EIA for the Proposed Green Paper Industry Park Development on Lot 441, Padang Meha, District of Kulim, Darul Aman.

CHAPTER EXISTING ENVIRONMENT 6

6.1 Introduction

Chapter 6 highlights the existing baseline scenario according to the three (3) major environmental components namely physical, biological and sociological environments. The existing environment is documented to form a basis for the assessment of potential impacts (either positive or negative) generated from the proposed development onto the surrounding environment. Conversely any existing conditions that are likely to impact upon the proposed development itself will also be discussed. The prevalent physical and biological environment will be an indicator of the existing nature’s carrying capacity to adapt to the potential impacts generated by the proposed Green Paper Industry Park (recycled paper mill) development. While, the socio-economic background of the surrounding areas is established to represent specific aspects of the human environment, which normally poses significant implications in the implementation of the built development. The existing environment is determined for an impact area which extends for five (5) km radius from the boundary of the Project Site. The assessment is profiled according to site surveys and published secondary data (i.e. maps, reports and structure plans) made available by the relevant government agencies.

6.2 Physical Environment

6.2.1 Morphological Features of the Project Site

Topography of the Project Site in relation to the surroundings is shown in Figure 6.1. The morphology of the Project Site shows that the Project Site is generally characterized by undulating terrains with the average elevations ranging from 17m to 30m above mean sea level (msl). Based on topographical survey plan provided by a licensed surveyor (i.e. Syarikat Jurukur Konsultant Sdn. Bhd.), the highest ground (approximately 30.01m above msl) lies at the southern portion of the Project Site while the lowest ground (approximately 17.04m above msl) lies at the northwestern boundary of the Project Site as shown in Figure 6.2.

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6.2.2 Hydrology

6.2.2.1 Catchment and River System

The Project site is located in Sg. Karangan catchment, one of the tributaries of the larger Sg. basin. Sg. Muda basin is the largest river basin in Kedah, originates from the mountainous area in the eastern part of the state adjoining Thailand and have a total catchment area of 4,150 km2 at the river mouth. Sg. Karangan originates from Gunung Bongsu Forest Reserve in the south and flows towards north traversing Victoria Estate (Ban Aun division), Kg Sg. Karangan and between Titi Karangan Estate and Bukit Karangan Estate, before joining Sg. Sedim which drains into Sg. Muda at Kg. Kuala Sedim and eventually discharging into Straits of .

Sg. Karangan commands a catchment area of about 99 km2 at its confluence with Sg. Sedim (refer Figure 6.3). At the Project’s proposed Intake site which is 9 km upstream from the confluence with Sg. Sedim, the catchment area is about 74 km2.

There are eighteen (18) potable water supply intake points located within the Sg. Muda water catchment (refer Table 6.1). The location for each intake is presented in Figure 6.4. None of the water intake point is located in Sg. Karangan catchment. The water intake points that could possibly impacted by the Project are those located at the downstream of the Sg. Karangan – Sg. Sedim – Sg Muda confluence which are Kulim Hi- Tech, Sg. Petani and Pinang Tunggal (located about 29 km downstream of Project site).

Within Sg. Karangan catchment, there is no existing potable water abstraction point except for paddy irrigation diversion intake that abstracts water from Sg. Karangan. The irrigation scheme involve are Padang Meha Irrigation Scheme and Titi Karangan Irrigation Scheme where both schemes are operated by Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran (JPS). The location of the irrigation diversion intake for Padang Meha and Titi Karangan scheme are respectively about 5 km upstream and 4.5 km downstream of the Project site. The location of both irrigation diversion intakes is shown in Figure 6.3.

Another eight (8) JPS irrigation intakes are identified located downstream from the confluence of Sg. Sedim and Sg. Muda (towards Sg Muda river mouth). The details of the irrigation pump stations are tabulated in Table 6.2 and the location of each station is presented in Figure 6.5.

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Table 6.1: Water Intake and WTP within Sg Muda Water Catchment

Observed Stated Location from Sg Name of Water Max No. Capacity Karangan /Sg Sedim River Intake/WTP Capacity (MLD) confluence with Sg Muda (MLD) 1 Sg. Muda Nami 13 10 Upstream

2 Sg. Muda Lubuk Merbau 2.5 2 Upstream

3 Sg. Muda Jeneri 18 17 Upstream

4 Sg. Muda Baru 25 26 Upstream

5 Sg. Muda Jeniang Lama 19 20 Upstream

6 Sg. Chepir Batu 5 Sik 10 12 Upstream

7 Sg. Muda Teloi Kanan 2.2 3 Upstream

8 Sg. Muda 30 30 Upstream

9 Sg. Ketil Baling Baru - 15 Upstream

10 Sg. Ketil Baling 15.5 14 Upstream

11 Sg. Ketil Sg. Limau 18.2 18 Upstream

12 Sg. Muda 15 13 Upstream

13 Sg. Muda Kuala Ketil Baru 20 20 Upstream

14 Sg. Sedim Bikan - 7 Upstream 28.79 km Downstream of the 15 Sg. Muda Kulim Hi-Tech 150 170 Project site 28.79 km Downstream of the 16 Sg. Muda Sg. Petani 182 200 Project site 28.79 km Downstream of the 17 Sg. Muda Pinang Tunggal 46 45 Project site 31.89 km Downstream of 18 Sg. Muda Lahar Tiang 1037 967 the Project site Source: National Water Balance Management (NAWABS) bagi Lembangan Sg. Muda, 2018

Table 6.2: Pump Stations for Irrigation (Located Downstream from Confluence of Sg Sedim and Sg Muda) Stated Capacity Observed Max Distance from No. Pump Station (MLD) Capacity (MLD) Project Site

1 Sidam Kanan 86 - 13.93 km Downstream

2 Sidam Kiri 86 82 14.6 km Downstream

3 Pantai 130 32 21.6 km Downstream

4 Terat Batu 7 - 22.15 km Downstream

5 Pinang Tunggal 346 375 27.95 km Downstream

6 Bumbung Lima 1,100 1,436 39.95 km Downstream

7 Pekula 430 252 40.72 km Downstream

8 Kota II 260 310 42.22 km Downstream Source: National Water Balance Management (NAWABS) bagi Lembangan Sg. Muda, 2018

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6.2.2.2 Rainfall

There are 8 rainfall stations located in the vicinity of the Sg. Karangan catchment that could well represent the rainfall characteristics of the Project Site. The details of the rainfall stations are shown in Table 6.3. Figure 6.6 shows the location of the rainfall stations.

Table 6.3: Rainfall Stations in the Vicinity of Study Area

No. Station ID Station Name Latitude Longitude

1 5206102 Terap 05 16 55 100 37 45

2 5305001 Kg. Dusun 05 23 05 100 33 35

3 5404043 Ibu Bekalan Sg. Kulim 05 26 00 100 28 50

4 5406081 Ldg. Bagan Sena 05 27 30 100 40 25

5 5406083 Kelang Baharu 05 25 45 100 36 20

6 5407080 Ldg. Dublin 05 24 05 100 44 10

7 5505084 Ldg. Henrietta 05 30 55 100 32 15

8 5506082 Ldg. Bukit Karangan 05 32 00 100 37 25

Data from four (4) nearest JPS rainfall stations were selected and used to assess the rainfall characteristics of the Project site. Analysis carried out on the rainfall data shows that the Project site receives annual rainfall ranging from 2,300 to 2,930 mm in a year. The mean annual rainfall for each station used in the analysis is listed in Table 6.4. From the table and Figure 6.7, rainfall is higher in area south of the Project site as compared to the north. Kelang Baharu station shows the highest mean annual rainfall of 2,925 mm per year.

Table 6.4: Mean Annual Rainfall of Selected Stations around the Project Site

No. Station ID Station Name Mean Annual Rainfall (mm)

1 5406081 Ldg. Bagan Sena 2,860

2 5406083 Kelang Baharu 2,925

3 5505084 Ldg. Henrietta 2,300

4 5506082 Ldg. Bukit Karangan 2,323

The mean monthly rainfall for each station was also determined and shown in Chart 6.1. This chart shows that wetter months are in April and September to November, with monthly rainfall ranging between 220 mm and 430 mm. Drier months are December to

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February, with mean monthly rainfall of 60 mm to 180 mm. The lowest mean monthly rainfall is in January with rainfall ranging from 66 mm to 93 mm only. Highest rainfall is in October with rainfall ranging from 349 mm to 433 mm.

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Chart 6.1: Mean Monthly Rainfall Histogram for Rainfall Station Used in Rainfall Characteristics Analysis

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6.2.2.3 Flow Regime

There is no streamflow station in operation is located within Sg. Karangan catchment. However, there is a nearby streamflow station named Sg Kulim at Ara Kuda (5405421) where its catchment is adjoining the Sg Karangan catchment. Figure 6.7 shows the location of Sg. Kulim at Ara Kuda and the Project site. Ara Kuda has long streamflow records from 1960 to 2017. The streamflow station details are presented in Table 6.5.

Table 6.5: Streamflow Station Data Used in the Analysis Catchment Area No. Station ID Station Name Latitude Longitude (km2) Sg. Kulim at Ara 1 5405421 05 26 10 100 30 50 129 Kuda

Historical streamflow of Ara Kuda station was used to estimate the flow data for the proposed intake at Sg. Karangan using the flow transposition method. The flow transposition method is by far one of the most acceptable method for flow estimation at ungauged catchment where the gauged data is made available from the nearby catchment with similar rainfall and landuse characteristics.

The rainfall characteristic of Ara Kuda station and Sg. Karangan was assessed by overlaying the mean annual rainfall isohyetal lines on the catchments as shown in Figure 6.8. Similar rainfall pattern could be seen from the figure where the mean annual rainfall of both catchments ranges from 3,400 mm at the upper part of the catchment to about 2,400 mm at the lower part of the catchments. The catchment area of Sg. Karangan (99 km2) and Sg Kulim at Ara Kuda (129 km2) is comparable and considered suitable for flow transposition analysis.

Satellite image covering both Sg. Karangan and Sg. Kulim di Ara Kuda was captured and shown in Figure 6.9. The upper part of Sg. Karangan catchment is still dominated by forest whereas agriculture landuse (mainly oil palm and rubber plantations) are prevailing at the central and lower part of Sg. Karangan catchment. Rural residential areas are located along the main road and Sg. Karangan. About 2 km from the Project site, there are also housing development identified located at the lower part of Sg Karangan catchment.

There is no potable water intake point located in Sg. Karangan catchment. However, there are two (2) existing paddy irrigation diversion intakes that abstracting water from

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Sg Karangan. The diversion intakes are located 5 km upstream and 4.5 km downstream of the Project site where it respectively supplies water for Padang Meha Irrigation Scheme and Titi Karangan Irrigation Scheme. Padang Meha Irrigation Scheme of about 126 ha is located along Sg Karangan next to the Project site. However, the Titi Karangan Paddy Scheme of about 59 ha is not located in the Sg. Karangan catchment.

Landuse covering Sg. Kulim di Ara Kuda catchment is also shown in Figure 6.9. The figure shows that about 35% of the catchment area is covered by urbanised area at the lower central part of the catchment. However, the catchment is still dominated by forest and agriculture areas at the upper and lower part of the catchment which is quite similar to the landuse of Sg. Karangan catchment. There is one water supply intake for Loji Air Sg. Ular (design capacity of 27.3 MLD) that abstracts raw water from Sg. Kulim. This intake is located at about 15 km upstream of Ara Kuda streamflow station. Nevertheless, this abstraction amount is relatively small as compared with the flow at Ara Kuda.

From the above assessment, it could be concluded that the flow transposition method is suitable to be used for the analysis in this Study.

Chart 6.2 shows the long-term mean monthly flow of Sg. Karangan (at proposed Intake). Based on the transposed historical data from Sg. Kulim at Ara Kuda, the mean annual flow at the proposed Intake is about 3.37 m3/s. Higher flow is observed in the months of April and September to December with a mean monthly flow ranging from 3.57 m3/s to 5.77 m3/s. Lower flow is observed in the months of February and July to August with a mean monthly flow ranging from 2.29 m3/s to 2.32 m3/s.

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Chart 6.2: Mean Monthly Flow of Sg. Karangan at Proposed Intake

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6.2.2.4 Flood Hazard

The proposed Project site is under Jurisdiction of Majlis Perbandaran Kulim (MPKk). Thus, flood incidents in the are compiled. Figure 6.10 shows the flooded areas surrounding the Project site within the Kulim district. The flooded areas are identified based on the information extracted from JPS Kedah Flood Report from Years 2011 to 2017. The summary of the flood history in Kulim district from Years 2011 to 2017 is tabulated in Table 6.10.

Flood records were reviewed to identify if the Project site is located within flood prone area and subject to flooding. From the review of flood records, the Project site is not affected by flood thus far. However, there are flooded areas located upstream and downstream of the Project site.

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Table 6.6: Details of Flood Event Recorded in the Vicinity of the Project Site

Year Date Place River Flood Depth (m)

Kg Siam, Lunas 0.3 Padang Cina 0.2 Paya Serdang 0.2 29-Mac - Bukit Tok Karim 0.3 Bukit Sarang Ayam 0.3 Nagalilit 0.2 2011 Taman Sri Kulim 0.3 26-Apr Kg Padang Tembak - 0.2 Taman Tiong 0.3 Kg Batu Puteh 11-Sep Kg Pagar Museh - 0.3 Kg Siam Kg Bt 8 Lunas Kg Jangkang Sg Limau 19-Oct Sg Karangan 0.3-0.7 2013 Kg Titi Karangan Kg Manggis 20-Oct Titi Karangan Sg Karangan 0.6 Taman Sri Kulim Taman Tiong 2014 27-Oct - 0.3 Taman Merak Kg Jalan Seberang Sungai Kg Nagalilit Kg Bukit Sarang Ayam 30-Apr Kg Sg Seluang - 0.6 Kg Paya Selak Kg Bukit Tok Karim 2015 Taman 2-Nov Jln. Taman Tiram Indah Sg Kulim 0.3 ke Kulim Hitech

Kg Bukit Sarang Ayam 8-Nov Kg Nagalilit - - Kg Bukit Tok Karim 18-Jan Kg Paya Jemerli - 0.6 2017 Kg. Padang Limau 28-Mac - 0.1-0.3 Kg.

Kg. Bangol Penyengat 0.3-1.0 Jangkang 2018 26-May Kg. Baru Sg Kob Sg Karangan Kg. Padang Limau 0.3-1.0 Kg. Manggis

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6.2.3 Geology

6.2.3.1 Regional Geology

The geological information of the Project area was extracted from the Geological Map of Peninsular (9th Edition, 2014) published by the Jabatan Mineral dan Geosains (JMG) and Stratigraphic Lexicon of Malaysia (2004) published by the Geological Society of Malaysia (refer to Figure 6.11). The geology of the proposed Project Site is underlain by Alluvium, Granite, Semanggol Formation and Mahang Formation.

Alluvium deposited in the western area of study area. The alluvium is unconsolidated terrigenous deposited consisting of clay, silt, sand and gravel. The granite is an acid intrusives which part of the Main Range Granite in the southern part of the study area. The granite rock consists of porphyritic coarse grained biotite granite (C.S. Hutchison, 2009). The characteristic of the granite is rectangular, milky to gray and euhedral feldspar phenocrysts. The phenocrysts can up to 6cm long and 3 cm wide with no preferred alignment. A major mineral contents are quartz, orthoclase, microcline, plagioclase and biotite. Whilst accessory minerals are tourmaline, topaz, fluorite, apatite, muscovite and chlorite (Tong, 1973). In the highly fractured granite shows the presence minerals of cassiterite, A small area within the study area is underlain by Semanggol Formation which is consisting of phyllite, schist and slate.

The Semanggol Formation consisting predominantly of shale and minor arenaceous and siliceous lenses. Shale beds range from 5 - 10cm with reddish gray in colour. The faults and fractures can be seen and some were filled with iron stain. The shales are usually black due to the high carbon content, but became reddish due to weathering. Some of the rocks contain pyrite which occurs as fairly fresh crystals. The mudstone varies in colour from gray, brown and reddish, indicating the presence of a high proportion of ferric iron oxide.

Hydrogelogically the project site is situated on the high potential aquifer in the Mahang Formation bedrock. The Mahang Formation consisting of Interbedded sandstone, siltstone and shale. Based on Soil Investigation Study, the area underlay by highly weathered zone in the top layer with thickness is ranging between 10 m to 16 m. The weathered zone consisting of mainly silt and occasionally of sand with low permeability.

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The potential aquifer in the areas is the fault zone area in the West, Northeast and south of the project site. The fault trending NNE and is also bordered between rocks in the west. The record of active pumping wells in vicinity of the project site is 2 wells in Inokom area and one well in Dongwha factories in the west. The wells in Inokom are pumped with a total of 384 m3/day and well in Donghwa factory is pumped of 290 m3/day based on information recorded from Lembaga Urus Air Kedah. Those wells are believed located in the hardrock aquifer.

6.2.3.2 Soil Investigation

Soil investigation was carried out at the Project Site to identify its subsurface condition and to obtain soil parameters as well as groundwater regime to assist in the geotechnical design purposes, cost estimation and engineering control during the construction of the proposed Project. The soil parameters were obtained from the laboratory test carried out on the soil samples collected from the soil investigation works in the field. The fieldwork was carried out by Soil Mechanic Sdn. Bhd. from 13th March 2019 until 3rd April 2019 under the supervision of Geotechnical Engineer, Ir. Baddrul H.M. Taib, a total of forty five (45) numbers of exploratory boreholes were drilled within the Project Site as shown in Figure 6.12.

The Standard Penetration Test blow counts (SPT-N) and major/minor components of soil sample were obtained in the SI Works. Generally, directly below the ground surface, topsoil with the thickness of approximately 0.5 to 1.0 m was encountered, followed by stiff SILT to very stiff sandy SILT. Soft SILT with SPT N-value below 6 blows/300mm was encountered at depth of about 3m below ground with thickness of 3m to 6m at BH43 and BH44 respectively. SPT-N values generally increase with depth and hard layer (SPT-N > 50) of hard sandy SILT was encountered at the depth between 4.95 to 27.0 meters below existing ground level as shown in Table 6.7.

Most of the boreholes were terminated after more than five (5) consecutive hard layers in which the SPT-N values >50. Standard Penetration Test (SPT) with collection of disturbed soil samples were carried out at 1.5m intervals for every borehole to obtain the subsoil profiles and their properties. All the soil samples were properly stored and brought back to the laboratory for further inspection and testing. The borehole logs for the proposed Project Site are as attached in Appendix 4 - Borehole Logs and Laboratory Test Results.

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Table 6.7: Summary of the Subsurface Profile at the Borehole Locations

Borehole Reduced Level Very Dense/Hard Layer Very Dense/Hard Layer Borehole Water Table of Borehole Depth (SPT-N ≥ 50) Level (SPT-N ≥ 50) Termination Depth (m b.g.l.) (RLm) (m) (RLm) (m) BH 1 27.88 16.50 11.38 22.750 6.20 BH 2 27.63 12.00 15.63 18.190 4.80 BH 3 27.45 15.00 12.45 21.240 1.70 BH 4 26.71 13.50 13.21 19.900 6.00 BH 5 25.75 10.50 15.25 16.780 3.50 BH 6 24.68 9.00 15.68 15.210 3.20 BH 7 23.33 12.00 11.33 18.350 2.90 BH 8 21.97 15.00 6.97 21.240 4.20 BH 9 20.46 18.00 2.46 24.320 2.50 BH 10 27.32 9.00 18.32 16.750 4.50 BH 11 24.23 9.00 15.23 15.400 1.15 BH 12 26.89 12.00 14.89 18.250 4.50 BH 13 26.42 9.00 17.42 15.320 3.60 BH 14 25.13 12.00 13.13 18.320 4.00 BH 15 24.28 13.50 10.78 19.800 3.80 BH 16 22.74 12.00 10.74 18.280 3.50 BH 17 21.18 16.50 4.68 22.720 3.70 BH 18 19.85 9.00 10.85 15.220 3.10 BH 19 27.48 6.00 21.48 12.250 1.60 BH 20 27.24 9.00 18.24 15.260 4.10 BH 21 26.69 16.50 10.19 22.795 7.20 BH 22 25.80 13.50 12.30 19.790 3.90 BH 23 24.71 12.00 12.71 18.250 4.20

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Borehole Reduced Level Very Dense/Hard Layer Very Dense/Hard Layer Borehole Water Table of Borehole Depth (SPT-N ≥ 50) Level (SPT-N ≥ 50) Termination Depth (b.g.l.) (RLm) (m) (RLm) (m) (m) BH 24 24.00 15.00 9.00 21.210 4.50 BH 25 22.46 12.00 10.46 18.290 3.20 BH 26 20.92 10.50 10.42 16.770 3.40 BH 27 19.74 12.00 7.74 18.180 3.90 BH 28 26.53 7.50 19.03 13.950 1.10 BH 29 26.32 12.00 14.32 18.270 2.10 BH 30 25.85 6.00 19.85 12.450 3.90 BH 31 25.34 9.00 16.34 15.225 6.70 BH 32 24.17 10.50 13.67 16.725 6.52 BH 33 24.32 9.00 15.32 15.450 4.30 BH 34 21.87 9.00 12.87 15.120 3.10 BH 35 19.21 7.50 11.71 13.630 2.70 BH 36 18.84 9.00 9.84 15.320 3.30 BH 37 17.69 9.00 8.69 15.100 1.30 BH 38 16.85 27.00 -10.15 30.330 1.45 BH 39 16.82 4.95 11.87 10.950 0.95 BH 40 17.77 16.50 1.27 22.080 4.10 BH 41 15.90 18.00 -2.10 24.250 1.70 BH 42 16.71 7.50 9.21 13.630 1.50 BH 43 15.93 22.50 -6.57 28.625 1.45 BH 44 15.80 16.50 -0.70 22.830 2.50 BH 45 17.03 9.00 8.03 15.250 2.50

Note: b.g.l. = below ground level Source: Soil Mechanic Sdn. Bhd. (April, 2019)

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The ground-water level measured range from 0.95m to 7.20m below the existing ground level. Two (2) standpipe piezometers were installed and the groundwater level recorded is between 0.98 m to 2.10 m below existing ground. The groundwater record of each boreholes were summarized in Table 6.7.

6.2.4 Soil

Based on the Reconnaissance Soil Map of Peninsular Malaysia (Pindaan 2002), published by the Ministry of Agriculture Malaysia, the soil within the Project Site is classified as Gajah Mati-Munchong-Malacca Association as shown in Figure 6.13. Laterite soil of the Gajah Mati Series which developed on undulating terrain is characterized by the gravelly clay textures and brownish colours in their subsoil while Munchong Series is generally characterized by heavy textures and strong brown colours in the subsoil. Soils of Munchong Series are developed on undulating to rolling terrain. The Malacca Series is characterized by the presence of either massive or fragmental or nodular laterite in the profile.

The Gajah Mati Series is developed over parent rocks which are predominantly lateritic argillaceous and occurs on terrain of 5o to 15o slopes. The topsoil is mainly lateritic concretions within 25cm of the surface. The soil of Gajah Mati Series is normally shallow, friable, strong brown to yellowish brown (7.5YR 5/8 - 10YR 5/4) coarse sandy loam, subangular blocky structure.

The Munchong Series is developed over parent rocks which are predominantly argillaceous which these rocks are interbedded with sandstones and quartzites. The soils are lighter textured and commonly associated with the Malacca Series which occurs on higher slope positions. The topsoil is normally shallow, friable, yellowish brown to dark yellowish brown (10YR 5/4 – 10YR 4/4) fine sandy clay with moderately well developed, fine, subangular blocky structure. The subsoil is a fairly uniform, friable, yellowish brown to strong brown (10YR 5/8 – 7.5YR 5/8) clay or fine sandy clay with a fine to medium, moderate to well developed, subangular blocky structure. Clayskins are moderately developed. Soil colour may become yellowish red at depth. A narrow band of lateritic concretions at depth is common in the profile. Munchong Series soils are Class I and II soils (refer to Appendix 5) because they are uniformly deep, friable and easily permeable to water while not subject to waterlogging.

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The Malacca Series is characterized by the presence of either massive or fragmental laterite in the profile. The topsoil of the Malacca Series can vary in thickness and is usually a friable, strong brown to yellowish brown (7.5YR 5/6 – 10YR 5/6) sandy clay loam with a moderately well-developed subangular blocky structure. Beneath this layer lies a thick band of loosely to compactly packed nodular and fragmental laterite embedded in a strong brown to yellowish red (7.5YR 5/6 – 5YR 5/8) matrix of clay or clay loam. The lateritic band is a firm, highly variegated clay in which reddish blotched of unhardened plinthite are found.

6.2.5 Groundwater

The hydrogeological map of the Project Site as shown in Figure 6.14, was extracted from the Hydrogeological Map of Kedah Darul Aman, First Edition (2008) published by Jabatan Mineral and Geosains (JMG) Malaysia. The Project Site is located on very high potential aquifer regime of this region.

Based on the hydrogeological map, the nearest tube wells were located at Kg. Jangkang which is approximately 7 km southeast of the site could be correlated to the groundwater volume. These inactive or abandoned tube wells at Kg. Jangkang indicated that the groundwater could yield >10 - ≤20.0 meter3/hour. The quality and portability of the water was fresh and generally potable with total dissolved solid (TDS) less than 1500mg/l. The tube wells were used for agricultural and domestic purposes. In connection with this information, the groundwater quality and yield are expected to be similar.

Based on the information obtained from Lembaga Sumber Air Negeri Kedah (LSANK), there are two (2) companies are currently abstracting groundwater within 5km radius from the Project Site in the District Kulim as shown in Table 6.8.

Table 6.8: Groundwater Abstracting within 5km Radius of the Project Site

Duration No Company Use m³/hr m³/d m³/y Coordinate use, hour

05°29'2.97"N 12 16.00 192.00 70,080.00 Inokom 100°36'10.99"E 1 Cooperation Industrial 05°28'56"N Sdn Bhd 12 15.93 191.16 69,773.40 100°36'3.51"E Donghwa MDF 05°29'6.92"N 2 Industrial 24 10.80 259.20 94,608.00 (M) Sdn Bhd 100°35'47.21"E Source: Lembaga Sumber Air Negeri Kedah, 2019

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6.2.6 Landuse, Landscape and Visual

6.2.6.1 Landuse of the Impact Area

Areas within the arbitrary radius of 5 km from the boundary of the Project Site has been defined as the Impact Area (refer to Figure 6.15). Land use of the impact area is extracted from the Land Use Map of Negeri Kedah (2010), published by the Ministry of Agriculture, Malaysia while some demarcations on the various land uses have been amended based on the field survey (2019). The total acreage of the impact area is estimated at 25,456.10 acres. Detailed breakdown on the land uses of the impact area is presented in Table 6.9.

Agricultural areas are the prevalent land use, with a total area of 19,050.05 acres (74.83% of the impact area). The main cultivated crops in the vicinity of the Project Site are rubber and oil palm which cover approximately 2,116.85 acres (8.32%) and 15,806.15 acres (62.09%) of the impact area respectively. Other cultivations found within the impact area are mixed horticulture, which makes up approximately 2.05% of the agricultural land and mainly cultivated with local fruits and vegetables; observed within the settlement/villages areas. Short term crops such as paddy and other crops take up about 2.37% or 404.09 acres of the total impact area.

Land use components classified under settlements & associated non-agricultural areas consist of urban and associated areas, road, power line are the other predominant landuse of the impact area i.e., 2,159.90 acres or 8.49%. These urbanized areas are usually in the form of townships and settlements/ villages areas in the vicinity to the Project Site i.e. Kg. Padang Meha as well as Taman Desa Aman and Taman Desaku though a bit far off from the Project Site but still within the zone of impact.

Forest area determines the landscape of the total impact area which consists of idle grassland/lalang, secondary forest and marshland. This component covers about 4,027.58 acres or 15.82%. Other component within the zone of impact is cleared land which makes up to about 41.68 acres out of the total impact area.

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Table 6.9: Landuse of the Impact Area (within the arbitrary radius of 5 km)

Landuse Categories Total Area Percentage (%) (ac) Settlements & Associated Non- Agricultural Areas Urban & Associated Areas 1,488.33 5.85 Road/Highway 179.77 0.71 Power Line 491.80 1.93 Subtotal 2,159.9 8.49 Agricultural Land Mixed Horticulture 522.96 2.05 Rubber 2,116.85 8.32 Oil Palm 15,806.15 62.09 Paddy 407.67 1.60 Other Crops 196.42 0.77 Subtotal 19,050.05 74.83 Animal Husbandry Areas Poultry, Barn Animal (Swine) & 88.86 0.35 Others Pasture/Ruminant 88.03 0.35 Subtotal 176.89 0.70 Forest Land Idle Grassland/Lallang 3,792.93 14.90 Secondary Forest 45.48 0.18 Marshland 189.17 0.74 Subtotal 4,027.58 15.82 Others Cleared Land 41.68 0.16 Subtotal 41.68 0.16 Total 25.456.10 100% Source: Figures obtained from the Landuse Map of Negeri Kedah (2010) & field survey (2019)

The land use study for the proposed development site will be based on the Zone of Impact (ZOI), which determines the coverage of possible impacted areas of concern as shown in Table 6.10 & 6.11. It is proposed that the ZOI for the study area be based on the circumference distance from proposed development site. The study area will be divided into two (2) categories, namely:

Directly Impacted Zone; i.e. within 0–250m, 250–500m, 500m–1km, 1–2km, and 2– 3km from the proposed site. Indirectly Impacted Zone; i.e. within 3–4km, and 4–5km from the proposed site.

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The detailed landuse patterns of the impact area within each kilometer from the Project Site is shown in Table 6.10 & 6.11.

Table 6.10: Immediate Receptors within 1 Km Radius Radius Landuse

0 – 250m North Road: Part of Federal Route 4 Jalan Kulim - Plantation Area: Oil Palm and rubber plantation South Plantation Area: Oil Palm Plantation Others: Power line West Industrial Area: INOKOM-Sime Darby Motors Others: Power line East Settlement: Kg. Padang Meha Others: Sg. Karangan, Paddy field 250m – North Road: Part of Federal Route 4 Jalan Kulim - Gerik 500m Plantation Area: Oil Palm Plantation South Plantation Area: Oil Palm Plantation Others: Power line West Industrial Area: INOKOM-Sime Darby Motors East Settlement: Kg. Padang Meha Others: Sg. Karangan, Paddy field 500m – North Road: Part of Federal Route 4 Jalan Kulim - Gerik 750m Plantation Area: Oil Palm Plantation, Mangkala Nayagi Estate South Plantation Area: Oil Palm Rubber Plantation, Bukit Selarong Estate Others: Power line West Industrial Area: INOKOM-Sime Darby Motors, Dongwha Malaysia, Padang Meha Industrial Park. East Others: Sg. Karangan, Paddy field 750m – 1km North Road: Part of Federal Route 4 Jalan Kulim - Gerik Plantation Area: Oil Palm Plantation, Mangkala Nayagi Estate South Plantation Area: Oil Palm Plantation, Bukit Selarong Estate Others: Power line West Industrial Area: INOKOM-Sime Darby Motors, Dongwha Malaysia, Padang Meha Industrial Park Plantation Area: Victoria Estate East Settlement: Desa Aman Others: Idle grassland/Lalang

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Table 6.11: Landuse within 5km of Project Site Radius Landuse

1km – North Road: Part of Federal Route 4 Jalan Kulim - Gerik 2km Plantation Area: Oil Palm Plantation, Mangkala Nayagi Estate, Soon Long Estate South Plantation Area: Oil Palm Rubber Plantation, Bukit Selarong Estate Others: Power line West Industrial Area: Dongwha Malaysia Plantation Area: Victoria Estate East Settlement: Taman Desa Aman, Taman Desaku Others: Idle grassland/Lalang 2km – North Road: Part of Federal Route 4 Jalan Kulim - Gerik 3km Plantation Area: Oil Palm Plantation, Soon Long Estate, Union Estate Settlement: Kg. Sg. Karangan, Taman Kenangan South Plantation Area: Oil Palm Rubber Plantation, Bukit Selarong Estate, Shanmuga Estate Settlement: Kg. Pagar Museh Others: Power line West Plantation Area: Victoria Estate, Joo Lim Estate East Settlement: Taman Desa Aman, Taman Desaku Others: Idle grassland/Lalang 3km – North Road: Part of Federal Route 4 Jalan Kulim - Gerik 4km Plantation Area: Oil Palm Plantation, Ban Hup Seng Estate Settlement: Kg. Tk. Sita, Kg. Lesong Tujoh South Plantation Area: Oil Palm Rubber Plantation, Bukit Selarong Estate, Shanmuga Estate Settlement: Kg. Padang Limau Others: Power line West Plantation Area: Victoria Estate, Joo Lim Estate East Plantation Area: Padang Meha Estate Others: Idle grassland/Lalang 4km – North Road: Part of Federal Route 4 Jalan Kulim - Gerik 5km Plantation Area: Oil Palm Plantation, Titi Karangan Estate, Bt Karangan Estate. Settlement: Kg. Lesong Tujoh South Plantation Area: Oil Palm Rubber Plantation, Bukit Payong Estate Others: Power line West Plantation Area: Sg. Seluang Estate, Victoria Estate East Plantation Area: Bt Mertajam Estate Others: Idle grassland/Lallang Source: Landuse Map Negeri Kedah 2010 and Site observations and field inspection on 2019.

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6.2.6.2 Landuse of the Project Site

Currently the Project Site is planted with mature oil palms and it is surrounded mainly by industrial areas in the western and northwestern region while Kg. Padang Meha is located in the eastern region as well as Federal Route 4 Jalan Kulim - Gerik in the northern region. There is no habitation/settlement present within the Project Site except for one Indian cemetery lot within the southern portion of the Project Site. The Project Site which covers approximately 1.18% of the total impact area.

6.2.6.3 Immediate Surrounding Developments to the Project Site

Landuse surrounding the Project site consists human settlements i.e. Kg. Padang Meha on the eastern boundary; Oil palm plantation towards north of the Project Site. On the western boundary is INOKOM and Dongwha Malaysia, while the southern portion is covered with rubber plantation and oil palm estate. Existing nearest receptors with distances of the Project Site is shown in Figure 1.6.

6.2.6.4 Future Landuse Designation, Year 2035

The Kulim District Council Local Plan has drawn the future land use (zoning) by year 2035. In terms of future development within the Kulim and BP2: Kulim Utara area, lists of physical developments have been proposed, i.e. development of industrial, commercial, housing, road network development, and etc. These proposed development components have been further detailed out as shown in Table 6.12 and Figure 1.8.

With this list of development proposals, it has further increased the built up areas from 8,987.89 hectares (2016) to 25,445.68 hectares by year 2035. It is dominated by housing area (13.63%), and followed by industry uses (7.36%), transportation, infrastructure and utility, and etc. as shown in Table 6.12.

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Table 6.12: Future Land Use (Zoning) Distribution of Kulim, Year 2035 LAND USE HECTARE (ha.) % Built Up Areas 25,445.68 33.23 Housing and Rural Settlement 13,501.48 17.63 Commercial 1,136.66 1.48 Industrial 5,639.17 7.36 Institution and Public Facilities 923.68 1.21 Infrastructure and Utility 1,258.30 1.64 Transportation 2,516.35 3.29 Mixed Development 365.76 0.48 Private Recreational Area 104.28 0.14 Non-Built Up Areas 51,130.32 66.77 Agriculture 30,300.77 39.57 Forest 19,465.49 25.42 Recreational and Open Space 447.69 0.58 Water Bodies 916.37 1.20 TOTAL 76,576.00 100.00

Source: Draft Local Plan of Majlis Daerah Kulim 2035.

6.2.6.5 Future Land Use Planning within the Proposed Green Paper Industry Park

Referring to the Draft Local Plan of District Kulim 2035, the project site was planned for proposed new development area – Sime Darby Industrial Zone which its land use category allow medium to heavy industry (refer to Figure 1.8). Hence, the proposed project is in-line with the Draft Local Plan of District Kulim 2035.

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6.2.7 Climate

The characteristic features of the climate in Peninsular Malaysia are uniform temperature, high humidity and heavy annual precipitation throughout the whole year. The Peninsular also experiences monsoon climate and the variation in rainfall dependent on periodic changes in the prevailing wind, is the most important seasonal features. For example, the Northeast and Southwest Monsoons bring heavy thunderstorms to the east and west coasts respectively. With reference to the Malaysian Meteorological Service (MMS, 1998- 2017), the nearest meteorological station to the Project Site is Butterworth, which is located 24km west of the Project Site, at a latitude of 05o27’26”N and a longitude of 100o23’18”E. A baseline climatic information on the Project Site will be established based on the climatologically data (i.e. rainfall, evaporation, temperature and relative humidity) recorded from Butterworth (as attached in Appendix 6).

However, meteorological station in Butterworth only has records of temperature, rainfall, relative humidity and wind rose summary data, the evaporation data is obtained from the meteorological station in which is located 42km southwest of the Project Site, at a latitude of 05o17’49”N and a longitude of 100o16’20”E.

6.2.7.1 Temperature

The monthly temperature recorded at Butterworth meteorological station, from the year 1999-2018 remains relatively stable throughout the year with average monthly variations not exceeding 1.5oC. The lowest and highest 24 Hour Mean Temperature were 27.1oC (in the years of 1999 and 2008) and 28.2oC (in the years of 2010, 2016 and 2017) respectively.

6.2.7.2 Rainfall Pattern

The rainfall data recorded at Butterworth meteorological station, from the year 1999- 2018 shows a fluctuating distribution pattern with the year of 1999 having the heaviest total annual rainfall (i.e. 2,824.7 mm) while the year of 2002 was the driest year with 1,844.8 mm of the total annual rainfall. The average of the total annual rainfall from the year 1999 - 2018 was recorded at approximately 2,347.2 mm.

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6.2.7.3 Relative Humidity

The lowest and highest 24 Hour Mean Relative Humidity recorded at Butterworth meteorological station, from the year 1999 - 2018 were 78.3% (in the year of 2005) and 82.9% (in the year of 1999) respectively.

6.2.7.4 Evaporation

Evaporation data which recorded at Bayan Lepas meteorological station, from the year 1999-2018 obtained were given daily. The highest mean daily evaporation was in the year of 2005 with 4.2 mm while the lowest mean daily evaporation was in the year of 2000 with 3.1 mm.

6.2.7.5 Water Balance

The difference between rainfall and evaporation data will indicate the amount left behind in the environment. This is known as the water balance parameter and it is used to guide construction schedule and any activities that are related to land clearing in order to minimize the amount of earth materials being eroded into the waterways system during heavy thunderstorms. In order to estimate the water balance value, both rainfall and evaporation have to be in the same unit and period of time. The rainfall data from Butterworth meteorological station was recorded monthly, but the evaporation value was given daily in the Annual Summary of Meteorological Observations from 1999-2018. Therefore, the mean daily evaporation is multiplied by the number of days of each month for that particular year in order to obtain the mean monthly evaporation records of the Bayan Lepas meteorological station. Subsequently, every month of each year from 1999 to 2018 for both rainfall and evaporation is averaged out.

The average monthly rainfall data for each month from the year 1999 to 2018, subtract the average evaporation data and as a result average water balance for each month is established. The rainfall, evaporation, and water balance data are presented in Chart 6.3. Positive water balance indicates that there is excess water retained in the environment while negative water balance indicates that evaporation process exceed precipitation. The highest water balance was in October (i.e., +256.5 mm), i.e., the month with the heaviest rainfall, while the lowest was in February (i.e., -53.7 mm) which is also the month with the lowest average rainfall. The range of period with low water balance was observed during the months of January to March and December of the year.

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Chart 6.3: Indicative Water Balance at the Project Site

Source: Malaysian Meteorological Services, 2019 & Europasia Engineering Services Sdn. Bhd., 2019

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6.2.7.6 Wind Rose

The latest wind rose data was obtained from the nearest available station at Butterworth meteorological station (as attached in Appendix 6). The annual wind rose summary is shown in Figure 6.16. It can clearly be seen that the percentage of calm, which is indicated in the centre of the wind rose is 6.3%. The northwest wind has the highest velocity with the mean speed of 3.4 m/s when compared to other directional winds. The highest frequency of wind occurrence is clearly from the east with the percentage of 26.2%. The percentage of frequency of various wind directions are given in Table 6.13 below. Based on the wind rose summary pattern, the prevailing wind of the Butterworth areas shows the trends of east-west and northeast-southwest.

Table 6.13: Annual Percentage Frequency of Various Wind Directions and Speeds

Year : 1999-2018 Station: Butterworth Period : All 24 hours

Speed Annual (m/s) N NE E SE S SW W NW Calm Total

<0.3 ------6.3 6.3 0.3 – 1.5 3.0 8.8 13.3 2.9 1.6 0.8 1.1 1.0 - 36.5 1.6 – 3.3 3.7 7.8 11.9 2.3 3.0 2.6 4.9 5.6 - 33.5 3.4 – 5.4 0.8 1.5 0.8 0.3 1.5 2.4 3.7 6.7 - 12.2 5.5 – 7.9 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 - 1.2 8.0 – 10.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 - 0.0 >10.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 - 0.0 Total 7.6 18.4 26.2 5.5 6.3 5.9 10.1 13.7 6.3

Mean Speed 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.7 2.7 3.1 3.1 3.4

Note: N = North E = East S = South W = West NE = North-east SE = South-east SW = South-west NW = North-west

Source: Malaysian Meteorological Service, 2019.

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6.2.8 Water Quality

6.2.8.1 Baseline Water Quality Status

The baseline WQ status for Sg Karangan near the proposed XSD Intake and discharge point as well as Sg Muda are best described by reviewing WQ status from various secondary data sources and WQ sampling data carried out in this Study.

6.2.8.1.1 Review Water Quality (WQ) Status from Secondary Data Sources

To gauge the existing general WQ status of Sg. Karangan and Sg Muda, available secondary data sources were referred.

i. Annual Monitoring Data by DOE (2013 – 2017)

DOE maintains 10 river WQ monitoring stations in Sg Muda basin. There is one station located in Sg. Karangan sub-basin and another one station located at the lower reach of Sg Muda basin after the confluence of Sg Muda – Sg Karangan – Sg Sedim. The details of the WQ monitoring stations are shown in Figure 6.17 and Table 6.14. 6 basic WQ parameters, namely DO, BOD, AN, COD, SS and pH from years 2013 – 2017 had been obtained to illustrate the most recent WQ status of Sg Karangan and Sg Muda. On average 4 or 5 samplings were conducted at each location every year.

Chart 6.4 to Chart 6.5 show the WQ trend graphs for the 6 WQ parameters as well as computed WQI for Sg Karangan and Sg Muda from 2013 – 2017. Table 6.15 and 6.16 show the summary of WQ data for Sg Karangan and Sg Muda respectively.

In general, 90% of the times that WQ at Sg Karangan falls in Class II range. There are only two incidents where Sg Karangan was classified as Class III, which are 16/04/2014 (high BOD) and 14/07/2017 (high BOD and TSS). As for Sg Muda, 85% of the times that WQ is within Class II range, except on 16/04/2014 (low DO & high BOD), 11/04/2017 (high TSS) and 05/09/2017 (high TSS).

Water abstraction for irrigation is near to the Sg Karangan station. Potable water abstraction at Sg Muda is located about 10 km upstream of the Sg Muda station.

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Chart 6.4: Water Quality Trend Graphs at 2MD11 (Sg Karangan)

2MD11_pH

9.00

Class I 8.00

7.00 Class II 6.00 Class III

5.00 pH 4.00

3.00 Class IV 2.00

1.00

0.00

10-Jul-13 10-Jul-14 10-Jul-15 10-Jul-16 10-Jul-17

10-Jan-13 10-Jan-14 10-Jan-15 10-Jan-16 10-Jan-17

10-Sep-16 10-Sep-13 10-Sep-14 10-Sep-15 10-Sep-17

10-Nov-17 10-Nov-13 10-Nov-14 10-Nov-15 10-Nov-16

10-Mar-13 10-Mar-14 10-Mar-15 10-Mar-16 10-Mar-17

10-May-13 10-May-14 10-May-15 10-May-16 10-May-17 Date

(a): pH Trend Graph at 2MD11 (Sg. Karangan)

2MD11_Dissolved Oxygen

9

8 Class I

7

6 Class II

5

4

DO (mg/L) DO Class III

3

2 Class IV

1 Class V

0

10-Jul-13 10-Jul-14 10-Jul-15 10-Jul-16 10-Jul-17

10-Jan-13 10-Jan-14 10-Jan-15 10-Jan-16 10-Jan-17

10-Sep-16 10-Sep-13 10-Sep-14 10-Sep-15 10-Sep-17

10-Nov-17 10-Nov-13 10-Nov-14 10-Nov-15 10-Nov-16

10-Mar-13 10-Mar-14 10-Mar-15 10-Mar-16 10-Mar-17

10-May-13 10-May-14 10-May-15 10-May-16 10-May-17 Date

(b): DO Trend Graph at 2MD11 (Sg. Karangan)

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2MD11_Biochemical Oxygen Demand

12

10

8 Class IV

6

BOD (mg/L)BOD Class III 4

2 Class II

Class I

0

10-Jul-13

10-Jul-14

10-Jul-15

10-Jul-16

10-Jul-17

10-Jan-13

10-Jan-14

10-Jan-15

10-Jan-16

10-Jan-17

10-Sep-13

10-Sep-14

10-Sep-15

10-Sep-16

10-Sep-17

10-Nov-13

10-Nov-14

10-Nov-15

10-Nov-16

10-Nov-17

10-Mar-13

10-Mar-14

10-Mar-15

10-Mar-16

10-Mar-17

10-May-13

10-May-14

10-May-15

10-May-16 10-May-17 Date

(c): BOD Trend Graph at 2MD11 (Sg. Karangan)

2MD11_Chemical Oxygen Demand

40

35

Class III 30

25

20

Class II COD (mg/L) COD 15

10

5 Class I

0

10-Jul-13 10-Jul-14 10-Jul-15 10-Jul-16 10-Jul-17

10-Jan-13 10-Jan-14 10-Jan-15 10-Jan-16 10-Jan-17

10-Sep-16 10-Sep-13 10-Sep-14 10-Sep-15 10-Sep-17

10-Nov-17 10-Nov-13 10-Nov-14 10-Nov-15 10-Nov-16

10-Mar-13 10-Mar-14 10-Mar-15 10-Mar-16 10-Mar-17

10-May-13 10-May-14 10-May-15 10-May-16 10-May-17 Date

(d): COD Trend Graph at 2MD11 (Sg. Karangan)

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2MD11_Ammoniacal Nitrogen

0.5

0.4 Class III

0.3

AN (mg/L)AN 0.2 Class II

0.1

Class I

0.0

10-Jul-13

10-Jul-14

10-Jul-15

10-Jul-16

10-Jul-17

10-Jan-13

10-Jan-14

10-Jan-15

10-Jan-16

10-Jan-17

10-Sep-13

10-Sep-14

10-Sep-15

10-Sep-16

10-Sep-17

10-Nov-13

10-Nov-14

10-Nov-15

10-Nov-16

10-Nov-17

10-Mar-13

10-Mar-14

10-Mar-15

10-Mar-16

10-Mar-17

10-May-13

10-May-14

10-May-15

10-May-16 10-May-17 Date

(e): AN Trend Graph at 2MD11 (Sg. Karangan)

2MD11_Total Suspended Solid

1000

Class V

Class IV

100 Class III

Class II TSS (mg/L) TSS

10

Class I

1

10-Jul-13 10-Jul-14 10-Jul-15 10-Jul-16 10-Jul-17

10-Jan-13 10-Jan-14 10-Jan-15 10-Jan-16 10-Jan-17

10-Sep-16 10-Sep-13 10-Sep-14 10-Sep-15 10-Sep-17

10-Nov-17 10-Nov-13 10-Nov-14 10-Nov-15 10-Nov-16

10-Mar-13 10-Mar-14 10-Mar-15 10-Mar-16 10-Mar-17

10-May-13 10-May-14 10-May-15 10-May-16 10-May-17 Date

(f): TSS Trend Graph at 2MD11 (Sg. Karangan)

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2MD11_WQI

100 Class I 90

80 Class II

70

Class III 60

50 WQI Class IV 40

30

20 Class V

10

0

10-Jul-13

10-Jul-14

10-Jul-15

10-Jul-16

10-Jul-17

10-Jan-13

10-Jan-14

10-Jan-15

10-Jan-16

10-Jan-17

10-Sep-13

10-Sep-14

10-Sep-15

10-Sep-16

10-Sep-17

10-Nov-13

10-Nov-14

10-Nov-15

10-Nov-16

10-Nov-17

10-Mar-13

10-Mar-14

10-Mar-15

10-Mar-16

10-Mar-17

10-May-13

10-May-14

10-May-15

10-May-16 10-May-17 Date

(g): WQI Trend Graph at 2MD11 (Sg Karangan)

Chart 6.5: Water Quality Trend Graphs at 2MD15 (Sg Muda)

2MD15 pH

9.00

8.00 Class I

7.00

Class II 6.00 Class III

5.00 pH 4.00

3.00 Class IV

2.00

1.00

0.00

01/05/15 01/11/15 01/01/13 01/03/13 01/05/13 01/07/13 01/09/13 01/11/13 01/01/14 01/03/14 01/05/14 01/07/14 01/09/14 01/11/14 01/01/15 01/03/15 01/07/15 01/09/15 01/01/16 01/03/16 01/05/16 01/07/16 01/09/16 01/11/16 01/01/17 01/03/17 01/05/17 01/07/17 01/09/17 01/11/17 Date (a): pH Trend Graph at 2MD15 (Sg Muda)

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2MD15 Dissolved Oxygen

8.00

Class I 7.00

6.00 Class II

5.00

4.00 Class III DO (mg/L) 3.00

2.00 Class IV

1.00 Class V

0.00

01/01/13

01/03/13

01/05/13

01/07/13

01/09/13

01/11/13

01/01/14

01/03/14

01/05/14

01/07/14

01/09/14

01/11/14

01/01/15

01/03/15

01/05/15

01/07/15

01/09/15

01/11/15

01/01/16

01/03/16

01/05/16

01/07/16

01/09/16

01/11/16

01/01/17

01/03/17

01/05/17

01/07/17

01/09/17 01/11/17 Date (b): DO Trend Graph at 2MD15 (Sg Muda)

2MD15 Biochemical Oxygen Demand

12

10

8 Class IV

6 BOD (mg/L) BOD Class III 4

2 Class II

Class I

0

01/01/13

01/03/13

01/05/13

01/07/13

01/09/13

01/11/13

01/01/14

01/03/14

01/05/14

01/07/14

01/09/14

01/11/14

01/01/15

01/03/15

01/05/15

01/07/15

01/09/15

01/11/15

01/01/16

01/03/16

01/05/16

01/07/16

01/09/16

01/11/16

01/01/17

01/03/17

01/05/17

01/07/17

01/09/17 01/11/17 Date (c): BOD Trend Graph at 2MD15 (Sg Muda)

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2MD15 Chemical Oxygen Demand

35

30 Class III

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20 Class II

15 COD (mg/L) COD

10

5 Class I

0

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01/09/17 01/11/17 Date (d): COD Trend Graph at 2MD15 (Sg Muda)

2MD15 Ammoniacal Nitrogen

0.20 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15 Class II 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.09 AN (mg/L) AN 0.08 0.07 Class I 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01

0.00

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2MD15 Total Suspended Solid

1000 Class V

Class IV

100 Class III

Class II TSS (mg/L) TSS

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01/09/17 01/11/17 Date (f): TSS Trend Graph at 2MD15 (Sg Muda)

2MD15 WQI

100.0 Class I 90.0 Class II 80.0

70.0

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50.0 WQI

40.0 Class IV

30.0

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0.0

01/05/15 01/11/15 01/01/13 01/03/13 01/05/13 01/07/13 01/09/13 01/11/13 01/01/14 01/03/14 01/05/14 01/07/14 01/09/14 01/11/14 01/01/15 01/03/15 01/07/15 01/09/15 01/01/16 01/03/16 01/05/16 01/07/16 01/09/16 01/11/16 01/01/17 01/03/17 01/05/17 01/07/17 01/09/17 01/11/17 Date (g): WQI Trend Graph at 2MD15 (Sg Muda)

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Table 6.14: Details of WQ Monitoring Stations (Relevant Only) No ID Name Coordinates Remarks Agency Latitude Longitude 1 2MD11 Sg Karangan 5° 100° 4.5 km DOE (Jambatan Kg Sg 31'16.61’’ 37'6.09’’ downstream Karangan, Pdg from the Project Meha) site 2 2MD15 Sg Muda 5° 100° 39.4 km DOE (Jambatan 33'51.00’’ 25'42.32’’ downstream Merdeka) from the Project site 3 - Sg Karangan (Titi 5° 100° 4.3 km JPS Karangan) 31'10.84’’ 37'3.94’’ downstream from the Project site

Table 6.15: Summary for each Water Quality Parameter at 2MD11 – Sg Karangan @ Jambatan Kg Sg Karangan from year 2013 – 2017 Concentration (mg/L) NWQS WQ Parameters RWQS Min Max Ave Class Limit Limit 2MD11 Sg Karangan (Jambatan Kg Sg Karangan) DO 5.76 8.49 7.03 I – II - BOD 2.00 11.00 6.28 II – IV 6.00 COD 5.00 34.00 19.20 I – III 10.00 AN 0.01 0.47 0.20 I - III 1.50 pH 5.60 7.64 6.58 I - III 5.5 - 9.0 TSS 7.00 665.0 62.36 I - V -

Table 6.16: Summary for each Water Quality Parameter at 2MD15 – Sg Muda @ Jambatan Merdeka from year 2013 – 2017 Concentration (mg/L) NWQS WQ Parameters RWQS Min Max Ave Class Limit Limit 2MD15 Sg Muda (Jambatan Merdeka) DO 4.00 7.53 6.00 I – III - BOD 2.00 10.00 6.11 II – IV 6.00 COD 5.00 29.00 19.42 I – III 10.00 AN 0.01 0.19 0.07 I - II 1.50 pH 5.76 7.94 6.78 I - III 5.5 - 9.0 TSS 7.00 477.00 67.71 I - V -

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ii. Annual Monitoring Data by JPS (2015 – 2018)

Apart from DOE, JPS also maintains one river WQ monitoring stations in Sg Karangan sub-basin. The station is located about 4.3 km downstream of the Project site. The details of the WQ monitoring stations are shown in Figure 6.17 and Table 6.14. 6 basic WQ parameters, namely DO, BOD, AN, COD, SS and pH from years 2015 – 2018 had been obtained to illustrate the most recent WQ status of Sg Karangan. Samplings have been conducted every month to monitor the suitability of river water for irrigation usage. However, as the data appears to be erroneous, they are not used in the subsequent analysis and modelling.

6.2.8.2 Water Quality Sampling in this Study

WQ samplings were conducted on 12th – 14th Mac 2019 and 7th – 8th June 2019 respectively. Generally, the weather on the sampling days were fine and hardly there was raining prior to sampling. The sampling and laboratory testing were carried out by accredited laboratory, i.e. Spectrum Laboratories Sdn Bhd.

During Mac sampling, WQ sampling points of W1 to W8 which are near to the Project site, the samplings were conducted 2 sessions within a day for 3 days continuously. As for W9 to W13 which are downstream of the Project site, the samplings were conducted 2 sessions within a day for 2 days continuously.

During June sampling, TOC samplings were conducted at W4, W5, W7, W9, W10, W11 and W13 locations. For W6 and W12 locations, additional samplings were conducted for parameters of NO3-N, PO4-P, Chloride and TOC. 6 WQI parameters as well as four parameters (i.e. NO3-N, PO4-P, Chloride and TOC) were conducted at W14 and W15 locations at Sg Muda.

During Mac sampling, no water could be collected from W1 to W3 and W8 as the locations were totally dry. Thus, no results could be obtained. The locations of the WQ sampling points are shown in Figure 6.17. The description of each sampling point is tabulated in Table 6.17.

Tables 6.18 and 6.19 show the WQ sampling results at all locations on 12th – 14th Mac 2019 and 7th – 8th June 2019 respectively. The results were compared with Class II of the

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National Water Quality Standards for Malaysia (NWQS).

Water quality index (WQI) for each sample was derived from six of the parameters determined, i.e. pH, Do, BOD, COD, TSS and AN. The WQI combines the river WQ parameters into one objective value to represent the status of the WQ at a particular location. The calculated WQI are then classified according to the NWQS to indicate their respective stream usability. Table 6.20 and 6.21 shows the computed WQI at each location during March and June samplings.

For 12th – 14th Mac 2019 sampling, it can be summarized that most of the WQ parameters are within the Class II limit requirements, except COD, BOD, AN, Cu and Iron. COD exceeded the limit at W4 @ 12th Mac, W7 @ 12th Mac morning and W11 @ 14th Mac morning. BOD exceeded the limit at most of the locations while AN exceeded the Class II limit at all the locations. Cu exceeded the limit at W4 @ 13th Mac evening only. Iron exceeded the limit at W4 @ 12th Mac, W5 @ 13th Mac evening, W6 @ 14th Mac and W7 @ 12th Mac evening.

As for 7th – 8th June 2019, TOC samplings were conducted at W4, W5, W7, W9, W10, W11 and W13 locations. For W6 and W12 locations, additional samplings were conducted for parameters of NO3-N, PO4-P at W6 and W12 locations. 6 WQI parameters as well as four parameters (i.e. NO3-N, PO4-P, Chloride and TOC) were conducted at W14 and W15 locations at Sg Muda. It can be summarized that most of the WQ parameters are within the Class II limit requirements, except TSS and Phosphorus.

From Table 6.20, it could be seen that except W9 which is under the Class II range, other sampling locations fluctuated between Class II and Class III range during 3 days continuous monitoring. During June sampling, Sg Muda falls under ‘Clean’ class, having WQI of Class II.

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Table 6.17: Sampling Site Description Summary ID Description Photo Coordinate Condition at Site Latitude Longitude W1 Represents the upstream of the tributary 5°29'35.934"N 100°36'43.742"E No discharge could be obtained during of Sg. Karangan. sampling.

W2 Represents the upstream of the tributary 5°29'45.6432"N 100°36'50.5404"E No discharge could be obtained during of Sg. Karangan. sampling.

W3 Represents the upstream of the tributary 5°29'18.33"N 100°36'19.4724"E No discharge could be obtained during of Sg. Karangan. sampling.

W4 Represents the middle portion of Sg. 5°29'5.0568"N 100°36'56.6172"E Slow flowing water. Karangan. Water is observed to be brownish in colour.

Depth: 0.4m; Width: 3.00m Velocity: 0.2m/s

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W5 Represents upstream of Sg. Karangan 5°28'33.4236"N 100°36'49.2552"E Slow flowing water. Water is observed to be turbid.

Depth: 0.55m; Width: 2.2m Velocity: 0.1m/s

W6 Represents the Sg. Karangan after Kg. 5°29'39.1704"N 100°37'4.0152"E Slow flowing water. Padang Meha Water is observed to be brownish in colour.

Depth: 0.34m; Width: 3.2m Velocity: 0.2m/s

W7 Represents downstream of Sg. Karangan, 5°30'13.17"N 100°37'4.51"E Moderate flowing water. near Butterworth – Kulim Expressway Water is observed to be turbid.

Depth: 0.70m; Width: 3.3m Velocity: 0.4m/s

W8 Represents upstream of tributary of Sg. 5°29'29.68"N 100°36'16.32"E No discharge could be obtained during Karoh. sampling.

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W9 Represents Sg. Karangan, near Jalan Kuala 5°31'16.6548"N 100°37'5.3904"E Slow flowing water. Ketil. Water is observed to be turbid.

Depth: 0.24m; Width: 1.2m Velocity: 0.2m/s

W10 Represents Sg. Karangan, upstream of the 5°32'45.2004"N 100°36'32.9076"E Slow flowing water. Sg. Karangan – Sg Sedim confluence. Water is observed to be brownish in colour.

Depth: 0.55m; Width: 3.4m Velocity: 0.2m/s

W11 Represents Sg. Sedim, upstream of the Sg. 5°33'26.9532"N 100°36'53.0964"E Moderate flowing water. Karangan – Sg Sedim confluence. Water is observed to be brownish in colour.

Depth: 0.67m; Width: 5.3m Velocity: 0.3m/s

W12 Represents Sg. Muda, upstream of the Sg 5°33'21.5928"N 100°36'19.8612"E Slow flowing water. Muda – Sg Sedim – Sg Karangan Water is observed to be brownish in colour. confluence. Depth: 2.44m; Width: 10m Velocity: 0.3m/s

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W13 Represents Sg. Sedim, downstream of the 5°33'0.378"N 100°36'11.304"E Slow flowing water. Sg. Karangan – Sg Sedim confluence Water is observed to be brownish in colour.

Depth: 2.44m; Width: 10m Velocity: 0.3m/s

W14 Represents Sg. Muda, downstream of the 5°33'06.0"N 100°35'41.9"E Fast flowing water. Sg Muda – Sg Sedim – Sg Karangan Water is observed to be brownish in colour. confluence Depth: 1.30m; Width: 80m Velocity: 0.2m/s

W15 Represents Sg. Muda near Pinang Tunggal 5°34'00.2"N 100°30'14.3"E Slow flowing water. Water is observed to be brownish in colour.

Depth: 1.1m; Width: 80m Velocity: 0.2m/s

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Table 6.18 (a): Water Quality Result Analysis for Sampling Points of W4 to W5 on 12th – 14th Mac 2019 NWQS W4 W5 Parameters Unit Class II Limit Morning Evening Morning Evening Morning Evening Morning Evening Morning Evening Morning Evening 12/03/2019 12/03/2019 13/03/2019 13/03/2019 14/03/2019 14/03/2019 12/03/2019 12/03/2019 13/03/2019 13/03/2019 14/03/2019 14/03/2019 0 Date Time - - 08:23:00 14:21:00 08:30:00 14:03:00 08:38:00 15:41:00 10:50:00 15:45:00 11:30:00 16:30:00 11:40:00 18:30:00 1 Temperature °C - 28 28 28 28 28 29 28 28 28 28 29 29 2 pH - 6 - 7 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.1 6.0 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.3 6.2 6.2 6.1 3 DO mg/L 5 - 7 6.3 6.1 6.2 6.0 6.0 5.8 6.1 6.0 5.9 6.1 6.2 6.1 4 DO Saturation % ------5 COD mg/L 10 - 25 40 40 12 22 22 19 19 25 16 22 12 12 6 BOD mg/L 1 - 3 8 8 2 4 4 3 3 5 3 4 2 2 7 TSS mg/L 25 - 50 24 26 23 19 22 25 23 26 22 24 26 23 8 Mercury as Hg mg/L 0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 9 Cadmium as Cd mg/L 0.01 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 Chromium Hexavalent 10 mg/L 0.05 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 as Cr 6+ 11 Arsenic as As mg/L 0.05 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 12 Cyanide as CN mg/L 0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 13 Lead as Pb mg/L 0.05 ND<0.006 ND<0.006 ND<0.006 ND<0.006 ND<0.006 ND<0.006 ND<0.006 ND<0.006 ND<0.006 ND<0.006 ND<0.006 ND<0.006 Chromium Trivalent as 14 mg/L - ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 Cr 3+ 15 Copper as Cu mg/L 0.02 0.019 0.013 0.033 0.313 0.010 0.010 0.013 0.012 0.002 0.01 0.007 0.012 16 Manganese as Mn mg/L 0.1 0.065 0.043 0.038 0.039 0.036 0.039 0.043 0.043 0.030 0.034 0.037 0.055 17 Nickel as Ni mg/L 0.05 0.012 0.01 ND<0.006 0.008 0.009 ND<0.006 0.010 0.018 ND<0.006 ND<0.006 0.014 ND<0.006 18 Tin as Sn mg/L - ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 19 Zinc as Zn mg/L 5 0.15 ND<0.004 ND<0.004 0.036 0.01 ND<0.004 ND<0.004 ND<0.004 ND<0.004 0.005 0.060 ND <0.004 20 Boron as B mg/L 1 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND <0.001 ND <0.001 21 Iron as Fe mg/L 1 1.114 1.178 0.731 0.686 0.640 0.721 0.961 0.609 0.785 1.710 0.252 0.383 22 Phenol mg/L - ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001

23 Free Chlorine as Cl2 mg/L - 0.22 0.31 0.20 0.22 0.18 0.18 0.22 0.22 0.16 0.27 0.25 0.29 24 Sulphide as S2- mg/L 0.05 ND<0.1 ND<0.1 ND<0.1 ND<0.1 ND<0.1 ND<0.1 ND<0.1 ND<0.1 ND<0.1 ND<0.1 ND<0.1 ND<0.1 25 Oil & Grease mg/L 40; N ND<1.0 ND<1.0 ND<1.0 ND<1.0 ND<1.0 ND<1.0 ND<1.0 ND<1.0 ND<1.0 ND<1.0 ND<1.0 ND<1.0 26 Silver as Ag mg/L 0.05 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 27 Barium as Ba mg/L 1 0.015 0.017 0.040 0.033 0.007 0.029 0.074 0.017 0.005 0.013 0.010 0.007 28 Selenium as Se mg/L 0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 29 Aluminium as Al mg/L - 0.117 ND<0.004 1.458 0.011 0.017 ND<0.004 ND<0.004 0.120 ND<0.004 0.172 ND<0.004 ND<0.004 30 Fluoride as F mg/L 1.5 ND<0.1 ND<0.1 ND<0.1 ND<0.1 ND<0.1 ND<0.1 ND<0.1 ND<0.1 ND<0.1 ND<0.1 ND<0.1 ND<0.1 Ammoniacal Nitrogen as 0.1 - 31 mg/L 2.04 1.75 1.72 2.41 2.94 2.47 2.21 2.05 2.46 1.96 2.18 2.14 NH3-N 0.3 32 Formaldehyde mg/L - 0.07 0.15 <0.02 0.07 0.05 0.06 0.15 0.09 0.03 0.07 0.04 0.06 33 Color @Original pH ADMI 150 110 60 71 72 51 44 68 78 72 65 53 46 34 Color @pH 7.0 ADMI 150 28 12 14 19 33 16 13 20 18 16 14 17 100 - 35 E Coli MPN/100ml 27 21 29 20 26 17 25 19 17 18 21 14 400 36 Turbidity NTU 50 23 25 20 15 22 25 25 25 21 23 27 21

37 Salinity %o - 0.5 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.48 0.5 0.5 0.48 0.47 38 Total Organic Carbon mg/L ------

39 Nitrate NO3-N mg/L 7 ------40 Phosphorus PO4-P mg/L 0.2 ------Italic & Bold - means exceed NWQS Class II limits ND – Not Detected

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Table 6.18 (b): Water Quality Result Analysis for Sampling Points of W6 to W7 on 12th – 14th Mac 2019 NWQS W6 W7 Class Parameters Unit II Morning Evening Morning Evening Morning Evening Morning Evening Morning Evening Morning Evening Limit 12/03/2019 12/03/2019 13/03/2019 13/03/2019 14/03/2019 14/03/2019 12/03/2019 12/03/2019 13/03/2019 13/03/2019 14/03/2019 14/03/2019 0 Date Time - - 09:02:00 14:44:00 08:55:00 14:16:00 09:06:00 15:55:00 09:19:00 14:57:00 09:09:00 14:32:00 09:25:00 16:06:00 1 Temperature °C - 28 28 29 29 28 28 29 29 29 29 28 28 2 pH - 6 - 7 6.2 6.3 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.1 6.2 3 DO mg/L 5 - 7 5.9 6.2 6.1 6.3 6.3 6.0 6.2 6.3 6.0 5.9 5.9 6.0 4 DO Saturation % ------5 COD mg/L 10 - 25 25 25 6 9 25 22 28 19 12 9 12 19 6 BOD mg/L 1 - 3 5 5 1 2 5 5 3 2 2 2 3 7 TSS mg/L 25 - 50 22 19 21 23 26 23 20 24 24 21 25 18 8 Mercury as Hg mg/L 0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 9 Cadmium as Cd mg/L 0.01 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 Chromium Hexavalent 10 mg/L 0.05 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 as Cr 6+ 11 Arsenic as As mg/L 0.05 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 12 Cyanide as CN mg/L 0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 13 Lead as Pb mg/L 0.05 ND<0.006 ND<0.006 ND<0.006 ND<0.006 ND<0.006 ND<0.006 ND<0.006 ND<0.006 ND<0.006 ND<0.006 ND<0.006 ND<0.006 Chromium Trivalent as 14 mg/L - ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 ND<0.02 Cr 3+ 15 Copper as Cu mg/L 0.02 0.013 0.018 0.019 0.014 0.005 ND<0.001 <0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 0.005 0.003 0.012 16 Manganese as Mn mg/L 0.1 0.038 0.038 0.035 0.040 0.027 0.029 0.006 ND<0.003 0.010 0.021 0.026 0.040 17 Nickel as Ni mg/L 0.05 0.008 0.011 ND<0.006 ND<0.006 ND<0.006 ND<0.006 ND<0.006 ND<0.006 ND<0.006 ND<0.006 ND<0.006 0.011 18 Tin as Sn mg/L - ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 19 Zinc as Zn mg/L 5 ND<0.004 ND<0.004 ND<0.004 ND<0.004 0.017 ND<0.004 ND<0.004 ND<0.004 ND<0.004 ND<0.004 ND<0.004 ND<0.004 20 Boron as B mg/L 1 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 21 Iron as Fe mg/L 1 0.667 0.538 0.533 0.625 1.156 1.840 0.022 2.024 0.333 0.842 0.788 0.320 22 Phenol mg/L - ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 23 Free Chlorine as Cl 2 mg/L - 0.20 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.22 0.18 0.16 0.22 0.20 0.16 24 Sulphide as S2- mg/L 0.05 ND<0.1 ND<0.1 ND<0.1 ND<0.1 ND<0.1 ND<0.1 ND<0.1 ND<0.1 ND<0.1 ND<0.1 ND<0.1 ND<0.1 25 Oil & Grease mg/L 40; N ND<1.0 ND<1.0 ND<1.0 ND<1.0 ND<1.0 ND<1.0 ND<1.0 ND<1.0 ND<1.0 ND<1.0 ND<1.0 ND<1.0 26 Silver as Ag mg/L 0.05 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 ND<0.001 27 Barium as Ba mg/L 1 0.011 0.023 0.010 0.010 0.004 ND<0.002 ND<0.002 ND<0.002 ND<0.002 ND<0.002 0.003 0.008 28 Selenium as Se mg/L 0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 ND<0.01 29 Aluminium as Al mg/L - 0.153 ND<0.004 0.041 ND<0.004 ND<0.004 ND<0.004 ND<0.004 0.082 ND<0.004 0.178 ND<0.004 ND<0.004 30 Fluoride as F mg/L 1.5 ND<0.1 ND<0.1 ND<0.1 ND<0.1 ND<0.1 ND<0.1 ND<0.1 ND<0.1 ND<0.1 ND<0.1 ND<0.1 ND<0.1 Ammoniacal Nitrogen 0.1 - 31 mg/L 1.69 1.85 1.98 2.92 1.69 2.49 1.81 1.78 1.83 2.91 2.18 1.34 as NH3 0.3 32 Formaldehyde mg/L - 0.06 0.11 0.07 0.06 0.02 0.06 0.08 0.09 0.07 0.09 0.04 0.07 33 Color @Original pH ADMI 150 69 69 65 52 65 56 61 64 46 60 55 65 34 Color @pH 7.0 ADMI 150 25 23 17 28 18 16 24 22 13 22 18 15 100 - 35 E Coli MPN/100ml 11 21 25 21 31 23 27 7 12 9 27 31 400 36 Turbidity NTU 50 23 20 18 20 25 23 20 25 27 24 29 16

37 Salinity %o - 0.48 0.48 0.50 0.50 0.48 0.48 0.5 0.5 0.47 0.48 0.48 0.5 38 Total Organic Carbon mg/L - 2.92 2.75 ------

39 Nitrate NO3-N mg/L 7 ------40 Phosphorus PO4-P mg/L 0.2 ------Italic & Bold - means exceed NWQS Class II limits ND – Not Detected

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Table 6.18 (c): Water Quality Result Analysis for Sampling Points of W9 to W11 on 13th – 14th Mac 2019

NWQS W9 W10 W11 Parameters Unit Class II Limit Morning Evening Morning Evening Morning Evening Morning Evening Morning Evening Morning Evening 13/03/2019 13/03/2019 14/03/2019 14/03/2019 13/03/2019 13/03/2019 14/03/2019 14/03/2019 13/03/2019 13/03/2019 14/03/2019 14/03/2019 0 Date Time - - 09:18:00 14:44:00 09:38:00 16:23:00 10:40:00 15:46:00 10:46:00 17:32:00 10:11:00 15:15:00 10:17:00 17:09:00 1 Temperature °C - 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 28 28 29 28 2 pH - 6 - 7 6.3 6.3 6.2 6.2 6.5 6.3 6.3 6.4 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.4 3 DO mg/L 5 - 7 6.2 6.5 5.7 5.7 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.2 6.1 6.1 6.2 6.3 4 DO Saturation % - 76.2 74.8 69.4 72.4 76 76.4 69.4 71.4 73.3 73.2 76.9 75.4 5 COD mg/L 10 - 25 16 12 6 9 3 9 19 25 19 16 28 22 6 BOD mg/L 1 - 3 3 2 1 2 1.9 2 3 5 3 3 5 4 7 TSS mg/L 25 - 50 27 23 20 16 24 25 20 17 27 23 20 24 Ammoniacal Nitrogen 0.1 - 8 mg/L 1.64 1.85 1.56 1.91 1.94 1.74 1.82 2.10 1.41 2.89 1.63 2.89 as NH3 0.3 Italic & Bold - means exceed NWQS Class II limits

Table 6.18 (d): Water Quality Result Analysis for Sampling Points of W12 to W13 on 13th – 14th Mac 2019

NWQS W12 W13 Parameters Unit Class II Limit Morning Evening Morning Evening Morning Evening Morning Evening 13/03/2019 13/03/2019 14/03/2019 14/03/2019 13/03/2019 13/03/2019 14/03/2019 14/03/2019 0 Date Time - - 10:25:00 15:29:00 10:34:00 17:21:00 10:25:00 15:29:00 10:34:00 17:21:00 1 Temperature °C - 29 29 28 29 29 28 29 29 2 pH - 6 - 7 6.3 6.5 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 3 DO mg/L 5 - 7 6.3 6.5 6.4 6.4 6.2 6.4 6.2 6.3 4 DO Saturation % - 75.0 75.9 73.4 73.8 69.9 73.6 75.5 69.8 5 COD mg/L 10 - 25 12 12 12 16 12 6 12 19 6 BOD mg/L 1 - 3 2 2 2 3 2 1 2 3 7 TSS mg/L 25 - 50 18 23 20 19 22 26 22 26 Ammoniacal Nitrogen 8 mg/L 0.1 - 0.3 1.94 1.86 2.19 2.25 1.61 1.80 2.13 1.42 as NH3

Table 6.19 (a): Water Quality Result Analysis for Sampling Points of W14 to W15 on 7th – 8th June 2019

NWQS W14 W15 Parameters Unit Class II Limit Morning Evening Morning Evening Morning Evening Morning Evening 07/06/2019 07/06/2019 08/06/2019 08/06/2019 07/06/2019 07/06/2019 08/06/2019 08/06/2019 0 Date Time - - 8:51:00 15:51:00 9:35:00 15:32:00 8:05:00 08:05:00 8:24:00 14:55:00 1 Temperature °C - 29 29 29 29 28 29 29 28 2 pH - 6 - 7 6.5 6.2 6.7 6.5 6.1 6.5 6.3 6.2 3 DO mg/L 5 - 7 6.4 6.3 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.2 6.2 5.9 4 DO Saturation % - 70.2 68.0 84.6 85.0 82.0 80.4 87.2 78.0 5 COD mg/L 10 - 25 6 10 13 10 6 3 6 6 6 BOD mg/L 1 - 3 1 2 2 2 1 ND (<1) 1 1 7 TSS mg/L 25 - 50 79 87 85 65 78 73 72 78 Ammoniacal Nitrogen 8 mg/L 0.1 - 0.3 0.08 0.10 0.14 0.10 0.07 0.10 0.16 0.06 as NH3 9 Total Organic Carbon mg/L - - - 2.95 2.45 - - 2.78 3.08

10 Nitrate NO3-N mg/L 7 1.75 1.45 1.89 1.59 2.15 2.34 1.64 2.30 11 Phosphorus PO4-P mg/L 0.2 12.5 14.3 13.5 14.9 12.7 14.1 14.9 11.6 12 Chloride mg/L - 4.1 6.0 6.2 3.0 5.5 4.2 11.8 4.0 Italic & Bold - means exceed NWQS Class II limits

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Table 6.19 (b): Water Quality Result Analysis for Sampling Points of W6 to W12 on 8th June 2019

NWQS W6 W12 Parameters Unit Class II Limit Morning Evening Morning Evening 08/06/2019 08/06/2019 08/06/2019 08/06/2019 0 Date Time - - 10:31:00 13:33:00 11:56:00 16:54:00

1 Nitrate NO3-N mg/L 7 2.26 1.42 1.61 2.18

2 Phosphorus PO4-P mg/L 0.2 9.0 6.8 10.6 7.4 3 Total Organic Carbon mg/L - - - 3.51 3.40 4 Chloride mg/L - 9.8 5.0 6.7 24.8 Italic & Bold - means exceed NWQS Class II limits

Table 6.19 (c): Water Quality Result Analysis for Sampling Points of W4, W5, W7, W9, W10, W11 and W13 on 8th June 2019

NWQS W4 W5 W7 W9 W10 W11 W13 Parameters Unit Class II Limit Morning Evening Morning Evening Morning Evening Morning Evening Morning Evening Morning Evening Morning Evening 08/06/ 08/06/ 08/06/ 08/06/ 08/06/ 08/06/ 08/06/ 08/06/ 08/06/ 08/06/ 08/06/ 08/06/ 08/06/ 08/06/ 0 Date Time - - 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 9:52:00 14:54:00 10:58:00 14:26:00 10:59:00 14:02:00 11:23:00 16:12:00 11:12:00 16:04:00 11:41:00 16:31:00 11:53:00 16:46:00 1 Total Organic Carbon mg/L - 2.16 2.03 0.78 1.08 2.06 1.98 5.42 3.55 2.16 2.24 3.56 3.65 3.06 2.71

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Table 6.20: Water Quality Status of Sg Karangan and Sg Muda on 12th – 14th Mac 2019 Sampling

W4 W5

Morning Evening Morning Evening Morning Evening Morning Evening Morning Evening Morning Evening 12/03/2019 12/03/2019 13/03/2019 13/03/2019 14/03/2019 14/03/2019 12/03/2019 12/03/2019 13/03/2019 13/03/2019 14/03/2019 14/03/2019

08:23:00 14:21:00 08:30:00 14:03:00 08:38:00 15:41:00 10:50:00 15:45:00 11:30:00 16:30:00 11:40:00 18:30:00 1 WQI 71.34 71.56 81.43 75.93 74.18 76.29 77.67 75.24 77.32 77.24 80.28 80.28 Slightly Slightly Slightly Slightly Slightly Slightly Slightly Slightly Slightly 2 Category Clean Clean Clean Polluted Polluted Polluted Polluted Polluted Polluted Polluted Polluted Polluted 3 Class III III II III III III II III II II II II W6 W7

Morning Evening Morning Evening Morning Evening Morning Evening Morning Evening Morning Evening 12/03/2019 12/03/2019 13/03/2019 13/03/2019 14/03/2019 14/03/2019 12/03/2019 12/03/2019 13/03/2019 13/03/2019 14/03/2019 14/03/2019

09:02:00 14:44:00 08:55:00 14:16:00 09:06:00 15:55:00 09:19:00 14:57:00 09:09:00 14:32:00 09:25:00 16:06:00 1 WQI 76.11 76.88 83.17 79.39 76.71 - 76.44 79.34 80.91 78.72 79.23 80.08 Slightly Slightly Slightly Slightly Slightly Slightly Slightly Slightly 2 Category Clean - Clean Clean Polluted Polluted Polluted Polluted Polluted Polluted Polluted Polluted 3 Class III II II II II - III II II II II II W9 W10 Morning Evening Morning Evening Morning Evening Morning Evening 13/03/2019 13/03/2019 14/03/2019 14/03/2019 13/03/2019 13/03/2019 14/03/2019 14/03/2019

09:18:00 14:44:00 09:38:00 16:23:00 10:40:00 15:46:00 10:46:00 17:32:00 1 WQI 77.73 78.90 80.32 79.25 81.97 80.00 75.48 73.29 Slightly Slightly Slightly Slightly Slightly 2 Category Clean Clean Clean Polluted Polluted Polluted Polluted Polluted 3 Class II II II II II II III III W11 W12 Morning Evening Morning Evening Morning Evening Morning Evening 13/03/2019 13/03/2019 14/03/2019 14/03/2019 13/03/2019 13/03/2019 14/03/2019 14/03/2019

10:11:00 15:15:00 10:17:00 17:09:00 10:25:00 15:29:00 10:34:00 17:21:00 1 WQI 76.97 74.09 74.87 72.96 79.19 79.39 77.90 76.25 Slightly Slightly Slightly Slightly Slightly Slightly Slightly Slightly 2 Category Polluted Polluted Polluted Polluted Polluted Polluted Polluted Polluted 3 Class II III III III II II II III W13 Morning Evening Morning Evening 13/03/2019 13/03/2019 14/03/2019 14/03/2019

10:25:00 15:29:00 10:34:00 17:21:00 1 WQI 78.23 80.53 78.44 76.08 Slightly Slightly Slightly 2 Category Clean Polluted Polluted Polluted 3 Class II II II III

Table 6.21: Water Quality Status of Sg Muda on 7th – 8th June 2019 Sampling

W14 W15

Morning Evening Morning Evening Morning Evening Morning Evening 07/06/2019 07/06/2019 08/06/2019 08/06/2019 07/06/2019 07/06/2019 08/06/2019 08/06/2019

8:51:00 15:51:00 9:35:00 15:32:00 8:05:00 08:05:00 8:24:00 14:55:00 1 WQI 85.29 81.90 85.21 87.48 87.77 88.44 87.89 87.24 2 Category Clean Clean Clean Clean Clean Clean Clean Clean 3 Class II II II II II II II II

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6.2.9 Groundwater Quality

The locations for groundwater sampling are as shown in Figure 6.17(b) while its geographical location is as shown as below:

Two (2) monitoring wells (MW) have been carried out to cover all perimeters of the plant for baseline groundwater quality monitoring, i.e., MW1 – Located within the northern portion of the Project Site (N 5° 29' 27.00", E 100° 36' 42.336") MW2 – Located within the eastern portion of the Project Site (N 5° 29' 8.298", E 100° 36' 47.442")

An additional monitoring well for groundwater monitoring will be considered by the project proponent. The third monitoring well (MW3) will be built at the western boundary of the factory site near to INOKOM before the paper mill operation begins.

The groundwater sampling have been carried out in two (2) sessions, i.e., morning session and evening session in 20th April 2019. Parameters are assessed against standard as per endorsed TOR, the National Groundwater Quality Standard, DOE for Industry (2017) and the Ministry of Health’s Benchmark Standard for Drinking Water Quality Standards, 2004. Parameters assessed and method of analysis is as tabulated in Table 6.22 whilst the result is tabulated in Table 6.23. Environmental lab report for groundwater quality samples is attached within the report.

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Table 6.22: Groundwater Quality Parameters, Analysis Method and Compliance Standards – For Groundwater Modelling purpose (MW1 & MW2)

No Parameters Method Unit 1 Sulphate, SO4 APHA 4500 S2 -F 250 mg/l / 200 mg/l # 2 Hardness, CaCO3SO APHA 2340B *500 mg/l / 250 mg/l

3 Nitrate, NO3SO APHA 419 D 10 mg/l

Must not be detected in 4 Coliform APHA 9222 G any 100 ml sample

5 Manganese, Mn APHA 3120 B *0.1 mg/l / #0.2 mg/l

6 Chromium, Cr APHA 3120 B 0.05 mg/l

7 Zinc, Zn APHA 3120 B 3 mg/l

8 Arsenic, As APHA 3120 B 0.01 mg/l

9 Selenium, Se APHA 3120 B 0.01 mg/l

10 Chloride, Cl APHA 4500 Cl-B *250 mg/l / #100mg/l

11 Phenolics APHA 5530 B, C 0.002 mg/l

Total Dissolved Solids, 12 APHA 2540 C 1000 mg/l TDS

13 Iron, Fe APHA 3120 B 0.3 mg/l

14 Copper, Cu APHA 3120 B 1.0 mg/l

15 Lead, Pb APHA 3120 B 0.01 mg/l

16 Cadmium, Cd APHA 3120 B 0.003 mg/l

17 Mercury, Hg APHA 3120 B 0.001 mg

18 Alkalinity - 300 mg/L

19 COD APHA 5220 C 30 mg/L

20 pH APHA 4500-H+ B 6.5 – 8.0

21 Silica - 20.0 mg/L

22 Suspended Solid, SS APHA 2540 D 5

Source: *MOH’s Benchmark; National Drinking Water Quality Standard, 2004 (MOH) #National Groundwater Quality Standard, DOE for Industry

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Table 6.23: Groundwater Analysis Results (MW1 & MW2) MW1 MW2 No Parameters Unit # *MOH am pm am pm DOE Sulphate, 13.3 7.2 19.2 19.5 200 1 mg/l 250 SO4 Hardness, 80.2 90.1 15.9 19.8 250 2 mg/l 500 CaCO3SO

3 Nitrate, NO3 mg/l 4.58 3.48 3.77 3.35 - 10 CFU/ - Must not be 4 Coliform <1.8 <1.8 <1.8 <1.8 detected in any 100ml 100 ml sample Manganese, 0.30 0.41 0.12 0.12 #0.2 5 mg/l *0.1 Mn Chromium, ND ND ND ND - 6 mg/l 0.05 Cr <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 7 Zinc, Zn mg/l 0.02 <0.02 <0.02 0.02 - 3 8 Arsenic, As mg/l 0.01 0.01 0.01 <0.01 - 0.01 9 Selenium, Se mg/l 0.02 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 - 0.01 10 Chloride, Cl mg/l 6.17 3.89 5.22 5.60 100 250 11 Phenolics mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 - 0.002 Total 12 Dissolved mg/l 178 190 58 64 450/70 1000 Solids, TDS 13 Iron, Fe mg/l 2.21 1.71 2.59 2.76 0.3 0.3 14 Copper, Cu mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 - 1.0 15 Lead, Pb mg/l 0.11 0.03 0.07 0.03 - 0.01 Cadmium, <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 - 16 mg/l 0.003 Cd 17 Mercury, Hg mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 - 0.001 18 Alkalinity mg/l 121.3 142.9 4.35 3.81 300 - 19 COD mg/l 25 25 25 32 30 - 20 pH mg/l 7.6 8.0 5.4 5.5 6.5 – 8.0 6.5 – 8.0 21 Silica mg/l 14.21 13.91 6.19 6.01 20 - Suspended 38 9 12 13 5 22 mg/l - Solid, SS Source: *MOH’s Benchmark; National Drinking Water Quality Standard, 2004 (MOH) #National Groundwater Quality Standard, DOE for Industry Groundwater sampling points have been carried out in 20th April 2019.

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6.2.9.1 Results and Discussion

Physical Properties Physical properties that shall be discussed is pH, Silica, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Suspended Solids. The pH values range 5.4 to 8.0 for GW1 & GW2 during morning and evening session. pH for GW2 were recorded below the standard limits, i.e., 5.4 (am) and 5.5 (pm).

In comparison to National Drinking Water Quality Standards (MOH’s Benchmark for Groundwater), 2004 and DOE National Groundwater Quality Standard for Industry (2017), the Silica and TDS in points GW1 and GW2 had recorded within the standard limit of 20mg/L & 1000mg/L (MOH) respectively and 20mg/L & 450/70 (mS/m) respectively for DOE standard. Meanwhile, suspended solids for MW1 and MW2 during morning and evening sessions had exceeded the DOE National Groundwater Quality Standard DOE limit of 5mg/L, i.e., 38mg/L (MW1,am), 9mg/L (MW1,pm), 12mg/L (MW2,am) & 13mg/L (MW2,pm).

Chemical Properties Based on the results of the groundwater monitoring (refer to Table 6.23), the chemical properties such as Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Mercury, Zinc, Sulphate, Lead, Selenium, Chloride, Alkalinity, COD, Nitrate, Total Hardness and Phenolics were complying with the guidelines for groundwater quality (MOH & DOE) at all sampling points. Meanwhile Iron and Manganese in most of the sampling points has exceeded the DOE and MOH’s Benchmark limit.

Manganese level in MW1 during morning and evening sessions were recorded high and exceeded the MOH’s Benchmark limit of 0.1mg/L and DOE’s National Groundwater Quality Standard for Industry of 0.2mg/L. In addition, Iron level in MW1 & MW2 during morning and evening sessions were recorded high and exceeded the MOH’s Benchmark limit of 0.3mg/L and DOE’s National Groundwater Quality Standard for Industry of 0.3mg/L. The existence of certain chemical properties in groundwater might be due to the fact that the proposed area is at the palm oil plantation and near to surrounding industrial areas.

Biological Properties Total Coliform count was recorded low at all sampling points for both morning and afternoon sessions. Total Coliform was detected less than 1.8 CFU/100ml for both sampling points.

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6.2.10 Air Quality Assessment

Existing air quality was determined from four (4) sampling stations denoted as A1, A2, A3 and A4 (refer to Figure 6.18) carried out by Spectrum Laboratories Sdn. Bhd., from 11st to 15th March 2019, which were designated at the following sampling points as follows (refer Table 6.24).

Table 6.24: Description of Air Monitoring Sampling Stations

Sampling Location Description Station Located at the western region of the Project Site. A1 05o 29’17.6928”N, Surrounding contributors: 100o 36’20.6064”E • Plant activities of INOKOM Located at the northeastern portion of the Project Site 05o 29’37.3956”N, Surrounding contributors: A2 100o 36’54.542”E • Vehicular movement • Human activities (Kg. Padang Meha) Located at the eastern boundary to Kg. Padang Meha 05o 29’21.264”N, Surrounding contributors: A3 100o 36’51.4584”E • Vehicular movement • Human activities (Kg. Padang Meha) Located at the Taman Desa Cinta Sayang. 05o 30’34.632”N, Surrounding contributors: A4 100o 36’39.3984”E • Vehicular movement • Human Activities

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From the results obtained all parameters indicated levels within the Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Standards (Interim Target 2) as tabulated in Table 6.25. The concentration of PM10 (Particulate Matter less than 10 micron) and PM2.5 (Particulate Matter less than 2.5

3 3 micron) for all sampling points was well below the stipulated level of 120 g/m and 50 g/m respectively. Emission of PM10 and PM2.5 is represented mainly from fuel combustion sources and transportation. Dust sampled at sampling station A1, A2, A3, and A4 are mainly contributed by passing by vehicles, construction site, strong wind and fugitive dust. Apart from that, result of Nitrogen Dioxides (NO2),

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Ozone (O3) also complied with the Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Standards (Interim Target 2). Table 6.25: Results of the Air Quality Assessment Concentration Air Quality Standard * Parameter Averaging A1 A2 A3 A4 Time IT-2Ϯ (2018) 3 PM10 (g/m ) 47 55 53 52 24 hours 120 3 PM2.5 (g/m ) 29 32 28 26 24 hours 50 NO2 (µg/m3) ND(<10) ND(<10) ND(<10) ND(<10) 1 hour 300 SO2 (µg/m3) ND(<14) ND(<14) ND(<14) ND(<14) 24 hours 90 CO (mg/m3) 4.3 3.6 4.0 4.0 8 hour 10 Ozone (µg/m3) ND(<200) ND(<200) ND(<200) ND(<200) 1 hour 200 N>S, NE>SW, E>W, E>W, SE>NE, N>S, S>N, SW>NE, W>E, S>N, NW>SE, W>E, Prevailing wind SE>NE NE>SW NW>SE SW>NE N (0.4 - 0.5 m/s) S (0.2 – 0.3 m/s) Direction of wind with NE (0.4 - 0.5 m/s) N (0.2 – 0.3 m/s) SW (0.2 – 0.3 m/s) S (0.2 – 0.3 m/s) highest velocity E (0.2 - 0.3 m/s) NE (0.2 – 0.3 m/s) W (0.2 – 0.3 m/s) SW (0.2 – 0.3 m/s) SE (0.2 - 0.3 m/s) NW (0.4 – 0.5 m/s) Source: Spectrum Laboratories Sdn. Bhd., 2019; Note:* = Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Standards, 2013; Ϯ = Interim Target 2 (IT-2), 2018, ND = Not detectable; < = less than; N = North; NE =Northeast; E = East; SE = Southeast; S = South; SW = Southwest’ NW = Northwest

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6.2.11 Noise Level Assessment

Baseline for noise level was conducted at four (4) selected sampling stations by the technician from Spectrum Laboratories Sdn. Bhd. for 24-hour period for two separate sessions, i.e., from 7:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. for day-time and 10:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m. for night-time on 11th to 15th March 2019. The locations for noise assessment monitoring points were similar to those specified for the air quality. Ambient noise levels were recorded using the ACE Sound Level Meter Type 6270 with microphone and tripod/outdoor gear. Locations of sampling stations are as shown as in Figure 6.18. The results are tabulated as in Table

6.26 where LMax, LMin and Leq values are shown for each of the sampling stations concerned.

The result analysis shows that existing noise level (Leq) at N1, N2, N3 and N4 for daytime session and night session were within the permissible limits.

Table 6.26: Existing Noise Levels at N1, N2, N3 and N4 N1 N2 N3 N4 Located Located at the Located at the Located adjacent adjacent to Kg. Taman Desa industrial area with Kg. Padang Ln [dB(A)] Padang Meha Cinta Sayang near INOKOM Meha on the on eastern northeast boundary Day- Night- Day- Night- Day- Night- Day- Night- time time time time time time time time L10 55.9 45.9 55.7 47.1 57.6 46.8 57.3 46.7 L50 54.1 43.6 53.3 41.1 54.6 43.5 55.1 44.5 L90 52.2 40.6 46.9 39.1 51.6 40.7 50.6 41.4

Lmin 48.8 36.1 43.6 37.4 45.3 38.1 45.6 37.9

Lmax 58.8 50.6 58.7 50.3 61.7 50.0 59.8 54.3 Leq 54.3 44.0 53.3 43.3 55.3 44.3 55.3 44.9 Recommended 70.0## 60.0## 60.0# 50.0# 60.0# 50.0# 60.0# 50.0# Limit (dB)*

* = Maximum Permissible Sound Level (LAeq) by Receiving Land Use For Planning and New Development, Schedule 1; Annex A: Schedule of Permissible Sound Levels; The Planning Guidelines for Environmental Noise Limits & Control, Department of Environment; # means Receiving Land Use Category of Urban Residential (High Density) Areas, Designated Mixed Development Areas (Residential – Commercial) ## means Receiving Land Use Category of Designated Industrial Zones

Source: Spectrum Laboratories Sdn. Bhd., 2019.

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6.2.12 Vibration Level Assessment

The vibration level monitoring study was conducted at four (4) selected sites by the staff from Spectrum Laboratories Sdn. Bhd. for 8-hour period on the 11th – 14th March 2019. For ground vibrations, the instrument measures the vibrations in three orthogonal axes, namely transverse, vertical and longitudinal. The parameter that used in the assessment of vibration is based on the vectorial sum of vibration in the orthogonal axes, termed peak particle velocity (mm/s p.p.v). The location of the site is as shown in Figure 6.18. The results are tabulated in Table 6.27 where peak particle velocity values are shown for each of the sampling points concerned. The result analysis shows that existing vibration level at V1, V2, V3 and V4 were within the permissible limits.

Table 6.27: Existing Vibration Level at V1, V2, V3 and V4

Sampling V1 V2 V3 V4 Located adjacent to Located at the Stations Located at Located Kg. Padang Meha Taman Desa the industrial adjacent with on eastern Cinta Sayang area near Kg. Padang boundary INOKOM Meha on the northeast Time 10:00:13 – 10:00:13 – 10:00:13 – 10:00:13 – 18:00:13 18:00:13 18:00:13 18:00:13 Peak Particle Velocity, (mm/s) 0.381 0.254 0.254 0.381 on x-axis Peak Particle Velocity, (mm/s) 0.381 0.254 0.254 0.254 on y-axis Peak Particle Velocity, (mm/s) 2.667 0.127 0.254 0.127 on z-axis Peak Vector Sum, 2.706 0.284 0.311 ppv (mm/s) 0.402 DOE Guidelines# 3 to 5# 3 to 5# 3 to 5# (mm/s p.p.v.) 3 to 5#

Source: Spectrum Laboratories Sdn. Bhd., 2019. # meansthe Recommended Limits for Damage Risk in Building from Short Term Vibration, Schedule 1; Annex A: Schedule of Recommended Vibration Limits; The Planning Guidelines for Environmental Vibration Limits & Control, Department of Environment # means Caution Level (Damage Not Necessary Inevitable)

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6.2.13 Odour Assessment

A baseline odour sampling and determination was carried out on 2nd and 3rd May 2019 (Thursday and Friday) by SOx NOx Asia Sdn. Bhd. for the Proposed Green Paper Industry Park (hereinafter known as “Project Site”) located on Lot 441, Mukim Padang Meha, District of Kulim, Kedah Darul Aman. The location of the identified odour sampling is shown in Figure 6.19.

The objective of the baseline odour sampling and determination exercise is to establish the perceived odour concentration at identified sampling points nearby the Project Site for three (3) periods namely afternoon, night-time and morning. Particular attention was given to poultry farm related smell.

The Nasal Ranger® Field Olfactometer had been used for ambient measurements in this study. The details methodology for the odour sampling has been attached in Appendix 7.

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6.2.13.1 Odour Result

Currently, in Malaysia, there is no guideline or standard for ambient odour concentration perceived. Nevertheless, for the purpose of comparison, the following table from Charles McGinley, P.E. (2000): Enforceable Permit Odor Limits is being adopted.

Source: Charles McGinley, P.E. (2000): Enforceable Permit Odor Limits. ** D/T = Dilution of Threshold

Afternoon Period As shown in Table 6.28, grass smell (neutral) was perceived at Nearby INOKOM (O1), Taman Desa Cinta Sayang (O4), and Kampung Siam (O5) at odour concentration of less than 2 D/T, 2 D/T and less than 2 D/T respectively. Meanwhile at Kg. Padang Meha [North] (O2) and Kg. Padang Meha [East] (O3), the odour perceived was wet tar/road smell (unpleasant) and green smell (neutral) at odour concentration of less than 2 D/T and 2 D/T respectively.

Night-time Period Vehicle combustion smell (unpleasant) was perceived at Nearby INOKOM (O1) and Kg. Padang Meha [North] (O2) at odour concentration of 4 D/T and 15 D/T respectively. Medicinal smell (unpleasant) was also perceived at O2 at odour concentration of 7 D/T. At Taman Desa Cinta Sayang (O4) and Kampung Siam (O5), the odour perceived was grass smell (neutral) at odour concentration of less than 2 D/T and 2 D/T respectively. Combustion smell (unpleasant) was also perceived at O4 at less than 2 D/T. Meanwhile at Kg. Padang Meha [East] (O3), jackfruit smell (pleasant) was perceived at 2 D/T as presented in Table 6.29.

Morning Period Musty/sour acidic smell (unpleasant) was perceived at Taman Desa Cinta Sayang (O4) at 2 D/T while at Kampung Siam (O5), the odour perceived was green smell (neutral) at less than 2 D/T. No distinct odour i.e. neutral with 0 D/T was perceived at the rest of sampling points as shown in Table 6.30. EUROPASIA ENGINEERING SERVICES SDN. BHD. 6-57

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Table 6.28: Result of Odour Sampling and Determination during Afternoon Period (2.00 pm to 3.00 pm) Odour Character Sampling Location Photo Remarks Hedonic Tone Scale Dilution to Threshold (D/T) Descriptor

Time of sampling: 2:31 pm Nearby INOKOM (O1) Wind direction: Northeast (NE) Constant very faint grass <2 Wind speed: 1.6 m/s N 5° 29' 17.08" smell (neutral) (Grass smell) Temperature: 26.6 °C E 100° 36' 20.29" Relative humidity: 83.9 %

Kg. Padang Meha [North] Time of sampling: 2:42 pm (O2) Wind direction: Northeast (NE) Constant very faint wet <2 Wind speed: 0.4 m/s tar/road smell (unpleasant) (Wet tar/road smell) N 5° 29' 37.31" Temperature: 26.4 °C E 100° 36' 54.28" Relative humidity: 84.8 %

Kg. Padang Meha Time of sampling: 2:47 pm [East] (O3) Wind direction: Northeast (NE) Constant faint green smell 2 Wind speed: 0.5 m/s (neutral) (Green smell) N 5° 29' 21.26" Temperature: 26.2 °C E 100° 36' 51.46" Relative humidity: 89.1 %

Taman Desa Cinta Sayang Time of sampling: 2:57 pm (O4) Wind direction: North (N) Constant faint grass smell 2 Wind speed: 0.6 m/s (neutral) (Grass smell) N 5° 30' 35.56" Temperature: 27.5 °C E 100° 36' 39.45" Relative humidity: 81.8 %

Time of sampling: 2:15 pm Kampung Siam (O5) Wind direction: - Constant very faint grass <2 Wind speed: Calm N 5° 28' 27.02" smell (neutral) (Grass smell) Temperature: 28.5 °C E 100° 37' 8.94" Relative humidity: 75.3 %

Note: Hedonic Scale: Pleasant Neutral Unpleasant Very unpleasant Unbearable

0 means not detected (no odour perceived) while <2 means very faint odour perceived (above odour threshold) Calm = less than 0.3 m/s Wind direction indicates blowing to

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Table 6.29: Result of Baseline Odour Sampling and Determination during Night-time Period (8.30 pm to 9.30 pm)

Sampling Location Photo Remarks Hedonic Tone Scale Odour Character Descriptor Dilution to Threshold (D/T)

Time of sampling: 8:42 pm Nearby INOKOM (O1) Wind direction: - Occasional vehicle combustion 4 Wind speed: Calm N 5° 29' 17.08" smell (unpleasant) (Vehicle combustion smell) Temperature: 28.6 °C E 100° 36' 20.29" Relative humidity: 45.0 %

Kg. Padang Meha [North] Time of sampling: 8:54 pm 15 (O2) Wind direction: Southeast (SE) Constant vehicle combustion (Vehicle combustion smell); Wind speed: 0.4 m/s smell (unpleasant) and 7 N 5° 29' 37.31" Temperature: 29.1 °C medicinal smell (unpleasant) (Medicinal smell) E 100° 36' 54.28" Relative humidity: 81.9%

Kg. Padang Meha Time of sampling: 8:59 pm [East] (O3) Wind direction: - Constant faint jackfruit smell 2 Wind speed: Calm (pleasant) (Jackfruit smell) N 5° 29' 21.26" Temperature: 28.2 °C E 100° 36' 51.46" Relative humidity: 76.4 %

Taman Desa Cinta Sayang Time of sampling: 9:08 pm Constant very faint grass (O4) Wind direction: East (E) smell (neutral) and very faint <2 Wind speed: 0.9 m/s combustion smell (Grass & Combustion smell)) N 5° 30' 35.56" Temperature: 28.0 °C (unpleasant) E 100° 36' 39.45" Relative humidity: 83.7%

Time of sampling: 8:26 pm Kampung Siam (O5) Wind direction: - Constant faint grass smell 2 Wind speed: Calm N 5° 28' 27.02" (neutral) (Grass smell) Temperature: 28.0 °C E 100° 37' 8.94" Relative humidity: 53.6 %

Note: Hedonic Scale: Pleasant Neutral Unpleasant Very unpleasant Unbearable

0 means not detected (no odour perceived) while <2 means very faint odour perceived (above odour threshold) Calm = less than 0.3 m/s Wind direction indicates blowing to

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Table 6.30: Result of Baseline Odour Sampling and Determination during Morning Period (8.30 am to 9.30 am)

Sampling Location Photo Remarks Hedonic Tone Scale Odour Character Descriptor Dilution to Threshold (D/T)

Time of sampling: 9:03 am Nearby INOKOM (O1) Wind direction: East (E)

Wind speed: 0.9 m/s Neutral 0 N 5° 29' 17.08" Temperature: 31.3 °C E 100° 36' 20.29" Relative humidity: 75.5 %

Kg. Padang Meha [North] Time of sampling: 9:10 am (O2) Wind direction: - Wind speed: Calm Neutral 0 N 5° 29' 37.31" Temperature: 31.6 °C E 100° 36' 54.28" Relative humidity: 62.2%

Kg. Padang Meha Time of sampling: 9:13 am [East] (O3) Wind direction: Southeast (SE) Wind speed: 0.6 m/s Neutral 0 N 5° 29' 21.26" Temperature: 34.2 °C E 100° 36' 51.46" Relative humidity: 61.0 %

Taman Desa Cinta Sayang Time of sampling: 9:27 am (O4) Wind direction: Northeast (NE) Constant faint musty/sour 2 Wind speed: 1.4 m/s acidic smell (unpleasant) (Musty/sour acidic smell) N 5° 30' 35.56" Temperature: 30.3 °C E 100° 36' 39.45" Relative humidity: 72.9 %

Time of sampling: 8:50 am Kampung Siam (O5) Wind direction: - Constant very faint green <2 Wind speed: Calm N 5° 28' 27.02" smell (neutral) (Green smell) Temperature: 27.5 °C E 100° 37' 8.94" Relative humidity: 87.4 %

Note: Hedonic Scale: Pleasant Neutral Unpleasant Very unpleasant Unbearable

0 means not detected (no odour perceived) while <2 means very faint odour perceived (above odour threshold) Calm = less than 0.3 m/s Wind direction indicates blowing to

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6.2.13.2 Conclusion

The overall result of the perceived odour concentration obtained from the baseline odour sampling and determination carried out on 2nd and 3rd May 2019 are summarized below:

Sampling Dilution to Threshold (D/T) *Range 1 location Afternoon Night-time Morning Nearby INOKOM <2 4 (Vehicle 0 0 (O1) (Grass smell) combustion smell) Kg. Padang Meha <2 15 (Vehicle (North) (O2) (Wet tar/ combustion smell); 0 0 road smell) 7 (Medicinal smell) Kg. Padang Meha 2 2 0 0 (East)(O3) (Green smell) (Jackfruit smell) Taman Desa Cinta 2 2 <2 (Grass & Sayang (O4) (Musty/sour 0 - <2 (Grass smell) Combustion smell) acidic smell) Kampung Siam <2 2 <2 0 - <2 (O5) (Green smell) (Grass smell) (Green smell) *Range 2 0 - <2 0 - 2 0 - <2

Note: 0 means not detected (no odour perceived) while <2 means faint odour perceived (above odour threshold) *Range 1 is sampling location based while Range 2 is sampling period based.

It could be observed that the perceived odour concentration during this exercise was within range of 0–15 D/T. The smells perceived are typical of the rural setting with agricultural activity and nearby automotive industry activity such as vehicle combustion smell. Currently there is no guideline or standard for ambient odour concentration perceived in Malaysia.

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6.3 Existing Biological Environment

Assessment on biological environment will covers the study on flora and fauna (terrestrial & aquatic species) within the proposed project site and also the sensitive area within the surrounding areas. The Proposed Project Site itself is an oil palm estate (Bukit Selarong Estate). Apart from that, landuse adjacent and surroundings of the Project Site are mainly oil palm and rubber estates, industries, residential and infrastructure.

Although industries and agricultural development activities at the Project Site surroundings, i.e., Padang Meha Industrial Park, INOKOM-Sime Darby Motors, oil palm & rubber estates, paddy field and settlements, there are many Environmental Sensitive Areas (ESA) within its proximity of 10km radius and District of Kulim. Based on Local Plan of Majlis Daerah Kulim 2004-2020 and Draf Local Plan of Majlis Daerah Kulim 2035, the Proposed Project Site itself is not located within the Proposed ESA Conservation area (refer to Figure 6.20). Meanwhile, some Environmental Sensitive Areas are located within its proximity of 10km radius and beyond from the Project Site at the District of Kulim as tabulated Table 6.31.

Based on the Landuse Map of Kedah (2010) and the Topography Map of (1985), the proposed project site is mainly surrounded by oil palm estates, residential and industrial areas within its 5km radius (i.e., Bukit Selarong Estate, Victoria Estate Estate, Union Estate, INOKOM-Sime Darby Motors, Padang Meha Industrial Park, Kg. Padang Meha, etc.). Based on Local Plan of RT Daerah Kulim 2004-2020 and Draft RT Daerah Kulim 2035, the nearest ESAs is the Sungai Karangan which is located approximately 136m of the Project Site and it is ranked under ESA Level 3. In addition, there is no primary and secondary forest within the Project Site surroundings. The nearest forests (ESA Level 1 and Level 2) are located at Bukit Sg. Ular, Gunung Bongsu and Gunung Inas, approximately 10.7km southwestern, 11.3km and 15.3km southeastern region of the Project Site.

In addition, the Proposed Project Site does not fall within the 55 Important Birds and Biodiversity Area (IBA) in Malaysia (www.birdlife.org). The Project Site is located approximately 19.7km northeast to the Important Birds Area (IBA) of Bintang Range (MY004). ESA area within the proximity of the Project Site as shown in Figure 6.20.

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Table 6.31: ESAs within its Proximity from the Project Site No. Environmental Sensitive Areas (ESA) Ranking Location 1. ESA of Highlands Area – Foothill of Mount Bintang Level 1 26.6km southeastern region from the Project Site 2. Kulim Water Catchment Level 1 17km southwestern region from the Project Site 3. ESA of Highlands Area – Bukit Sg. Ular (450m) Level 2 10.7km southwestern region from the Project Site 4. ESA of Highlands Area – Bukit (502m) Level 2 23km southeastern region from the Project Site 5. ESA of Highlands Area – G. Bongsu (663m) Level 2 11.2km southestern region from the Project Site 6. ESA of Highlands Area – Bukit Ulu Serak (878m) Level 2 28km southeastern region from the Project Site 7. ESA of Forested Area – Reserve Forest Gunung Level 2 15.3km southeastern region Inas (Compartment 16-22) from the Project Site 8. ESA of Forested Area – HS Gunung Bongsu Level 2 11.6km southeastern region (Compartment 1-63) from the Project Site 9. ESA of Highlands Area – Bkt Gajah Lawan (282m) Level 2 20km southeastern region from the Project Site 10. ESA Recreation and Tourism Area – Hutan Lipur Level 2 11.5km southeastern region Ulu Paip from the Project Site 11. ESA of Mineral and Rocks – tin mining at Sg. Ular Level 3 10.4km southwestern region from the Project Site 12. ESA of Mineral and Rocks – sand mining Level 3 11.8km southeastern region from the Project Site 13. ESA of Mineral and Rocks – quarry Level 3 18.8km southwestern region from the Project Site 14. ESA Recreation and Tourism Area – Junjung Level 3 23km southwestern region waterfall from the Project Site 15. ESA of Geological Treasures – ex-mining land at Level 3 13.4km southwestern region Taman Tasik Putra from the Project Site 16. ESA of History and Antiquity – Kampung Level 3 16.2km southeastern region Lindungan Raja from the Project Site 17. Sungai Karangan, Sungai Jarak, Sungai Kulim Level 3 136m, 5.2km, 10.9km eastern region from the Project Site 6. Sungai Ular Water Intake Point Level 3 14.3km southern region from the Project Site 7. Sungai Sedim Water Intake Point and Sungai Level 3 >20km southeastern region Kerian Water Intake Point from the Project Site 1. ESA of Water Bodies and Former Mining Area – Level 3 136m to 20km from the Rivers – g1 Sg. Kulim, g2 Sg. Jarak, g3 Sg. Muda, Project Site g4 Sg. Bekuai, g5 Sg. Karangan, g6, Sg. Jemerli, g7 Sg. Sedim, g8 Sg. Bikan, g9 Sg , g10 Sg. Dublin, g11 Sg. Buloh, g12 Sg. Terong, g13 Sg. Reyau, g14 Sg. Sira, g15 Sg. Mahang, g16 Sg. Pasir, g17 Sg. Batu, g18 Sg. Tengas, g19 Sg. Terap, g20 Sg. Junjong, g21 Sg. Binjal, g22 Sg. Dingin, g23 Sg. Kob, g24 Sg. Ular, G25 Sg. Ayer Merah, g26 Sg. Seluang. Source: RT Majlis Daerah Kulim 2004-2020, Draft RT Daerah Kulim 2035 and National Physical Plan 3, 2010 Rank 1 - No development, agriculture or logging shall be permitted except for low-impact nature tourism, research and education. Rank 2 - No development or agriculture. Sustainable logging and low impact nature tourism may be permitted subject to local constraints. Rank 3 - Controlled development whereby the type and intensity of the development shall be strictly controlled depending on the nature of the constraints.

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6.3.1 Flora Composition

The flora composition of the entire Project Site was divided into two (2) types of flora which is commercial crop (oil palm, Elaeis guineensis) and shrubs vegetation. The oil palm trees observed at the Project Site are dominated by mature plantings, which are all ranged of year 1998 and 1999. The site estate condition is still being well maintained and the estate road is well accessible, the harvesting activity was observed during the day of site survey.

There is no primary and secondary forest within the Project Site and its surroundings. The power lines area between the Project Site western boundary and INOKOM Kulim and northwestern portion of the site facing the FR4 Jalan Kulim-Gerik is still dominated by thick shrubs, fruit trees and small woody plants. Common secondary shrubs vegetation encountered in these areas are Malay Beechwood (Gmelina arborea), Balik angin (Mallothus biaceae), Acacia, Albizia, Terentang Daun kecil (Campnosperma squamatun), Rubber, Banana, etc.

Apart from that, flowering weed, small woody plants and fruit trees such as Mikania micrantha, Asystasia intrusa, Mimosa pudica, Euphatorium odoratum, Melastoma malabatricum, Curculigo sp., Nauclea sp., White and yellow Alder, Papaya, Colocasia esculenta, Biden pilosa syn. C. odorata (Spanish needle) as well as cover crops such as Mucuna sp., and Pueraria javanica has covered the power lines and also within the site estate area. Some of these plants have been introduced as an ornamental plant and is considered an invasive species in many tropical and sub-tropical areas.

Other weeds and grasses are those of the family of Acanthaceae & Poaceae which comprises common species such as Axonopus compressus, Pennisetum sp., Paspalum sp., Lycopodium sp. etc. The terrestrial ferns observed were mainly the common epiphytic species such as Nephrolepis biserrata, Dicranopteris linearis, Adiantum latifolium are also found in abundance within the Project area.

From the outcome of site inspection, flora composition of the Project Site can be considered low density as there is no important forest tree encountered whilst most of the vegetation found is mainly oil palm trees, shrubs, pioneer woody plants, weeds, fern, grasses and cover crop. The inventory of the flora species for the Project area is given in Table 6.32; while the vegetation profile of the Project Site is depicted in the Figure 6.21.

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Table 6.32: List of Flora Species at the Project Site Family Scientific Name Common Name Status# Amaranthaceae Cyathula prostrata Hookweed Least concern Anacardiaceae Campnosperma squamatun Terentang Daun Kecil Least concern Arecacea Elaeis guineensis Oil Palm Least concern Araceae Alocasia sp. Elephant Ears Least concern Asteraceae Asystasia intrusa Herba jejentik Least concern Mikania micrantha Bittervine Least concern Chromolaena odorata Pokok Kapal Terbang Least concern Caricaceae Carica papaya Papaya Least concern Convolvulaceae Ipomea alba Morning Glory Least concern Cyperaceae Eleocharis ochrostachys Spike rush Least concern Fimbristylis efoliata Rumput sadang Least concern Scleria sumatrensis Rumput sendayan Least concern Dilleniaceae Dillenia suffruticosa Simpoh Air Least concern Euphorbiaceae Mallothus biaceae Balik Angin Least concern Cassava esculenta Cassava Least concern Fabaceae Acacia sp. Acacia tree Least concern Leucaena leucocephala Petai Belalang Least concern Albizia falcataria Pokok Batai Least concern Mucuna sp. Mucuna Least concern Pueraria javanica - Least concern Gleicheniaceae Dicranopteris linearis Resam Least concern Leguminosea Mimosa pudica Duri Semalu Least concern Melastomaceae Clidemia hirta - Least concern Melastoma malabathricum - Least concern Musaceae Musa sp. Banana Least concern Oleandraceae Nephrolepis acutifolia - Least concern Nephrolepis biserrata Giant Sword Fern Least concern Pandanaceae Pandanus sp. Pandanus Grass Least concern Passifloraceae Tumera subulata White Alder Least concern Poaceae Imperata cylindrica Lalang Least concern Pennisetum sp. - Least concern Axonopus compressus - Least concern Paspalum sp. - Least concern Polypodiaceae Platycerium coronarium Staghorn fern Least concern Rubiaceae Nauclea sp. - Least concern Verbenaceae Lantana camara Lantana Least concern

*International Union Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN) Red List (Source: www.iucnredlist.org)

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6.3.2 Fauna

Fauna study has been carried out mainly through visual observation on living species, traces of animals such as footmarks and excreta and also from sound of different noises. Findings of the general observation show that fauna habitats within the Project Site have been disturbed by the previous deforestation activities, on-going agriculture (i.e., plantations) activities. The survey shows variety of bird species, small mammals, reptiles such as lizards and snakes are quite common at the Project Site.

Although most of the Project Site can be considered as disturbed environment, there are significant vertebrate diversity in terms of birds and small mammals. The survey reveals that there are a number of bird species from Totally Protected Bird and Protected Wild Bird categories of Protection of Wild Life Act 2010. Apart from this, few small mammals encountered are listed in Protected Wild Animal categories.

6.3.2.1 Mammals

The mammals found in the general vicinity of the Project Site are listed in Table 6.33. No large mammal was recorded in the estate area except for stray cows and macaques. Stray cows are normally brought by neighbouring cow shed and villagers stay surrounding the plantation area for its supplement food (i.e., weed & grass) consumption and it is a common scenario in most of the oil palm estate and shrubsland in the country.

Table 6.33: Common Mammals at the Project Site Family Scientific name English name Wildlife IUCN Conservation Red List Act 2010 Protected Wildlife Cercopithecidae Macaca Long-tailed P Least concern fascicularis Macaque Tupaiidae Tupaia glis Common P Least concern Tupaia minor Treeshrew P Least concern Lesser Treeshrew Common Mammals Bovidae Bos taurus Cow/Cattle UP Least concern Muridae Rattus tiomanicus Monsoon wood rat UP Least concern Soricidae Suncus murinus House shrew UP Least concern Sciuridae Callosciurus Plantain squirrel UP Least concern notatus UP – Unprotected; TP – Totally Protected Wildlife; P – Protected Wildlife #Laws of Malaysia – Wildlife Conservation Act 2010 (Act 716) #International Union Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN) Red List

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Grazing of cow in the oil palm estate and shrubsland can act as weed management and also help planters reduce weeding cost in the estate. Apart from that, there are other small animals, which belong to the primates, shrews and rodent families are found and easily seen in the Project Site. In addition, monkeys (Long-tailed Macaques) are also frequent visitors to Project Site and Kg. Padang Meha as it is considered as urban pest. These mammals are quite common in secondary forest and agricultural set-up.

All mammals’ species found and to be found in the Project Site is categorized as least concern status under the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Among these species, only Long-tailed Macaques and Tree shrews are considered important species for conservation since it is listed as ‘Protected wildlife” under Wildlife Conservation Act 2010 (716). Although listed as ‘Protected wildlife’, Long-tailed Macaques and Tree shrews are very common, inhabiting plantation, secondary and disturbed lowland forest in Peninsular Malaysia.

6.3.2.2 Birds

Based on Birdlife International Organization (www.birdlife.org), the Project Site and surrounding area does not fall within the 55 Important Birds and Biodiversity Area (IBA) in Malaysia (www.birdlife.org). The nearest IBA area to the Project Site is Bintang Range (MY004), approximately 19.7km northeast from the Project Site.

In the Project Site vegetated area (oil palm), the size and the height of trees in this monoculture area is uniform and therefore offer only limited variation in the canopy layer. Moreover, the number of feeding niches is small, and the available niches can only be occupied by certain bird’s species. For these reasons, the number of bird’s species in monoculture areas is less than that found in natural vegetation.

The avifauna composition portrays more to plantation species and they are mainly resident species. Birds in the Project Site were identified from their calls and by sight. During the site survey, common typical belukar species such as the Common Myna, White-vented Myna, House Swift, Dove, Pigeon and Sparrow are ready seen at the Project Site and the neighbouring housing area in Kg. Padang Meha. House crows are also abundant where it scavenges for garbage and edible leftovers. Barn Owls and Collared scops-owl are common nocturnal predators in the plantation areas where they are encouraged to breed. In addition, raptors such as crested serpent eagle, Brahminy Kite, etc., are common birds in the oil palm estate where they prey on small animals

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such as rats, snakes and birds. The birds in the vicinity of the Project Site are listed in Table 6.34.

Table 6.34: List of Birds at the Project Site Family Scientific Name Common name Wildlife IUCN Conservation Red List Act 2010 Accipitridae Spilornis cheela Crested Serpent TP Least concern Eagle Haliastur indus Brahminy Kite TP Least concern Alcedinidae Ceyx erithacus Oriental Dwarf TP Least concern Kingfisher

Halcyon smyrnensis White-Throated TP Least concern Kingfisher Apodidae Apus affinis House swift TP Least concern Chloropseidae Aegithina tiphia Common Iora TP Columbidae Geopelia striata Peaceful dove UP Least concern Streptopelia Spotted Dove UP Least concern chinensis Treron vernans Pink-necked Pigeon P Least concern Corvidae Corvus splendens House crow UP Least concern Estrildidae Lonchura striata White-rumped P Least concern munia Hirundinidae Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow TP Least concern Oriolidae Oriolus chinensis Black-naped Oriole TP Least concern Ploceidae Passer domesticus House Sparrow UP Least concern Pycnonotidae Pyconotus Black crested bulbul UP Least concern flaviventris Yellow-vented Least concern Pycnonotus goiavier bulbul Rallidae Amaurornis White-Breasted UP Least concern phoenicurus Waterhen Saturniidae Acridotheres tristis Common Myna UP Least concern Acridotheres White-vented Myna UP Least concern javanicus Strigidae Otus bakkamoena Collared scops-owl TP Least concern Turdidae Copsychus saularis Magpie robin P Least concern Tytonidae Tyto alba Barn Owl TP Least concern UP – Unprotected; TP – Totally Protected Wildlife; P – Protected Wildlife #Laws of Malaysia – Wildlife Conservation Act 2010 (Act 716) #International Union Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN) Red List

However, there are also others urban and plantation-related bird’s species such as Black crested bulbul, Yellow-vented bulbul, Swallow, Magpie robin, Kingfisher and Black-naped oriole are also appeared to be fairly common in and around the Project Site. Most of the birds found in the oil palm plantation were common species, adaptable to unfavourable environments. The oil palm plantation is categorised as an unfavourable environment

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The results of the site survey demonstrated that all bird species found and to be found in the Project Site is categorized as least concern status under the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Meanwhile, Crested Serpent Eagle, Brahminy Kite, Common Iora, House swift, Oriental Dwarf kingfisher, Black-naped oriole, Barn Swallow, Collared scops- owl and Barn owl are listed as “Total Protected Wildlife” status while Pink-necked pigeon, White-rumped munia and Magpie robin are accorded the “Protected Wildlife” status in reference to the Wildlife Conservation Act 2010 (Act 716).

6.3.2.3 Hepertofauna (Reptiles and Amphibians)

There are a restricted number of reptile species in the Project Site, comprising mainly snakes, monitor lizards, flying lizards, green crested lizards. As for amphibians, the common ones being the toad Bufo asper and the frogs Rana erythraea, Rana chalconota and Leptobrachium nigrops. The most common habitats for these amphibians are near small streams and pools of stagnant water, under rotten logs, stones and riparian vegetation. These frogs that are locally used for human consumption (e.g. Rana sp.) as well as important prey for other animals.

While snakes and python are common inside the dense vegetated oil palm area, they are difficult to observe. Based on the information from the estate workers, Common Rat Snakes and Cobra snakes are also common in the Project Site and they feed primarily on rodents and birds. The list of reptiles and amphibians at the Project Site is given in Table 6.35.

All reptiles and amphibians species found and to be found in the Project Site is categorized as least concern status under the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species except for Cobra Snake which is categorised as vulnerable. A vulnerable species is one which has been categorised by the IUCN as likely to become endangered unless the circumstances threatening its survival and reproduction improve. Apart from that, Common flying lizard, Monitor lizard, Paradise tree snake, Grass whip snake, Common rat snake, Cobra Snake, Malayan pond frog and Green tree frog are accorded the “Protected Wildlife” status in reference to the Wildlife Conservation Act 2010 (Act 716).

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Table 6.35: List of Reptile and Amphibian Species at the Project Site

Family Scientific name English name Wildlife IUCN Conservation Red List Act 2010 Agamidae Calotes oristatellus Green crested lizard UP Least concern Draco volans Common flying lizard P Least concern Colubridae Chrysopelia paradisi Paradise tree snake P Least concern Dryophis prasinus Grass whip snake P Least concern Ptynas mucosus Common rat snake P Least concern Elapidae Naja naja Cobra Snake P Vulnerable Bufonidae Bufo asper Malayan giant toad UP Least concern Bufo melanostictus Common toad UP Least concern Pelobatidae Leptobrachium Ground toad UP Least concern nigrops Pythonidae Python sp. Python Snake P Least concern Ranidae Rana erythraea Malayan pond frog P Least concern Rana hosii Green tree frog P Least concern Varanidae Varanus salvator Monitor Lizard P Least concern UP – Unprotected; TP – Totally Protected Wildlife; P – Protected Wildlife #Laws of Malaysia – Wildlife Conservation Act 2010 (Act 716) #International Union Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN) Red List

Other Species Apart from mammals, reptiles and amphibians encountered, variety of insects is also observed at the Project Site. Common insect species in the Project Site are, Neurothemis sp. (Dragonfly), Metisa plane (Butterfly), Anopheles sp., Aedes sp. (Mosquito), Musca domestica (Housefly), Valanga nigricornis (Cricket), Oligonychus sp. (Mite), Macrotermes gilvus (Termite), Oryctes rhinoceros (Beetle), Megapis dorsata (Bee), Crematogaster dorhrni (Ant). Besides that, Oryctes rhinoceros (rhino beetle) is also fairly apparent in the Project Site which acts as a pest in any oil palm estate in Malaysia.

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6.3.2.4 Assessment survey on aquatic resources a) Fisheries at Sg. Karangan, Sg. Sedim, and Sg. Muda A survey on aquatic species which composed of freshwater fishes, crustaceans, and gastropods was conducted for Sg. Karangan, Sg Sedim and Sg. Muda on 11st to 13th June 2019. Project Site lies within Sg. Karangan catchment which is part of Sg. Muda river basin. Sg. Karangan which originated from Gunung Bongsu Forest Reserve, flow northwards traversing Victoria Estate (Ban Aun division), Kg. Sg Karangan, Titi Karangan Estate, Bukit Karangan Estate, before joining Sg. Sedim and then flow into Sg. Muda at Kg. Kuala Sedim and eventually discharging into Straits of Malacca.

According to Pejabat Perikanan Daerah Kulim (2019), fishing activities were carried out recreationally by locals nearby Sg. Karangan, Sg Sedim and Sg. Muda. There are 9 full- time and 40 part-time fishermen registered with Pejabat Perikanan Daerah Kulim who are actively fishing around Sg. Muda. Gill nets, hooks and lines, fishing traps (bubu), and cast nets were among the methods utilized to capture fishes around here (see Table 6.37). There were few types of gill nets used for fishing, which are set gillnets (anchored on bottom, sometimes floating), driftnets (normally with boat along Sg. Muda) and ran candik (a hut which contain combination of fishing trap and gill net)

Table 6.37 Fishing methods at Sg. Karangan, Sg. Sedim and Sg. Muda

Hooks and lines activities at confluence Sg. Setting up fish trap at Sg. Karangan Karangan and Sg. Sedim.

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Ran Candik at downstream Sg. Karangan Set gillnets at Sg. Muda b) Fish species distribution at Sg. Karangan, Sg. Sedim, and Sg. Muda Fish species checklist was based on secondary data from Pejabat Perikanan Daerah Kulim (2019), draft for biodiversity study of Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) for Sg. Muda (2019), and interviews with the locals. A total of 48 fish species (17 genera), 2 crustaceans species (1 genera) and 1 gastropod species (1 genera) is recorded and could be sought from Sg. Karangan, Sg. Sedim and Sg. Muda. All aquatic species (51 species) is recorded at Sg. Muda, while total aquatic species expected to be found at Sg. Karangan and Sg. Sedim, are 18 species and 16 species respectively (see Table 6.36).

16 aquatic species which are common at Sg. Karangan, Sg Sedim and Sg. Muda including Anabas testudineus, Hemibagrus capitulum, Channa striata, Oreochromis mossambicus, Oreochromis niloticus, Clarias gariepinus, Barbonymus gonionotus, Barbonymus schwanenfeldii, Cyclocheilichthys apogon, Labiobarbus spp., Osteochilus vittatus, Oxyleotris marmorata, Chitala ornata, Notopterus notopterus, Osphronemus goramy, and Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Fish species such as Ambassis commersonii and Macrognathus spp. are recorded from Sg. Karangan and Sg. Muda, while 33 aquatic species is recorded in Sg. Muda only (see Table 6.36). Table 6.37 shows some of the fish species recorded at Sg. Karangan, Sg Sedim and Sg. Muda.

Table 6.36: Species checklist aquatic species from Sg. Karangan, Sg. Sedim and Sg. Muda Freshwater Fish Family Species Local Name Sungai Sungai Sungai Karangan* Sedim* Muda Ambassidae Ambasis commersonii Seriding √ √ Anabas testudineus Puyu √ √ √ Anabantidae Helostoma temminckii Temakang √ Hemibagrus capitulum Baung √ √ √ Bagridae Mystus vittatus Temekung √

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Table 6.36: Species checklist aquatic species from Sg. Karangan, Sg. Sedim and Sg. Muda (cont.) Freshwater Fish Family Species Local Name Sungai Sungai Sungai Karangan* Sedim* Muda Channidae Channa lucius Bujuk √ Channa micropeltes Toman √ Channa striata Haruan √ √ √ Cichlidae Oreochromis mossambicus Tilapia Hitam √ √ √ Oreochromis niloticus Tilapia Merah √ √ √ Clariidae Clarias gariepinus Keli Afrika √ √ √ Clarias macrocephalus Keli Bunga √ Barbonymus gonionotus Lampam Jawa √ √ √ Barbonymus Lampam Sungai √ √ √ schwanenfeldii Ctenopharyngodon idellus Kap Rumput √ Cyclocheilichthys apagon Temperas √ √ √ Cyprinus carpio Lee Koh √ Esomus metallicus Bada √ Hampala macrolepidota Sebarau √ Hypophthalmichthys √ nobilis Kap Kepala Besar Hyrsibarbus spp. Kerai √ Cyprinidae Labiobarbus spp. Pucuk Pisang √ √ √ Leptobarbus hoevenii Jelawat √ Mystacoleucus Sia √ obtusirostris Neolissochilus spp. Tengas √ Osteochilus melanopleurus Kelabau √ Osteochilus vittatus Terbul √ √ √ Probarbus jullieni Temoleh √ Puntius bulu Tengalan √ Rasbora spp. Seluang √ Thynnichthys thynnoides Lomah √ Tor tambroides Kelah √ Eleotridae Oxyeleotris marmorata Ketutu √ √ √ Lepisosteidae Lepisosteus platostomus Ikan buaya √ Locaridae Hypostomus plecostomus Cuci cermin √ Mastacembelida Macrognathus spp. Ikan Ular √ √ e Megalopidae Megalops cyprinoides Bulan √ Nandidae Pristolepis fasciatus Patung √ Chitala ornata Belida √ √ √ Notopteridae Notopterus notopterus Selat √ √ √ Trichogaster pectoralis Sepat siam √ Osphronemidae Trichogaster trichopterus Sepat kedah √ Osphronemus goramy Kalui √ √ √ Patin Pangasius spp. √ Pangasidae (muncung/buah) Pseudolais micronemus Patin Juara √ Belodontichthys dinema Gohok √ Siluridae Wallago attu Tapah √ Synbranchidae Monopterus albus Belut √ Crustacean Macrobrachium rosenbergii Udang Galah √ √ √ Palaemonidae Macrobrachium spp. Udang Sungai √ Crustacean Viviparidae Filopaludina spp. Siput Pait √ Source: Pejabat Perikanan Daerah Kulim (2019) Draf IRBM Sg. Muda (2019); Note; “*” = Based on Interviews conducted among locals and Pejabat Perikanan Daerah Kulim as there is no published record available

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Table 6.37: Aquatic resources sought from Sg. Karangan, Sg. Sedim and Sg. Muda

A female M. rosenbergii with eggs Barbonymus schwanenfeldii (Ikan Lampam Sungai)

Anabas testudineus (Ikan Puyu) Channa striata (Ikan Haruan)

M. rosenbergii caught from Sg. Muda A-6kg Pangasius spp.

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\ Chitala ornate (Ikan Belida) Osphronemus goramy (Ikan Kaloi) b) Fish landing of Sg. Muda According to Draft of Sg. Muda IRBM study, the confluence between Sg. Karangan, Sg. Sedim, and Sg Muda represent as the middle zone of the river basin. The zoning was based on longitudinal distance of Sg. Muda from river mouth (Straits of Malacca) to upper zones which located in Ulu Muda Forest Reserve (UMFR). Hence, any untreated wastewater from paper mill may influence the diversity and distribution of fish species that normally sought from Sg Karangan, Sg. Muda, and Sg. Sedim.

Pejabat Perikanan Daerah Kulim (2019) reported total fish landing (inclusive Macrobrachium rosenbergii and Macrobrachium spp.) from a part of middle zone of Sg. Muda river basin were 3,153.23kg with an average of 262.77kg/year during 2018. Major fish landing were contributed by Barbonymus spp. (1,170.5kg; average = 97.54kg/year), followed by Pangasius spp. (355.4 kg; average = 29.62kg/year), and Macrobrachium rosenbergii (333.84kg; average 27.82 kg/year). Chart 6.6 shows distribution for average fish landing a part of middle zone of Sg. Muda river basin during 2018. Total fish landing based on months shows highest fish landing were recorded on October 2018 (366.4kg), followed by January 2018 (332.2kg) and November 2018 (295.8kg). Chart 6.7 shows distribution for fish landing based on months at a part of middle zone of Sg. Muda river basin during 2018.

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Chart 6.6: Fish species landing at a part of middle zone of Sg. Muda during 2018

Note: “Others” includes Channa striata, Anabas testudineus, Oreochromis mossambicus, Cyclocheilichthys apogon, Notopterus notopterus, Macrobrachium spp., Channa micropeltes, Osteochilus vittatus, Oreochromis niloticus, Labiobarbus sp., Hampala Macrolepidota, Ctenopharyngodon idellus, and Probarbus jullieni

Chart 6.7: Total fish landing (kg) distribution based on months at a part of middle zone of Sg. Muda during 2018

c) Macrobrachium rosenbergii distribution According to Bauer (2013), the life cycle of Macrobrachium rosenbergii can be separated into four stages; egg, larvae, post-larvae, and adult. It generally feeds on variety of foods, including detrital, algal and animal resources (Covich et al. 1999, Dudgeon 1999). Several literatures have described the important of the freshwater shrimps as key

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As mentioned before, M. rosenbergii could be sought from Sg. Karangan, Sg Sedim and Sg. Muda. It is also recorded as the third highest landing (333.84kg; average = 27.82 kg/year) during 2018 from part of middle zone of Sg. Muda river basin (Pejabat Perikanan Daerah Kulim, 2019). Total landing of M. rosenbergii based on months shows highest landing was recorded during April 2018 (86kg), followed by August 2018 (50.9kg), and July 2018 (43.6kg). The lowest total landing is recorded during May (9.4kg) (see Chart 6.8). M. rosenbergii were frequently sought by using hooks and lines or set gill nets especially at Sg. Muda.

Chart 6.8: M. rosenbergii total landing distribution based on months at a part of middle zone of Sg. Muda during 2018

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6.4 Socio-economics and Human Environment (Demography and Socio-Economic Profile)

6.4.1 Regional Level Context

6.4.1.1 Economic Growth

Kedah is located in the north of Peninsular Malaysia and has a vibrant economic activity. Kedah’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for the year 2017 was 3.32% of the national GDP, and grew at a rate of 5.0% in 2017 (Department of Statistics Malaysia, 2018). GDP per capita for Kedah grew by 6.1% in 2017, slightly lower than national level at 8.5% during the same time period.

Table 6.40: Regional GDP and Per Capita GDP, 2016-2017 2016 % CAGR, 2017 % CAGR, % % Kedah GDP 37,184 3.35 3.2 39,032 3.32 5.0 (RM million) Malaysia GDP 1,108,935 100.00 4.2 1,174,329 100.00 5.9 (RM million) Kedah Per Capita GDP 19,161 20,327 (RM) Malaysia Per Capita 38,915 42,228 GDP (RM)

Notes: 1) GDP is measured in constant 2010 prices. 2) Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) Source: Department of Statistics Malaysia, State Socioeconomic Report Kedah 2017, Tables; 6.17, 6.24.

Service sector held the largest percentage of Kedah GDP at 55.2% and followed by Manufacturing, at 28.9%. Manufacturing sector share in Kedah is slightly larger than the national level, 25.2%. Mining & Quarrying sector recorded the highest growth in 2017 at 14.5% compared to national level with Agriculture recorded the highest growth at 7.2%. Workers in Manufacturing is in the second place after Service in both Kedah and Malaysia. However, the percentage of workers in Manufacturing is slightly higher in Kedah at 31% than national level at 24% (Department of Statistics Malaysia, 2017).

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Table 6.41: Sector GDP, Growth, and Employed Workers Sector GDP (RM million) CAGR, % Workers Kedah Malaysia Kedah Malaysia Kedah Malaysia Agriculture 5,338 95,968 7.1 7.2 11,477 444,531 Mining 135 9,843 14.5 1.0 536 82,354 Manufacturing 11,178 269,804 4.2 6.0 97,463 2,116,158 Construction 713 53,574 -7.1 6.7 26,895 1,290,474 Service 21,374 639,568 5.4 6.2 175,803 4,795,721

Note: 1) Mining & quarrying sector excludes extraction of crude petroleum and natural gas activities 2) Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR), GDP and Growth estimate for the year 2017 3) Economic Census 2016 uses figures from 2015 Source: 1) Department of Statistics Malaysia, Economic Census 2016 – My State Statistics Kedah, Tables; A1, A2 2) Department of Statistics Malaysia, State Socioeconomic Report Kedah 2017, Tables; 6.19, 6.20

Chart 6.9: Regional GDP by Sector, 2017

70% 59.8% 60% 55.2% 50% 40% 28.9% 30% 25.2% 20% 13.8% 9.0% 10% 5.0% 0.4% 0.9% 1.8% 0% Agriculture Mining Manufacturing Construction Service

Kedah Malaysia

Source: Department of Statistics Malaysia, State Socioeconomic Report Kedah 2017

6.4.1.2 Population Growth

Between the years 2016 – 2017, the population growth of Kedah is 1.09%, lower than the national level at 1.32%. The population of the Kedah state is about 2.12 million or 6.7% of the national population in 2016 and has grown to 2.14 million in 2017, at 6.69% of the national figure.

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Table 6.42: Kedah Population Growth, 2010 v 2017 2010 (‘000) % 2017 (‘000) % CAGR, % Kedah 1,889.8 6.61 2,143.9 6.69 2.12 Malaysia 28,588.6 100.00 32,049.7 100.00 1.92

Note: 1) CAGR, Compounded Annual Growth Rate Sources: 1) Department of Statistics Malaysia, Current Population Estimates, Malaysia 2017; tables 1.2, 3.2 2) Department of Statistics Malaysia, Current Population Estimates, Malaysia 2015; table 1.1 3) Department of Statistics Malaysia, Population Distribution by Local Authority Areas and 2010; table 19.1

The state ethnic composition shows that it has a predominantly Bumiputera population with at 76% compared to the national figure of 62%. The Chinese made up 12% of Kedah population which was lower than its national percentage of 21%. The Indians and Others form a small proportion of Kedah population at 7.4%. This was higher compared to non-Malaysians in Kedah at 4.5%.

Table 6.43: Ethnic Composition, 2017 Kedah (‘000) % Malaysia (‘000) % Bumiputera 1,629.3 76.00 19,776.8 61.71 Chinese 256.5 11.96 6,664.2 20.79 Indian 141.0 6.58 1,997.6 6.23 Others 21.3 0.99 284.4 0.89 Non-Malaysians 95.9 4.47 3,326.7 10.38 Total 2,143.9 100.00 32,049.7 100.00

Source: Department of Statistics Malaysia, Current Population Estimates, Malaysia 2017; tables 1.2, 3.2

Chart 6.10 shows minor shifts in ethnic composition at both Kedah and national level. However, a significant change in Kedah is the increased percentage of non-Malaysians that rose from 3.4% in 2010 to 4.5% in 2017. Similarly, at the national level, non- Malaysians increased in percentage from 8.2% in 2010 to 10.4% by 2017.

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Chart 6.10: Ethnic Composition, 2016 - 2017

Sources: 1) Department of Statistics Malaysia, Current Population Estimates, Malaysia 2017; tables 1.2, 3.2 2) Department of Statistics Malaysia, Current Population Estimates, Malaysia 2015; table 1.2 3) Department of Statistics Malaysia, Population Distribution by Local Authority Areas and Mukims 2010; table 19.1

Compared to national level, the state of Kedah has a slightly lower gender ratio of 1.03 but slightly higher dependency ratio of 0.48. Kedah state also has a lower percentage of population within the working age of 15-64 at 67.53%, compared to the national figure at 69.62%. The state of Kedah has a slightly younger population with median age at 27.7 compared to the national figure at 28.3.

Table 6.44: Gender ratio and Age group, 2017 Kedah Malaysia Gender Ratio 1.03 1.07 Age Structure (‘000) % (‘000) % 0 – 14 537.3 25.06 7,732.9 24.13 15 – 64 1,447.8 67.53 22,314.0 69.62 65 & above 158.7 7.40 2,002.8 6.25 Dependency ratio 0.48 0.44 Median age 27.7 28.3

Source: Department of Statistics Malaysia, Current Population Estimates, Malaysia 2018; table 1.3

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6.4.2 Kulim District

6.4.2.1 Economic Growth

While approved investments for the state of Kedah has risen between 2015 – 2017, the approved investments for Kulim district varies between the year. The approved domestic and foreign investment for Kulim increases in 2016 by 34.3% but decreases by 21.6% in 2017.

Chart 6.11: Approved Investments (Foreign & Domestic), 2015- 2017

Source: Department of Statistics Malaysia, State Socioeconomic Report Kedah 2017, tables 7.17, 7.19, 7.21

According to State Socioeconomic Report Kedah 2017, one of the state economic multiplier are industrial hubs such as Kulim Hi-Tech Park, while recommendations to strengthen the service industry have been proposed around the industrial hub by providing relevant infrastructure and services for e-commerce and fintech.

Based on Table 6.45, Kulim contributes about 64% of Kedah state’s GDP from the manufacturing sector. The sector also holds the largest number of employed workers in the district.

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EIA for the Proposed Green Paper Industry Park Development on Lot 441, Mukim Padang Meha, District of Kulim, Kedah Darul Aman.

Table 6.45: GDP and Employed Worker, 2015 Sector GDP (RM ‘000) Workers Kedah Kulim % Kedah Kulim % Agriculture 1,358,419 157,412 11.6 11,477 1,951 17.0 Mining 88,438 3,632 4.1 536 37 6.9 Manufacturing 56,884,799 36,340,145 63.9 97,463 35,210 36.1 Construction 3,280,185 578,155 17.6 26,895 4,827 17.9 Service 15,817,619 1,550,781 9.8 175,803 14,894 8.5

Source: Department of Statistics Malaysia, My Local Stats: Kedah 2017, tables 16.2, 17.2, 18.2, 19.2, 20.2

6.4.2.2 Population Growth

The population of Kulim district has grown steadily between 2014 and 2016, albeit with a slower growth rate recorded in 2016.

Chart 6.12: Kulim Population and Annual Population Growth Rate, 2014 – 2016

Note: Population in ‘000 Sources: 1) Department of Statistics Malaysia, Current Population Estimates, Malaysia 2017; table 3.1 2) Department of Statistics Malaysia, Current Population Estimates, Malaysia 2018; table 1.3

In 2010, the population of mukim district was 281,260 and more than 80% of its population was located on the west of the District, especially in Kulim (Table 6.46). The higher concentration of population on the west side is due to the west side being more developed, with industries, commerce and infrastructure.

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EIA for the Proposed Green Paper Industry Park Development on Lot 441, Mukim Padang Meha, District of Kulim, Kedah Darul Aman.

Table 6.46: Kulim District Population, 2010 Mukim Population % Padang Meha 9,450 3.4 Padang China 28,114 10.0 Sidam Kanan 24,482 8.7 Naga Lilit 23,103 8.2

Kulim 63,207 22.5 Sungai Seluang 32,623 11.6 Keladi 32,044 11.4 Lunas 26,681 9.5 Sungai Ular 10,914 3.9 Karangan 9,019 3.2 Bagan Sena 6,733 2.4 Junjong 4,665 1.7 Terap 3,975 1.4 Sedim 3,415 1.2 Mahang 2,835 1.0 Total 281,260 100.0

Source: Rancangan Tempatan Daerah Kulim 2035 (Penggantian), Majlis Perbandaran Kulim; table 5.1.1

The Project is in Mukim Padang Meha, on the north of Kulim District and located close to a nearby road (FR4 Jalan Kulim-Gerik). While mukim Padang Meha only holds 3.4% of the district population, it is surrounded by several populous mukims (Table 6.47).

Between the year 2010 – 2015, the population growth of Kulim is 3.6%, higher than the state level at 2.1%. The population of Kulim is about 15.2% of the national population in 2010 and has grown to 16.4% in 2015.

Table 6.47: Kulim Population Growth, 2010 v 2015 2010 (‘000) % 2015 (‘000) % CAGR, % Kedah 1,889.8 100.0 2,096.5 100.0 2.1 Kulim 287.7 15.2 343.8 16.4 3.6

Note: 1) CAGR, Compounded Annual Growth Rate Sources: 1) Department of Statistics Malaysia, Current Population Estimates, Malaysia 2018; table 3.2 2) Rancangan Tempatan Daerah Kulim 2035 (Penggantian), Majlis Perbandaran Kulim; figure 5.1.1

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EIA for the Proposed Green Paper Industry Park Development on Lot 441, Mukim Padang Meha, District of Kulim, Kedah Darul Aman.

The state ethnic composition shows that it has a mostly Bumiputera population at 60% compared to the state at 75%. The Chinese made up 16% of Kulim population which was higher than its state percentage of 13%.

Table 6.48: Ethnic Composition, 2010 Kedah (‘000) % Kulim (‘000) % Bumiputera 1,468.5 75.3 169.2 60.1 Chinese 255.7 13.1 46.2 16.4 Indian 137.3 7.1 49.8 17.7 Others 18.8 1.0 0.7 0.2 Non-Malaysians 69.0 3.5 15.4 5.5 Total 1,949.3 100.00 281.3

Sources: 1) Department of Statistics Malaysia, Current Population Estimates, Malaysia 2017; tables 3.2 2) Rancangan Tempatan Daerah Kulim 2035 (Penggantian), Majlis Perbandaran Kulim; figure 5.1.3

Compared to the state, Kulim has slightly higher male population at gender ratio of 1.08 but slightly lower dependency ratio of 54.4. Kulim also has slightly higher percentage of population within the working age of 15 -64 at 64.8%, compared to the state at 64.6%.

Table 6.49: Gender Ratio and Age group, 2010 Kedah Kulim Gender Ratio 1.02 1.08 Age Structure (‘000) % (‘000) % 0 – 14 571.1 29.3 87.3 31.1 15 – 64 1,259.2 64.6 182.2 64.8 65 & above 118.9 6.1 11.8 4.2 Dependency ratio 54.8 54.4

Source: 1) Department of Statistics Malaysia, Current Population Estimates, Malaysia 2018; table 1.3 2) Rancangan Tempatan Daerah Kulim 2035 (Penggantian), Majlis Perbandaran Kulim; table 5.1.2

Monthly household income in Kulim has increased by 2.72% between 2014 – 2016, slightly lower than the state’s growth at 5.09%.

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EIA for the Proposed Green Paper Industry Park Development on Lot 441, Mukim Padang Meha, District of Kulim, Kedah Darul Aman.

Chart 6.13: Monthly Household Income Median, 2014 - 2016

Source: Department of Statistics Malaysia, State Socioeconomic Report Kedah 2017, table 6.35

The Gini index or Gini coefficient is a measure of economic inequality with 0 being perfect equality and 1 as perfect inequality. As Gini coefficient increases between 2014 and 2016, there has been an increased gap in economic wealth distribution to the population. This gap increases at much slower rate in Kulim district at 1.01% compared to Kedah state at 3.77%.

Chart 6.14: Gini Coefficient Index, 2014 - 2016

Source: Department of Statistics Malaysia, State Socioeconomic Report Kedah 2017, table 6.36

The effect of increasing economic wealth gap can be seen in the household income group from Chart 6.15. The percentage of Top 20% and Middle 40% household group in Kulim has shrunk by 0.3% and 3.8% respectively, while the Bottom 40% household group increased by 5.3% within the state.

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EIA for the Proposed Green Paper Industry Park Development on Lot 441, Mukim Padang Meha, District of Kulim, Kedah Darul Aman.

Chart 6.15: Household Group, 2014 - 2016

Notes: 1) Household group, Malaysia 2014 B40%: < 3,860; M40%: 3,860 - 8,319; T20%: ≥ 8,320 2) Household group, Malaysia 2016 B40%: < 4,360; M40%: 4,360 - 9,619; T20%: ≥ 9,620 3) Household group, Kedah 2014 B40%: < 3,010; M40%: 3,010 - 6,119; T20%: ≥ 6,120 4) Household group, Kedah 2016 B40%: < 3,180; M40%:3,180 - 6,889; T20%: ≥ 6,890 Source: Department of Statistics Malaysia, My Local Stats: Kedah 2017, tables 5.5, 5.6

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EIA for the Proposed Green Paper Industry Park Development on Lot 441, Mukim Padang Meha, District of Kulim, Kedah Darul Aman.

6.4.3 Socio-Economic Profile within the Study Area

The study area has been established to include population surrounding the Project as one of the impact receptors whether directly or indirectly. A 5km area around the Project has been identified as the study area, the boundary for the study is based on the Zone of Influence for Social Impact Assessment1 (Figure 6-2).

Table 6.50: Mukim Within the Study Area Mukim 1 Padang Meha 2 Padang China 3 Sidam Kanan 4 Naga Lilit 5 Sungai Seluang 6 Bagan Sena

6.4.3.1 Economic Growth

The labour participation rate of the study area is 58.45%, with 42% of the population within the study area are working in the service sector, which covers wide field such as retail, real estate, professional services, and businesses. Manufacturing sector holds 28% of the employed workers within the study area.

Table 6.51: Employed Workers Within Study Area Sector Workers % Agriculture 577 8.7 Mining 5 0.1 Manufacturing 1,860 28.1 Construction 421 6.4 Service 2,759 41.7 Unknown 991 15.0 Total 6,613 100.0

Source: Department of Statistics Malaysia, Population Distribution by Local Authority Areas and Mukims 2010 (data requested on June 2019

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Chart 6.16: Employed Workers Within Study Area, %

Source: Department of Statistics Malaysia, Population Distribution by Local Authority Areas and Mukims 2010 (data requested on June 2019)

Based on Table 6.52, the highest percentage of occupation type is plant & machine operators & assemblers at about 29%. However, there is about 15% of workers with occupation classification that was not identified.

Table 6.52: Occupation Classification Within the Study Area Level Workers % Managers 53 0.8 Professionals 450 6.8 Technicians & Associate professionals 433 6.5 Clerical support workers 236 3.6 Service & Sales workers 847 12.8 Skilled agricultural, forestry, livestock, & fishery workers 172 2.6 Craft & related trades workers 513 7.8 Plant & machine operators & Assemblers 1,947 29.4 Elementary occupation 971 14.7 Unknown 991 15.0 Total 6,613 100.0

Note: Occupation classification is based on Malaysia Standard Classification of Occupation (MASCO) 2013 Source: Department of Statistics Malaysia, Population Distribution by Local Authority Areas and Mukims 2010 (data requested on June 2019)

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EIA for the Proposed Green Paper Industry Park Development on Lot 441, Mukim Padang Meha, District of Kulim, Kedah Darul Aman.

Chart 6.17: Worker Skills Within the Study Area

Note: Occupation classification is based on Malaysia Standard Classification of Occupation (MASCO) 2013; 1) Skilled workers – Managers; Professionals; Technicians and associate professionals; 2) Semi-skilled workers – Clerical support workers; Service and sales workers; Skilled agricultural, forestry, livestock and fishery workers; Craft and related trade workers; Plant and machine operators and assemblers; 3) Low-skilled workers – Elementary occupations Source: Department of Statistics Malaysia, Population Distribution by Local Authority Areas and Mukims 2010 (data requested on June 2019)

6.4.3.2 Population Growth

Based on 2010 census data acquired from Department of Statistics Malaysia, there are about 17,000 people residing within the study area. Based on average annual population growth rate of 0.9%, the population in 2019 would be around 19,400. The average household size within the study area in 2010 in 4.6 persons per household.

Table 6.53: Population within the study area 2010 2019 Population 17,902 19,400 Household 3,905 4,210 Living Quarters 5,419 -

Note: 2019 population estimated based on annual population growth of 0.9 Sources: 1) Department of Statistics Malaysia, Population Distribution by Local Authority Areas and Mukims 2010 (data requested on June 2019) 2) Sistem Profil Kampung Peringkat Nasional (SPKPN) 3) Interview with MPKK representative

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Based on Table 6.54, the population within the study area is about 6.4% of total mukim population in 2010.

Table 6.54: Mukim Population, 2010 Mukim Population % Sungai Seluang 32,623 11.6 Padang China 28,114 10.0 Sidam Kanan 24,482 8.7 Naga Lilit 23,103 8.2 Padang Meha 9,450 3.4 Bagan Sena 6,733 2.4 Total 281,260 100.0

Ethnic composition within the study area in 2010 shows that it has a mostly Bumiputera population at 61%, followed up by Indian at 27%.

Table 6.55: Ethnic Composition, 2010 Ethnicity % Bumiputera 10,945 61.1 Chinese 1,026 5.7 Indian 4,837 27.0 Others 127 0.7 Non-Malaysians 967 5.4 Total 17,902 100.0

Source: Department of Statistics Malaysia, Population Distribution by Local Authority Areas and Mukims 2010 (data requested on June 2019)

The study area has a higher male population at gender ratio of 1.10 with male population at 52.3%. With 63.2% of the population are within labour force age, the dependency ratio is 0.58. The population within the age of young dependants aged between 0-14 years old is 32.7%.

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EIA for the Proposed Green Paper Industry Park Development on Lot 441, Mukim Padang Meha, District of Kulim, Kedah Darul Aman.

Table 6.56: Gender Ratio and Age Group, 2010 Study Area Gender Ratio 1.10 Age Structure (‘000) % 0 – 14 5,854 32.7 15 – 64 11,313 63.2 65 & above 735 4.1 Dependency ratio 0.58

Source: Department of Statistics Malaysia, Population Distribution by Local Authority Areas and Mukims 2010 (data requested on June 2019)

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6.4.4 Socio-Economic Profile of Survey Respondents

6.4.4.1 Introduction

Respondents of the perception survey were asked of their background information to establish a profile of residents in the study area within 5 km of the Project site. Throughout the course of the survey, 400 household were interviewed from 22 residential areas in the study area.

Within the study area, the survey focused on Kg Padang Meha due to its close proximity to the Project site and its residents’ reliance on Sg. Karangan for daily activities and recreation.

6.4.4.2 Ethnic Composition

The 400 respondents interviewed are Malaysian mostly from ethnic Malay background. While Kg Padang Meha is predominantly Malay, the study area has a slightly more varied ethnicity (Chart 6.18).

Chart 6.18: Respondents’ Ethnicity

6.4.4.3 Length of Stay

In general, respondents from Kg Padang Meha have stayed longer with average stay of 38.08 than respondents from the study area with average stay of 18.08 years.

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Chart 6.19: Length of Stay

6.4.4.4 Household Size

In the 400 households interviewed during the perception survey, the total number of persons in the households is 1,860. The household size in the study area is slightly smaller with an average of 4.65, while the household size of Kg Padang Meha is 4.92 persons per household.

Table 6.57: No of Household Interviewed Study area Kg Padang Meha Respondents 400 26 Persons in household 1,860 128 Household Mean 4.65 4.92

6.4.4.5 Gender and Age Composition

Most of the respondents interviewed were male, at gender ratio of slightly higher male, the study area at 198 male per 100 female while 333 male per 100 female in Kg Padang Meha. The bias in gender could be caused by the survey being conducted mostly in rural areas, where the male members of households would be more likely to interact with the survey enumerators.

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Chart 6.20: Respondents’ Gender

The respondents interviewed were aged 15 and above. A large portion of respondents from the study area were aged between 35 – 54 years old at 53% while the respondents from Kg Padang Meha were much older with 46% aged between 40 – 54 years old.

Chart 6.21: Respondents’ Age

6.4.4.6 Employment Status

Majority of the respondents work in the private sector, with 40% from the study area and 46% from Kg Padang Meha.

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Chart 6.22: Respondent Occupation

Most of the respondents work in Kulim with 94% from Kg Padang Meha and 65% from the study area. There are respondents that works in , either on the Peninsular (12% study area, 6 % Kg Padang Meha) or Island (6% study area).

Chart 6.23: Employment Location

Note: 1) Calculated from responses; ‘Public sector’, ‘Private sector’, ‘Self-employed’, ‘Student’ 2) Sample size for employment location; Kg Padang Meha, 17; Study area, 254

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6.4.4.7 Household Income

About 27% of households from Kg Padang Meha earned less than RM 1,500 per month, compared to the study area at 16%. Similarly, Kg Padang Meha also has slightly higher percentage of Bottom 40% and lower Top 20% household group than the study area (Chart 6.24). The size of Middle 40% household group is almost similar in both study area and Kg Padang Meha.

Chart 6.24: Respondents’ Monthly Household Income

26.9%

23.8%

23.1%

24.0%

19.2%

19.2%

16.3%

16.0%

14.2%

7.7%

4.3%

3.8%

1.3%

0.3%

0.0% 0.0%

Study area Kg Padang Meha

Chart 6.25: Respondents’ Household Income Group

56.0% 57.7%

38.3% 38.5%

5.8% 3.8%

Bottom 40% Middle 40% Top 20%

Study area Kg Padang Meha

Note: 1) Household income group based on Household group for Kedah 2016 B40%: < 3,180; M40%:3,180 - 6,889; T20%: ≥ 6,890 2) Adjusted hh income group; Bottom 40%, RM 7,000

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EIA for the Proposed Green Paper Industry Park Development on Lot 441, Mukim Padang Meha, District of Kulim, Kedah Darul Aman.

6.5 Public Health Survey

A study of the public health status of the community residing in the vicinity of the proposed XSD Paper Factory Project in Kulim was conducted. The objective was to describe the existing, baseline information on the state of health of the community prior to the construction and operation of the proposed project. Health data was extracted from a public health survey of the community in the vicinity of the proposed project site.

6.5.1 Background of Respondents

A total of 350 households were surveyed which comprised a total of 1,496 household members. A total of 4 mukims or sub-districts were surveyed as shown in Table 6.58.

Table 6.59 gives the respondent’s length of stay in the area. Most (61.2%) of the respondents have stayed there for 10 years or more. Only 22% of them have stayed there for less than 5 years.

Table 6.60 shows respondents’ highest level of education. Some 3.7% of respondents had no education. The majority (67.8%) had primary and secondary education while 28.5% of them completed tertiary education.

Table 6.61 gives the income of household surveyed. The majority (56.3%) of households have income of less RM 3,000.00. Only 12.6% of households have income of RM 6,000.00 and above.

Table 6.62 gives the distribution of household members surveyed by age groups. Children aged below 15 years old made up 32.9% of the household population, which is greater than the national percentage of 24.5%. Productive adults made up a smaller percentage (58.7%) compared to the national percentage of 69.4%. The elderly population of 8.4% is also larger than the national percentage of 6.1%. There were a total of 61 live births recorded among the household members in the last one year.

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Table 6.58: Distribution of households sampled by mukims. Number of Mukim Percent (%) households Mukim Padang Meha 258 73 Mukim Sidam Kanan 23 7 Mukim Nagalilit 30 9 Mukim Padang Cina / Sg. Seluang 39 11

Total 100.0

Table 6.59: Respondents’ length of stay in the area. Number of Length of stay (year) Percent (%) respondents Less than 5 77 22.0 5-9 59 16.8 10-19 106 30.3 20-29 42 12.0 30-39 27 7.7 40-49 13 3.7 50-59 10 2.9 60 and above 16 4.6 Total 350 100.0

Table 6.60: Respondents’ highest level of education. Number of Education levels Percent (%) respondents No education 13 3.7 Primary school 53 15.1 SRP/PT3 31 8.9 SPM 121 34.6 STPM 32 9.2 Diploma 61 17.4 Undergraduate degree 33 9.4 Postgraduate degree 6 1.7 Total 350 100.0

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EIA for the Proposed Green Paper Industry Park Development on Lot 441, Mukim Padang Meha, District of Kulim, Kedah Darul Aman.

Table 6.61: Income of household surveyed.

Length of stay (year) Number of households Percent (%)

No income 26 7.4 Less than RM1000 34 9.7 RM 1000 – RM 1,999 92 26.3 RM 2000 – RM 2,999 71 20.3 RM 3000 – RM 3,999 34 9.7 RM 4000 – RM 4,999 25 7.1 RM 5000 – RM 5,999 24 6.9 RM 6, 000 and above 44 12.6 Total 350 100.0

Table 6.62: Distribution of household members surveyed by age groups. Malaysia Age group Number Percent (%) (2016)1 Children (<1 year old) 61 4.1 Children (1 – 4 years old) 110 7.4 24.5 Children (5 – 14 years old) 319 21.4 Adults (15 – 64 years old) 876 58.7 69.4 Adults (65 years old and 125 8.4 6.1 above) Total 1,491 100.0 Source: Malaysia health facts, 2017

6.5.2 Housing

Table 6.63 shows the type of respondents’ houses. A majority (63.1%) of the respondents lived in terraced houses. Another 25.4% lived in kampong-type detached houses. A small percentage (0.9%) still lived in squatter houses.

Table 6.64 gives the type of construction material for the houses. Most (79.4%) of the houses are made of brick completely. Some (59.1%) of the houses were not air conditioned while the rest were. Some 161 (46%) of the homes have household members who smoked.

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Table 6.63: Type of respondents’ houses.

Type of house Number of houses Percent (%)

Detached modern 13 3.7 Detached kampong type 89 25.4 Semi-detached 24 6.9 Terraced 221 63.1 Squatter house 3 0.9 Total 350 100.0

Table 6.64: Construction material for houses.

Construction material Number of houses Percent (%)

Completely wooden 10 2.9 Completely brick 279 79.7 Mixed wooden and brick 61 17.4

Total 350 100.0

6.5.4 Environmental Sanitation Status

Table 6.65 shows the types of toilet in the houses surveyed. A majority (99.1%) of the houses had proper toilets in the form of pour-flush or flush toilets. Table 6.66 gives the source of water supply to the houses surveyed. Some 98.9% of the houses have access to treated piped water in the form of piped water to the houses or from public standpipe. Only 1.1% of the houses have opened wells.

Table 6.65: Type of toilet in the houses surveyed.

Type of toilet Number of houses Percent (%)

Defecate in drain, river and 1 0.3 beach Pour-flush toilet 63 18.0

Flush toilet 284 81.1 Others 2 0.6

Total 350 100.0

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Table 6.66: Source of water supply in the houses surveyed.

Source of water supply Number of houses Percent (%)

Opened well 4 1.1

Piped water to the house 239 68.3

Public standpipe 107 30.6

Total 350 100.0

Table 6.67 shows the garbage disposal practices by the households surveyed. Some 79.9% of the households practiced good garbage disposal practices of burning and burying, throwing into a hole and burying, composting into fertilizer and collection by municipality. However, 20.1% of the households still practiced unsanitary practices like throwing in an open area, throwing into a drain, river or beach and burning only. Thus, the garbage disposal practices of the surveyed community is still considered unsanitary. Such practices may lead to the breeding of pests like mosquitoes, flies and rodents which can transmit diseases.

Table 6.67: Garbage disposal practices by the households surveyed. Disposal practice Number Percent Throwing in an open area 9 2.6 Throwing into a drain, river or 2 0.6 on a beach Burning only 59 16.9 Burning and burying 11 3.1 Throwing into a hole and 1 0.3 burying Composting into fertilizer 4 1.1 Collection by municipality 264 75.4 Total 350 100.0

Table 6.68 shows the pest problems experience by the households surveyed. A significant proportion of the households surveyed experienced all types of pest problems, but their biggest problems were against mosquitoes (56.9%) and flies (48.3%).

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Table 6.68: Pest problems experienced by the household surveyed (N=350)

Pest problem Number of houses Percent (%)

Mosquitoes 199 56.9

Flies 169 48.3

Cockroaches 138 39.4 Ants 141 40.3 Rodents 137 39.1

In summary, the housing status of the communities are considered satisfactory with respect to the types of houses and building materials used. Only 3 households (0.9%) lived in squatter houses. As for the environmental sanitation status, it was considered satisfactory with respect to the toilet facility and water supply in the homes. However, the garbage disposal practices were considered unsatisfactory as 20.1% of the households still practiced unsanitary methods. Pest problems were also unsatisfactory as a significant proportion of the households surveyed experienced all types of pest infestation.

6.5.5 Community Health Status

Table 6.69 gives the prevalence rates of selected diseases that have been diagnosed by doctors within the last 1 year, among the 1,491 household members from the 350 households that were surveyed. The highest prevalence rates were for diabetes mellitus (5.0%) and hypertension (1.7%). The prevalence rates for these 2 diseases are well below the national rates. Similarly, asthma has a prevalence rate (0.5%) that is much lower the national prevalence rate.

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Table 6.69: Household members diagnosed with selected diseases by doctors within the last year (N=1,491). National Disease Number Prevalence (%) prevalence (%) 4.5 (adults)a Asthma 8 0.5 7.1 (children)a Other respiratory 1 0.07 disease Hypertension 25 1.7 32.2a Stroke 12 0.8 Diabetes mellitus 75 5.0 11.5a Kidney disease 1 0.07 Sources :a Ministry of Health Malaysia, 2008

As shown by Table 6.70, the main reasons household members seeked medical treatments at hospitals or clinics within the last 3 months were for cold or cough (1.21%) and fever (0.74%). These would be common illnesses experienced by most communities in Malaysia.

Table 6.70: Reasons for seeking medical treatments by household members within the last 3 months (N=1,491). Disease/health problem Number Prevalence (%) Asthmatic attack 1 0.07 Fever 11 0.74 Cold/cough 18 1.21 Diarrhea 1 0.07

As shown in Table 6.71, there were 20 hospitalization cases within the last 1 year, representing 1.34% of the 1,491 household members. This is quite normal. The main reasons for their hospitalization were for kidney problem, (0.2%), stroke, diabetes mellitus, birth delivery and road accidents (0.13% each).

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Table 6.71: Reasons for hospitalisation among household members within the last year (N=1,491). Reason Number Percent Fever 1 0.07 Asthma 1 0.07 Vomiting 1 0.07 Heart problem 1 0.07 Stroke 2 0.13 Diabetes mellitus 2 0.13 Kidney problem 3 0.20 Dengue 1 0.07 Arthritis 1 0.07 Birth delivery 2 0.13 Miscarriage 1 0.07 Road accidents 2 0.13 Eye operation 1 0.07 Leg operation 1 0.07 Total 20 1.34

6.5.6 Morbidity Statistics

Morbidity statistics on diseases related to the environment were obtained from Klinik Kesihatan amd Hospital Kulim for a period of 1 year from January to December 2018. Table 6.72 shows the disease cases related to air pollution seen at Klinik Kesihatan Padang Serai in 2018. Eye and respiratory diseases as represented by conjunctivitis, upper respiratory tract infections, asthma, tuberculosis, pneumonia and chronic bronchitis made up 31.2% and 74.7% of all adult and children cases, respectively. Cardiovascular diseases as represented by hypertension, ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular accident/ stroke made up 0.3% of all adult cases.

Table 6.73 gives the disease cases related to water pollution seen at Klinik Kesihatan Padang Serai in 2018. There was no disease case related to water pollution reported at the clinic which indicate that waterborne and foodborne diseases are not very common in the area.

Animal vectors and reservoirs may be associated with a poorly managed environment. Often, discarded containers that are improperly disposed or the presence of water within

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Table 6.75 gives the skin disease cases seen at Klinik Kesihatan Padang Serai in 2018. Of all these skin diseases, dermatitis and eczema, and urticaria are allergic forms of skin reactions that may be exacerbated by allergens and irritants that may be present in air pollution or dust. The skin disease cases made up only 0.5% and 2.0% of all adult and children cases, respectively. The most common skin disease reported was urticaria.

Table 6.76 shows the disease cases related to air pollution seen among inpatients of Hospital Kulim in 2018. Eye and respiratory diseases as represented by upper respiratory tract infections, asthma, tuberculosis, pneumonia, bronchitis, emphysema and lung cancer made up 6.3% and 7.3% of all adults and children cases, respectively. Cardiovascular diseases as represented by heart failure made up only 0.09% and 0.01% of all adult and children cases.

Table 6.77 gives the disease cases related to water pollution seen among inpatients of Hospital Kulim in 2018. The water pollution related disease as represented by dysenteries, typhoid and paratyphoid made up of 0.04% and 0.5% of all adult and children cases, respectively. Dysenteries is the most commonly reported water pollution related disease among adults and children in the area. Table 6.78 shows the diseases cases related to animal vectors and reservoirs seen among inpatients of Hospital Kulim. Dengue fever and malaria cases were reported, in which dengue fever is the most common vector borne disease reported. These animal vectors and reservoirs related disease cases made up of 0.7% and 0.2% of all adult and children cases, respectively.

Table 6.79 give the morbidity statistics on skin disease cases seen among inpatients of Hospital Kulim in 2018. These skin diseases made up 0.1% and 0.09% of all inpatient adults and children cases, respectively. Table 6.80 shows the prevalence rates of selected communicable diseases in Daerah Kulim in 2018, in comparison with the prevalence of these diseases in Malaysia in 2016. The prevalence rates for waterborne, foodborne, vectorborne and zoonotic diseases in the district were generally much lower than that of the nation. This means that these communicable diseases are not major health problems in this district.

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Table 6.72: Disease cases related to air pollution seen at Klinik Kesihatan Padang Serai in 2018.

*Total

Lung Conj. URTI Inf. Asth. TB Pneu. Bron. Emphy HPT HF IHD CVA (all Ca

patients) Month Year A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C J 10 5 534 432 0 0 98 41 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 3984 567 F 14 8 590 440 0 0 103 69 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 4254 572 M 11 3 899 331 0 0 118 118 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4110 732 A 12 4 1280 528 0 0 51 41 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 5549 626

M 8 4 1504 311 0 0 47 39 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 4269 638

J 0 3 1292 345 0 0 41 71 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4209 463

J 10 5 1301 398 0 0 63 52 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 5295 673 2018 A 5 4 1388 311 0 0 61 48 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 4148 510 S 4 4 1507 491 0 0 27 21 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 4235 584 O 6 3 1635 510 0 0 37 35 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4449 785 N 6 1 1625 491 0 0 43 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 4023 599 D 8 0 2010 341 0 0 44 46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 4053 713 Total 100 44 15565 4929 0 0 733 603 6 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 120 0 0 0 17 0 3 0 5257 7462 8

Conj. : Conjunctivitis Emphy. : Emphysema URTI : Upper respiratory tract infections Lung Ca : Lung cancer Inf. : Influenza HPT : Hypertension Asth. : Asthma HF : Heart failure TB : Tuberculosis IHD : Ischaemic heart disease Pneu. : Pneumonia CVA : Cerebrovascular accident/stroke Bron. : Chronic bronchitis

*Total (all patients):Total attendance of all patients at the clinic during that month.

A: Adult C: Children

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Table 6.73: Disease cases related to water pollution seen at Klinik Kesihatan Padang Serai in 2018.

*Total Dys. Chol. Typ. Hep. A Polio. Food Year Month (all patients) A C A C A C A C A C A C A C Jan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3984 567 Feb 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4254 572 Mar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4110 732 Apr 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5549 626 May 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4269 638 June 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4209 463 2018 July 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5295 673 Aug 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4148 510 Sep 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4235 584 Oct 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4449 785 Nov 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4023 599 Dec 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4053 713 Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 52578 7462

Dys. : Dysenteries Chol. : Cholera Typ. : Typhoid and paratyphoid Hep. A : Hepatitis A Polio. : Acute poliomyelitis Food. : Food poisoning

*Total (all patients):Total attendance of all patients at the clinic during that month.

A: Adult C: Children

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Table 6.74: Disease cases related to animal vectors and reservoirs seen at Klinik Kesihatan Padang Serai in 2018.

YF DF DHF Mal. Typ. Plag. Rab. *Total Year Month (all patients) A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C Jan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3984 567 Feb 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4254 572 Mar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4110 732 Apr 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5549 626 May 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4269 638 June 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4209 463 2018 July 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5295 673 Aug 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4148 510 Sep 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4235 584 Oct 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4449 785 Nov 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4023 599 Dec 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4053 713 Total 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 52578 7462

YF : Yellow fever DF : Dengue fever DHF : Dengue haemorrhagic fever Mal. : Malaria Typ. : Typhus Plag. : Plague Rab. : Rabies

*Total (all patients) :Total attendance of all patients at the clinic during that month.

A: Adult C: Children

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Table 6.75: Skin disease cases seen at Klinik Kesihatan Padang Serai in 2018.

*Total Mont Cutan. Cell. Derm. Psor. Urti. Dis. Eryth. Rad. Year (all patients) h A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C Jan 0 0 0 0 14 32 1 0 13 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 3984 567 Feb 1 0 0 0 10 3 0 0 13 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 4254 572 Mar 0 0 1 0 13 7 0 0 12 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4110 732 Apr 3 0 0 0 4 4 0 0 9 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 5549 626 May 0 0 0 0 14 7 1 0 11 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 4269 638 June 0 0 0 0 16 15 0 0 14 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 4209 463 2018 July 0 0 2 0 11 10 0 0 13 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 5295 673 Aug 0 0 0 0 14 3 1 0 11 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 4148 510 Sep 1 0 1 0 14 3 0 0 12 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 4235 584 Oct 0 0 0 0 16 3 0 0 13 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 4449 785 Nov 2 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 11 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 4023 599 Dec 0 0 1 0 0 11 0 0 10 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4053 713 Total 7 0 5 0 12 11 3 0 14 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 52578 7462 6 4 2

Cutan. : Cutaneous abscess/furuncle and carbuncle Urti. : Urticaria Cell. : Cellulitis Dis. : Disorders of skin appendages Derm. : Dermatitis and eczema Eryth. : Erythemas Psor. : Psoriasis Rad. : Radiodermatitis and other radiation-related disorders of the skin and subcutaneous tissue

*Total (All Patients): Total attendance of all patients at the clinic during that month.

A: Adult C: Children

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Table 6.76: Disease cases related to air pollution seen at Hospital Kulim in 2018.

Emphy Conj. URTI Inf. Asth. TB Pneu. Bron. Lung HPT HF IHD CVA *Total

Ca (all patients)

Mont h Year A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C J 0 0 15 4 0 0 15 42 1 0 11 15 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 1943 821 2 F 0 0 6 10 0 0 38 37 3 0 10 25 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1677 669 3 M 0 0 4 3 0 0 23 6 1 0 12 35 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 1869 693 1 A 0 0 10 4 0 0 29 39 1 0 78 57 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1960 739

M 0 0 4 3 0 0 19 7 0 0 10 53 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1770 644 3

2018 J 0 0 7 7 0 0 24 19 0 0 82 54 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1650 683 J 0 0 9 4 0 0 36 19 0 0 10 37 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1835 825 5 A 0 0 4 2 0 0 12 9 0 0 40 11 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1280 603 S 0 0 2 0 0 0 13 7 0 0 19 12 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1143 532 O 0 0 3 6 0 0 22 25 0 0 47 24 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1870 867 N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1684 733 D 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 453 122 Total 0 0 64 43 0 0 231 210 6 0 859 323 0 1 5 0 35 0 0 0 18 1 0 0 0 0 19134 7931

Conj. : Conjunctivitis Emphy. : Emphysema URTI : Upper respiratory tract infections Lung Ca : Lung cancer Inf. : Influenza HPT : Hypertension Asth. : Asthma HF : Heart failure TB : Tuberculosis IHD : Ischaemic heart disease Pneu. : Pneumonia CVA : Cerebrovascular accident/stroke Bron. : Chronic bronchitis

*Total (all patients): Total attendance of all patients at the clinic during that month.

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Table 6.77: Disease cases related to water pollution seen at Hospital Kulim in 2018.

*Total Dys. Chol. Typ. Hep. A Polio. Food Year Month (all patients) A C A C A C A C A C A C A C Jan 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1943 821 Feb 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1677 669 Mar 0 12 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1869 693 Apr 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1960 739 May 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1770 644 June 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1650 683 2018 July 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1835 825 Aug 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1280 603 Sep 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1143 532 Oct 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1870 867 Nov 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1684 733 Dec 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 453 122 Total 7 38 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1913 7931 4

Dys. : Dysenteries Chol. : Cholera Typ. : Typhoid and paratyphoid Hep. A : Hepatitis A Polio. : Acute poliomyelitis Food. : Food poisoning

*Total (all patients): Total attendance of all patients at the clinic during that month.

A: Adult C: Children

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Table 6.78: Disease cases related to animal vectors and reservoirs seen at Hospital Kulim in 2018. *Total YF DF DHF Mal. Typ. Plag. Rab. Year Month (all patients) A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C Jan 0 0 12 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1943 821 Feb 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1677 669 Mar 0 0 15 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1869 693 Apr 0 0 10 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1960 739 May 0 0 17 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1770 644 June 0 0 23 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1650 683 2018 July 0 0 20 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1835 825 Aug 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1280 603 Sep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1143 532 Oct 0 0 16 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1870 867 Nov 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1684 733 Dec 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 453 122 Total 0 0 124 17 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19134 7931

YF : Yellow fever DF : Dengue fever DHF : Dengue haemorrhagic fever Mal. : Malaria Typ. : Typhus Plag. : Plague Rab. : Rabies

*Total (all patients): Total attendance of all patients at the clinic during that month.

A: Adult C: Children

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Table 6.79: Skin disease cases seen at Hospital Kulim in 2018. *Total Cutan. Cell. Derm. Psor. Urti. Dis. Eryth. Rad. Year Month (all patients) A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C Jan 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1943 821 Feb 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1677 669 Mar 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1869 693 Apr 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1960 739 May 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1770 644 June 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1650 683 2018 July 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1835 825 Aug 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1280 603 Sep 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1143 532 Oct 1 0 3 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1870 867 Nov 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1684 733 Dec 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 453 122 Total 4 0 11 0 1 5 1 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 19134 7931

Cutan. : Cutaneous abscess/furuncle and carbuncle Urti. : Urticaria Cell. : Cellulitis Dis. : Disorders of skin appendages Derm. : Dermatitis and eczema Eryth. : Erythemas Psor. : Psoriasis Rad. : Radiodermatitis and other radiation-related disorders of the skin and subcutaneous tissue

*Total (All Patients): Total attendance of all patients at the clinic during that month.

A: Adult C: Children

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Table 6.80: Prevalence rates of selected communicable diseases in Daerah Kulim (per 100,000 population).

Prevalence rates Disease Number of cases Malaysia(2017)a in 2018 Waterborne and Foodborne Diseases

Cholera 0 0 0.01 Typhoid 0 0 0.59 Hepatitis A 0 0 0.47 Dysentery 0 0 0.37 Poliomyelitis 0 0 NA Food poisoning 21 5.68 42.25 Vectorborne and Zoonotic Diseases

Dengue fever 388 104.95 257.60 Dengue haemorrhagic 1 0.27 1.25 fever Chikungunya 0 0 NA Malaria 1 0.27 12.7 Filariasis 2 0.54 NA Typhus 0 0 0.06 Rabies 0 0 NA Leptospirosis 22 5.95 257.6

• Population of Daerah Kulim in 2018 : 369,700 NA=Not available Source: a Ministry of Health Malaysia (2018).

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6.6 Traffic

6.6.1 Accessibility

The proposed development is located within Mukim Padang Meha, Daerah Kulim, Kedah. The site is currently a palm oil plantation located right next to Sime Darby Motor, Inokom Corporation. This site can be accessed through Federal Road 4. For the traffic from North-South Expressway (PLUS), they can use the exit 163 (Plate 6.1) link to Butterworth-Kulim Expressway; BKE (E15) straight towards until reach Bukit Selarong area and the proposed site located on the right bound.

Plate 6.1: North-South Expressway, Exit 163

6.6.2 Existing Road Network

i. Federal Route 4 (FR4) This road is functioned as primary road that links to few secondary road. It is located in front of the proposed development (Plate 6.2). This federal road is designed as single 2-lane carriageway with R5 road category and 90km/h speed limit. The estimated capacity is about 2,000 for both direction.

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Plate 6.2: Federal Route 4 (FR4)

ii. Jalan Ladang Bukit Selarong Jalan Ladang Bukit Selarong is a secondary road that link with Federal route 4 (Plate 6.3). Jalan Bukit Selarong is the only access to proposed development. This road is design as single 2-lane carriageway. The estimate capacity is about 1,400 for both direction.

Plate 6.3: Jalan Bukit Selarong

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6.6.3 Existing Traffic Situation

Existing traffic conditions of the surrounding road systems in the study area was ascertained by using primary data; traffic survey done during the weekday; 4th week of June 2019.

6.6.4 Traffic Count Survey

Based on the study done, there are 5 spot counts survey for the proposed development is conducted at Federal Route 4 (refer Figure 6.24a and Figure 6.24b). In order to determine the existing traffic flow pattern, the survey period was fixed at morning peak hours (0700 to 1000 hr) and evening peak hours (1600 to 1900 hr). Traffic volumes were manually counted by each enumerator and classified into five main vehicle types (i.e. cars, motorcycles, van, lorries and buses). Then it had been summarized within every 15 minutes time period.

6.6.5 Traffic Assessment

The traffic flows along the road is taken from the traffic volume count by the State Public Works Department (JKR) and coordinated by Highway Planning Division, Ministry of Works Malaysia (2017). There is one (1) census station located at the surrounding area of the proposed site. Table 6.81 shows the detail of the census station.

Table 6.81: Existing Information of the Census Station Census Survey Route At KM Description of Type of Station Type Number Location Carriageway Number Jalan Kulim – Lunas KR710 3 FR4 24.20 – Sg. Karangan - T1-1 Baling Note: T1-1: 2-Lane Single Carriageway Source: Road Traffic Volume Malaysia 2017, Ministry of Works Malaysia

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6.6.6 Existing Traffic Condition

In 2017, the average 16 hours traffic volumes by vehicles type at census station KR710 was about 16,459. The vehicles classification can be divided into six classes as shown in Table 6.82. The numbers of car and taxis were the highest with 47.3%. For the highest number for motorcycle is 45.3%. Other percentage of vehicles composition is shown in Table 6.83.

Table 6.82: Vehicles Classification CLASS VEHICLE TYPE Class 1 Motorcars, Taxis and Small MPV’s Class 2 Small Vans, Big MPV’s and Utilities (Light 2-axles) Class 3 Lorries and Large Vans (Heavy 2-axles) Class 4 Lorries with 3-axles (Heavy 3-axles and above) Class 5 Buses Class 6 Motorcycles & Scooters (include 3 wheel motorcycles)

Source: Road Traffic Volume Malaysia 2017, Ministry of Works Malaysia

Table 6.83: Average 16-Hour Traffic Volume and Composition by Vehicles Types 2017 PERCENTAGE VEHICLES COMPOSITION (%) 16- PEAK Cars ROUTE HOUR Van & Medium Heavy Motor LOS HOUR & Buses TRAFFIC Utilities Lorries Lorries cycles Taxis

KR710 16,459 2,155 50.3 7.3 5.6 4.2 0.7 32.0 F Source: Road Traffic Volume Malaysia 2017, Ministry of Works Malaysia

The annual traffic growth rate for year 2008 to 2017 is 2.92% is 1.05% (refer Table 6.84). Graph in Graph 6.24 shows the total number vehicles for ten years (2008-2017). The graph illustrates the fluctuation in the number of vehicles for ten years for the four station.

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Table 6.84: Total Vehicles for Ten Years (2008-2017) and Annual Traffic Growth Rate for Year 2017 Census Normal Station 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Growth number (%/yr)

KR710 14,426 17,644 15,148 16,853 14,529 15,544 14,020 15,756 19,861 16,459 1.05

Source: Road Traffic Volume Malaysia 2017, Ministry of Works Malaysia

Graph 6.24: Total Vehicles for Ten Years (2008-2017)

Source: Road Traffic Volume Malaysia 2017, Ministry of Works Malaysia

6.6.7 Evaluation of Existing Road Network

The operational performance of the road in the immediate vicinity of the development site is measured by comparing the current traffic volumes and carrying of the road section. Capacity of the road section is maximum amount of traffic that can be accommodated by certain sections of the carriageway. The limitation of study network are within 1km distance from proposed development. The procedure used in estimating the capacities of various road sections is based on the “Highway Capacity Manual” special report 209, 1985 by “Transportation Research Board USA” and Road Capacity Software “HCS”. Parameters to measure road capacity include the lane and usable shoulder width, bus and truck factor and speed.

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The performance is measure based on the maximum traffic volume/capacity ratio, which represent the ‘worst case’ scenario. It is related Level of Services (LOS) concept by giving letter designations from A to F as shown in Table 6.85.

Table 6.85: Level of Service Definition LOS Volume/Capacity Definition A < 0.50 Free flow with volume densities and high speeds. Drivers can maintain their speeds with little or no delay. Merging and diverging vehicles have little effect on other freeway flows. B 0.50-0.59 Stable flow. Operating speeds beginning to be restricted somewhat by traffic conditions. Some slight delay. Merging vehicles have to adjust their speed slightly. C 0.60-0.79 Stable flow. Speed and maneuverability are more closely controlled by higher volume. Acceptable delay. D 0.80-0.89 Approaching unstable flow. Tolerable operating speeds, which are considerably affected by operating conditions. Tolerable delay. E 0.90-0.99 Unstable flow. Yet lower operating speeds and perhaps stoppages of momentary duration. Volumes are at or near capacity. Congestion and intolerable delay. F > 1.00 Forced flow. Speeds and volume can drop to zero. Stoppages can occur for long periods. Queues of vehicles baking up from a restriction downstream.

An analysis of carriageway capacity has been carried out to determine the operational performance of the existing roads in the vicinity of development site. The performance is measured based on the maximum traffic/capacity ratio. The result is shown in Table 6.86.

Table 6.86: Operational Performance of Existing Road Network, Year 2019 Road Direction Capacity Peak Hour Traffic Volume/ Segment (pcu/ Flow (pcu/hour) Capacity (LOS) hour) AM PM AM PM

Kulim-Baling Highway Both 2,000 1,449 1,829 0.72 0.91 (FR4) Direction (C) (E)

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Based on the above result, it is observed that the existing roads in the vicinity of site is operating at stable Level of Service (LOS) for both peak hours due.

6.6.8 Evaluation of Existing Junction

Evaluation of the existing operational of the junction in the vicinity of the study area is analysed by using the programme SIDRA (Signalised and Unsignalised Intersection Design and Research Aid). The Australian Road Research Board for design and evaluation of junction developed this programme. The junction operational performance is based on average delay concept as shown in Table 6.87.

Table 6.87: Definition Level of Service for Junction Level of Service Average Delay (second) (d) Definition Level of Service A d ⊆29.0 Free Flow

B 29.1 < d ⊆ 57.0 Stable Flow C 57.1 < d ⊆ 85.0 Stable Flow

D 85.1 < d ⊆ 113.0 Acceptable Delay

E 113.1 < d ⊆ 150.0 Unstable Flow F 150.1 < d Forced Flow Source: SIDRA, Australian Road Research Board Limited

Junctions affected by the projects were then analysed and results shown Table 6.88 until Table 6.92.

Table 6.88: LOS of the J1 Junction in Existing Year 2019

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Peak Hour Average Level Of 95% Back Approach Traffic Volume Delay Service Of Queue (pcu/hr) (second) (m) From To AM PM AM PM AM PM AM PM LUNAS 205 320 6.1 6.1 A A Padang 139 110 INOKOM 628 605 50.6 50.2 B B Serai Baling 160 22 58.0 57.4 C C INOKOM 144 1 6.1 6.1 A A LUNAS 454 486 53.7 51.9 B B 88 95 Baling Padang 27 40 60.9 59.1 C C Serai Baling 21 39 6.1 6.1 A A Padang INOKOM 221 7 69.5 29.9 C B 55 8 Serai LUNAS 37 22 76.9 38.8 C B Padang 205 339 7.0 7.4 A A Serai 104 123 LUNAS Baling 388 640 58.6 57.5 C C INOKOM 160 22 66.2 64.7 C C Overall Junction 2,650 2,543 46.1 40.6 B B 139 123 Performances

Based on the Table 6.88, this junction gets LOS B in both morning and evening peak hours occur. The back of queue during morning is 139 m while during evening is 123 m.

Table 6.89: LOS of the J2 Junction in Existing Year 2019

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EIA for the Proposed Green Paper Industry Park Development on Lot 441, Mukim Padang Meha, District of Kulim, Kedah Darul Aman.

Peak Hour Average Delay Level Of 95% Back Approach Traffic Volume (second) Service Of Queue (pcu/hr) (m) From To AM PM AM PM AM PM AM PM LUNAS 30 13 76.0 103.1 C D Kampung Padang 40 47 Padang 20 31 71.2 97.3 C D Serai Meha Baling 11 9 71.2 97.3 C D Kampung Padang 6 8 36.4 63.0 B C 470 344 Meha Baling LUNAS 565 267 104.7 102.7 D D Padang 143 167 104.7 102.7 D D Serai Baling 3 211 76.6 79.5 C C Kampung 23 242 Padang Padang 3 24 75.1 76.2 C C Serai Meha LUNAS 30 247 82.0 83.5 C C Padang 143 543 47.4 79.6 B C Serai 225 422 Baling 407 118 52.8 129.3 B E LUNAS Kampung Padang 19 40 60.2 136.9 C E Meha Overall Junction 1,380 1,678 80.5 101.2 C D 470 422 Performances

Based on the Table 6.89, this junction gets LOS C in morning peak hours and LOS D during evening peak hours occur. The back of queue during morning is 470 m while during evening is 422 m.

Table 6.90: LOS of the J3 Junction in Existing Year 2019

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EIA for the Proposed Green Paper Industry Park Development on Lot 441, Mukim Padang Meha, District of Kulim, Kedah Darul Aman.

Peak Hour Average Level Of 95% Back Approach Traffic Volume Delay Service Of Queue (pcu/hr) (second) (m) From To AM PM AM PM AM PM AM PM LUNAS 284 36 25.1 32.2 A B Taman MBI 89 16 25 20 18.2 25.3 A A Desa Aman Desaku Baling 194 45 47.7 42.8 B B Taman 35 35 42.2 30.8 B B Desa Aman 92 59 Baling LUNAS 426 372 36.5 25.4 B A MBI 2 1 44.7 33.9 B B Desaku Baling 36 17 39.1 26.9 B A MBI Taman 46 9 44.1 20.0 B A Desaku Desa Aman 21 12 LUNAS 4 34 58.9 42.0 C B MBI 5 1 6.1 6.1 A A Desaku 92 57 LUNAS Baling 231 195 37.4 26.5 B B Taman 185 142 40.3 32.6 B B Desa Aman Overall Junction 1,437 907 36.2 28.7 B A 92 59 Performances

Based on the Table 6.90, this junction gets LOS B in morning peak hours and LOS A during evening peak hours occur. The back of queue during morning is 92 m while during evening is 59 m.

Table 6.91: LOS of the J4 Junction in Existing Year 2019

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EIA for the Proposed Green Paper Industry Park Development on Lot 441, Mukim Padang Meha, District of Kulim, Kedah Darul Aman.

Peak Hour Average Level Of 95% Back Approach Traffic Volume Delay Service Of Queue (pcu/hr) (second) (m) From To AM PM AM PM AM PM AM PM LUNAS 67 19 5.0 5.0 A A Jalan Kampung Sungai 61 36 34.6 13.4 B A 14 10 Batu Puteh Karangan Baling 11 9 34.6 13.4 B A Kampung 68 42 6.1 6.1 A A Batu Puteh LUNAS 344 374 1.1 1.5 A A 1 0 Baling Jalan Sungai 99 62 1.1 1.5 A A Karangan Baling 129 69 5.0 5.0 A A Jalan Kampung 34 3 Sungai 70 19 59.1 12.8 C A Batu Puteh Karangan LUNAS 52 15 59.1 12.8 C A Jalan Sungai 17 5 6.1 6.1 A A Karangan 0 0 LUNAS Baling 318 234 2.1 0.5 A A Kampung 126 18 2.1 0.5 A A Batu Puteh Overall Junction 1,362 902 9.4 5.0 A A 31 10 Performances

Based on the Table 6.91, this junction gets LOS A in both morning and evening peak hours occur. The back of queue during morning is 31 m while during evening is 10 m.

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EIA for the Proposed Green Paper Industry Park Development on Lot 441, Mukim Padang Meha, District of Kulim, Kedah Darul Aman.

Table 6.92: LOS of the J5 Junction in Existing Year 2019

Peak Hour Average Level Of 95% Back Approach Traffic Volume Delay Service Of Queue (pcu/hr) (second) (m) From To AM PM AM PM AM PM AM PM LUNAS 175 760 6.1 6.1 A A Kulim High 116 161 Lebuhraya 117 275 50.6 50.2 B B Tech Perdana Jalan 152 461 58.0 57.4 C C Karangan Lebuhraya 442 178 6.1 6.1 A A Perdana 175 120 Baling LUNAS 488 625 53.7 51.9 B B Kulim High 39 25 60.9 59.1 C C Tech Jalan 34 44 6.1 6.1 A A Karangan 237 49 Kulim High Lebuhraya Tech 327 105 69.5 29.9 C B Perdana LUNAS 23 33 76.9 38.8 C B Kulim High 30 34 7.0 7.4 A A Tech 287 87 Jalan LUNAS 567 496 58.6 57.5 C C Karangan Lebuhraya 740 178 66.2 64.7 C C Perdana Overall Junction 3,134 3,214 46.1 40.6 B B 287 87 Performances

Based on the Table 6.92, this junction gets LOS B in both morning and evening peak hours occur. The back of queue during morning is 287 m while during evening is 87 m.

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EIA for the Proposed Green Paper Industry Park Development on Lot 441, Mukim Padang Meha, District of Kulim, Kedah Darul Aman.

Figure 6.1: General Topography of the Project Area

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6-128 EIA for the Proposed Green Paper Industry Park Development on Lot 441, Mukim Padang Meha, District of Kulim, Kedah Darul Aman.

Figure 6.2: Land Survey of the Project Site

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6-129 EIA for the Proposed Green Paper Industry Park Development on Lot 441, Mukim Padang Meha, District of Kulim, Kedah Darul Aman.

Figure 6.3: Sg. Karangan Catchment

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EIA for the Proposed Green Paper Industry Park Development on Lot 441, Mukim Padang Meha, District of Kulim, Kedah Darul Aman.

Figure 6.4: Location of the Water Intake Points/WTP within Sg Muda Water Catchment

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EIA for the Proposed Green Paper Industry Park Development on Lot 441, Mukim Padang Meha, District of Kulim, Kedah Darul Aman.

Figure 6.5: Location of Irrigation Pump Stations

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EIA for the Proposed Green Paper Industry Park Development on Lot 441, Mukim Padang Meha, District of Kulim, Kedah Darul Aman.

Figure 6.6: Location of Rainfall Stations

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EIA for the Proposed Green Paper Industry Park Development on Lot 441, Mukim Padang Meha, District of Kulim, Kedah Darul Aman.

Figure 6.7: Location of the Streamflow Station, Sg Kulim at Ara Kuda

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EIA for the Proposed Green Paper Industry Park Development on Lot 441, Mukim Padang Meha, District of Kulim, Kedah Darul Aman.

Figure 6.8: Mean Annual Rainfall Isohyetal Lines Covering Sg Karangan and Sg Kulim at Ara Kuda Catchment

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EIA for the Proposed Green Paper Industry Park Development on Lot 441, Mukim Padang Meha, District of Kulim, Kedah Darul Aman.

Figure 6.9: Landuse Map of Sg Karangan and Sg Kulim at Ara Kuda Catchment

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EIA for the Proposed Green Paper Industry Park Development on Lot 441, Mukim Padang Meha, District of Kulim, Kedah Darul Aman.

Figure 6.10: Flooded Areas in Kulim District from Year 2011 to 2017

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EIA for the Proposed Green Paper Industry Park Development on Lot 441, Mukim Padang Meha, District of Kulim, Kedah Darul Aman.

Figure 6.11: General Geology of the Project Area

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6-138 EIA for the Proposed Green Paper Industry Park Development on Lot 441, Mukim Padang Meha, District of Kulim, Kedah Darul Aman.

Figure 6.12: Locations of Borehole Within the Project Site

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6-139 EIA for the Proposed Green Paper Industry Park Development on Lot 441, Mukim Padang Meha, District of Kulim, Kedah Darul Aman.

Figure 6.13: Reconnaissance Soil Map of the Project Area

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6-140 EIA for the Proposed Green Paper Industry Park Development on Lot 441, Mukim Padang Meha, District of Kulim, Kedah Darul Aman.

Figure 6.14: Hydrogeological Map of the Project Area

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6-141 EIA for the Proposed Green Paper Industry Park Development on Lot 441, Mukim Padang Meha, District of Kulim, Kedah Darul Aman.

Figure 6.15: Landuse of the Impact Area (within an arbitrary radius of 5km)

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6-142 EIA for the Proposed Green Paper Industry Park Development on Lot 441, Mukim Padang Meha, District of Kulim, Kedah Darul Aman.

Figure 6.16: Wind Rose Pattern at Butterworth

Location of the • XSD Paper Project Site relative to Butterworth

Source : Malaysian Meteorological Service, 201

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Figure 6.17(a): Locations of Water Sampling Points

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Figure 6.17(b): Location of Water and Groundwater Sampling Points

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6-145 EIA for the Proposed Green Paper Industry Park Development on Lot 441, Mukim Padang Meha, District of Kulim, Kedah Darul Aman.

Figure 6.18: Location of Air, Noise and Vibration Sampling Sites

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6-146 EIA for the Proposed Green Paper Industry Park Development on Lot 441, Mukim Padang Meha, District of Kulim, Kedah Darul Aman.

Figure 6.19: Location of Odour Sampling Points, Wind Direction, Wind Speed and Temperature Wind Direction, Wind Speed and Temperature during Night-time Period

Wind Direction, Wind Speed and Temperature during Afternoon Period Wind Direction, Wind Speed and Temperature during Morning Period

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Figure 6.20: The Location of the Proposed Project Site and its Surrounding Proposed ESA Areas within Kulim District

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6-148 EIA for the Proposed Green Paper Industry Park Development on Lot 441, Mukim Padang Meha, District of Kulim, Kedah Darul Aman.

Figure 6.21: Biological Environmental Profile of the Project Site

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6-149 EIA for the Proposed Green Paper Industry Park Development on Lot 441, Mukim Padang Meha, District of Kulim, Kedah Darul Aman.

Figure 6.21: Kulim Population Distribution, 2010

Source: Department of Statistics Malaysia, Population Distribution by Local Authority Areas and Mukims 2010

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Figure 6.23: Mukim Boundary

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Figure 6.24 (a): Traffic Survey Count Location

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Figure 6.24 (b): Traffic Survey Count Location

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