SPEA REPORT – JUNE 2017

Public Disclosure Authorized

Public Disclosure Authorized

STAKEHOLDER AND POLITICAL ECONOMY ANALYSIS FOR GHANA

GHANA SPEA REPORT Public Disclosure Authorized June, 2017

Public Disclosure Authorized

Client: The World Bank Prepared by: Aninver InfraPPP Partners S.L.

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GHANA SPEA REPORT – JUNE 2017

DISCLAIMER

This document has been prepared by Aninver InfraPPP Partners S.L. (“AIP”) for the World Bank (“WB”). This document does not necessarily reflect the views of the Bank. Information provided by the WB and third parties may have been used in the preparation of this document, but was not independently verified by AIP. The document may be provided to third parties for informational purposes only and shall not be relied upon by third parties as a specific professional advice or recommendation. Neither AIP nor its affiliates or related entities shall be responsible for any loss whatsoever sustained by any party who relies on any information included in this document.

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ACRONYMS

AIP Aninver InfraPPP Partners S.L. / the consultants AYA Axim Youth Alliance (NGO) CID Canadian International Development (Foreign Affairs) CRC Coastal Resources Center – University of Rhode Island DAC OECD’s Development Assistance Committee DFID UK Department for International Development EPA Environmental Protection Agency FC Fisheries Commission FON Friends of Nation (NGO) GDP Gross Domestic Product GHA Ghana Hotels Association GMA Ghana Maritime Authority GNCFC Ghana National Canoe Fishermen Council GPHA Ghana Ports and Harbour Authority GSD Geological Survey Department GSGDA Ghana Shared Growth Development Agenda HM Hen Mpoano (NGO) HSD Hydrological Services Department IMF International Monetary Fund LC Lands Commission LGS Local government Service LOCAL Local Climate Adaptive Living Facility (UN) MC Minerals Commission MDAs Municipal and District Assemblies MESTI Ministry of Environment, Science, Technology and Innovation MOFDA Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture Development NADMO National disaster Management Organization NAFGA National fisheries Association of Ghana NDC National Democratic Congress party NDPC National Development Planning Commission NGO Non-Governmental Organizations NPP ODA Official Development Assistance ODI Overseas Development Institute OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development PEA Political Economy Analysis SE Seafront Environmental (NGO) SFMP Sustainable Fisheries Management Program SIDA Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency SPEA Stakeholders and Political Economy Analysis SS Spatial Solutions (private company) TC Traditional Chiefs TA Technical Assistance TCPD Town and Country Planning Department TO Tullow Oil (private company) ToR Terms of Reference

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UCC University of Cape Coast UG UN United Nations UNCDF United Nations’ Local Climate Adaptive Living Facility US/USA United Sates of America USAID United Sates Agency for International Development WACA West Africa Coastal Areas Project WB World Bank ZOOM Zoomlion Ghana Ltd. (private company)

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Identification of key stakeholders – Ghana ...... 18

Figure 2. Stakeholders map – Ghana ...... 19

Figure 3. Main challenges related to Coastal Management in Ghana ...... 21

Figure 4. List of main actions to combat coastal erosion and flooding in Ghana and stakeholders involved 22

Figure 5. Erosion hot spots along Ghana’s coast ...... 24

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CONTENT

1. Executive Summary ...... 7

2. Introduction ...... 8

3. Ghana: macroeconomics...... 9

4. Political situation ...... 9

5. Stakeholders analysis ...... 10

6. Main challenges, barriers and governance issues ...... 19

7. Potential investments related to coastal protection ...... 23

8. Conclusions and recommendations ...... 24

Appendix 1. List of participants - initial workshop in Cape Coast ...... 26

Appendix 2. Participants in the workshop ...... 27

Bibliography ...... 28

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1. Executive Summary 1.1. The World Bank awarded the contract to perform the “Stakeholders and Political Economy Analysis for Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Togo and Benin”, to Aninver InfraPPP Partners S.L. The contract was signed on June 10, 2016 and the start date set for that same day. 1.2. The study covers three main issues: (i) Stakeholders’ identification: main stakeholders related to coastal erosion and flooding in each country (distinguishing actors within the private sector, public sector, civil society, research and education, and donor community), who are the key stakeholders and map them to have a better understanding of the “playing field” in each country; (ii) Political economy analysis: understand which are the main challenges related to the problem in each country, the barriers to coordination, the agents of change and potential actions needed; and (iii) potential investments associated to coastal protection for each country. This document is the Final Report summarizing the main findings, conclusions and recommendations of the study and was improved and completed based on the feedback from the different participants in the study (a national workshop was held at Accra to validate these findings, conclusions and recommendations – see Appendix 2). 1.3. Ghana’s macroeconomic situation has improved lately after two years of staggering economic growth. The country counts on the support of the International Monetary Fund but needs to keep a tightening fiscal discipline. Inflation and interest rates are exorbitantly high, hampering the economic development of the private sector. Ghana is one the most stable democracies in Western Africa, and there are high levels of respect towards democratic institutions. Civil society organizations and local government (municipal and district assemblies) play a significant role in Ghana. The environment could be more present in the political agenda and in some cases there are political interferences and certain lack of institutional capacity, political will and funds to ensure the necessary political action. 1.4. This study identifies, based on a series of interviews and field visits, the stakeholders related to the problem of coastal erosion and flooding in Ghana. The key stakeholders are then identified according to their levels of legitimacy, resources and interconnections, and all the actors are mapped in a visual graph, marking those with higher influence in relation to the issue at stake. The main agents of change1 were also identified. The key stakeholders are: 1.4.1. Central government: Minister of Environmental Science, Technology and Innovation (MESTI), Hydrological Services Department (HSD), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and National Development Planning Commission (NDPC). 1.4.2. Local government: Local Government Service (LGS) and Representatives of all municipal and district assemblies of coastal areas (MDAs) 1.4.3. Research and academics: Department of Marine Sciences, University of Ghana (UG) and Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences/ Centre for Coastal Management, University of Cape Coast (UCC). 1.4.4. Civil society and donors: traditional chiefs, Hen Mpoano (HM), World Bank Group (WB) and USAID. 1.5. The main challenges that the country faces related to coastal protection are: (i) weak institutional capacity; (ii) need of stronger political will and interest; (iii) lack of funding for certain projects; and (iv) potential to improve knowledge and information of local communities. 1.6. There are significant barriers to coordinated action against coastal erosion and flooding in Ghana, such as: (i) lack of integrated and standard information shared by the key actors; (ii) budgetary constraints for coordination activities; (iii) absence of buy-in from local communities and territorial differences among MDAs; (iv) weak regulatory and planning frameworks, causing a lack of integrated views and policies on coastal management; and (v) political interference. 1.7. Considering the list of main actions needed and the potential investments to combat coastal erosion and flooding in Ghana, the study concludes on the following recommendations:

1 Agents of change defined as the leaders of the key stakeholders. This identification is based on the data from the interviews.

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1.7.1. Create a national forum or coordination mechanism related to coastal protection planning and investment. 1.7.2. Support the national observatory on coastal issues (Centre for Coastal Management) to nurture coordinated research, standardize information, and ensure that all the available materials are adequately shared. 1.7.3. Collaborate with key stakeholders identified in the public sector in capacity building programs (at national and local levels), support the development of new policies and regulatory frameworks to protect the coast, and finance coastal protection initiatives. 1.7.4. When designing and executing hard engineering measures, ensure local communities are involved. 1.7.5. Foster soft engineering measures, such as trees, mangroves and other vegetation planting efforts, beach nourishment, beach cleaning, and including construction setbacks within urban planning exercises. 1.7.6. Collaborate with local governments and NGOs to invest in public awareness and sensitization.

2. Introduction 2.1. The World Bank awarded the contract to perform the “Stakeholders and Political Economy Analysis for Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Togo and Benin”, to Aninver InfraPPP Partners S.L. The contract was signed on June 10, 2016 and the start date set for that same day. During the last weeks the consultants did some field trips, performed interviews to key stakeholders, compiled data and examined the existing literature related to both Political Economy Analysis and coastal issues in Western Africa. This report is part of the final set of deliverables of the study (SPEA reports for Ghana, Togo, Benin and Côte d’Ivoire). Methodological aspects 2.2. The methodology for the four SPEA reports was defined in the Inception Report of the assignment. Basically, the report covers three main issues: - Stakeholders’ identification: main stakeholders related to coastal erosion and flooding in each country, distinguishing actors within the private sector, public sector, civil society, research and education, and donor community; who are the key stakeholders; and map them to have a better understanding of the “playing field” in each country. - Political economy analysis: understand which are the main challenges related to the problem in each country, the barriers to coordination, the agents of change and potential actions needed. - Additionally, the reports will cover potential investments associated to coastal protection for each country. 2.3. In order to ensure that knowledge and experience is leveraged at national level, the consultants travelled to Ghana in June 2016. They attended a workshop in Cape Coast organized by the USAID/Ghana Sustainable Fisheries Management Project (SFMP), where they could interview different stakeholders and collect valuable opinions through a questionnaire. 2.4. The team completed and validated the main findings and conclusions of this report, in a national workshop held in Accra on October 6th 2016. 10 participants attended this workshop that was very useful to refine the findings and preliminary conclusions and overall complete and validate the consultants’ work. With this feedback and the client’s comments, the consultants prepared this final version of the report. After finishing the four SPEA reports, the consultants prepared a regional report for Western Africa aggregating the findings and extracting conclusions and recommendations at that regional level. 2.5. The final edition of all the reports of the assignment has been prepared in June 2017, after receiving the final comments from the different stakeholders. Since all the field work took place during 2016, there could have happened changes, appointments or the creation of new governmental bodies that are not completely reflected in the final version of the reports.

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3. Ghana: macroeconomics 3.1. The Republic of Ghana is a presidential constitutional democracy located in West Africa, with a population of 25.5 million2. Ghana’s neighbors include: Côte d’Ivoire in the West, Burkina Faso in the North and Togo in the East. Cedi is the official currency and English the official language. 3.2. The Ghanaian economy has been decelerating its strong growth lately: GDP growth3 was 7.3% in 2013, 4.0% in 2014 and 3.9% in 2015. Offshore oil production came on stream in Ghana in 2010, and the slump in world oil prices since mid-2014 resulted in a shortfall of budget revenue of about 2 percent of GDP. Ghana turned to the International Monetary Fund for support, getting a loan in 2015 to back a program aimed at boosting economic growth and tightening fiscal discipline. Ghana, in exchange, would implement a reform program under a three-year Extended Credit Facility arrangement from the IMF. 3.3. During the last years, slowing economic activity, accelerating inflation, rising debt levels, sharp currency depreciation, deteriorating macroeconomic imbalance and a deepening energy crisis, have contributed to a difficult macroeconomic position. 3.4. Inflation has peaked lately: inflation rate reached 17.2% in 20154, well above the central bank’s inflation target. Inflation should decelerate substantially in the medium term, while the stronger fiscal consolidation will stabilize the debt ratio to GDP. 3.5. Oil and gold account for 50% of Ghana’s exports. Although these two commodities fell in 2015, Ghana’s current account deficit narrowed to 7.8% of GDP in 2015 from 9.6% of GDP in 2014, as the rise in other services exports and private transfers, including remittances, more than compensated for the increased merchandise trade deficit. The external current account deficit is projected to decline which, together with increased donor support, should contribute to start rebuilding reserves. 3.6. GDP growth is expected to rebound to 5.2% in 2016, bolstered by an increase in oil and gas production, improved public infrastructure and levels of private investments. Nonetheless, disparities in spatial development and income inequality across regions, especially in the three northern regions, continue to exist. The prevailing low international oil prices could slow the pace of economic growth in the future. The drivers of growth continue to be the service sectors, which constitute 50.2% of the economy, followed by industry and agriculture at 28.4% and 19.9% respectively. The country’s medium-term growth prospect is strong with 8.2% in 2017 and moderating to 7.5% in 2018 under the assumption that fiscal adjustment remains on track with the support of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and other development partners. 3.7. The main priority of the IMF’s program5 is to restore debt sustainability through a sustained fiscal consolidation, and to support growth with adequate capital spending and a reduction in financing costs. The program rests on three pillars: (i) Restraining and prioritizing public expenditure with a transparent budget process; (ii) Increasing tax collection; and (iii) Strengthening the effectiveness of the central bank monetary policy. The government’s major challenge is to avoid slippage from the fiscal consolidation program in light of the upcoming general elections in late 2016. Priority is to restore debt sustainability by sustained fiscal consolidation. 3.8. During the last decade ODA6 (Official Development Assistance) support to Ghana has continued to decline, reaching values well below 5% of Net ODA disbursements as a percentage of Gross Net Income (this ratio peaked in 2004 with 16.5%). Net ODA disbursements per capita oscillates in the range USD 50-70 per year.

4. Political situation 4.1. Ghana is an independent nation since 1957, and it is considered one of the more stable countries in West Africa since its transition to a multi-party democratic system in 1992. The president is elected using a two-round

2 Ghana BBC country profile; updated on January 2016. 3 Source for GDP (historical and projections) and exports data: www.data.worldbank.org and Ghana country profile – World Bank. 4 AfDB, OECD, UNDP. African Economic Outlook, Ghana. 2016. 5 International Monetary Fund’s website : www.imf.org 6 Official development assistance (ODA) is defined as government aid designed to promote the economic development and welfare of developing countries. Aid may be provided bilaterally, from donor to recipient, or channeled through a multilateral development agency. Data extracted from www.data.oecd.org

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GHANA SPEA REPORT – JUNE 2017 system, whilst the 275 members of Parliament will be elected in single-member constituencies using first-past- the-post voting. The current President is Mr. John Dramani Mahama, of the National Democratic Congress party (NDC). 4.2. There are two main political parties, the NDC and the NPP (New Patriotic Party). Nana Akufo-Addo was the NPP candidate for President in 2008 and 2012, losing both elections by a very limited difference: in 2008, the NPP lost the presidential election in a closely contested runoff, with Akufo-Addo receiving 49.77% of the votes, versus 50.23% for , the NDC flag bearer. In the general election 2012, the party faced a similar situation. Akufo-Addo lost the election with 47.74% of the vote, while incumbent President of Ghana won 50.7%7. General elections will be held in Ghana on 7 November 2016 to elect a President and Members of Parliament. 4.3. The National Democratic Congress is a social democratic political party in Ghana, founded by Jerry John Rawlings, who was Head of State of Ghana from 1981 to 1993 and the President of Ghana from 1993 to 2001. The NDC was formed ahead of elections in 1992 and in 1996 returned Rawlings to power. Rawlings' second term ended in 2001. The NDC lost the presidency in the 2000 election, and it was not until the 2008 election that they regained it with candidate John Atta Mills. Internationally, the NDC is a member of the Socialist International. President John Evans Attah Mills died, after a short illness, in the afternoon of 24 July 2012 while still in Office. John Dramani Mahama of the NDC, the vice-president, was sworn-in as president that evening and then chosen as president in 2012 General Elections. The New Patriotic Party (NPP) is a liberal democratic and conservative party. The party is center-right. 4.4. The Ghanaian Parliament is vibrant, and despite inherent challenges and the dominance of the two leading political parties, has created the avenue for debate and vigorous legislative activity. Ghana is considered one of the more stable countries in West Africa since its transition to multi-party democracy in 1992. It is also constantly ranking among the top three in Africa for freedom of the press and freedom of speech8. The main complaints to the ruling NDC party is discontent at the rate of improvement in living standards, hikes in taxes, utilities and fuel prices. 4.5. The structure of the Ghanaian State is set out in the 1992 Constitution, which outlines how the various individuals and public bodies fit together, and also explains their respective functions. The constitution separates the state into three branches9: the Executive, the Legislature and the Judiciary and indicates boundaries for the performance of their respective powers. In the Ghanaian Constitution, there is a strong emphasis on devolving power away from a central government and into the hands of local authorities. To this end, each district has a District Assembly, whose members are elected by citizens within their area, and are, therefore, directly accountable to these local people. The District Assembly is responsible for formulating and executing plans, programmes and strategies for the effective development of the district. It also levies and collects taxes, rates, duties and fees. Each assembly is chaired by an elected Presiding Member and has also an Executive Committee. It oversees the implementation of government policy at the local level and is the main representative of the Central Government within the district.

5. Stakeholders analysis 5.1. Throughout our research, we identified the different stakeholders related to coastal erosion and flooding in Ghana. This list was validated in a national workshop. The stakeholders are grouped as: public sector, private sector, civil society, research and education, and donors. Over this list, the study signals the key stakeholders, and finally map them in a more visual scheme. Local population, not being considered as a stakeholder in itself (apart from CSOs representing local communities), are the true victims of coastal erosion and must occupy a very relevant position in any further plan or action. They need to be taken into account for any initiative that will be carried out in relation to coastal protection. Public sector 5.2. The public sector stakeholders identified are the following:

7 Electoral information taken from www.wikipedia.org and www.ghanaweb.com 8 Bertelsmann Stiftung. Bertelsmann Stiftung’s Transformation Index (BTI), Ghana Country Report, 2016. 9 Structure of the Ghanaian state as defined by Human Rights Advocacy and the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Ghana. The structure of the Ghanaian State. January 2011.

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5.2.1. Ministry of Environment, Science, Technology and Innovation (MESTI): the ministry in charge of environmental issues is Mr. Mahama Ayariga. The Ministry was reconstituted in 2009 and adopted its current denomination in 2013. Within MESTI, Mr. Fredua Agyeman – Director of Environment, is the national focal person of the WACA Project. MESTI is the primary Government agency with the overall mandate of formulating, developing, implementing, monitoring and evaluating environmental, science and technology and innovation policies in Ghana. The Ministry aims to establish a strong national scientific and technological base for accelerated sustainable development of the country to enhance the quality of life for all Ghanaian citizens. Different agencies belong to MESTI, with the two following public stakeholders being two of them. Mr. Agyeman chaired the second workshop and the consultants had the opportunity to discuss with him about the challenges and opportunities in coastal erosion and flooding in Ghana. The problem of a large number of ministries and agencies (approximately 28 ministries and 168 agencies) was discussed in relation to the potential solutions to the problem. MESTI is sometimes losing a lot of energy in arguing with local governments and other institutions to get things done. Mr. Agyeman insisted on the need to strongly justify any further intervention on the coast, to give more support to future actions that could be designed as part of WACA. The potential overlap and duplication of functions in the Public Administration requires that effective institutional arrangements are taken into account when designing the interventions. MESTI is providing qualified professionals for environmental services to the local administrations. The Town and Country Planning Department is also providing manpower in every district but the problem in his view remains how to effectively implement from the government side, given the large number of ministries and public agencies. 5.2.2. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA, part of MESTI): EPA was formally established in December 1994 through Act 490. It is the regulatory and enforcement body to protect and improve the environment in Ghana. The day-to-day management corresponds to its Executive Director (Mr. Daniel S. Amlalo nowadays). They have offices across Ghana working on and carrying our Government policy, inspecting and regulating activity and reacting when there are emergencies. A 13-member board of directors, appointed by the President of Ghana, supervises their operations. 5.2.3. Town and Country Planning Department (TCPD), an agency of MESTI: the department is in charge of planning, management and promotion of growth and development of cities, towns and villages in Ghana. It plays a key role in coastal protection given the need of ordering the growth of coastal human settlements and protecting them. In these days, construction setbacks10 and even complete relocation of settlements are being discussed in Ghana. The department operates at three levels: national, regional and district. The national level is part of MESTI, whilst the regional and district offices are part of the Regional Coordinating Councils and the District Assemblies respectively. Therefore, a very decentralized activity with interrelations with regional and local governments. Mr. Lawrence Dakurah is the Deputy Director of TCPD. 5.2.4. Local Government Service (LGS), a public service institution depending on the Ministry of Local government and Rural Development, was established by the Local Government Service Act 2003; to ensure effective administration and management of local government in Ghana. This institution is key in the ongoing governmental decentralization process of the country and has received grants from the European Union, which is funding the the implementation of the National Decentralisation Action Plan 2015-2019. This plan intends to improve service delivery at the district level, with better dedicated staff, strengthened local planning and budgeting capabilities and better functioning of the feeder roads system. Mr Callistus Mahama is the Secretariat / Head of Service and Mr Joseph Dasanah is the Chief Director. 5.2.5. Hydrological Services Department (HSD): The Hydrological Services Department is an agency of the Ministry of Water Resources, Works and Housing, with the responsibility of programming and the co- ordination of coastal protection works, the construction and maintenance of storm drains countrywide and the monitoring and evaluation of surface water bodies in respect of floods. HSD is led by Mr Hubert Osei-Wusuansah. 5.2.6. National Development Planning Commission (NDPC): led by Dr. Nii Noi Thompson, the National Development Planning Commission is currently developing a 40-year National Development Plan that

10 The minimum distance required by code or ordinance between a building and a property line or other reference. In this case it applies to the shoreline.

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will include coastal management. Climate change and sustainability issues are considered at national level through the Medium-term Development Policy Framework: Ghana Shared Growth Development Agenda (GSGDA), a broad policy on climate change and environmental sustainability. 5.2.7. National disaster Management Organization (NADMO): NADMO was established by Act 517 of 1996 to manage disasters and similar emergencies in the country. It was structured and placed under the Ministry of the Interior, to enable it coordinate all the relevant civil authorities at the national, regional and district levels. NADMO functions under a National secretariat, 10 Regional secretariats, 243 Metropolitan, Municipal and District secretariat and over 900 Zonal offices throughout the country. It includes the Emergency Operations Centre where all emergencies are first reported an operations room which operates 24 hours a day and 7 days a week and that is manned by the personnel of the Urban Search and Rescue Unit. NADMO is currently having financial problems, as Acting National Coordinator of NADMO, Brigadier General Francis Vib Sanziri, said in April 201611. 5.2.8. Minerals Commission: belonging to the Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources, it is a government agency established under Article 269 of the 1992 Constitution and the Minerals Commission Act (Act 450). The Commission's primary responsibility is to foster the efficient and effective regulation and management of the utilization of Ghana's mineral resources. It also ensures compliance with Ghana's Mining and Mineral Laws and Regulation through effective monitoring. This agency is relevant given that sand mining is a large problem in Ghana when considering coastal erosion. Sand and stone mining is widely practiced in Ghana (Jonah et al., 2015). These activities interfere with the coastal sediment balance and are mainly due to the high housing demand within communities close to the coats. Even though the activity is illegal, beach sand mining has become a lucrative business venture for many in Ghana. As an example, 285,376 cubic meters of sand are mined annually from six beaches by commercial sand miners between Elmina and Moree12. 5.2.9. Fisheries Commission: the Fisheries Commission is the implementing agency of the Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture Development (MoFAD), responsible for all monitoring, control, surveillance, evaluation, and compliance functions in all areas of fisheries development and management in Ghana. Mr. Samuel N.K. Quaatey is the current Director of the Commission. They are enforcing lately non- fishing days and species’ seasons given the problems in the fisheries sector, with increasing number of fishermen and canoes and decreasing landings. 5.2.10. District assemblies: the District Assembly is the equivalent of a local government in Ghana, and is responsible of the effective development of the district, formulating and executing all necessary plans and programs, and levying and collecting taxes, duties and fees. Each assembly is chaired by an elected presiding member and has also an executive committee. The District Chief Executive is responsible for the effective functioning of the assembly and also oversees the implementation of government policy at the local level, being the main representative of the Central Government within the district. The Assembly may delegate any of its functions to a sub-metropolitan District Council, Town, Area, Zonal or Urban Council or Unit Committee or such other body as necessary. 5.2.11. Ghana Ports and Harbours Authority: the Ghana Ports and Harbours Authority is the statutory public organization mandated to build, operate, maintain and regulate seaports in Ghana. The Director General is Mr. Richard A. Y. Anamoo. The Authority owns and operates two ports in Tema and Takoradi. Takoradi Port is being re-positioned through an extensive expansion and modernization programme to better serve the needs of the oil and gas, mining and trading sectors. The GPHA falls below the Ministry of Transport: Mr Fifi Kwetey is the minister. 5.2.12. Ghana Maritime Authority: also below the responsibility of the Ministry of Transport, this agency, led by its Director-General, Rev. Dr. P. I. Azuma, was created under Act 630 of 2002 and is charged with the responsibility of monitoring, regulating and coordinating activities in the maritime industry. It was mentioned as stakeholder during the second workshop in relation to the problem of marine pollution. 5.2.13. Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Creative Arts: the Minister since 2013 (when the ministry changed its name to the current one) is Mrs. Elizabeth Ofosu-Agyare. In 2011, 1,087,000 tourists visited Ghana. The Ministry is responsible of three National Parks and three UNESCO heritage sites. It was mentioned

11 http://pulse.com.gh/news/nadmo-disaster-organisation-cash-trapped-id4942173.html 12 F. Ekow Jonah and other. Assessment of sand and stone mining along the coastline of Cape Coast, Ghana. February 2015.

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as stakeholder in the second workshop given the relevance of tourism activities in some beach areas in the country. 5.2.14. Land Commission: part of the Ministry of Land and Natural Resources, the Lands Commission plays a relevant role regarding all potential relocations due to coastal flooding. The Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources (MLNR) is mandated to ensure the sustainable management and utilization of the nation’s lands, forests and wildlife resources as well as the efficient management of the mineral resources for socio-economic growth and development. The Ministry consists of three sub-sectors; Lands, Forestry and Mining. The Lands Commission was established by Article 258 of the 1992 Constitution and the Lands Commission Act, 2008 (Act 767). The current Lands Commission, as part of the Public Sector Reform Programs and the Land Administration Project, has been substantially remodeled to increase its efficiency and effectiveness. It is currently elaborating maps of coastal areas and monitoring sea level rises. The Divisions of the Lands Commission are the Survey and Mapping Division; the Land Valuation Division; the Land Registration Division and the Public and Vested Land. The Lands Commission counts with the support of the World Bank and the Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development, Canada, through the National Project Land Administration Project. 5.2.15. Geological Survey Department: it also falls under the Ministry of Land and Natural Resources. The consultants were informed in the workshop that this department is preparing a coastal sensitivity map. The department is devoted to generating and disseminating geoscientific data and information in a user-friendly way to government, industry and the public at large. Its functions include: mapping (geological, geophysical, geochemical and hydrogeological); mineral exploration; and engineering and environmental geology. Dr. Daniel Boamah is the Acting Head of the department.

Private sector 5.3. The private sector stakeholders identified are the following: 5.3.1. Tullow Oil: Tullow Oil plc is a multinational oil and gas company founded in Tullow (Ireland), headquartered in London. It has interests in over 122 licenses across 22 countries with 68 producing fields. The company is one of the leading oil exploration companies in Africa, with their main operations in Ghana, Kenya and Uganda. In Ghana, Tullow and its partners discovered the world-class Jubilee field in 2007 and developed it in record time with production commencing in November 2010, 40 months after discovery. The company had some technical problems in 2015 at Jubilee13, with decreasing outputs impacting Tullow’s financial performance. In November 2012 the Tweneboa- Enyenra-Ntomme (TEN) project was submitted to the Government of Ghana. The company has even bigger expectations for TEN than for Jubilee. Tullow was mentioned as a stakeholders given the potential impact of its operations in marine pollution and its capabilities to work with local communities along the Western coast. 5.3.2. Spatial Solutions: Spatial Solutions Limited (SpS) is a Planning Consulting company registered in Ghana in 2009. It is majority Ghanaian owned with a Director also from the United Kingdom. Since it started operating in 2009, it has been engaged in several planning and estate development consultancy assignments in Ghana. They participate in the Ghana Sustainable Fisheries Management Project (GSFMP)14, a five-year project started in October 2014 funded by USAID and being implemented by a consortium of nine partners including SpS and the NGO Hen Mpoano. The purpose of the project is to “Rebuild targeted fish stocks through adoption of sustainable practices and exploitation levels”, and as part of the project Sps and Hen Mpoano will conduct a needs assessment of Town and Country Planning Department offices in nine districts in Central Region with the aim of determining how to replicate the Western Region Environmental Data Hub to best serve the Central Region Coordinating Council. 5.3.3. Zoomlion Ghana Ltd.: Zoomlion is a member of the Jospong Group of companies, owned by Ghanaian business magnate, Dr Joseph Siaw Agyepong. The company is a leader in Western Africa in the field of waste management services. It was established in the early 2000s but has since gained

13 www.tullowoil.com and company’s annual reports. 14 www.crc.uri.edu/projects_page/sfmp/ and www.snv.org/project/sustainable-fisheries-management-project

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popularity throughout the country as the key company in waste management. Zoomlion is growing outside Ghana aggressively and it has already offices in five African countries. It is one of the largest employers in Ghana and also run the waste management unit of the Ghanaian government's youth employment program. This stakeholder was mentioned during the second workshop in relation to waste management and beach cleaning issues. 5.3.4. National Fisheries Association of Ghana (NAFGA): NAFAG is an umbrella organization of all fishermen associations, located at Tema Harbour. They have two members in the Fisheries Commission. The President of NAFAG is Flt Lt M.G. Tackie. The association has been working lately with the Minister of Fisheries and Aquaculture Development to strengthen fisheries associations with the provision of technical assistance, goods and training to build capacity of operators in the industry, and recently finished the construction of a new multi-purpose hall equipped with radio communications equipment to support fishermen in their operations. 5.3.5. Ghana National Canoe Fishermen Council: Nii Abeo Kyerekuandah IV is the Executive Secretary of GNCFC. The National Executive Committee of the Ghana National Canoe Fishermen Council (GNCFC) has recently called on the government to enforce the Fisheries Regulation Law 2010 against all bad and unacceptable fishing practices. 5.3.6. Ghana Hotels Association: Ghana Hotels Association (GHA) was formed in 1975 and it is made up of owners, representatives and directors of accommodation assets certified and licensed by the Ghana Tourism Authority (GTA) to offer accommodation, catering and other tourism services in Ghana. The association has a national office with 11 branches spread over the 10 regions of Ghana and a total membership of more than a 1,00015. The President of the Ghana Hotel Association is Mr. Herbert Acquaye. Hospitality assets, and the tourism industry in general, were largely mentioned during our interviews as relevant stakeholders given how affected they are by coastal erosion when located at beach areas and their potential to revitalize coastal areas. The creation of a Tourism Development Fund and the use of Public-Private Partnerships are lately being discussed in the industry. 5.3.7. Kosmos Energy: Kosmos is international oil and gas exploration and production company focused on Africa. They discovered the Jubilee fields with Tullow Oil and their portfolio includes existing production and major project developments offshore Ghana, as well as oil and gas exploration licenses offshore Mauritania, Morocco, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Suriname, and Western Sahara. Jubilee discovery in 2007 was the company’s first major discovery and one of West Africa’s largest discoveries of the last two decades. Success at Jubilee led to a number of follow-on oil and gas-condensate discoveries on the West Cape Three Points and Deepwater Tano blocks. 5.3.8. ENI: ENI is a multinational oil and gas company headquartered in Italy. Eni made the first oil discovery in the Offshore Cape Three Points (OCTP) block, located in the Tano Basin offshore Ghana, about 50 km off the coast of Ghana in 2012. ENI started operations in Ghana based on a Memorandum of Understanding signed by Eni, Vitol and Ghana National Petroleum Corporation (GNPC) with the Minister of Energy of Ghana. This agreement focuses particularly on the domestic gas market, in which Eni and its joint venture partners intend to play a prominent role. Eni has been operating in Ghana since 2009 and currently operates two exploration offshore blocks OCTP and Keta. Eni has been present in Sub Saharan Africa since the 1960s and currently participates in exploration and production projects in Angola, Congo, Ghana, Gabon, Mozambique, Nigeria, Democratic Republic of Congo, Togo, Kenya and Liberia.

Civil society 5.4. The civil society stakeholders identified are the following: 5.4.1. Friends of the Nation: established in 1993, it is a registered socio-environmental advocacy, non-profit, non-governmental development-oriented Organization based in Adiembra in the Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis of the Western Region of Ghana. FoN is committed to enhancing active citizenship, social accountability and promoting human rights in resource governance. A philosophy guided by a rights- based and eco-based approach to sustainable development The group also advocated a co- management law in the fisheries sector to deepen citizen participation and help revive the sector.

15 http://www.graphic.com.gh/business/business-news/ghana-hotels-association-gives-value-to-members.html

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5.4.2. Hen Mpoano: Hen Mpoano is a Non-Governmental Organization focused on the defense of Ghana’s coastal areas. They participate in the Ghana Sustainable Fisheries Management Project (GSFMP), described above. The NGO is led by Mr. Kofi Agbogah. Hen Mpoano has announced the serious crisis of the Ghana’s fisheries sector as a result of the depletion of fish stock in both marine and freshwater bodies. The situation, according to the organization, has led to a reduction in capture fisheries, from annual maximum figures of 120,000-130,000 tonnes a year to current catches of less than 20,000 tonnes a year, for many more fishermen and population living in coastal areas16. Hen Mpoano is working with local communities to sensitize them on the need to use sustainable fishing methods, calling on government enforcement agencies to patrol the beaches and forming citizens groups to alert when they see infractions. 5.4.3. Axim Youth Alliance: the President of the Axim Youth Alliance (AYA) is Mr. Kofi Arko Nokoe. AYA is a non-governmental organization founded in 2014, representing the under-35 age group in Axim region, whose mission is to work towards the advancement of Axim and its environs in terms of infrastructure, capacity building, and human resource. AYA led several protests and demonstrations over the deteriorating nature of Axim infrastructure and coastal areas, has called for the building of a sea defense to protect Axim from the ongoing devastating sea erosion. 5.4.4. Seafront Environmental: Seafront is a local coastal marine conservation NGO in Ghana which leads the initiative “Cape Coast Beach Clean Project”. The aim of the project is to address the poor beach sanitation problem affecting most of Ghana's beaches. Their work is relevant since they aim at causing a change by encouraging volunteerism in beach cleaning and addressing local level sanitation policy issues. 5.4.5. Traditional chiefs: traditional authorities have a large relevance in Ghanaian life, especially in rural areas, as it was commented during the second workshop. The traditional leadership structure is hierarchical, with clan heads, village or town chiefs and leaders at the district level. At the apex is the head of a tribal group. These authorities keep custody of community land, culture, customary laws and traditions and are responsible for the maintenance of law and order in their communities.

Research and education 5.5. In Ghana two stakeholders were identified in the education and research community: 5.5.1. University of Ghana – Department of Marine and Fisheries Sciences: Dr. Appeaning Addo is an Associate Professor leading this department that is currently involved in monitoring coastal erosion along Ghana coast and assessing the impact of climate change on coastal communities in Ghana. His research areas include coastal erosion, delta evolution modelling, vulnerability and risk assessment in coastal environment, application of drone technology in coastal zone monitoring, sustainable port development, and climate change. 5.5.2. University of Cape Coast17 – The idea to establish a Centre for Coastal Management (CCM) at the University of Cape Coast (UCC) dates back to 1997 when the World Bank through the Village Infrastructure Project (VIP) identified UCC to be a focal institution to lead coastal management efforts in Ghana by virtue of its location within the Coastal Zone. The vision was finally fulfilled in 2013 when the university formally institutionalized it and mandated it to be responsible for coordinating coastal extension programs within the University of Cape Coast. Since its inception, CCM has undertaken critical actions aimed at positioning it to provide quality and relevant educational programs, research and technical advisory services to support the management of fisheries and coastal resources on a sustainable basis for national development. Dr. Denis Aheto is the Director of the Centre and Project Manager of the USAID/UCC Fisheries and Coastal Management Capacity Building Support Project with funding from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The five-year Project (2014-20190 is aimed at making CCM as a leader in the integrated management of marine and coastal ecosystems and the human communities that live and work in coastal areas within the West African sub-region. Aside the USAID collaboration, the Centre has initiated strategic partnerships to facilitate innovations and direct its programs and operations within Ghana. The Centre is coordinating

16 https://www.newsghana.com.gh/ghana-fisheries-sector-in-crisis-hen-mpoano/ 17 Based on our interview to Prof. Denis Aheto, Project Manager for the USAID/UCC Fisheries and Coastal Management Capacity Building Support Project

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an active, collaborative work with governmental agencies, universities, civil society and donor partners. It is providing strategic leadership and directions to build and manage the organization’s administrative structure. For example it conducts training Integrated Coastal Management (ICM), Coastal Climate Change Adaptation, Fisheries Management, Fisheries Leadership and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). It is presently involved in research and policy dialogues in collaboration with the Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture Development (MoFAD), promoting supplementary livelihood and community-based coastal resources management groups in eight selected districts in the Central and Western Regions of Ghana, monitoring health of coastal ecosystems for conservation in collaboration with local NGOs; and involved in the ecological restoration of a lagoon (Ewiane Aluonu) in the Western Region.

Donors community 5.6. The main donor stakeholders identified are the following: 5.6.1. USAID (Sustainable Fisheries Management Project - SFMP; and other programs): the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) is very active in Ghana through different programs. SFMP is one of them, and USAID has committed approximately USD 24 million to the SFMP to contribute to food security in Ghana. The Coastal Resources Center at the Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, USA (CRC), is the lead in this project lasting from October 2014 to October 2019. This project, which will contribute to consolidating the gains made by the previous Integrated Coastal and Fisheries Governance (ICFG) Initiative (2009-2014), will also contribute to the strengthening of marine and fisheries management training at the University of Cape Coast (UCC) and coastal spatial planning capacity of districts in the Central and Western Regions. Dr. Brian Crawford of CRC, is the Chief of Party for the SFMP. Working with the Ghanaian authorities and involved stakeholders, the project team hopes to reverse the trend in declining fish catches. 5.6.2. United Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF; Local Climate Adaptive Living Facility): UNCDF has been present in Ghana since 2015 through the Local Climate Adaptive Living (LoCAL) Facility, which finances climate change adaptation measures at the local level through performance-based climate resilience grants. In Ghana, LoCAL has identified a number of climate change adaptation investments required for building climate resilience with some projects related to coastal protection management. The investment menu, which is based on a set of eligibility criteria related to climate change adaptation, reflects the priority needs expressed by local governments and their populations and includes amongst others, water and sanitation, marine ecosystem and coastal zone infrastructure projects. In addition to the grant funding, LoCAL also provides technical and capacity building support to local governments to help ensure that climate change considerations are mainstreamed into their local budgeting and planning processes. Angela Yayra Amoah is the National Project Coordinator, for the Local Climate Adaptive Living (LoCAL) Facility. 5.6.3. DfID (UK’s Department for International Development): together with project partners, DAI and Corporate Citizenship (both private enterprises), DfID has helped launch the new Western Region Coastal Foundation (WRCF) in Ghana. The WRCF is focused on helping to build local supply chains, improve stability, and promote inclusive economic development for poor communities in the six coastal districts in Ghana tied to the oil and gas sector. The project will focus on crowding-in private sector corporate funding from oil and gas companies and building trusted relationships between coastal communities and oil and gas companies. 5.6.4. Canadian International Development: the international development activities of the government of Canada are developed through Global Affairs Canada. Global Affairs Canada manages Canada's diplomatic and consular relations, promotes the country's international trade and leads Canada’s international development and humanitarian assistance. Mrs. Marie-Claude Bibeau is the Minister of International Development and La Francophonie. IDRC (International Development Research Centre) is a Crown corporation of the Government of Canada that supports researchers in developing countries who advance knowledge and solve practical development problems. They provide the resources, advice, and training they need to implement and share their solutions with those who need them most. IDRC is governed by a board of up to 14 governors, whose chairperson reports to Parliament through

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the Minister of International Development. IDRC is currently financing the study “Deltas, Vulnerability, and Climate Change: Migration as an Adaptation”, in which migration as an adaptation strategy in deltas is being analyzed. The project area covers four deltas: the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna delta in Bangladesh and India, the Nile delta in Egypt, the Mahanadi delta in India, and the Volta delta in Ghana. A consortium of five institutions with expertise in the different regions is conducting the research. 5.6.5. World Bank (WB): is a global partnership fighting poverty worldwide through sustainable solutions. Ghana joined this organization on September 1957. At the moment, the World Bank portfolio for Ghana comprises USD 2.140 billion in 24 projects, with a disbursed amount that has been increasing since FY09. In FY2015, USD 323 million was disbursed, and as of March 2016, USD 342 million had been disbursed. Ghana’s regional projects reflect the country’s role as a West African hub. In 2016, the World Bank and West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU), with financial support from the Nordic Development Fund, began the implementation of erosion and adaptation project in the coastal areas of West Africa under the Technical Assistance Programme to the management of West Africa's coast (WACA - West Africa coastal Areas) including Togo, Ghana, Côte d’Ivoire and Benin.

Key stakeholders 5.7. To assess which are the main stakeholders related to the problem of coastal erosion and flooding in Ghana we followed a combined approach of asking the interviewees and our own assessment based on the following key questions18: 5.7.1. Legitimacy: does the actor hold an influential position with strong legitimacy? 5.7.2. Resources: does the actor dispose of specific material and immaterial resources that allow him to shape the issue at stake? 5.7.3. Network: is the actor well interconnected with other influential actors? 5.7.4. Overall, is the actor a key stakeholder related to the issue at stake? The results of this assessment are shown in Figure 1. Next section 6.5 details which are the people leading these organizations. These should be the change agents to consider for designing and implementing effective actions in Ghana related to this problem.

18 We followed for sections 5.7 and 5.8 (partially) the ideas and graphic figures from the Federal Department of Foreign Affairs, Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation. East Asia Division, Focal Point and Network, Political Economy and Development PED Network, tool 1: stakeholder analysis (2011).

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Figure 1. Identification of key stakeholders – Ghana

Mapping of stakeholders 5.8. The visual representation of the stakeholders in Ghana, which are the key stakeholders and those with estimated stronger influence in relation to coastal erosion and flooding are shown in Figure 2.

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Figure 2. Stakeholders map – Ghana

6. Main challenges, barriers and governance issues

Context 6.1. Based on our analysis, there are some key aspects that frame the problem of coastal erosion and flooding in Ghana: 6.1.1. Ghana is one of the most established democracies in Africa. The stability and respect to the constitution and regulatory framework have allowed an historical good performance of donors acting in the country. Ghana keeps good and stable relationships with the international community and the country still relies in a relevant weight of ODA despite its low-middle income status (gained in 2011). 6.1.2. Ghana is a country with historically high electoral participations (73% and 80% in 2008 and 2012 elections respectively). The traditional authorities (chiefs) and religion have a relevant position in political life. There are very high levels of press freedom. 6.1.3. Accordingly, the role of NGOs in the society is very important. There are more than 300,000 NGOs in Ghana19. We identified some key NGO stakeholders in the problem of coastal erosion and they are already very active in solutions as the SFMP program proves. 6.1.4. The environment is not as present in the political agenda as in other countries in Western Africa (e.g. Togo). It mainly worries to political parties when there are emergencies, such as the occurrence of tidal waves in various coastal communities in April 2016. Overall, public institutions seem to lack planning, analysis and implementation capabilities in relation to the coastal erosion problem. 6.1.5. The problem of a large number of ministries and agencies (approximately 28 ministries and 168 agencies) was discussed in relation to the potential solutions to the problem. There could be

19 Bertelsmann Stiftung. Bertelsmann Stiftung’s Transformation Index (BTI), Ghana Country Report, 2016.

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potentially overlaps and duplications of functions in the Public Administration related to coastal issues in some occasions, as we discussed with the MESTI. 6.1.6. Ghana has the longest coastline of the four countries analyzed, with 580 km. Like all three other countries, it has experienced severe erosion problems with the most affected areas located in the Volta estuary basin. Changes in the ecological and social systems, as a result of coastal erosion are gravely affecting the fishing, tourist and other economic enterprises. The extensive erosion along beaches is resulting in migration of fishermen. 6.1.7. Another consequence of the environmental changes is the serious frequent inundation of human settlements on the shores, which have led to great destruction of buildings and property and reduced levels of beach usage for recreation. According to MESTI Ghana is losing 2.7 million sqm of its shore annually20. 6.1.8. Waste and debris is accumulating in Ghana’s beaches and marine environments. Plastic waste fills many beaches and affects fish activities. Most of the marine debris is generated from land activities, through the disposal into drains and water courses. There is need for a big socio- cultural change in Ghana related to waste disposal and how it affects the environment. 6.1.9. Based on our interviews with different stakeholders, we also identified the need for a national forum to discuss coastal issues and institutional arrangements to plan for and deal with such issues. Lack of coordination among all actors involved in the problem can hamper future efforts.

Challenges 6.2. The main challenges related to coastal erosion and flooding in Ghana, based on our investigation are: 6.2.1. Weak institutional capacity in the public institutions, and district and national level: capacity building measures could be effective actions in future plans and programs. 6.2.2. Lack of political will or interest: in certain occasions political interferences with technical work were commented by the interviewees. Especially at national level, the views and solutions to the problems seem far from real execution at specific communities. Acting at local level and involving communities and the third sector is key to attack the problems. 6.2.3. Need of financial resources: institutions like NADMO, in charge of emergency actions, are clearly scarce of resources. Research is another field where more resources are needed, to generate real time data and monitor exhaustively the coastline. A positive factor in this aspect is the existence of solid universities with specific programs already researching coastal issues. 6.2.4. Lack of knowledge and information of local residents: polluting activities, respecting construction setbacks and avoiding sand mining are all examples of work that needs to be done with local communities. Although the debate in certain occasions focused on moving these communities far from their affected locations, we believe that this kind of solutions must be the last resource. Teaching communities to combat coastal erosion and adapt to climate change are much more social and environmentally adequate measures. As mentioned above, the role of local governments and NGOs is key for this. 6.3. The challenges as mentioned in the questionnaires by the interviewees are shown in the following figure:

20 MESTI minister quoted in www.modernghana.com/news/697008/ghana-marks-world-oceans-day.html

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Figure 3. Main challenges related to Coastal Management in Ghana

Barriers to coordination 6.4. Based on the interviews and our own analysis, the main barriers to coordinated action within Ghana in relation to the coastal erosion problem that were identified are the following: 6.4.1. There is a lack of integrated information across the country on coastal erosion. Data needs to be generated in standard formats and broadly shared among the research bodies and the decision makers. Research findings and advice exist, mainly focused on specific hotspots, but is not generally considered by the political decision makers at national and local level. At the same time, some interviewees complained about institutions holding on their information and not really wanting to share relevant data. 6.4.2. Budgetary constraints exist in almost all institutions dealing with the problem. This was sometimes mentioned as the reason behind the lack of integrated coastal management policies and coordination bodies/forums. 6.4.3. The local component is very relevant in the coastal erosion issue and, therefore, there are also some barriers related to this local component: territorial differences and discrepancies among MDAs (Municipal and district Assemblies) were mentioned as barriers to coordinated action, as well as the absence of buy-in from local communities where the problem of coastal erosion is most prevalent. 6.4.4. Integrated coastal management policies and practices seems not to be very developed in Ghana. Some respondents identified a more solid legal context and sectoral planning approach as necessary to ensure coordinated activity in coastal issues. Related to this it is the already mentioned lack of a common forum or platform where coastal issues and investment projects can be discussed, providing a more holistic view to the problem. 6.4.5. Political interference: political ideologies are sometimes faced against public service interests. The use of coastal erosion and flooding issues as tools to “win” votes and the lack of political alignment at the maximum level, starting from the Presidential Office, are also barriers to more integrated and coordinated measures.

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Agents of change 6.5. Based on the interviews and the identification of key stakeholders, the study concludes that the following people are the key agents of change for any further initiative in the field of coastal erosion and flooding in Ghana: 6.5.1. Central government: • Mr. Peter Dery (Minister of Environmental Science, Technology and Innovation, MESTI) • Mr. Fredua Agyemang (Chief Director of Environment, MESTI) • Mr. Hubert Osei-Wusuansah (Director, Hydrological Services Department) • Mr. Daniel Amlalo (Executive Director, Environmental Protection Agency, EPA) • Mr. Nii Noi Thompson (Director General, National Development Planning Commission) 6.5.2. Local government: • Mr. Dr. Callistus Mahama, Local Government Service Secretariat (LGS) • Representatives of all municipal and district assemblies of coastal areas 6.5.3. Research and academics: • Dr. Kwasi Appeaning-Addo, Department of Marine Sciences, University of Ghana • Dr. Denis Aheto, Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences/ Centre for Coastal Management, University of Cape Coast 6.5.4. NGOs and donors: • Mr Koffi Hounkpe, Hen Mpoano / USAID • Dr. Brian Crawford, USAID

Actions needed 6.6. Our research investigated what actions are needed from the different stakeholders in order to mitigate coastal erosion and flooding in Ghana in a more coordinated way. Figure 4 collects the different proposed actions and what should be the stakeholders involved in each.

Figure 4. List of main actions to combat coastal erosion and flooding in Ghana and stakeholders involved

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7. Potential investments related to coastal protection 7.1. The approach of Ghana’s government to coastal protection has been in the past mostly reactive, site- specific and using hard engineering measures. Groynes and revetments were built as barriers against sea waves to prevent sea erosion. Major sea defense projects have been carried out by government on sites considered to be highly vulnerable: Keta, Ada, Sakumono or the new Takoradi sea defense. Apart from the high costs, the problems with these projects are mainly two: (i) there are examples of failed projects, e.g. collapsing sea walls in Axim; and (ii) whereas they stabilize the shoreline at the protected section, they increase erosion in adjacent areas. The construction of the Keta sea defense, using a combination of groynes and revetments, led to increased coastal erosion on the down-drift coast towards the Ghana–Togo border by over 50%. The development of sea defenses is justified by the Ghana’s government based on the preservation of the shorefronts and mitigating the encroachment caused by the sea. The construction of sea defenses is one of the priority projects of the Ministry of Water Resources, Works and Housing, in charge of building them. Projected sea defenses include acting in Takoradi, Amanful Kumah, Axim, Dixcove, Cape Coast, Komenda and Nkontompo (see Figure 5). These projects reach easily investment volumes of USD 60-90 million for tranches of 10-25 km21. In our interviews there were frequent complaints from local communities’ representatives of not being consulted on the hard engineering solutions. 7.2. Emergency relocation of entire communities has also been proposed in some vulnerable areas and was mentioned during our interviews. When dealing with moving communities from endangered areas, the costs of relocation are frequently underestimated, since potential social and cultural values’ losses are not always fully considered. In our view, keeping endangered communities in their home locations, protecting the natural habitats and ensuring adaptation to climate change should be preferably considered as solutions to the problems by some governments and donors. 7.3. Combating coastal protection in Ghana requires beach nourishment and other “soft” measures such as construction setbacks, planting dune vegetation, establishing environmental data hubs or fostering regional cooperation (e.g. Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire have signed an agreement to collaborate in the sustainability and management of the marine and coastal resources). Overall, to stem the degradation of the coast, Ghana needs a systematic planning and coordinated investment approach. 7.4. Based on our research the most commented types of investments were the following: • Tourism: hospitality sector and recreational facilities; support to this industry • Research activities: standardization of data and information sharing • Support to local communities and ensuring the local views and knowledge are included, especially when designing expensive hard engineering measures or relocations • Information and early warning systems • Hard engineering works • New center for coastal issues • Capacity building measures, at both national and local levels.

21 http://www.nationalbcc.org/resources/contracting/1299-sea-defense-and-erosion-projects-ghana

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Figure 5. Erosion hot spots along Ghana’s coast22

8. Conclusions and recommendations 8.1. Ghana’s macroeconomic situation has improved lately after two years of staggering economic growth. The country counts on the support of the International Monetary Fund but needs to keep a tightening fiscal discipline. Inflation and interest rates are exorbitantly high, hampering economic development of the private sector. Ghana is one the most stable democracies in Western Africa, and there are high levels of respect towards democratic institutions. Civil society organizations and local government (municipal and district assemblies) play a significant role in Ghana, but the environment is not very present in the political agenda. 8.2. This study identifies, based on a series of interviews and field visits, the stakeholders related to the problem of coastal erosion and flooding in Ghana. The key stakeholders are then identified according to their levels of legitimacy, resources and interconnections, and all the actors are mapped in a visual graph, marking those with higher influence in relation to the issue at stake. The research identified the main agents of change, as people leading the key stakeholders (see section 6.5). 8.3. The main challenges that the country faces related to coastal protection are: (i) weak institutional capacity; (ii) need of stronger political will and interest; (iii) lack of funding for certain projects; and (iv) potential to improve knowledge and information of local communities. 8.4. The barriers to more coordinated actions are: (i) lack of integrated and standard information shared by the key actors; (ii) budgetary constraints; (iii) absence of buy-in from local communities and territorial differences among MDAs; (iv) weak regulatory and planning frameworks, causing a lack of integrated views and policies on coastal management; and (v) political interference. 8.5. Considering the list of main actions needed and the potential investments to combat coastal erosion and flooding in Ghana, the study concludes on the following recommendations: 8.5.1. Create a national forum or coordination mechanism related to coastal protection planning and investment. This body or committee should ensure the sound socio-economic assessment of all protection measures and compile lessons learnt and best practices on integrated coastal management in Ghana. Donors’ coordination related to this field could be ensured through this body. 8.5.2. Support the work of the existing national observatory, the Centre for Coastal Management, to foster coordinated research, standardize information, and ensure that all the available materials

22 Angnuureng BD, Appeaning AK and Wiafe G (2013). Impact of sea defense structures on down drift coasts: The case of Keta in Ghana. Acad. J. Environ. Sci. 1(6): 104-121.

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are adequately shared among the actors and the research and academic bodies involved get the necessary support. 8.5.3. Collaborate with key stakeholders identified in the public sector in capacity building programs (at national and local levels), support the development of new policies and regulatory frameworks to protect the coast, and finance coastal protection initiatives. 8.5.4. When designing and executing hard engineering measures, ensure local communities are involved since the first steps, and local opinions taken into account. Collaborate with NGOs for this. Consider not only sea defenses but also sanitation works as hard engineering measures. 8.5.5. Foster soft engineering measures, such as tree and other vegetation planting efforts, beach nourishment, beach cleaning, and including construction setbacks within urban planning exercises. 8.5.6. Invest in public awareness and sensitization to combat beach pollution, sand mining and respect construction setbacks – work with MDAs and NGOs in these fields.

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Appendix 1. List of participants - initial workshop in Cape Coast

No Name Institution

1 Adams Osman Geography Department, UCC 2 Angela Yayra Amoah UNCDF 3 Atsu Bo Bensah Radio Ghana 4 Christopher Damon URI CRC 5 Ebenezer Okine Hydrological Survey Department 6 Emmanuel Mensah Geography UCC 7 Ernest Kusi-Minkah Hydrological Services Department 8 Eugene Nyansafo Town and Country Planning Department 9 Frank Kofigah Fuveme Community, Volta Region 10 Frederick Jonah DFAS, UCC 11 Gavivina Tamakloe NADMO 12 Glenn Ricci URI 13 Gustav Devjot-Dkokotoe Hydrological Survey Department 14 Isaac Morkeh Codjoe Sanwoma Community representative 15 Jemimah Etornam Kassah DFAS, UCC 16 Jose de la Maza INFRAPPP, Spain 17 Joseph Ansong Hen Mpoano 18 Justina Paaga GNA 19 Michael Nokoe Axim Landing Beach Committee 20 Michelle Clottey DFAS, UCC 21 Nana Baudu Kingsley GTV 22 Peter Owusu Donkor Spatial Solutions 23 Philip Mensah TV3 24 Philip Neri Jayson-Quashigah UG 25 Raphael Fiave Town &Country Planning Department – Axim 26 Rebecca Essamuah DFAS, UCC 27 Sakyiama Kofi GTV 28 Stephen Kankam Hen Mpoano 29 Trinity Mensah-Senoo UG 30 Ben Asomani Min. of Environment Science. Techn. & Innovation 31 Peter Ackon EPA, CR 32 Success Sowah UCC 33 Rebecca Essamuah DFAS, UCC 34 Richard Adade DFAS, UCC 35. Kofi Agbogah Hen Mpoano/USAID Ghana SFMP

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Appendix 2. Participants in the workshop (held in Accra on October 6, 2016)

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