THURSDAY, MARCH 30, 2017 INTERNATIONAL

BREXIT 50 shades of controversy: A history of EU exit clause

LONDON: It is a fitting quirk of history that was fuelled particularly by later events. The the 264 words shaping Britain’s divorce from EU’s enlargement did take place, in 2004, the EU were brought to life by British repre- but the proposed constitution was then sentatives over the objections of federalist thrown out by French and Dutch voters in colleagues who warned of trouble ahead. referendums. The now-infamous Article 50 triggered by Prime Minister came about as A punishment clause part of a grand convention, undertaken Despite that stinging electoral rebuff, EU between 2002 and 2003, to write an overar- leaders regrouped and bundled much of the ching constitution for the EU as it prepared legal revamp into a new treaty, signed in to enlarge deep into eastern Europe. Lisbon. The initial text’s “Article 60” lived on Looking back today, delegates to the in the form of Article 50. Still, few involved in convention recall the rancor that surround- its evolution thought it would ever be ed the very idea of an “exit clause”, which invoked. Originally, the idea was to encour- was unprecedented in EU law. “Most people age adoption of the constitution as quickly thought the notion that you might ever as possible by creating a mechanism to kick want to leave was an utter insult,” said British out a member state if it failed to ratify the lawmaker Gisela Stuart, who was part of the text within two years. “Everyone assumed it convention’s 13-strong executive “praesidi- would be the British who would have a um”. The Labor MP fought hard for the exit problem with ratifying the constitution, not clause at the convention, noting that it was the French or the Dutch. So at first it was an touch and go whether it would be retained expulsion clause,” Stuart said in a phone when delegates held their final negotiating interview. “But neither at its inception nor in session in July 2003. its final stage, when it became the Lisbon The convention ended, to the sounds of treaty’s Article 50, did any of its draftsmen champagne corks popping and Beethoven’s consider that it would be needed.” The two- “Ode to Joy”, with the clause intact. Stuart year timeframe for withdrawal lived on in did not share in the joy. She went on to take the revamped treaty, but the article’s design- a starring role in the pro- campaign ers did not spell out whether the process LONDON: An arrangement of newspapers show the front pages of daily newspapers yesterday reporting on British Prime Minister Theresa that culminated in last year’s referendum can be stopped once it begins. That ambigu- May’s signing of a letter to invoke the provisions laid out in Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty to begin the process of Britain’s withdrawl from the decision by voters to make Britain the first ity could become a flashpoint as opponents (EU). — AFP country to take advantage of Article 50. Her to Brexit fight a rearguard action to retain revulsion at the EU grew out of what she felt Britain’s membership, or at least access to Barnier and Davis face was the elitist spirit of the convention, but the EU’s common market. — AFP off on Brexit mountain Briton, Frenchman to square off in divorce talks

BRUSSELS: They have much in common, in with his rugged homeland in the Savoy Alps, ferred on many of his rivals, including David public and private life, affirm a mutual respect seeking energy in mountain walking, a passion Cameron, who in 2005 would beat Davis to the and will be spending plenty of time in one he shares with the 68-year-old Davis, once an Conservative Party leadership. Davis, who won a another’s company, but Brexit negotiators David army special forces reservist who grew up in reputation as a rough-tongued “bruiser” when Davis and Michel Barnier are poles apart on rough south London and who, like Barnier, is shadow home affairs minister, had the last Europe. Born into the tough postwar years, married with three children. laugh, however: Cameron gambled by calling Brexit Secretary Davis in England and the last year’s Brexit referendum to try and silence European Commission’s Barnier in France, they Outsiders Davis and other raucous eurosceptics-and lost. both built careers on the right of politics, but In France, Barnier rose young and fast in While Barnier was moving almost seamlessly often as outsiders, priding themselves on their Gaullist politics after an education at a Paris from education to politics, Davis had a 15-year personal links to the common people and keep- business school. But while he won respect run- career in business in the 1970s and 80s, at the ing aloof from the elite. They got to know each ning the 1992 Winter Olympics, and as a minis- sugar refiner Tate and Lyle, a company that took a : A picture shows a cake with decorations reading ‘Art 50’ during an event other quite well personally when they both sat ter for the environment and later agriculture as stand last year for Brexit and, since Davis’s time organized by members of the Europe and Freedom and Direct Democracy Group on a panel of European affairs ministers in the well as a European Commissioner, a Parisian there, has long complained about EU tariffs hurt- (EFDD) to celebrate the formal notice delivered to the and launch- mid-1990s looking at reforming the bloc. elite coached in the prestigious ENA civil service ing cane sugar imports. Barnier is “more European ing the Brexit in Brussels. — AFP Some personal chemistry may help to pre- college never took him for one of its own. It than French”, according to one senior EU official vent the complex talks from descending into scoffed at a perceived lack of wit and brilliance who has worked with him. Davis makes no secret acrimony as Davis pushes to get the best during his brief tenure speaking for France as of his deep dislike of the supranational institu- divorce terms for Britain while Barnier negoti- foreign minister. tions. As they climb together the mountain of ates on behalf of the 27 remaining EU states. But Davis also went to business school, in challenges that Brexit represents, millions of Barnier’s career has left him a profound believer London, after grammar school and Warwick Europeans will be hoping that their shared inter- in European unity, while Davis is a eurosceptic of University-like Barnier’s, a CV short on the estab- ests can prevent them falling off a cliff-edge long standing. Barnier, 66, cherishes strong links lishment glamour that Eton and Oxbridge con- through a breakdown in talks. — Reuters Red-letter day for UK man in Brussels

BRUSSELS: It was Tim Barrow’s big day in other. Probably never before has a British envoy was in his well-worn black briefcase. Nor would Brussels but first, before handing over Theresa to the European Union been greeted by quite so they reveal how the missive, signed by May in 10 May’s Brexit trigger letter, the British ambassador many snapping photographers and yelling cam- Downing Street on Tuesday, had arrived in to the EU had to get on with “legal highs”. For era crews when he stepped from the ambassado- Brussels. After his fellow Coreper ambassadors Barrow’s 27 peers from the other member states, rial Jaguar on to the EU’s red carpet. Formerly “our break for lunch, Barrow has an appointment at it was business as usual yesterday morning with man in ”, the 53-year-old diplomat, 1:20 pm with European Council President Donald their weekly meeting at the European Council. On appointed to the Brussels Brexit hot seat in Tusk, the EU summit chair and former Polish the agenda of the body, known by its French January after the dramatic resignation of his dis- prime minister, to make the formal delivery of the acronym Coreper, was a scheme to provide emer- gruntled predecessor, was saying nothing as he letter. That will set the clock ticking to Britain’s gency aid during natural disasters and EU legisla- strode past the Union’s blue and gold star flag. departure, in principle on March 29, 2019, a tive proposals to control new psychoactive sub- Officials would not say whether the letter from Friday, although the precise date could be fine- stances, commonly known as legal highs. the prime minister confirming Britain’s intention tuned by negotiation. From now until then, For Barrow, however, this was a day like no to quit the bloc under Article 50 of the EU treaty Barrow will have to get used to Coreper frequent- ly meeting without him as the EU27 takes on a legal character to exclude Britain. Barrow’s handover of the letter, which EU offi- cials expect will offer a positive approach to negotiations and set out over several pages May’s existing demands, is due to take place in Tusk’s offices on the top floor of the Europa Building. Opened just this year amid criticism of its cost and garish internal color schemes, the building which senior EU officials jokingly refer to as “Tusk Tower”, was planned in happier times, when the Union seemed set for ever more expansion, tak- ing in a dozen new members, mainly in formerly Communist eastern Europe. Yesterday, it will see its first great historic occasion but hardly one its designers foresaw. Nine months after Britons shocked the bloc by voting to leave in a referen- dum, Barrow will launch the unprecedented shrinking of the European Union. On the other side of Brussels’ Rue de la Loi (Law Street), in The Old Hack, a British-style pub, members of the BRUSSELS: Britain’s ambassador to the EU Tim Barrow delivers British Prime Minister Theresa European Parliament from the UK Independence May’s formal notice of the UK’s intention to leave the bloc under Article 50 of the EU’s Lisbon Party will be celebrating. The anti-EU campaign- Treaty to European Council President yesterday. — AFP ers are throwing a “Brexit Party”. — Reuters The two tribes: Brexit players

BRUSSELS: The Brexit process will see senior British and executive David Davis leads the newly created Home Side - Jean-Claude Juncker be conducted in French-but said the “linguistic regime” European politicians battle it out over two years of tough Department for Exiting the European Union (DExEU). European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker is had yet to be decided. negotiations. Here is a summary of the key players in the Davis, 68, a former special forces reservist who has been in a grizzled former prime minister of Luxembourg whom the talks, which will be conducted on the European Union’s parliament since 1987, has a reputation for being tough, eurosceptics love to hate as a symbol of federalist over- Donald Tusk home turf in Brussels: The Away Team - principled and sometimes reckless. Firm in his belief that reach. Juncker now presides over the vast Brussels bureau- Once a self-confessed football “hooligan” in his native Britain can thrive outside the EU, he has admitted the cracy that will lead the for Europe, Poland, European Council President Donald Tusk is tasked Theresa May economy would suffer if EU migration stopped overnight though EU leaders will insist on keeping a close eye on with ensuring that the EU-Britain divorce doesn’t turn Theresa May took over as prime minister and and has conceded Britain could pay for continued access developments. At 62, fond of a drink and a smoke and with ugly. Tusk is the first official from the former Soviet domi- Conservative leader from after the Brexit to the single market. He has good relations with EU nego- a wry sense of humor, Juncker has a deep experience of nated eastern states to be president of the European vote in June and, despite having campaigned to stay in the tiator Michel Barnier-whom he refers to in public as just tackling major EU problems including the euro-zone and Council, a job that involves building consensus among EU, is steering Britain towards a clean break with the bloc. “Michel”—having worked together as Europe ministers for Greek debt crises. member states. Close to German Chancellor Angela She has promised to control EU migration, even at the cost their respective countries in the 1990s. Merkel, Tusk will be keen to rein in calls to punish Britain, of leaving Europe’s single market, and warned that govern- Michel Barnier as well as protect the fate of the millions of eastern ments must pay greater heed to voter concerns about glob- Tim Barrow Michel Barnier, the Commission’s chief Brexit negotia- Europeans resident in the UK. alization. So far her party is behind her, she has a huge lead Tim Barrow was appointed permanent representative to tor, is a former European commissioner for financial serv- over the opposition Labor party and the economy is per- the EU in January after predecessor unexpect- ices once derided by the British media as “the most dan- Guy Verhofstadt forming better than expected-but huge uncertainty lies edly resigned, amid claims that ministers did not like his gerous man in Europe” after he capped bonuses for The European Parliament’s chief Brexit negotiator, for- ahead. The 60-year-old May is known for her attention to warnings about the mood in Brussels. A career diplomat, bankers. Before turning to Europe, the white-haired 66- mer Belgian Prime Minister Guy Verhofstadt is known for his detail and for taking decisions herself, but has also been bearded 53-year-old Barrow’s most recent foreign posting year-old Frenchman held myriad ministerial posts in federalist views and has been a frequent critic of Brexit. His dubbed “Theresa Maybe” for putting off key decisions. was as ambassador to Moscow, although he has previously France, including agriculture, foreign affairs and environ- main role will be to increase the parliament’s role in the spent two stints in Brussels. He is described by colleagues as ment and is a respected figure in Brussels. Like his close talks-neither Britain, the EU member states nor the David Davis experienced and tough-necessary qualities as he goes up ally Juncker, Barnier has promised a fair deal for Britain, Commission want them heavily involved. But as it is MEPs One of three strongly eurosceptic ministers appointed against what Rogers described as the European but is not expected to grant London any special favors. who will have the final vote on ratifying any Brexit deal, par- to key posts in May’s government, former sugar industry Commission’s “class-act” negotiators. Last year he denied that he had insisted the Brexit talks liament will have to be kept onside. — AFP