GRASAS Y ACEITES, 61 (4), OCTUBRE-DICIEMBRE, 390-397, 2010, ISSN: 0017-3495 DOI: 10.3989/gya.010110

Chemical characterization and oxidative stability of the oils from three morphotypes of flexuosa L.f, from the Peruvian Amazon

By Pedro G. Vásquez-Ocmín,'* Luis Freitas Alvarado," Victor Sotero Soli's,^ Rosángela Paván Torres" and Jorge Mancini-Filho"

^Laboratory of Natural Bioactive Substances, Peruvian Amazon Research Institute, Iquitos - Perú. ^Laboratory of Lipids, Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, university of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo - . (*Correspcnding author: [email protected])

RESUMEN the morphotype "color" has a superior oxidation induction time compared to other morphotypes with 6.91 + 0.01. The Caracterización química y estabilidad oxidativa de aguaje seed contains significant amounts of w6 (iinoieic oil) in los aceites de tres morfotipos de Mauritia flexuosa L.f., "shambo" with 36.04 ± 0.09%. The results indicate that these de la Amazonia Peruana. oils, regardless their classification, contain important chemical compounds that give them a special nutritive value. Se estudiaron tres morfotipos de aguaje Mauritia flexuosa L. f., clasificados por el color del mesocarpio: "color", "sham- KEY-WORDS: Aguaje - Fatty acids - Mauritia flexuosa bo" y "amarilio", recogidos de localidades cercanas a ia ciu- Lf. - Morphotypes - Oxidative stability. dad de Iquitos- Perú. Del mismo modo a partir del mesocarpio se realizaron ios análisis fisicoquímicos, la caracterización de los ácidos grasos por cromatografía gaseosa, ia determina- ción de ß-caroteno y a- tocoferol por cromatografía líquida de 1. INTRODUCTION alta eficiencia (HPLC) fase reversa y normal y ia determina- ción del tiempo de inducción de ia oxidación en ei equipo de Mauritia flexuosa L.f. (aguaje), is a palm tree, Rancimat. A partir de ia semilia se realizaron los análisis cen- member cf the Magnclicphyta divisicn, the Lilicpsida tesimales, de minerales y ácidos grasos. Los mesocarpios de Class, Arecidae Sub-class, Order, aguaje son ricos en ácido oieico (amarillo: 75.63% ± 0.31), P-caroteno (amarilio: 342.42 ug/g ± 0.71) y a- tocoferol (color: Family (Crcnquist, 1978). It grcws in 685.81 mg/L ± 1.04), y además el morfotipo "color" tiene un pccrly drained scils, which suggests great resistance tiempo de inducción superior a los otros morfotipos con 6.91 ± tc ficcding stress, explaining its tendency tc grew 0.01, asimismo en la semiila de aguaje se encuentran canti- and develcp mainly in these kinds cf scils (Ribeirc dades considerables de (o6 (ácido iinoleico) en "shambo" con etal, 1998). 36.04 ± 0.09%. Los resultados obtenidos nos indican que es- The gecgraphic distributicn cf the aguaje is tos aceites independientemente de la clasificación que se le asigne contienen importantes compuestos químicos que le restricted mainly tc Scuth America, including the brindan un altor valor nutricional. eastern side cf the Andes cf Cclcmbia, , Trinidad, the , Ecuadcr, , Bclivia and PALABRAS CLAVE: Ácidos grasos - Aguaje - Estabili- Brazil. (Henderscn,1995). There are apprcximately dad oxidativa - Mauritia flexuosa L.f. - Morfotipos. six millicn hectares cf aguaje fcrests in the Peruvian territcry (Del Castillc etal., 2006), distributed mainly in the regicns of San Martin, Huanuco, Madre de SUMMARY Dies, Cuzcc, Lcretc, Ucayali, Pascc (Kahn and Mcussa, 1994), and the Amazcns (Delgadc et ai, Chemical characterization and oxidative stabiiity of the oils from three morphotypes of Mauritia flexuosa L.f. 2007). from the Peruvian Amazon. The aguaje presents a great variability within the species. In the past, it was believed that there were Three morphotypes of aguaje Mauritia flexuosa were twc species cf the Mauritia genera (M. Flexuosa y tested, classified by the color of their mesocarpium: "color", M. Vinifera Mart), with the first inhabiting the Icwer "shambo" and "amariilo", collected from different areas near the city of Iquitos,Peru. Also, physical-chemical analyses of the ficcded areas, while the seccnd was thcught tc inhabit mesocarpium were performed, such as the characterization the pccrly drained upper areas alcng rivers. New of fatty acids by gas chromatography, determination of bcth of the Muaritia are considered the same species ß- carotene y a - tocopheroi by high efficiency liquid (Villachica, 1996). Nevertheless, the persistent chromatography system in normal and reverse phase and variability is expressed mainly from the morphological the determination of oxidation induction time in the Rancimat apparatus. Proximate, minerai and fatty acid analyses were point of view, taking into account the classifications done on the seeds. The aguaje mesocarpium is rich in oleic oil of the species from indigenous persons. The Uitotos ("amarilio": 75.63% ± 0.31), ß-carotene ("amariilo": 342.42ug/g from , for example, have detennined 21 ± 0.71) and a- tocopherol ("color": 685.81 mg/L ± 1.04), plus "types" of aguaje (Urrego, 1987). There are other

390 CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND OXIDATIVE STABILITY OF THE OILS FROM THREE MORPHOTYPES OF MAURITIA...

reports based mainly on the pigmentation of the apparatus. Successive digestion was performed to aguaje fruit and, according to Villachica (1996), the ashes obtained from the seeds, using chloridric there are three "ecotypes" of aguaje: the ones with acid 0,3 N for the determination of minerals, using reddish mesocarpium called "shambo", the ones with the atomic absorption spectrophotometry equipment fully yellow mesocarpium "ponguete", and another with an air-acetylene flame (Osborne and Voogt called "carnoso". Rojas (2000) adds, in the region 1978; AOAC 2005). of Loreto-Peru, phenotypically different trees are For the oil extracted from the mesocarpium, observed, with respect to fruits and as for , physical-chemical analyses were made using the recognizes three "types" of aguaje according to the AOAC (2005) methodology. For the characterization of color of its mesocarpium: "amarillo", when the entire the mesocarpium and fatty acids of the seeds, they were mesocarpium is yellow, "color" when the external part derivatizated and sterificated using the methodology of is red and the intemal part is yellow, and "shambo" Hartman and Lago (1973).The gas chromatography when the entire mesocarpium is red. identification was analyzed on the equipment VARÍAN The aguaje, regardless of the morphological 450-GC Supelcowax fused silicacolumn 60 m and 0,25 variability present in its fruits, represents an mm i.d, containing 0,25 pm of poliethilenglicol, flame important source of chemical compounds such as ionization detector (FID), using helium as carrier gas at the micro- and macronutrients sodium, potassium, 1.5 ml/min flow rate, column temperature programming calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese, copper and with heating at 1 °C/min, from 170°C to 225°C, zinc, as well as other important phenolic compunds temperature detector 260°C, sample in the injector split (Vásquez-Ocmín ef al., 2009). The most important division rate 1/20 (AOAC, 2005). virtues are found in its oils, because of high rates The determination of a- tocopherol was carried of ß- carotene and the presence of important fatty out by dissolving 1 g of oil in 10 ml of n-butane to acids. (Alburqueque etal. 2003; Alburqueque etal achieve the saponification of the sample under 2005; Dias Ribeiro 2008; Rodriguez-Amaya 2001). a nitrogen flow in a hot water bath at 80°C with This work is aimed at chemically analyzing the constant shaking. Later, water and hexane were oils of three Mauritia flexuosa L.f. morphotypes added in a proportion of (2:4) and the sample was from the Peruvian Amazon. shaken in a vortex mixer, resulting in the formation of three distinct phases (Katsanidis and Addis, 1999). The intermediate phase was then isolated from the other phases and filtered through Puradisc 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 0,4 |jm filters, and later identified through HPLC, using a LiChroCART® 250-4 LiChrospher® NHg 2.1. material column, and Hexane/Ethyl acetate (70:30) as the Three morphotypes, classified by the color of their mobile phase, with a 1.0 ml/min flow rate, diode mesocarpium, were tested: "amarillo" presenting arrangement detector (DAD), with a 290 nm wave yellow colored mesocarpium, "shambo" presenting length, injection volume 20 ^lL (Doughty ef al. reddish colored mesocarpium and "color" presenting 1996). reddish colored external mesocarpium and yellow For the identification of ß- carotene, samples colored internal mesocarpium. These fruits were from the upper phase formed in the last paragraph randomly collected in Aucayo (Coord. W: 0705593 y were put in eppendorf tubes in order to dry them Coord. S: 09573034), Libertad (Coord. W: 0705846 with a nitrogen flow, and after that the sample y Coord. S: 09573256) and Centro Union (Coord. W: was suspended in 1 ml of methanol HPLC, and 0708456 y Coord. S: 09575376), villages located in was identified by HPLC reverse phase, using a the district of Fernando Lorez, province of Maynas, LiChroCART® 250-4 LiChrospher® RP-18 column, region of Loreto,Peru. The collected fruits were put as mobile phase methanol grade HPLC 100%, with in separate plastic recipients and then washed and 2 ml/min flow rate, diode arrangement detector disinfected with a continuous water flow. Water at (DAD), with a wave length of 250 nm, injection 60°C was added to each recipient for an hour, with volume of 20 \i}- (Doughty etal. 1996). the purpose of forcing the ripening of the fruit, and The identification of the two compounds was later the exocarpum (the huso), the mesocarpium made by comparison of retention time rates, related (pulp) and seed were separated by hand. The to the high purity standard and the quantification mesocarpium and seeds obtained were coded. The of area normalization, obtaining representative chemical analyses were made in the Laboratory chromatograms for each analysis. of Natural Bioactive Substances of the Peruvian The determination of the forced oxidation induction Amazon Research Institute. time was made according to the methodology of the Metrohm manual (Rancimat 743), adapted for the Lipid Laboratory of the Faculty of Pharmaceutical 2.2. Analytical determination Sciences of the University of Sao Paulo, for which two analysis groups were formed: the first group without Proximate analyses were made to the obtained any antioxidant, where 3 g of oil per morphotype and seeds using the methodology suggested by the 3 g ot soybean oil(control) were added separately into Adolfo Lutz Institute (1985) and the mesocarpium the reaction tubes; and the second group, with an and seeds oil were extracted using a soxhiet antioxidant (Teriiidroxibutilquinona - TBHO, 2mg/ml),

GRASAS Y ACEITES, 61 (4), OCTUBRE-DICIEMBRE, 390-397, 2010, ISSN: 0017-3495, DOI: 10.3989/gya.010110 391 p. G. VÁSOUEZ-OCMÍN, L. FREITAS ALVARADO, V. SOTERO SOLÍS, R. PAVÁN TORRES AND J. MANCINI-FILHO

3 g of oil for morphotype and 3 g of soybean oil(control) make it possible for the plant to establish and plus the antioxidant were added separately into the fixate in the soil (Salisbury and Ross 1992). Other reaction tubes. The equipment was tumed off when important values found are total protein, of which it was observed that the representative curves of the the morphotype "amarillo" shows an outstanding equipment were constant and the normal coloration amount, with 12.37 ± 0.01%, twice as much as of the oils changed. With the obtained times in the the reported value for the mesocarpium of the equipment, the antioxidant activity was determined morphotype "shambo" with 6,10± 0,10% (Vásquez- using the following formula: Ocmín et. al 2009), and inferior to that reported for sacha inchi with 34,21 ± 0,25% (Bondoli and Delia Antioxidant Activity = A /B 2006). Where: As shown in Table 2, the aguaje seeds contain A = Induction time of the oils subjected to the study. important mineral elements, including a high B = Induction time of s soybean oil. potassium content (1042.92 ± 33.60mg/100g) in the morphotype "shambo," almost twice as much From the determination of antioxidant activity, as what was reported for the mesocapium of the the inhibition percentage to forced oxidation was morphotype "shambo" with 660.81 ± 3.45mg/100g determined by the following formula: (Vásquez-Ocmin, 2009) and much more than in the % Oxidation inhibition= (Antioxidant Activity x grain of corn Zea mays (170.11mg/1 OOg), the fruit 100)-100 of the nut Juglans regia L. (337.92mg/100g) and the seed of the peanut hypogaea L. (603.59mg/100g), as reported by Musa (2006). 2.3. Data analysis Another important element in the mineral stmcture of the seeds is sodium, present in higher Triple analyses were done for all the samples concentrations in the morphotype "amarillo" with and essays. The data analysis was done by means 231.48 ± 39.14mg/100g, ten times as much as the of an ANOVA using the statistical software JMP IN value reported for the mesocarpium of the morphotype version 4.0.4 (Sail ef al 2001). When significance "shambo", with 20.76 ± 0.19mg/100g (Vásquez- was observed in this test, the Tukey test was Ocmin et al, 2009) and superior to that reported applied, also the letters shown in the tables difter if for com (53.58mg/100g), nut (65.04mg/1 OOg) and there are significant differences p > 0.05. peanut (78.74mg/100g) by Musa (2006). According to the reports of Vásquez-Ocmin et al. (2009), superior contents of calcium and magnesium are 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION observed for the mesocarpium of the aguaje (132.49 ± 1.31 mg/100g y 98.61 ± 0.06mg/100g for "shambo") Table 1 shows the low amount of oil present in in comparison to the values obtained from the seeds the seeds of each morphotype (9.20 ± 0.43% in (44.30 ± 0.58mg/100g of calcium for "amarillo" and morphotype "shambo"), when they are compared to 67.65 ± 5.99mg/100g of magnesium for "shambo"). the mesocarpium of each morphotype, as reported According to Table 3, the extracted oils from by Vásquez-Ocmin ef al. (2009) they range from the mesocarpium show to have an optimum quality 25,20 ±0,10 % (morphotype "shambo"). These for consumption according to the results of the values are inferior to those reported for sacha inchi physical-chemical analyses which demonstrate Plukenetia volubilis by Bondoli and Delia (2006) the high peroxide index content and fusion point for the with 34.42 %. The average values of oils found three morphotypes without showing any significant is normal in the seeds, because of the majority difterence, matching with the results obtained by (especially the smaller ones) are used as a main Trevejo (2003).Another important parameter is the reserve source in the process of cellular respiration acidity index, where the morphotype "shambo", with the purpose of liberating enough energy to proves to be different among the three.

Table 1 Proximate analyses of the seeds from three morphotypes of Mauritia flexuosa LA* Analysis (%) Amarillo Color Shambo Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Humidity 50,55^ ± 2,08 48,07" ±0,94 55,39" ±1,35 Ashes 1,20^ ±0,06 1,31" ±0,05 1,32" ±0,01 Oils 7,37' ± 1,03 7,01'±1,45 9,20' ± 0,43 Proteins 12,37'±0,01 8,56" ± 0,26 9,90" ± 0,51 Carbohydrates 30,15'±2,53 35,03' ± 1,96 24,44^= ± 1,68 •The data shown in the table represent the mean ± Standard deviation (SD), and the letters differ when they are statistically different p<0.05

392 GRASAS Y ACEITES, 61 (4), OCTUBRE-DICIEMBRE, 390-397, 2010, ISSN: 0017-3495, DOI: 10.3989/gya.010110 CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND OXIDATIVE STABILITY OF THE OILS FROM THREE MORPHOTYPES OF MAURITIA..

Table 2 Mineral concentrations in seeds of three morphotypes of Mauritia flexuosa LA.* Minerals Amarillo Color Shambo Mg/100g Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Mean x SD Zinc 1,28" ±0,07 0,73" ± 0,03 1,25'±0,01 Calcium 44,30' ± 0,58 27,19" ±0,84 34,81" ±5,45 Copper 0,58' ± 0,04 0,37" ± 0,02 0,87'= ± 0,04 Sodium 231,48'±39,14 80,25" ± 2,08 91,57" ±5,66 Magnesium 60,53'' ± 4,80 52,37"'= ± 5,46 67,65' ± 5,99 Manganeso 7,32' ± 0,09 5,82" ± 0,02 13,04'±0,60 Potasium 910,95'±30,24 809,88" ± 22,87 1042,92'±33,60 Iron 4,16'±0,40 1,51" ±0,22 6,32' ± 0,60 *The data shown in the table represent the mean ± Standard deviation (SD), and the letters differ when they are statistically different p<0,05.

Table 3 Physical-chemical analyses of the oils extracted from the mesocarpium of three morphotypes of Mauritia flexuosa L.f.* Amarillo Color Shambo Analysis Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Iodine index 70,99' ± 0,28 70,38'±0,11 70,17" ±0,31 Saponification index 191,34'±0,28 186,25" ±0,22 194,89'±0,41 Fusion point (°C) 11,0' ± 1,0 12,0'±1,0 10,3'±0,57 Peroxide index (meq.de ox./Kg) 11,12'±5,36 10,0'±1,0 12,46'±0,49 Acidity index 2,69" ±0,19 2,13'±0,40 3,54" ± 0,32 *The data shown in the table represent the mean ± Standard deviation (SD), and the letters differ when they are statistically different p<0,05.

- Induction time - Stability time 40

35

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2,5 5,0 7,5 10,0 12,5 15,0 17,5

Figure 1. Curves fof the aguaje oils expressed in time of induction. 1= inducción time of "aguaje amarillo"; 2= induction time of "aguaje shambo"; 3= induction time of "aguaje color"; 4= induction time of "aguaje amarillo + TBHQ"; 5= induction time of "aguaje shambo + TBHQ"; 6= induction time of "aguaje color + TBHQ".

GRASAS Y ACEITES, 61 (4), OCTUBRE-DICIEMBRE, 390-397, 2010, ISSN: 0017-3495, DOI: 10.3989/gya.010110 393 p. G. VÁSOUEZ-OCMÍN, L. FREITAS ALVARADO, V. SOTERO SOLÍS, R. PAVÁN TORRES AND J. MANCINI-FILHO

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394 GRASAS Y ACEITES, 61 (4), OCTUBRE-DICIEMBRE, 390-397, 2010, ISSN: 0017-3495, DOI: 10.3989/gya.010110 CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND OXIDATIVE STABILITY OF THE OILS FROM THREE MORPHOTYPES OF MAURITIA...

Table 4 illustrates that the fatty acid compositions with 44.00%. The morphotype "color" presents low of the different mesocarpiums do not vary, but there (06 concentration in comparison to the other two are some differences in the individual concentration of morphotypes, however this is the one that presents them, mainly the high oleic acid concentrations. The higher oleic acid concentrations with 52.96 ± 0.26%, morphotype "amarillo" showed greater differences succeeding the reported figure by Trevejo (2003) for with 75,63 ± 0,31 % of oleic acid, similar to the reported aguaje "shambo" with 22,2%. figure by Trevejo (2003) with 76,5%; Alburquerque According to Table 5, high ß- carotene (2003) with 73,3-78,73%; Ferreira (1999) with concentration is observed in the morphotype "amarillo" 78,73%; Manhäes (2007) with 73,32 ± 0,10% and with 324,42ug/g, similar to the one mentioned by De Ucciani (1995) with 70,7-76,5%, and topping the Rosso and Mercante (2007), with 514|jg/g of total reports for other species are ungurahui Oenocarpus carotene, of which it was identified that 372.32 ^Jg/g bataua with 72,69 ± 5,39% (Momtúfar, 2009) and corresponded to ß- carotene; also Rodriguez-Amaya olive oil Olea europaea with 63,3% (Ucciani, 1995). (2001) reports 360^Jg/g, a content similar to the The composition of fatty acids in the seeds is reported concentration in palm oil Elaeis guineensis different to the composition of fatty acids in the with 363 pig/g (Trujillo-Quijano et al, 1990). A high mesocarpiums. The seeds demonstrate a high concentration of a- tocopherol can be observed in the content of «6 (linoleic acid), an important fatty morphotype "color" with concentrations of 683.35mg/L, acid and functional nutrient which, along with other these being superior to its concentrations in com oil antioxidant compounds, is capable of diminishing Zea mays (600mg/L) and in olive oil Olea europaea the disturbances occasioned by oxidative stress (354mg/L), as reported by Sayazo efa/(2007). (Calder, 2003). Linoleic acid is found mainly in the In Table 6, the induction times of aguaje oils morphotype "shambo" with 36.04 ± 0.09%, with a are shown, where the morphotype "color", has the concentration higher than that found in Plukenetia highest time with 6.91 hours, being superior even volubilis sacha inchi with 33.67% (Bondoli and to the obtained time for colza oil Brassica napus Delia 2006), oil palm Elaeis guineensis with 10.60 and olive oil Olea europea, reported by Boletin de ± 0.46% (Garcia ei al 2008) and olive oil Olea aplicación Methrom (2008). Also in Table 7, forced europaea with 7-9.8% (Gunstone and Padley oxidation inhibition percentage is demonstrated, 1997), but inferior to the concentration reported by where the morphotype "color", has the highest Trevejo (2003) for the seed of the aguaje "shambo" percentage at 87.96%, which could be the result of

Table 5 Determination of ß- carotene, a- tocopherol by HPLC in oils extracted from the mesocarpium of three morphotypes of Mauritia flexuosa L.f.* Amarillo Color Shambo Vitamines Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Mean ± SD ß- caroteno (ug/g) 324,42' ± 0,71 264,60" ± 0,44 283,57' ± 0,48 a- tocoferol (mg/L) 683,35' ± 0,46 685,8" ± 1,04 677,58"= ± 0,63 *The data shown in the table represent the mean ± Standard deviation (SD), and the letters differ when they are statistically different p<0,05.

Table 6 Induction time of the oils of Mauritia flexuosa L.f.., and oil of Glycine max soybean (positive control)* Induction time Amarillo Color Shambo Soja (hours) Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Without Antioxidant 3,55' ± 0,01 6,91" ±0,01 4,74= ± 0,03 3,68" ± 0,03 UIT Antioxidant 10,85'±0,02 17,96" ±0,01 7,6r±0,03 6,68" ± 0,03 'The data shown in the table represent the mean ± Standard deviation (SD), and the letters differ when they are statistically different p<0,05.

Table 7 Forced oxidation inhibition percentage of the oils of three morphotypes of Mauritia flexuosa L.f.* % Forced oxidation Amarillo Color Shambo inhibition Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Without Antioxidant -3,44' ± 0,38 87,96" ± 1,45 28,80' ± 0,23 With Antioxidant 62,47' ± 0,59 168,86" ±1,05 14,02'±0,78 *The data shown In the table represent the mean ± Standard deviation (SD), and the letters differ when they are statistically different p<0,05.

GRASAS Y ACEITES, 61 (4), OCTUBRE-DICIEMBRE, 390-397, 2010, ISSN: 0017-3495, DOI: 10.3989/gya.010110 395 p. G. VÁSOUEZ-OCMÍN, L. FREITAS ALVARADO, V. SOTERO SOLÍS, R. PAVÁN TORRES AND J. MANCINI-FILHO

a high content of a- tocoferol present in the oil. It can Del Castillo D, Otárola E, Freitas L. (2006). Aguaje, la also be observed that the oils of the morphotypes maravillosa palmera de la Amazonia. Instituto de with the right antioxidant mixture increase the Investigaciones de la Amazonia Peruana. Ediciones induction time by three times (Figure 1). Wust. 51. Delgado C, Couturier G, Mejía K. (2007). Mauritia flexuosa (Arecaceae: Calamoideae), an Amazonian palm with cultivation purposes in Peru. Fruits 62,157-159. 4. CONCLUSIONS De Rosso VV, Mercadante AZ. (2007). Identification and Quantification of Carotenoids, By HPLC-PDA-MS/ The main virtue of the mesocarpium of MS, from Amazonian Fruits. Journal of Agricultural aguaje Mauritia flexuosa L.f, independent of the and Food Chemistry 55, 5062 -5072. morphotype, is expressed in its high ß- carotene, Dias Ribeiro B. (2008). Aplicaçâo de Tecnologia Enzimática a- tocopherol, oleic acid contents and its oxidation na Obtençâo de ß-Caroteno a partir de Óleo de resistance, which make it a high quality oil, superior Buriti (Mauritia vinifera). Dissertaçâo de Mestrado. to olive oil Olea europaea and palm oil Elaeis Universidade Federal do Rio de Janerio. guineensis, which can be easily used by the Doughty E, Herwehe K, Yearick V. (1996). Soluble nutraceutic product manufacturers. An important Vitamin Analyses by HPLC. The Supelco Reporter alternative to the use of aguaje seeds which are 15,4-5. thrown in the streets of Iquitos and other cities Ferreira DFL, Reber G, Meireles AMA, Machado where it is consumed, is the extraction and use of NT, Brunner G. (1999). Supercritical extraction of its oils which contain a considerable concentration carotenoids and lipids from buriti (Mauritia flexuosa), a fruit from the Amazon region. 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