child Legere Write: worhimid ssetweript, ises. Anwrica's Mut Daspied 811.84.

2 8 25 young people who enjoy having fun. My interests are swimming, boat, camping, skiing, sports. Very liberal minded. Please write! (Omaha, NE) 94 Techter told Subcommittee investigators that he is aware many Wonderland advertisers actually are undercover police officers.95 Many successfial prosecutions of child molesters have been initiated through undercover ads in Wonderland. In most issues Techter warns his readers about certain advertisers or correspondents with whom they may have dealt. "I must apologize to trusting readers that might have replied to a recent ad by a W.J.W.,' Techter wrote in one imue. 'William J. Ward is... anundercover police agent ...Have nothing whatever to do with this man!" " In the same issue Techter warns his readers about a Rochester, New York,cor- respondent who "has yet to produce any concrete evidence to support any of his rather wild claims." 97 Fear of the police is a constant theme in all pedophile newsletters. Techter admits to running his own "counterintelligence" operation against police officers hoping to use Wonderland to trap pornographers and molesters. Techter told Subcommittee investigators that he knows the identity of several undercover advertisers who actually are police, but that he doesn't expose all of them, choosing instead to use their correspondence to unravel more police undercover programs.°8 In a conversation with a Subcommittee investi- gator in 1985, Techter named other advertisers whom he believed were postal inspectors, but had not been identified in Wonder- land.°°

THE RENE GUYON SOCIETY Due to its inflammatory slogan"Sex Before Eight, or Else It's Too Late"the Rene Guyon S'ociety of Beverly Hills, California, has become widely publicized in news articles about pedophiles. Having taken its name from a French psychiatrist and associate of Sigmund Freud, the Rene Guyon Society claims 5,000 supporters, including psychiatrists, parents, and phgeicians.100 But Det. Wil- liam Dworin of the Los Angeles Police partment told the Sub- committee this is a wildly inflated figure, and the organization is probably little more than one. flamboyant pedophile's attempt to gain national attention. Dworin said police surveillance of the group's eccentric leader, "Tim O'Hara"whose real name is Jona- than Evan Edwardsindicates that he does not have regularcon- tact with children and U. at the amount of correspondence he re- ceives hardly seems indi.ative of an organfration with 5,000 supporters. elEdwards, 64 strongly advocates sex with children and

"WonderlandNo. 5, Iawis Carroll Collectors Guild; Chicago, Spring 1984, pp. 8, 6, 7 (copy retained in Subcommittee files). "Subcommittee staff interview, January 1985. "Wonderland, op. eit.,p. 4. "Ibid. 98 Subcommittee staff interview, January 1985. I" Letter to Subcommittee from "Tim O'Hara," spokesman for the Rene Guyon Society; Bev- aiy Hills, CA, Nov. 80, 1984. 2°2 Subcommittee staff interview, March 1985.

2 9 26 publishes an irregular newsletter endorsing analand vaginal penetration of children as long as condomsare used. "We are composed of citizens who have never brokenany child sex laws, even if never caught," said "O'Hara" in a letter to the Subcommitteedated No- vember 30, 1984. "We work for child sexual freedom ifcondoms are used for an& and vaginal penetration toage 18. We work for kid porn laws to make illegal any show of penetration of the vaginaor anus without a condom being shown used." 152 As repugnant as this organizationmay be, most experienced investigators believe it has little influenceon the pedophile community.

PEDOPHILE INFORMATION EXCHANGE [PM AND PAEDO ALERTNEWS (PAM These two European organizations have been popularwith Amer- ican pedophiles. As a rule, the pedophile movementin Europe has been better organized and subjected to less policescrutiny than its American counterpart, according to U.S. investigators. The July, 1984, issue of the 1)IE Bulletin, whichwas based in London, announced that the 10-year-old organizationwas closing down due to impending prosecution of its members,internal dissen- sion and various problems that had left its executivecommittee "exhausted and despondent." 103 But historyshows that similar death notices were premature for such organizations.In the same issue, PIE's leaders assured the membership thata core group of pedophiles would remain active in thecause and encouraged fellow pedophiles to contact them. The issue listed 28 otherpedophilia support groups in Europe and the United States thatits members should contact in PIE's absence.104 PIE, founded in 1974,was, like NAMBLA, composed mostly of pederasts and was active and visible in Britain.Its publications, Magpie and Contact, were similar to the NAMBLABulletin in that they rarely contained explicit sexualphotos and instead concen- trated on discussions of pedophilia andtreatises justifying this behavior. PIE's principle aim was to eliminateage-of-consent laws, and to "campaign... for the legal and social acceptance of pedophile love."1°5 PIE had wide supportamong American pedophiles, according to its own members. In a letter dated August,1980, from a PIE official to an Indianapolis pedophileacopy of which was reviewed by the SubcommitteePM said its recentappeal for help received the greatest response from American subscnbers. "I shouldlike to see a chapter of PIE developed probably in California," the PIE official wrote, "where it may be a feasible project (because)a large propor- tion of our members live there." The slickest of all pedophile publications is theEnglish-language Paedo Alert News [PAM published five timespayear m Amsterdam by the Coltsfoot Press. bsuesare professio11y typeset, feature

1" Letter from -rim O'Hara," op. cit. 104I" Bulletin, This Pedophile Information Exchange; London, July 1984. 1"Constitution of the Pedophile Information Exchange; Edinburgh, Scotland, 1985. March 22, 30 27 some color printing and usually run more than 80 pages. Like virtually all pedophile newsletters of this type, PAN does not print child pornography. Instead, it appeals to its pederast audience with candid black-and-white photos of teenage and preteen boys, usually playing sports or wearing swimming trunks or gym shorts. What distinguishes PAN from other newsletters is its impressive international network of correspondents who keep its columns, "In Brief," and "The Battle Line," the most current (and often accurate) source of news in the international pedophile community. Several 1984 issues carried items on such topics as: child sex markets in the Philippines, NBC-TV's undercover purchases of child pornography in Denmark, anti-child pornograplw legislation in the Nether- lands and numerous child sex scan&ls and pedophile arrests around the world.'" But like its American equivalents, PAN obviously believes one of its greatest reader services is the exposure of police undercover operations. In each issue "The Battle Line," using information from court documents, pedophile correspondence or simply trained intuition, details American police undercover operations that have come to its attention. While all pedophile publications do this to some extent, PAN is by far the most sophisticated. Often a police sting operation is in operation only a few months before PAN has told its readers how it works and who is probably behind it. Privately, police investigators say such counter-exposes are inevitable because they must invariably be exposed if a case goes to court and also because so many pedophiles correspond with each other. PAN also provides the police with a valuable look inside the pedophile world. San Bernardino County, California, Sheriff's deputy R.P. "Toby" Tyler, a child pornography specialist who testified before the Subcommittee in November 1984, said PAN is unquestionably one of his prime sources of intelligence about pedophile activity and the child pornography trade.'" DAVID SONENSCHEIN Sonenschein, 45, of Austin, Texas, is one of the more influential and prolific pedophile authors in America and thus merits special mention in a section devoted to organizations. Sonenschein, before a recent conviction on child pornography distribution, was virtually an organization unto himself. He has written numerous articles for the Childhood Sensuality Circle newsletter and was named its co-editor before it ceased operation. He has corresponded with editors of PAN, Wonderland, the NAMBLA Bulletin and other pedophile publications and was associated with the Austin Pedophile Study Group and the Howard Nichols Society, two defunct pedophile organizations in Austin. He edited and wrote the introduction to a publication entitled "How To Have Sex With Kids,"1" which was highlighted in a hearing by the Senate Subcommittee on Juve- nile Justice "9 and eventually caused him to be fired from his job with the Austin school district. The Pedophile Information Ex- change of London offered a free copy of Sonenschein's booklet,

106 Paedo Alert Newe, Nos. 19-21; Amsterdam, The Coltsfoot Press, 1984. 167 Subcommittee staff interview with Tyler, May 1986. los Op. cit., pp. 1_4. ICIO cit., pp. 26_28. 28 "What Is Pedophilia Anyway?"° with eachsubscription to its newsletter. From his home in Austin he offered for salepamphlets not only on pedophilia, but also on homosexuality,children and sado-masochism and atheism, amongmany other subjects. On his "academic resume" Sonenscheinsays he has received degrees in anthropology from the University of Arizona and theUniversity of Indiana, was a research assistant for the Kinsey Institutefor Sex Research and has written "about 86"papers and publications on various sexual behaviors.111 Sonenschein's pamphlet, "How To Have Sex With Kids,"contains no pornography, but it is shocking in its matter-of-factap- proach to seducing children. In Chapter One, "MeetingKids," the mphlet advises: "Friends are a goodsource. Once you get to know a kid, you can meet their friends. And ifyou have sex with some that like it, they can tell those of their friends whomay also be interested...It's also a good idea to get to know parents. Sometimes you can get babysitting tasksor you can just take the kids places when they know you and know that the kidslike being with you...PP112 In the second section, "How To Have Sex With Kids"suggests that introducing children to sex often is bestdone as "part of a game. It's always fun to use costumes," it says. While suggesting that non-penetrating sex may be best with small childrenand cau- tioning that contraceptives should be used, the pamphletgoes on to say that "experimentation is the keytry it alit" The bookleten- dorses cunnilingus, fellatio, anal penetration andother sex acts with children, including roupsex. "A third thing is group sex and sex parties," it says. "There's nothing wrong with these and fora lot of kids, group sex is more fun."113 Despite his cloak of academic research, Austin policebelieved Sonenschein's activities went far beyond that.On September 2, 1984, the police, acting on information froma convicted child molester from Houston, searched Sonenschein's homeand found documents referencing 88 childpornograpy magazines (including such titles as Bambina Sex, Baby Love and Incest)and a wealth of correspondence and documents linking him withpedophiles in the United States and Europe.114 Robert MertonWoodruff, the Austin police informant now serving a 80-year sentence forchild molestation in a Texas state prison, told police ina sworn statement that Sonenschein first contacted himin 1982: Woodruff said the two men corresponded and then met at each other's homes, slzdwzill and trading child pornographic magazines andslides. W said Sonenschein made copies ofsome child pornography magazines on the Austin school district copiers in 1988 andgave them to Woodruff. Woodruff also said Sonenschein hadshown him slides at his home of "young females, 8 to 12years old, nude" either per- forming sexual acts or exposing their genitals.115

11 See note 61. 111 Subcommittee staff interview with Sgt. John Russell, Austin, TX, 1986. Police Department, July 114 OP. cit., pp. 6-7. 113 Ibid., pp. 8-15. 115114 Russellma interview, op. Cit. 2 29 Based on this information, Sonenscheinwas arrested on the day of the search warrant and charged withdistribution of child pornography. He was convictedin April 1985 and sentenced to ten years in state prison. The conviction is on appeal. Sonenschein declined to be interviewed by the Subcommittee. X. INTERNATIONAL DISTRIBUTION OFCHILD PORNOGRAPHY There may be disagreementamong investigators about the exact nature of today's commercial child pornographymarket, but few would dispute that it has changed appreciablysince the mid-1970s. Until then, Americans could purchasecommercial child pornography in many adult bookstores throughout thecountry. In some it was openly displayed on shelves; in othersa buyer had to ask the right person or prove himself to bea regular customer. But it was readily available. In the adult pornographymarket, depictions of every imaginable form of sexual behavior, including themost devi- ant, had been available forsome time; and the fall of the last commercial taboochild pornographygave thepornography industry a boost in the 1970s. But in early 1978 Congress passed theProtection of Children Against Sexual Exploitation Act, whichoutlawed the commercial distribution of child pornography.116The effect of the legislation was not immediate, but gradually in the late 1970scommercial child pornography becamemore of an underground commodity. Today, because of intense law enforcementactivity in the area and aggressive federal prosecution, it is extremelydifficult to find true child pornography inan adult bookstore (although some of the most popular adult pornography includes modelswho appear or are made to appear to be teenagers). Exactly now much child pornographyfrom Europe entered the United States in the 1970s beforepassage of the Protection of Chil- dren Against Sexual Exploitationteict probably is impossible to determine U.S. Customs Service records madeno distinction between seizures of child and adult pornography,since such distinctions were not made by the statutes of that time. Andeven though the material was usually civilly forfeited,the recipients, who often were active child molesters, usuallywere not targeted for proactive investigations as theyare today."7 What is clear, though, is that as the domestic commercial marketdried up, the American pedophile increasingly turned toEuropean-produced child pornography (investigators note that Europeanchild pornography has always depended in large parton the photos of American children, furnished by American pedophiles). The European child pornwraphy industryhad been active since the early 1960s and operated withoutthe scorn or scrutiny experienced by its American counterpart.The product, mostly magazines

ne P.L. 95-225 took effect on Feb. 1, 1978, but it didnot produce the anticipated flood of convictions because it specified that only child pornographywhich was obscene and distributed commercially was illegal. It was not untilpassage of the Child Protection Act of 1984 (P.L. 98- 292) removing the commercial requirement that federal creased their arrest figures (see p9.5-6). enforcement agencies substantially in- 117 Subcommittee staff interview with Senior Agent RayMartinez, Child Pornography and Protection Unit, U.S. Customs Service, May 1986.

33 80 and 8mm films, generally was of higher quality than similar Amer- ican material. Customs Service records showed that the three countries whit.h produced the vast mejority of child pornography seized enterinLthe United States were Sweden, Denmark and the Nether- lands. flat fact prompted Subcommittee Chairman William V. Roth, Jr., to write to Secretary of State George Shultz in August, 1984, asking what steps American officials had taken to enlist the assistance of the three foreign governments in eliminating this problem 18The response, from W. Tapley Bennett, Jr., assistant secretary of State for legislative and intergovernmental affairs, was illuminating: "... it appears that no general diplomatic or other effort has been made to inhibit the foreign production or export of child pornographic materials to the United States," Bennett wrote, adding that au efforts up to that time had been "uncoordinated, incidental contacts." 119 After the Subcommittee's first hearing on this subject in Novem- ber, 1984,120 the U.S. Department of S:-ate organized an Interagen- cy Group to Combat Child Pornography. Composed of representatives from the State Department, the Department of Justice, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Customs Service and the Postal Service, the group first met on December 17, 1984, andone month later took a three-day trip to Denmark, Sweden, and the Netherlands to meet with law enforcement and government officials. The delegation was led by Gary Matthews, who at the time was senior deputy assistant secretary in the State Department's Bureau of Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs. In June, 1985, a delegation of Dutch Ministry of Justice officials came to Wash- ington, D.C., to meet with the participating agencies on the task force and with Senator Roth. The interagency group reported its findings to the Subcommittee during the February 1985 hearing.s.421 Here, briefly, is the status of child pornography enforcement in the three nations: SWEDEN By 1984, Sweden generally was recognized by law enforcement and child welfare groups as having significantly reduced its production and distribution of child pornography. Customs inspectors reported that Swedish shipments of child pornography had dropped considerably since the mid-1970s. In testimony before the Subcom- mittee in November 1984, U.S. Customs Comnussioner Williamvon Raab said the Swedish government has been the most cooperative so far with his agency.112 Swedish officials told the U.S. delegation they already had used information supplied by U.S. law enforcement agencies to investigate suspected child pornography dealers but "had as yet found nothing prosecutable." In testimony before the Subcommittee in February 1985, Chief of Investigations Larry Sheafe of the Customs Service said Sweden

I Letter from Senator William V. Roth, Jr., to the Hon. George P. Shultz, Aug..24, 1984 (Bee pl:irldPtterfrom W. Tapley Bennett, Jr., to Senator Roth, Sept. 19, 1984 (see Appendix). "0 Hearings, Part 1. in Hearings,Part 2, pp. 28-29. inHearings,Part 1, pp. 4-9. 81 had been "fairly successful" in itschild pornography efforts since 1980ut that only threecases had been brought to court. Prior to theU.S.U team's visit in January 1985, the U.S.Embassy in Stock- holm notified Swedish authoritiesof seven alleged distribution points of child pornography inSweden, Sheafe testified. The Swed- ish minister of justice ordered alllocations to be searched. Inone case, the indivisival had moved to Germany. Inthe others, adult pornography was found. No childpornography was discovered, and Sweden will be unable to prosecute theparticipants. Sheafe said Sweden had been helpfulin identifying childpornography producers. Specifically, itsofficials requested samplesor copies of the publications seized byU.S. Customs, as wellas the mailing or shippingwrappers which indicated the source of the child pornography."25 DErimmts After having played a major role inproducing and distributing child pornography throughout theworld for at least two decades, Denmark may be heading towardmuch tighter restrictionson this trade, observers now believe. Danishofficials have begun investigating some child pornographyoperations, the most prominent being COQ International, probablythe largest distributor of male homosexual child pornography inEurope. Although there have been no convictions in thecase, co4 did notify its Americancus- tomers that it was no longer acceptingorders from U.S. citizens, presumably because of law enforcementpressure.' 24 In the perneg_ raphy industry, however, it iscommon for one firm that is either being put out of businessor repeatedly prosecuted to sell its mailing lasts or products to otherRornography shippers, so COQ_ material may have continuedentering the United States. In additionto COQ International, firms suchas Ekiba, Porcelain Miniatures, Lars, Designs Ltd., Iversen &Co., Exim Tradirti4, Scandinavian Direct Mail, Color Climax andRodox have at one tame either been located in Denmarkor distributed their child pornography from Danish addresses. While Danish law severely punishesthose who engage in sexual intercourse with childrenwithsentences of up to ten years in prison if the child is under 12itschild pornography statutes (Sec. 344 and 235) impose only modestfines. As in most Europeancoun- tries, Denmark hasvery rigid mail secrecy laws. Mail can be inter- fered with only under extraordinarycircumstances and only with the approval of the courts. Inaddition, Danish pobbal authorities, who do not have the policepowers of their American counterparts, are not required to notify police if theysuspect the mails have been used for illegalpurposes. Superceding these enforcement hur- dles, however, at least insnfaras shipments of child the United States are concerned, istne fact that DenmarP°rnIgraphy and the to United States are parties tothe Universal Postal Convention of 1979, which prohibitsany country from shipping material that is illegal in the recipient country."25

iss Hearings, Part 2, pp. 30-33. 114 Paedo Alert News No. 20; Amsterdam, lig 32 UST 4687. October 1984, p. 6. 82 Early in the Subcommittee's investigation, the Danish Ambassa- dor to the United States, Eigil Jorgensen, wrote to Senator Roth in response to a Washington Post editorial detailing the roleof Den- mark and the Netherlands in the child pornography market. Am- bassador Jorgensen stated that the Danish Minister of Justice recently had condemned the child pornography business and that "extensive investigations" were under way. In preliminary investigations, Ambassador Jorgensen said, it did appear that Danish citizens were involved in child pornography, but that manyof the "pictures in question have not been made in Denmark, but abroad." 126 A 1Danish Embassy official in Washington did tell Sub- committee invesUgators, however, that to his knowledge there was no person in any Danish jail serving time for anypornography offenses. (Dutch officials also told Subcommittee investigators they too knew ..f no one in Dutch prisons for pornography offenses.) Danish pornographers were exposed clearly when NBC aired its August 1984 documentary, "The Silent Shame," which featured a reporter working undercover as a potential buyer of child pornography.'" Reporter Mark Nykanen and py oducer Chuck Collins were able to set up meetings with pornographers Willy Straussand Laila Liljendahl in Copenhagen. As they were being videotaped by an NBC camera hidden in a gym bag, the couple politelydiscussed their business, and Strauss remarked that his wife's full-length fur coat came from the profits of their child pornography operation. Danish newscasts showed segments of "The Silent Shame," which resulted in an official uproar and _promises by the government to investigate the allegations. The Strauss couple was ques- tioned by police and later fined 12,000 Danish Kroner (about $1,550).128 In an unusual action for a news organization, NBC provided Danish authorities with some of the evidence it uncovered.122 In October, 1984, Senator Roth and 25 other U.S. senators signed a letter to the prime ministers of the Netherlands and Denmark urging their "support and smestions" for international cooperation in ending the flow of child pornography. Ambassador Jorgen- sen responded that the Minister of Justice would appreciatereceiv- ing "any specific information concerning persons in Denmark traf- fick,ing in child pornography which the U.S. authorities might possess?, 130

THE NETHERLANDS Until recently, the Netherlands has not been as active as other nations participating in the international effort to combat child pornography.131 The U.S. interagency task force met with Justice

" Letter from the Hon. Eigil Jorgensen to Senator Roth, Sept. 11, 1984 (see Appendix). " See note 51. " Letter to Subcommittee from Jorgen V. Larsen, Press Counselor, Danieh Embassy, Sept. SO, 1985, referring to an article in the Danish Newspaper Aktueit, Aug. 29. 1985. " Peter W. Kaplan, "NBC Team Gave Danes Mild Pornography Data"; The New York Times, Aug. SO, 1984, p. C-21. '" Letter from Senators Roth, et al., Oct. 5, 1984; letter to Senator Roth from Ambassador Jorgensen, Nov. 28, 1984. (See Appendix.) " Following the PSI hearings in November of 1984, the Netherlands assembled a task force to study child pornography. Continued

:4 6 88 Minister Frederik Korthals-Altes, who stressed thata bill expected to pass the Dutch Parliament in the spring of 1985would specifically prohibit for the first time the distributionor exhibition of child pornography. The bill finally passed in July 1985but because some parts of the new law contradicted Dutch treaty obligations, it did not take effect until May 1986.132 (Themanufacture, dissemination, transport and export of pornography has beenillegal in the Netherlands since the turn of the century, but the law rarelywas enforced until recently.) Though the proposed penalitiesin the new law for production, importation, transport,or possession of child pornography are lenient by American standardsa maximumof three months in jailDutch officials nonetheless insistthat this is a major step for Holland. The officials argue that Dutchpornogra- phers, many of whom distribute both adult and childpornography, will not jeopardise their lucrative adult marketby violating the new child pornography statutes. Unlike American law in thisarea, however, Dutch law does not allow forany serious financial penal- ties or asset forfeiture upon conviction,so that a pornographer's business presumably could continue unaffectedafter a conviction. Dutch law does, however, impose strict penaltiesfor sexual violence, particularly involving minors. For instance,according to Dutch law, sexual intercourse witha child under 12 can be punished with a prison term ofup to 12 years. As a result of the January 1985 meetings withDutch officials, American law enforcement agencies agreedto supply the Dutch government with information on suspected pornographers. In the first such exchange, FBI and U.S. Customs Serviceofficials provided the Netherlands Department of Justicewith 85 packages of child pornography seized in the UnitedStates. Dutch officials determined that only 42 had return addresses, 16were traced to loca- tions outside the Netherlands and 21 provedto be either false or

On August 2, 1986, after nearly two years of work by the Dutch JusticeMinistry, the Dutch government publicly released the report of that task force. The report recommendsthe following nine measures for effective enforcement of a new Dutch law winst childPorholifraPhr (1) A clear and uniform interpretation of the new child pornography law by ustice police officials. and (2) A uniform national investigation end prosecution policy in childpornography cases. (3) Regular local police checks on local sex shops to sold. ensure no child pornography is being (4) Local police investigation of any newspaper/n3agazine advertisements thatappear to be soliciting children or adults interested in child sexual activity. (5) Judicial investigation and a search of the suspected point ofproduction as soon as pos- Bible in any case of suspicion of commercial child pornography production. (6) A policy of searching for photographic recor& of sexual abuse and ponibleconnections to the child trade in any police investigation of child sexual abuse cases. (7) Establishment the National Criminal Intelbgence Service of a central catalog of seized child for reference use by local police. (8) Dmtion local police demrents of an official responsible for liaison with the National Criminaltelligence Service on child pornogra hy matters. (9) Periodic National Criminal Intelligence Service exchangee of informationon child pornography investigations with relevant third countries. Under Dutch practice, these recommendationsare considered by a council consisting of the heads of the Public Prosecuting Offices in the Netherlands' five regions.After the council ap- proves the recommendations, as it is expected to do in the near future, the recommendations will become national policy for public prosecutors in their handling ofchild pornography cases. Dutch-American cooperation in combating child pornographyis entering a new phase. A law apinst child pornography is on the books, and recommendations forenforcing that law are in e process of Wing made national policy. As noted in the body of this report, however, the test will be in enforcement and prosecution. real 233 Press Release No. 1663, Information Section, Netherlands Ministryof Justice, May 7, 1986.

br' :47 34 untraceable. Only five addresses appeared to be correct, and they were of firms in A.msterdam, Rotterdam and Dordrecht.' 33 According to a report provided the Subcommittee by the Dutch Embassy in Washington, D.C., the child pornography items from those five firms were not produced in the Netherlands. This assertion, along with an August 1986 report by a Dutch task force on child pornography, led Dutch officials to conclude that child pornography may be forwarded to the United States through firms located in the Netherlands but that the material probably was not produced there 134a view that few American investigators fully share. The mail surveillance and mail openings done legally in the United States by agencies such as the Postal Service and U.S. Cus- toms Service are extremely rare in the Netherlands and the Scan- dinavian countries. Under Dutch law the seizure or opening of personal mail as part of an investigation must be authorized by an examining magistrate, an officer of the courts. Likewise, "sting" operations that have become common in the United States virtually are _mheard of in European law enforcement.135 One of the more encouraging developments from the U.S. group's visit was an invitation for European police officers dealing in child pornography investigations to visit the United States and speak with their counterparts in American law enforcement. This approach has strong support among U.S. police, who appear to believe that little real progress will be made until actual case investigators are exchanging leads actively. The opening of a new U.S. Customs office in Rotterdamassist- ing the existing office in Bonn, West Germanyalso should facili- tate U.S. participation in international child pornography investigations. According to Larry Sheafe, chief of the Customs Service's Office of Investigations, the Bonn office already has provided an undercover officer to assist the Amsterdam City Police in its investigations. "However," Sheafe told the Subcommittee, "the fact is that the agent provocateur provisions for laws in the Netherlands and the lack of a conspiracy statute culminate in making this type of investigation time consuming and costly for Dutch law enforcement agencies." Sheafe said the primary focus of all Dutch criminal investigations into child pornography is to identify the abused child and to charge the violator with child abuse.136 Despite encouraging developments in Denmark, Sweden and the Netherlands, past experience indicates that the European pornography trade does not give up easily. The U.S. market for child pornography is widely thought to be the most lucrative in the world, and European pornographers are not likely to voluntarily remove themselves from it simply because of the current public outcry in America. While stricter European laws on child pornography are

1" Subcommittee staff interview with Eduard J.M. Middeldorp, Second Secretary, Royal Netherlands Embassy, Washington, March 1985. 1" Report to Subcommittee from Royal Netherlands Embassy, Wa2hington, Feb. 19, 1985; Report of the Dutch Government Thsk Force on Child Pornography; The Hague, August 1986. 1" Subwmmittee staff interview with R.W. Craemers, Chief, General Affairs Division, Bureau of Administration and Criminal Law of the Netherlands Ministry of Justice, and Chief Superin- tendent M.J.M. Rijk, Dutch National Criminal Intelligence Service, June 1985. 1"Hearings, Part 2, p. 26.

3 8 35 welcome, the real test of the commitment of those governments to ending child pornography will be in their dedication to enforcement and prosecution. 36 XI. IMPORTATION OF CHILD PORNOGRAPHY INTO THE UNITED STATES The recent publicity surrounding the foreign distribution of child pornography could lead to the impression that the United States is being deluged with illegal shipments from abroad. In fact, howev- erdue partly to that publicityseizures of imported child pornography have declined dramatically since about mid-1984.137 The U.S. Customs Service reports that it made 1,235 seizures of child pornography in 1985, down 40 percent from 1984, when Cus- toms first began aggressirely searching for child pornography in foreign mail shipments. Several factors appear to have contributed to this decline: American pedophiles are acutely aware that Customs is intercepting child pornography shipments and that the material often is turned over to local police for further investigation. This creates a reluctance among pedophiles to order through the mail. European .police agencies and news media are exerting pressure on pornography distributors who handle material mvolv- ing pre-teen children. Some European pornographers, notably the largest distributor of male homosexual material, have informed their Ameri- can custo:s that they will no longer fill their orders for child material. Customs concedes that staffing problems have at times pre- vented key foreign mail branches, such as the one at John F. Kennedy Airport in New York City, from having an adequate number of mail handlers, and therefore fewer inspections for child pornography. Customs officiWs specifically credit NBC's documentary "The Silent Shame" and its artful exposé of Danish and Dutch child pornographers with causing an immediate drop in foreign shipments in late 1984. At the same time seizures have declined, however, Customs investigations of child pornography cases almost doubled, from 106 in 1984 to 209 in 1985. 'The nuniber of search warrants increased 115 percent, arrests rose 124 percent and convictions increased from 14 to 45, an increase of 221 percent.'" The increased attention to investigations was illustrated by the formation in October 1985 of Customs' Child Pornography and Pro- tection Unit at its Washington, D.C., headquarters. The unit is staffed with three senior special agents who will coordinate Cus- toms' child pornography cases here and abroad and also act as a clearinghouse for information on child pornography publications and known suppliers or customers. The unit has compiled information such as customer mailing lists from past distributors of child pornography and is also assembling a library of child pornography to assist agents in undercover operations and in the preparation of search warrants, among other uses. Authorized officers will be able

181 Pornography Seizure Report, Child Pornography and Protection Unit, U.S. Customs Serv- ice, Washington, February 1986. "" Statisticssupplied by Child Pornography and Protection Unit, U.S. Customs Service, March 1986.

40 ail Li [ 11 IrlINI wqiEL Mil AP 1 IN I `Iii Big I ,ei .4 a.. / ' / r r r lip fit' ,,ime 4 1 3 ,466 PrLi igi-10? Hi CO itith a 11111I i la I a pi 10 ii $ qv%; i II h ir I ' h I wiliaitio1rffirP1t lig le r ir4 'wile awed.dI ri, ti f vfif i rri%iorrlee Of 101. Iil'.1 D wad !FA' 1 it irrr. r I griit$i Poisir ilria idJ.IrtIltio tit 88 warded to investiptors.) Likewise, more material from countries such as Thailand and the Philippines, which have booming child- sex markets, can be expected, Customs officials say. (The arrest of a child molester in Los Angeles in late 1985 eventually led Customs to the molester's supplier of child pornography, III man from Bang- Thailand. Customs special agents Ray Martinez and Jack posed as potential buyers in Bangkok and worked with Thai police to have the supplier arrested.) "I XIL QUALITY AND CONTENT OF FOREIGN CHILD PORNOGRAPHY Not only has the quantity of child pornography seizures declined noticeably since about mid-1984, but the quality of the seized material also has declined somewhat, according to U.S. Customs officials. Much of the commercial child hy imported into the United States today features photos uced from originals taken in the 1970s. In several magazinese majority of photos are poorly reproduced black-and-white shots and amateurish color slides, a far cry from the state-of-the-art studio work found in most adult pornography. Investigators who analyse commercial child pornography, such as Deputy R.P. Tyler of the San Bernardino County, California, Sher- iffs Department, also have noticed that the same photos of certain children keep reappearing in different magazines. Since the inten- sive American crackdown on child pornography, there has been a noticeable decline in the number of 'new" child= featured in the 142 MI one of the few investigators in this country who actually the content of child pornographywho publishes it, which are featured, age of the thildren, etc. LIsing a computer, he has indexed an extensive collection of such child pornography magazines as Lolita Love, Lolita Special, Lolita Chick, Nymph Lover, Bambino Sex, Schoolgirls, Lover Boys, Piccolo, Wonderboy, and many others, most published in Denmark or the Nether- lands.14 The most notorious of the foreign commercial child pornography Lolita, began circulating about 1974. It has been pub- in Dordrecht, the Netherlands, by a man identified as Joop Wilhelmus. Many other publications use variations of the Lolita title (Lolita Sex, Lolita Love, etc.), but the original Lolita carries a timtial issue number (No. 55 was published around July, 1984) and features not only sexually explicit photos of children and adults engaged in sex but accomgring text and classified ads in German, Dutch and Eng 144 As Tyler testified before the Subcommittee, there is some doubt about who actually publishes Lolita.145 Issue No. 46 carried a large

Suboommittes eMff interview. with Agent Jack O'Malley, U.S. Customs Service, December 11AS and &emery 191111. 145ubcommittes staff interim October 1984. 14111 Rai '" Lot*. Non 10 lid and fors Dordrecht, the Netherlands. "olkorimp. Part 1, p. 21 42 89 headline declaring, "This Is TheEnd." An article by Wilhelmus said that would be the lastissuehe was givingup on trying to convince the world to endorsepedophilia and he was gettingout of publishing because collectorswere no longer sharing their private collections with him.149 But withIssue No. 47, readers received this news: "We're thenew editors, and we appreciate the efforts of Joop Wilhelmus for keepinggoing as long as he did. We don't think it should die,so we are going to continue with the efforts." 147 Tyler testified thatwhen he traveled in the Netherlands in 1982, he spoke withsex shop operators who said itwas common knowledge that Wilhelmuswas still publishing Lolita, but he had publicly disassociated himselffrom the magazine because ofharass- ment he was receivingas he traveled around Europe.148 Since 1982, only two issues (Noe.54 and 66) of Lolitaare believed to have been published. Itonce appeared almost monthly. Tyler suggested that because Lolitawas made illegal in the United States, and Denmark and Swedenalso outlawed its retail sale, the drop in circulation has strippedWilhelmus of his amateur suppliers. Most recent WAINcarry Wilhelmus' pleas for new material: wrhis magazinecan only exist if you help us! Sendus photos from your collection!" "We desperately needmore photos from private files." 149 Tyler noted thatLolita No. 55 contained only twophotos that had not appeared inprevious issues.15° The following letterswere received by Tyler, posingas a pedophile, in response to lettershe wrote to European phers: 161 pornogra-

ADDAX TRADING, Copenhagen, May SO, 1978. We hereby acknowledge receiptof your kind letter dated May 24, for whichwe thank you very much. Vie would of course be gladto receive the photos that you mentioned. To answer your questionconcerning the articles thatwe send in counterpart, it is normally1 magazine in exchange for each photo that is goodenough to find its place inour two magazines dedicated topaedophilia. It seems that this system would suit youas it often does with contributors who want to enrich their collection. When I send a magazine, it is donein an extremely dis- creet way to make sure that everythingwill be allright. For a start, I take pleasurein sending you some sections of our two latest catalogues.I can always send you them in the future. more of We are looking forward tohearing from you at liest convenience. your ear- Recommended address whenyou send documents: Joel Bourne, Strandlodsvej 61.

"'Lola% No. 46. blo. 47. '".ffearings, Part 1, p. 81. 1411 Lolita,-Nos. 29, 41. 1" Tyler interview, op. cit. &aria" Part 1, p. 82.

4 3 40 Your code-name Robert. (So when you send the photos, you don't have to mention your address). JOEL BOUILLE. CHICK PRODUCTION ESTABLISHMENT, Liechtenstein, September 25, 1978. DEAR SIR: Thanks for your letter dated 1 sept. Of course we are interested in your photo-materialalthough the last age you mentioned is too high for us (too old). We can always work out a good deal and trade your work against our products. It is also possible too exchange your photos against films. At the momentwe've got 10 titles. All full of action with girls no older than 10 years. We've got quite a lot of experience in sending material to the USA and normally everything arrives safely. Now it all depends on the quality of the photos you offer. If 3rou make a point of it we will see that you get the photos 13ack although this is not the usual way we do things. Of course we prefer action in the photographs. Please send us some samples or just send us a bunch of them and we will send you books and/or films just as you like. Send the material too the following address: A. Vor- ster, Tollenstraat 2, Dordrecht, Holland. This is a private adress and ensures delivery. We hope to receive something soon. Sincerely yours, WILJA. These letters and the quality of the magazines strongly indicate that most of the printed pornographic material is being supplied by amateur pedophile photographers and not by sophisticated pornography rings. Publishers sometimes pay for the photos or exchange other child pornography with their customers. As it becomes increasingly difficult to import child pornography into the United States, pornographers may be making more direct purchases. Investigators are well aware that many of the children featured in magazines like Lolita are American."2 The children are most often molested and photographed in the United States, and the pedophile/pornographer sends copies or originals to the European pornography publishers."3 ERIC CROSS Another notorious title in child pornography is Linda and Patty, which features two blonde, blue-eyed girls from Florida, aged 10 and 11, who were molested and photographed by a British citizen, Eric Cross.'" This magazine, originally published in 1978, has

1" For exam*, Lolita Nos. 29, 80 and 81 feature photographs of two California children who were molested by Joseph Henry, although Henry said he was not responsiblefor the photos (Subcommittee staff interviews with Henry and Det. William Dworin, 1.os Angeles Police De. pertinent, January 1985). i" William Thoma was convicted in the Northern District of Illinois in 1984 on three counts of = cFhlielc=ography to U.S. postal insyectors as part of the Postal Service's "Crusaders for ' sting operation (see P. 10). The photos of one of the children molested by Thome later appftred in Lohta (Subcommittee staff interview with Thome, October 1984). 1" Subcommittee staff interview with Agent Barry Carmody, Federal Bureau of Investiga- tion, and Inspector Steve Smolcich, U.S. Postal Service, November 1985. 41 been reprinted, repackaged and renamedmany times. Even the names "Linda and Patty" have come to have theirown meaning. Convicted child molester Donald Woodward,who was interviewed extensively by the Subcommittee,once wrote a co-conspirator that he intended to try "Linda and Patty"on a future victimmeaning that he planned to use themagazine to show how other children had "willingly" posed for pictures.'" Otherpedophiles have been known to refer to certain childrenas looking like "Linda" or "Patty." "Those children represent theultimate for many heterosexual pedophiles," Tyler said. "Theyare blonde, blue-eyed and right on the verge of puberty." 166 Cross met the two children who eventuallywould be known as "Linda and Patty" (thoseare not their real names, and they are now adults) while living in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, in 1973. Ade- ceptively charming man, Cross befriendedthe girls' parents over a six-week period and convinced them to allowhim to take the children to Disney Worldnear Orlando. They checked into adjoining rooms at a motel near the park on a Friday night. That night,after showing the girls his own child pornographyalbum and buying them inexpensive cartoon character necklaces(the girls are wearing them in the magazine photos), he molestedand photographed them, lining approximately 24 rolls of film. Thenext day they went to the amusement park, and returned Saturdaynight to the motel for more photo sessions. Cross hastold investigators that the photos of the children which showsome reluctance on their faces were taken before the trip to Disney World, and that afterthe trip the children were much easierto manipulate.'" When the Saturday nifght sessionwas over, Cross returned the girls to their home and instructed themnot to tell their parents what had happened. Fortunately,one of them did. The police were notified, but Cm.s was on his way to New York in a stolen rental car. Fromtillee:dorkhe flew to Amsterdam, where he turned his film over toa photo lab. An employee of the photo lab, knowing that the childrenwere foreigners and suspecting Cross probably was a fugitive, called Amsterdampolice. Interpol, the international police intelligenceagency, already had been alerted after Florida police learned Cross hadtaken the flight to the Neth- erlands. Cross was arrested andextradited to England to finish serving a sentence on molestation charges.In December 1974, he finally was extradited to Florida,tried on the molestation charges, convicted and sentenced to 28years in prison. Cross was sent to a mental institution as part of hissentence. While there, he continued acting as a broker for the distributionof child pornography by using friends who visited him at the hospitalas couriers. In 1977, he walked away from the mentalinstitution and went to Califor- nia, where he became involved ina child sex ring that included Joseph Henry, a Subcommittee witness.Cross was arrested in Los Angeles by Detective William Dworinand returned to Florida, where he went on trial in March 1986 inU.S. District Court on

1" Woodward interview, oF. 1811 Tyler interview, op. cit. 1" Subcommittee staff interview with Agent Michael Brick, forcement, November 1984. Florida Department of Law En-

4 5 42 charges of distributing child pornography. He was convicted on 19 counts of mail fraud, conspiracy to distribute child poi nography and other charges and was sentenced to 95 years in federal prison, to be served consecutively with the time remaining from his earlier Florida conviction.' 58 Dutch police told their Florida counterparts they had seized all the film Cross had taken to the Netherlands. Obviously, however, some film made its way into the child pornography market. The copy of Linda and Patty reviewed by the Subcommittee had the following legend printed on the back: "Copyright Delphi Press, Copen- hagen 1974, all rights reserved, printed in Denmark." XIII. PRICE AND COST OF CHILD PORNOGRAPHY Child pornography has risen in price since the late 1970s, but not as much as might be expected. A catalog from Copenhagen received in the United States in 1970 advertised 32-page full color magazines at $10 each. Others advertised magazines such as Loving Children, Lolita Colour Special, and Incest, at $6 and $7. Eight-mil- limeter films were priced from $27 to $36.'59 By 1984, some of those same magazines were priced at $20 each, and the now-antiquated 8mm films were priced from $40 to $60. But at least one catalog dated January 1984 from a firm in the Hague, the Netherlands, listed copies of Lolita and Linda and Patty for $9, and all child pornography was less than $15.1" Though no longer widely desired, 8mm films still can be purchased. Cenverting these films to more modern VHS and Beta videotapes is now a cottage industry within the pedophile community. Several ads in pedophile publications such as Wonderland offer these services,'" and at least one convicted child molester from Texas sent friendsand, to his surprise, policea videotape advertising his services, including the dubbing of 8mm films to video.'" The era of videotapes has revolutionized the entire pornography industry. Not only has it helped make viewing adult pornography a widespread, middle-class pastime, according to adult pornography distributor Reuben Sturman,'" but it has added a picture quality that was unavailable before. Catalogs obtalned by the Subcommit- tee indicate that original videotape child pornography, depending on the content, is selling for $50 to $200. Estimating the profits of any underground criminal enterprise is speculative at best. And in the child pornography market, it seems safe to assume that law enforcement probably can document only a small portion of the industry's total profits. Some widely reported figures, however, seem to have little basis in fact. For example, the American Christian Voice Foundation asserted in its 1985 publication, Child Protection Alert, that: "...police investigators are unearthing a thriving for-profit industry revolving around child pornography with sales estimated to run at least one-

11° Carmody, Smolcich, Brick and Dworin interviews, op. cit. " Copies retained in Subcommittee files. 160Copies retained in Subcommittee files. lel See Wonderland, No. 9; Chicago, Spring 1986, p. 9. le2 Dworin interview, op. cit. InSee note 16.

6 43 half billion dollars annually." 164 Actually, this is one of the small- er estimates Subcommittee investigators found. Similar citizens groups and some writers have usM terms like "multi-billion-dollars" to describe the child pornography industry or have described it as a "significant" portion of the huge and lucrative adult pornography market. The Subcommittee, however, has found no evidence to support such figures. The most generous estimate of the value of foreign child pornography entering the United Statesaccording to known seizure figuresprobably would not exceed $5 mi1lion."5 In order to support an assertion that child pornography in Amer- ica is a half-billion-dollar industry, it would be necessary to show that the domestic commercial market grosses at least $4 5 million annually. But the seizures of domestically-produced commercial child pornography by such agencies as the U.S. Postal Ser rice, FBI and local police departments do not begin to approacl, tha t figure, or even the $5 million estimate for foreign child pornograp hy. And of the hundreds of child molesters who collect child pornography and are arrested each year none, to the Subcommittee's knowledp, has provided police with information on a huge commercial underground that would be needed to produce such profits. The fact is that the overwhelming majority of child pornography seized inar- rests made in the United States has not been produced or distributed for profit. The total of all commercial child pornography operations prosecuted in the last five years, including those of such major dealers as Cathy Wilson, amount only to a few million dollars. In addition, the half-billion-dollar figure seems to presuppose that commercial child pornography can be purchased widely throughout the nation in adult pornography shops, even though this has been virtually impossible for the last several years. When asked about the half-billion-dollar figure, U.S. Postal Serv- ice Inspector Phillip Renzuli commented: "I really wonder about those figures when I read them. Where do they get them? We cer- tainly can't support themnot even close." 166 The significant cost to society from child pornography is not eco- nomicmany other criminal enterprises, such as narcotics smug- gling, cause far greater damage to the economy. Instead, the cost must be measured in terms of the sexual exploitation of children represented by child pornography, and the sexual abuse of children to which child pornography is a central contributing factor. It is not necessary to view child pornography as a hugely lucrative, organized crime-controlled underground in order to appreciate the scope 4.he damage to society caused by this reprehensible practice.

164 Op. cit., p. 4 165 In a hypothetical example, assume the Customs Service makes 2,000 seizures of child pornography in one year (actual 1984 totals were higher; 1985's were much lower), with an average of ten pieces of pornography in each seizure, making 20,000 total pieces of child pornography. Prices ranges from $10 for magazines to $100 for videotapes, so a high average price would be $50 per item, for a total value of $1 million. Assuming tkuther that Customs seises only 20per- cent of the items mailed, five times that amount produces a generous estimate of 85 million. 166 Subcommittee staff interview. July 1985. 47 44 XIV. CONCLUSIONS Based on the information obtained during its investigation, the Subcommittee has reached the following general conclusions: Child pornography plays a central role in child molestations by pedophiles, serving to justify their conduct, assist them in seducing their victims, and provide a means to blackmail the children they have molested in order to prevent exposure. The vast majority of child pornography in the United States is produced and distributed by individual pedophiles for little or no profit. What commercial child pornography does exist in the United States constitutes a small portion of the overall pornography market and is deeply underground. Unlike the adult pornography industry, it is not significantly influenced by organized crime. It is extremely difficult, if not impossible in some cities, to purchase true child pornography at adult bookstores. The seizure by the U.S. Customs Service of imported child pornography, especially from Denmark and the Netherlands, has declined dramatically since late 1984 due to increased diplomatic and law enforcement pressure, American news media reports and increased caution shown by American child pornography customers. The membership of known pedophile-support groups in the United States is probably less than 2,000. While many of the groups' members have been convicted for child sex crimes, the groups themselves are not involved actively in large-scale criminal conspiracies, such as commercial child pornography rings. So-called "child sex rings" do exist, however, and it is these un-organized groups, and the individuals who participate in them, which pose the most serious threat to children. The Child Protection Act of 1984, which made illegal all distribution of sexually explicit material involving children, has been highly successful, leading to a substantial increase in federal prosecutions and +he placing of higher priorities on such investigations. Since passage of the law, the Department of Justice has won 164 convictions on child pornography violations; in the previous Ilk and one-half years, there were only 64. While the awareness of many police agencies about child sexual exploitation has improved greatly, many still do not have the training, staff or inclination to recognize promptly and investigate potenti;-tads to crimes involving child por- nograph., o, child sexu.-abuse. Computers are pro'ng pedophiles with a virtually untraceable means of e -nanging information, including the names of potential victims. While the Subcommittee is mindful of the Constitutionalsafeguardsagainstinterference withfree speech, a need clearly exists for additional legislation in this area.

48 45 XV. RECOMMENDATIONS During the course of the Subcommittee's investigation, particularly following news media accounts of the public hearings, several thousand postcards and letters were received urging Congress to take a tougher stand against child pornography. This correspondence illustrated a paradox of law enforcement: Good laws often le&to more arrests of criminals, thus making it appear that more new laws are needed to curb what the public perceives as an increase in crime. Arrests of persons violating federal child pornography statutes have increased substantially since the passage of the Child Protec- tion Act Of 1984, which amended a previous 1977 statute 1137 The Subcommittee believes that the child pornography laws now on the books are well designed and are reaping impressive gains in the fight against this crime. The 1984 law has instilled a new vitality in agencies such as the Postal Service and the U.S. Customs Serv- ice which now have many investigators dedicated solely to child pornography cases. We see no need for major revisions in the 1984 law at this time. A number of "fme tuning" amendments now before Congress, however, do have merit and should be considered carefully. Following are the Subcommittee's recommendations for stepping up the law-enforcement effort against child pornography and child molestation: 1. Ban advertising of child pornography and child prostitution. One aspect of this problem that has not been addressed specifically by the federal statutes is the advertising of sexually explicit material involving children. Not only do foreign child pornography distributors publish glossy color brochures featuring their magazines, films and tapes, but newsletters of American pedophile organizations also carry advertising for such materials. Other brochures have carried thinly-disguised advertisements for "child sex tours" abroad. To combat this, Senator Itoth and several other senators introduced Senate bill S. 2398, which among other things would prohibit any advertisement "to receive, exchange, trade, buy, produce, dis- play, disseminate, photograph, film, print, or record, any visual or print medium depicting sexually explicit conduct of or with any minor (or) offering participation in any act of sexually explicit conduct with any minor..." 168 U.S. Customs Service inspectors frequently seize such advertisements from foreign mail, and in most cases they are forfeited by the intended recipient. Rarely are criminal cases made against persons based on the receipt of advertisements alone. In practice, however, people who receive such advertisements usually are collectors of child pornography, and many collectors have proven to be actual child molesters. The Subcommittee believes the prOducers of such advertisements should risk the same criminal exposure for printing advertisements for child pornography as they do for printing the actual products.

117 See p. 5. 111 See note 56. 46 In addition, this bill amends the Mann Act, which prohibits the interstate transportation of females for the purpose of prostitution, to include males. We believe this amendment, which for the first time would specifically include all males in the Act, is a necessary step to keep federal law current with actual practices. 2. Increase pressure on foreign pornographer&Soon after the Subcommittee's first public hearings in November 1984, the U.S. State Department assembled an interagency task force to visit enforcement officials in Sweden, Denmark and the Netherlands. The group's mission was to convey the United States' willingness toco- operate in joint investigations and to urge the three governments to intensify their fight against the foreign export of child pornogra- . Representatives of the U.S. Customs Service, the U.S. Postal gervice, the Justice Department, the Federal Bureau of Investiga- tion and the State Department established valuable personal contacts with their European counterparts. The result was not only a better understanding of the enforcement problems in the European nations, but also a commitment to regularly exchange intelligence information on pornographers.169 The Subcommittee commends these promising first steps and urges that further cooperation be encouraged at the highest levels of each agency. S. Create regional child sexual exploitation task forces.During the Subcommittee's investigation, it became apparent that there is an immediate need for a mechanism to promote the sharing and dissemination of intelligence on child sex crime suspects and to coordinate joint criminal investigations. The Subcommittee believes this function can be carried out with existing staff positions and funds from participating agencies. Although cooperation among enforcement agencies on child sexual abuse cases often has been exceptional, poor communication and "turf' rivalries do occur. These situations become alarming in light of the fact that a delayed or ignored investigative lead could mean the continued sexual exploitation of a child. For example, a local police agency might seize the customer mailing list ofa major child pornographer, or the membership list ofa "child sex ring." What should be done with the list? If it contains names of suspected child molesters throughout the country, it obviously should not remain locked in a police department file cabinet. Should that department designate an officer to call other agencies around the country and tell them a suspect from their jurisdiction appeared on the seized list? Few departments could spare the time needed for such an enterprise. Even if they could, the number of local demrt- ments having the expertise to pursue such a lead is limited. Some experts have suggested that the list be given to a federalagency, such as the FBI, which could disseminate it to investigators around the country. Many local authorities, however, stronglyoppose that suggestion because of past experiences in which infcirmationwas not shared equally once it left local control. These are notnew complaints.

Is9 See pp. 30-34.

50 47 To resolve this problem, the Subcommittee recommends establishing a network of regional task forces, controlled on the local level, consisting of 12 to 15 active investigators and prosecutors from the local, state and federal levels, including representatives from the U.S. Postal Service, U.S. Customs Service, Justice Depart- ment and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Testimony before the Subcommittee by L. William Thorne of the Bergen County, N.J., Prosecutor's Office supported such a task force structure.T 0 Jay Howell, director of the National Center for Missing and Ex- ploited Children in Washington, D.C., also endorsed the Subcom- mittee proposa1.1" "The unique nature of child sexual exploitation means the act or violation will quickly spread into the next jurisdiction or state," Howell said. "We need this regional and national response to a regional and national crime." The Subcommittee believls the task forces must be engaged in "proactive" investigations, :and not just respond to crisesas they occur. The investigators assigned to the units must be trained officers who have demonstrated exvortise in the child abuse field and who seek such an assignmert.. Duties of the task forces would include: Coordinating active investigations among agencies. Exchanging information on a "need-to-know" basis with other agencies. Training police, court and social service personnel in local jurisdictions. Conducting proactive and undercover investigations. There are justified concerns about the information-gathering role of such task forces and the need for protecting the rights of citizens. In some cases, for example, the names of non-pedophiles such as legitimate psychiatric researchers have appeared on the mailing lists of some pedophile organizations. The Subcommittee believes, however, that trained investigators using a rigid system of safe- guards, and carefully monitored by prosecutors, couldensure that such operations could be carried out effectively without jeopardiz- ing individual rights.

170 Hearings, Part 1, p. 55. "1 Subcommittee staff interview, March 10, 1986.

51 APPENDIX

COMMITEE ON GOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS, SENATE PERMANENT SusconahumsON INVESTIGATIONS, Washington, DC August 4, 1984. Hon. GEORGE P. SHULTZ, Secretary of State, U.& Department of State,Washington, DC. DEAR GEORGE: The Senate PermanentSubcommittee on Investi- gations, which I chair, has for the pastseveral months been investigating the production and distributionof child pornography in the United States. During thecourse of this investigation my staff has learned that a significantamount of commercially available child pornography is produced and distributedin foreign' countries, particularly Denmark and the Netherlands. The production, use and distributionof child pornographic material is legal in many European citiesas evidenced by widespread availability in bookstores and otherbusinesses that selectively cater to:prurient interests. Cities suchas Amsterdam and Copenha- gen typify this widespread commercial availability.As you know, federal law has long prohibited theimportation of such materials into the United States (18 U.S.C.1462). IsTevertheless, a substantial underground network exists in the UnitedStates for European im- ports of child pornographic materials.Our investigations have found that a lucrative market existshere for European produced child pornographic "video tapes"technically adaptable to Ameri- can television sets. Apparently,a substantial portion of the foreign child pornographic market is designedfor American distribution. In 1977 Congress explicitlyaddressed the need to stem the fiow of child pornographic materials bypassing the "Federal Protection of Children Against SexualExploitation Act." Most recently, the President signed into law the "ChildProtection Act" (P.L. 98-292) which filled many statutorygaps and made every phase of the pornographic market from productionto private use felonious conduct. However, the availability of importedmaterials catering to pedo- philiacs continues. Since the growing availabilityof such materials in the United States has been traced to Europeancities, particularly Amsterdam and Copenhagen, wouldyou be kind enough to supply in detail the following information to facilitateour investigation: 1. What diplomatic efforts havebeen made to contact foreign officials about the flow ofpornographic, particularly childporno- graphic, materials into the United States? 2. What contact or cooperationhave you had with the U.S. Cus- toms Service in dealing with this importationproblem? (49)

52 50 8. What contact or cooperation have you had with the Depart- ment of Justice or other federal agencies in dealing with the importation problem? 4. What are your future plans in dealing with the importation of child pornographic materials? 5. Have any previous efforts on your part been unsuccessful? 6. Can the United States influence the exportation of these materials from the Netherlands, Denmark or elsewhere to any significant extent? I plan to chair hearings on this matter at a later date and would greatly appreciate your cooperation. In addition to the information sought through these specific questions, any additional information or observations would be helpful. Thank you for your assistance. Sincerely. Wirium V. Rom, Jr., Chairman.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE, Washington, DC, September 19, 1984. Hon. WILL' Azz V. Rom, Jr., US. Senate. DEAR SENATOR &MI: Thank you for your letter to the Secretary of August 24, to which he has asked me to respond. You inquired whether any diplomatic efforts have been made to stem the flow of child pornography into the United States and whether, in our judg- ment, the US could influence the exportation of such materials from the Netherlands, Denmark or elsewhere. In an effort to provide a complete answer to your inquiries, we have discussed the child pornography issue with representatives of the Justice Department, the U.S. Customs Service and the U.S. Postal Service. On the basis of these conversations, it appears that no general diplomatic or other effort has been made to inhibit the foreign production or export of child pornographic materials to the United States. On occasion, officials of the Justice Department, the Customs Service or the Postal Service have discussed specific criminal cases or interdiction cases involving child pornographic materials with their counterparts in Europe, but these have been in the nature of uncoordinated, incidental contacts. To date, the focus of official United States efforts to stem the inflow of child pornographic material has been interdiction. As you note, Title 18 of the U.S. Code has long prohibited the importation of such materials into the United States. In addition, under Article 36, paragraph 4-E of the Convention of the Universal Postal Union, "obscene or immoral articles" are prohibited in the international mails The Postal Inspection Service, in cooperation with the Customs Service and the Justice Department, has an active postal surveillance program which seeks to reduce the inflow of pornographic materials into the United States. United States citizens who receive objectionable materials can, of course, ask the Postal Service to suspend delivery of such materials.

5 3 51 In theory, the prohibitions contained in the Convention of the Universal Postal Union could provide a basis for discussing the international transport of child pornographic materials with officials Of the Netherlands, Denmark, and other governments. Howev- er, the thrust of United States efforts with respect to international mails thus far has been to insure their "free flow." In contrast with the practices of the Soviet Union and other totalitarian states, we have sought to promote the doctrine and practice of non-inter- ference with international mails. Nevertheless, because of the seriousness of the problemrepre- sented by the information of child pornographic materials,we believe that some form of enhanced international effort isnecessary to deal with it. We are at present examining the feasibility and effectiveness of an approach to other governments through the U.P.U. or through bilateral diplomatic channels. Before making such an approach, we will work with other interested agencies and bureaus to determine the magnitude of the problem and thecoun- tries principally involved in production and exportation of child pornographic materials. We look forward to working with you andyour committee in this effort. Sincerely, W. TAPLEY BENNETT, Jr., Assistant Secretary, Legislative and Intergovernmental Affairs.

WASHINGTON, DC, September 11, 1984. Hon. Wi wars V. Rom, Jr., Chairman, Permanent Subcommitteeon Investigations, Senate Office Building, Washington, DC. DEAR Siimeroa: An editorial in The Washington Post last Satur- day called my attention to the work currently being undertaken by the Senate Subcommittee on Investigations serving underyour chairmanship. It appears that in the course of its work the Secretariat ofyour Committee has been provided with information that pornographic materials have been illegally imported into the United States from sources in Denmark, among other countries. You will understand the grave concern this matter has caused in Denmark. The more so, as child pornographywas declared illegal by Danish law several years ago. The concerns which recently have been expressed byyou and other Americans in this respect have received extensivecoverage in Danish media. In this context Iam happy to let you know that the Danish Minister for Justice, Mr. Erik Ninn-Hansen, has issued a statement in which he stresses the repugnance of the Danish Government to any sexual abuse of children, including childpornography. So far, there has in Denmark been onlya few cases of violation of the criminal code pertaining to the distribution of childpornography, the violators having received sentences. '11;1;19'149g if

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,51,0 1,, I , 4 1 I dnifItnilI LP It 0.111I. air 4ilrgri 1411;lirpre[get 1%1Pi tif48 toil! gig/ill 'dig 58 During this final year, our customs officers have seized amoxi- mately ,1 900 pieces of child coming into the United States. However, stopping the im don of these materials is very difficult, and we are cri need of the fUll cooperation of oountries who are exportinq them for the United States market. The United States Senate has recently been informed by U.S. Customs officials that 85 percent of the child pornography imported into this country comes from the kingdoms of the Netherlands and Denmark. In addition to Your Excellency,we ars writing to the Prime Minister of the Netherlands. This is a subject which, due to international publicity, is being widely dimmed today by thoughtful people in your country,as well as ours. Furthermore, there can be no doubt that the people in our two countries, in our mutual traditions of moral strength and love of family, deplore our participation in this shamenil exploitation of children. As Islators, we write to Your Excellency, asking foryour sup- wit Lad suggestions with respect to possible avenues of cooperation between our governments and law enforcement agencies in order to curb production and trafficking in child pornography. We feel confident that our two countries can work tog ether,as well as in concert with other nations, to combat sumWully the international distribution of these salacious materials. Retpecthilly yours, William V. Roth, Jr., James Abdnor, Pete V. Domenici, Bob Kasten, J. James Exon, Paul S. Sarbanes, Nancy Landon Kmsebaum, Paula Hawkins, Alfonse D'Amato, John C. Danforth, Howard M. Metz- enbaum, Mack Mattimly, Strom Thurmond, Alan J. Dixon, Dan Quayle, aathorne Pell, Rudy Boschwitz, Edward Zorinsky, Frank R. Lautenberg, Roger W. Jepson, Charles H. Percy, John Glenn, Steven D. Symms, Jake Garn, Richard G. Lugar, John Heinz, Senators.

WASHINGTON, DC, November 28, 1984. Hon. WILLIAM V. ROTH, Jr., Senate Hart Office Building Washington, De DIAZ RINATOI Rom: I have been instructed to inform youthat the Danish Government has considered again the sad matter raised by yourself and other members of the United States Senate in your letter of October 5th, 1984, addressed to the Prime Ministeron the problem of child pornwaphy. PO Government looks upon these matters with graveconcern anima= will already be aware, from previous communications, that 'ye action was taken here back in 1980 in order to crimina- lize also any distribution of pornographic material involving children in addition to the already existing provisions in the penal code according to which the production of such material is already severely le. Reference should be made again in this connection to the statement made by the Danish Minister for Justice which I was last in-

5 6 54 structed to bring to your attention. All cases of child pornography are being carefully investigated by the police. However, the out- come so far of the investigations in the cases which were specifically brought up earlier this year in an NBC-broadcast seems to indicate that the material found by the police in these cases consisted of photographs taken elsewhere than in Denmark. This obviously does not relieve us of our concern in these matters, but it seems that we may so far be in a similar situation to that of the United States in these cases. The Danish Government finds it most important to fight abuse of children. The Minister for Justice has therefore instructed the police to give investigations of child. pornography cases a very: high priority. The Minister is closely following the investigations in the two cases mentioned above. In order to strengthen as much as possible the cooperation between our two countries in this field the Minister for Juitice would sincerely appreciate to receive any apt cific information concerning persons in Denmark trafficking in child pornography which the U.S. authorities might possess. In this regard Denmark will also be ready to receive and assist representatives of U.S. authorities cencerned with this matter. In awaiting your reply, I should also add my Government's ap- preciation of the thoughtful and balanced way in which the Senate h.as approached this delicate matter. May I finally state that you will always find the Embassy of Den- mark ready to assist you to the best of our ability in your endea- vours in this case. Copies of this letter have been forwarded to Senator Arlen Spec- ter and to Deputy Assistant Secretary John H. Kelly. Sincerely yours, EIGIL JORGENSEN, Ambassador of Denmark. 0

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