Munk Centre Monitor Spring 2006

SPRING 2006 MUNK CENTRE MONITOR

VIEWS, NEWS, PEOPLE AND EVENTS FROM THE MUNK CENTRE

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO From Disgrace to Victory? EVENTS TO MUNK CENTRE FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDIES Korea’s Stem Cell Debacle WATCH FOR AT TRINITY COLLEGE COVER STORY BY JOSEPH WONG JUNE 8-10 hen I was in Seoul in the fall of 2005, every Korean I spoke to wanted to talk about Professor Hwang Woo Suk and his achievements in 2006 Annual Meeting of the stem-cell and cloning research. When I visited Korea again in Business History Conference W The Political Economy of Enterprise January of this year, no one wanted to talk about Hwang. In the months between my two visits, South Korea had experienced a deeply felt national SEPTEMBER 27-30 crisis, with evidence continuing to disprove Hwang’s supposed path-breaking claims. It seemed that overnight Korea had gone from global leader in life International Conference sciences research to being the world’s number one dupe. Peoples’ emotions 1956: Year of Crises were understandably mixed. They were angry, embarrassed, worried, and above all else, they were humiliated. I really felt for my Korean friends and colleagues. Below I offer a personal reflection on how a nation’s disgrace can THE LIONEL GELBER ultimately be its victory. P RIZE VIEW FROM THE DIRECTOR

JANICE GROSS STEINDENTAL 2005 Lionel Gelber Prize Winner THICKENING BORDERS Bury the Chains: Prophets Free trade and globalization were sup- and Rebels in the Fight to Free posed gradually to erase borders among an Empire’s Slaves states. People, goods, services, informa- By Adam Hochschild tion, money, and ideas move with ever- increasing frequency and speed across The $15,000 award for the best borders. This constant travel was sup- work of non-fiction on international posed to scuff the marks of borders and issues is sponsored by the Lionel make them much less prominent. Gelber Foundation in partnership Contrary to expectations, borders with the Munk Centre for among states have not faded. Except in International Studies and Foreign Europe, they have thickened rather than Policy magazine. For more on thinned. Nowhere is this thickening more this year’s winner, see page 5. visible than along the Canada-U.S. border. Long described as the world’s Putin Visiting Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. longest undefended border, the border is now much thicker with patrols, customs FEEDBACK inspectors, and police. Not only has the Outraged or inspired by the views border thickened, it has moved forward expressed in our pages? as the two governments, acting under the A nation shamed: Hwang Woo Suk resigned from Seoul National University after his Tell us at: umbrella of the Security and Prosperity claims about human cloning provoked a national identity crisis. [email protected] Partnership, have agreed to pre-clearance of people, cargoes, and vehicles. Through Rise and Fall pre-clearance, inspectors are stationed Professor Hwang, a veterinary science researcher at the prestigious Seoul EDITORIAL MISSION forward to inspect at the source, so that National University, gained international acclaim after he and his colleagues Aforum to extend and enhance the traffic of all kind can move more quickly published a series of articles over the past several years in the leading jour- contribution of the Munk Centre for without logjams at the choke points along nals Science and Nature. In these publications, Hwang first claimed to have International Studies to public debate the border. Moving quickly matters to cloned a human embryo. Later he claimed to have successfully cloned 11 on important international issues and millions of people in both countries who stem-cell lines that genetically matched those of the donor patients. If valid, contribute to public education. depend on just-in-time delivery of goods Hwang’s findings, and more importantly his techniques, would have spear- and services. The border is about to thicken even headed global efforts in developing advanced stem-cell therapies and genetic STAY UP TO DATE research more generally. On the global science scene, Hwang was thought to more. The Congress has passed legisla- For weekly listings of Munk be a leader in the field. At home, Hwang was treated like a rock star. He was tion that requires passports or identity Centre events subscribe at named Korea’s “Top Scientist” (a real title!). He rubbed shoulders with indus- cards for non-residents entering the [email protected]: United States or for Americans who are try leaders, university brass, and the government’s elite, Continued on page 6 returning home. Only 20 percent of subscribe MCIS-L First Name Americans and 37 percent of Canadians Last Name. Or contact have passports. This absence of docu- MONITOR HIGHLIGHTS [email protected] mentation would be inconceivable in Europe, for example, where almost Possession is Nine-tenths of the Problem, page 3/ FIND US ON THE INTERNET everyone has “papers” or identity documents. This speaks directly to the history Check the Munk Centre’s of Europe in the last century, when war- Kosovo: Poised for Statehood by Robert C. Austin, full listing of events at ravaged states and civilian populations, www.utoronto.ca/mcis/ and “papers” meant the difference page 7/Our Cities, Our Future by Enid Slack, between life and death, citizenship or statelessness. No such sensibility exists in North America, which has had no page 8/Silk Road or Dead End? page 9. Continued on page 2 CONTENTS

THE MUNK CENTRE MONITOR

VIEW FROM THE DIRECTOR 1

VIEW FROM THE DIRECTOR COVER STORY NEED A SOURCE? Continued from page 1 From Disgrace to Victory? BY JOSEPH WONG 1 recent experience of war on its own ter- Munk Centre scholars can be ritory, no invasion and no occupation, CENTRE EVENTS contacted for further comment on Possession is 9/10ths of the Problem 3 and very limited exposure to threat. issues raised in this edition at That indifference to security was challenged on September 11th 2001, The Stephen and George W. Show 4 [email protected]. certainly in the United States. In response, the U.S. almost immediately Setbacks on the Road to Liberalism 4 Commentators in this issue: began and is still thickening the border, Robert C. Austin, Centre for despite enormous cross-border flows. The 2005 Gelber Prize Winner 5 European, Russian, and Eurasian What does this thickening tell us about the future of the Canada-U.S. border? Studies, Munk Centre; The Canadian discussion about a com- INSIGHTS Enid Slack, Director of the Institute mon security perimeter for North America Cover Story CONTINUED 6 on Municipal Finance and was clearly a conversation among Governance, Munk Centre; Canadians only. The “grand bargain” was Kosovo: Poised for Statehood BY ROBERT C. AUSTIN 7 never on the table. Washington is open to Janice Gross Stein, Director of the proposals to make borders smarter and Our Cities, Our Future BY ENID SLACK Munk Centre for International more efficient. It is not open to contracting 8 out the security of its borders to any other Studies; jurisdiction. In North America at least, no PEOPLE AND IDEAS Joseph Wong, Director of the Asian matter how much trade accelerates, no mat- Silk Road or Dead End? Institute at the Munk Centre, and ter how much connections deepen, the state 9 Ð and its borders Ð are here to stay. The Assistant Professor of Political European model, so prominent in the minds Drugs and Greed Make a Bad Mix 10 Science at the University of of many North Americans, is a poor fit with Toronto the experience in North America and the CENTRE BOOKS 11 sharp asymmetries in size, wealth, and power. If borders are permanent, we need to BACK PAGE Making the World a Classroom 12 MUNK CENTRE MONITOR think about them as more than a thickening line along the 49th parallel. Borders are Director of Editorial Janice Stein moving forward, with different degrees of speed and depth on different issues. Pre- Managing Editor Marketa Evans clearance of people at airports across Art Director Lawrence Finn Canada by U.S. customs officials is wide- spread and familiar to Canadians. Assistant Editor Janet Hyer Practically speaking, the U.S. border is in Toronto, Ottawa, Vancouver, and Montreal Information Systems Scott Bohaker as well as other Canadian cities. Agreements are now in place to pre-clear truck cargo in major cities in Canada; the Contributors: Ted Thomas, border is in the warehouse and the process- ing plant. Fast lanes for pre-cleared cargo Kartick Kumar and pre-cleared drivers limit the bottle- necks at border choke points. Pre-clearance pushes the border deeper into Canada in Editorial Board: irregular patterns that are almost invisible. Janice Gross Stein, Robert Bothwell, As the border moves, we need to pay attention to the political consequences of Rick Halpern, Jeffrey Kopstein, overlapping sovereignties. The impera- tives of just-in-time delivery across bor- Louis W. Pauly, Joseph Wong ders will move Canadians toward greater compliance with U.S. laws and regulations on everything from product approvals, to Published seasonally and distributed environmental protection, and security to international opinion leaders by clearance of Canadian citizens and residents. Where and how we thicken the the Munk Centre for International border, and where and how we encourage Studies. the border to move will have political, not just economic, consequences. Director: Janice Gross Stein Janice Gross Stein, Director of the Munk Executive Director: Marketa Evans Centre for International Studies, is an Munk Centre for International acknowledged expert on conflict resolution and international relations, with an empha- Studies, University of Toronto, sis on the Middle East. A Fellow of the Trudeau Foundation, Professor Stein has 1 Devonshire Place, served on many international advisory pan- Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3K7 els, including the Working Group on Middle East Negotiations at the United States Phone: 416-946-8900 Institute of Peace. She is currently a mem- email: [email protected] ber of the Education Advisory Board to the Minister of Defence. Professor Stein is the Well briefed: Why is the Prime Minister smiling? Perhaps it’s because he has just website: www.utoronto.ca/mcis/ co-author of We All Lost the Cold War finished reading a recent Munk Centre Briefings, clearly visible on his desk: (1994) and The Cult of Efficiency (2001). The Jerusalem Old City Initiative Discussion Document: New Directions for Deliberation and Dialogue. See page 10 for information on MCIS publications.

2 CENTRE EVENTS

POSSESSION IS 9/10THS OF THE PROBLEM

espite the danger posed by for International Governance taking a tough stand will be a chal- Confessing that he now muses Iran, the greatest nuclear Innovation in Waterloo. “Unless we lenge, he added, since several major for the first time about joining Dweapons threat today comes can recapture a shared sense of fate powers depend on Iranian oil and anti-nuclear marches, Heinbecker from individual terrorists, not rogue and realize anew the danger of gas, and it is “unrealistic to expect bemoaned the fact that the initial nation states, says Paul Heinbecker, nuclear weapons, we are facing a the Security Council to impose tough progress sparked by the NPT has the director of the Centre for Global problematic future.” sanctions.” since stalled. Thousands of nuclear Relations, Governance and Policy While acknowledging that “hardly Furthermore, the U.S.-India weapons have been dismantled, he at Wilfrid Laurier University. anyone” believes Iran’s nuclear pro- nuclear deal makes it hard to justify noted, but thousands more remain, Speaking recently as part of the gram is for peaceful purposes, denying Iran and others such tech- many perhaps in reach of terrorists. Munk Centre’s Distinguished Lecture Heinbecker maintained that “the real nology, especially since India, along Canada should do all it can to kick Series, Heinbecker delivered a sober- issue is not states using these weapons, with Pakistan and Israel, are among start multilateral talks aimed at ing assessment of the international but terrorists. I don’t think rogue states the few nations that have refused to reducing, not just controlling nuclear community’s current failure to are interested in committing suicide. sign the 1968 Nuclear Non-prolifer- weapons stockpiles. “These reduc- achieve further nuclear disarmament. They won’t attack or give weapons ation Treaty (NPT). “Treating non- tions need to become permanent and “The pot is simmering and beginning to terrorists because the U.S. will retal- nuclear states as inferior is just not verifiable,” Heinbecker said. to boil over,” said Heinbecker. “I am iate or act pre-emptively.” on,” Heinbecker warned. “It won’t “Maintaining the goal of eventual quite worried about the way things Still, Heinbecker said “something help with compliance, enforcement disarmament is vital.” are going.” will have to be done” about Iran. But or non-proliferation.” Pointing to the recent “illegal” U.S.-India nuclear co-operation pact, Heinbecker said the main obstacle to furthering nuclear disarmament today is the U.S. conviction that the nuclear world can be divided into friends and enemies. “It’s a National Rifle Association view of nuclear weapons: that nuclear weapons don’t kill, only bad regimes do.” Canada’s former ambassador to the United Nations added: “The difficulty with that is that a friend today with nuclear weapons could be an enemy in 20 years Ð and still have nuclear weapons.” Instead of focusing on “bad” countries, Heinbecker called for renewed multilateral efforts to reduce the number of nuclear war- heads, thereby minimizing the danger of nuclear destruction. “9/11 changed the prospect of terrorists obtaining weapons of mass destruction and should have changed our attitude toward nuclear weapons,” added Heinbecker, who is also a Muscle flexing: Few people believe Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad’s claim senior research fellow at the Centre that his country is developing nuclear power for peaceful purposes. Executives with assignments a year. Three of those growth for a female-owned rug weav- a Cause volunteers were on hand at the Munk ing firm in Azerbaijan, as well as to Centre to relate their experiences. the creation of 30 jobs at a clothing TED THOMAS They delivered anecdotal tales, high- plant in Moldova. While the volun- recent Munk Centre event lighting the power of individual teers cautioned against undue and shone a spotlight on one Canadians working together to affect unrealistic belief that all projects will change in the developing world. By succeed, it was nonetheless striking to of Canada’s lesser known A literally “sharing a lifetime of expe- hear that through these eight assign- contributions to international devel- rience,” these volunteers demon- ments, the husband-and-wife duo opment. The session highlighted strate one of the positive aspects of transferred their knowledge of retail the work of the Canadian Executive globalization, through the transfer of management and international trade Service Organisation (CESO). Bill and Sandy Miles (centre) much needed business skills and to over 130 individuals, who in turn Founded in 1967, CESO is a volun- on assignment. knowledge to individuals and firms impacted over 2,500 people. teer-based, not-for-profit agency that Development Agency (CIDA) is in developing economies. At a time when international transfers Canadian technical and a vital supporter of CESO and One volunteer, Sandy Miles, attention is focused on achieving the managerial expertise to developing arranges many of the contracts it related how she and her husband, UN’s Millennium Development nations, countries in transition in undertakes overseas. Bill, had served on eight missions to goals, to reduce poverty in all its Central and Eastern Europe, and CESO has about 3,000 volunteers, three continents in the last four forms by 2015, CESO is proving that Canadian Aboriginal communities. mostly retired or semi-retired execu- years. Their business skills con- individuals can make a difference The Canadian International tives, who complete about 1,500 tributed to a tripling of business too, one project at a time.

3 SPRING 2006 CENTRE EVENTS The significance of the Indonesian election and challenges ahead

The Stephen and Cooper. Joseph Jockel, director of George W. Show Canadian studies at St. Lawrence University in Canton, N.Y., added: ess than 48 hours after “The kinds of tensions emanating the election of a new from trade disputes won’t be affect- Conservative government in L ed by improved Harper-Bush rela- Ottawa, the Munk Centre’s tions as these issues are beyond the “Debating the Headlines” series limits of presidential powers.” brought together three Canada-U.S. Jockel predicted that while experts to outline likely themes relations between the two leaders for Canadian foreign policy under Prime Minister Stephen Harper. will warm, they will not be cozy. The panelists, at the Munk Centre’s “Harper knows what to do, and Campbell Conference Facility, what not to do. He knows he has to agreed that the new Conservative be cautious – there won’t be a government will emphasize Canada- Quebec City love-in with the United U.S. relations and predicted an States.” improvement in how the Prime Daniel Drache, associate director Minister gets along with George W. of the Robarts Centre for Canadian Bush. But they cautioned that friend- Studies at York University, shared lier relations at the top would not that view. “For Harper, the best have much impact on the critical course is to keep the U.S. a friend, bilateral issues below. but at a distance.” “Many of the current irritations in Overall, the three agreed there the relationship, such as softwood would be little change in foreign lumber and mad cow will continue to policy, including the key issue of fester,” said University of Waterloo maintaining Canada’s military com- Holding hands: Experts predict warmer relations between Harper and Bush. political science professor Andrew mitment to Afghanistan.

Setbacks on the Jordan where he participated in Road to Liberalism efforts to revise the Iraqi constitu- tion. “I spent one dinner with three porting a bright red Liberal Iraqis discussing 9/11. Each of them tie, small “l” liberal Bob believed it was a Jewish conspiracy, SRae recently led a lively and each one believed that Jews Munk Centre discussion on “The had escaped the twin towers. I could persistence of religious ideologies: not believe my ears. This was pre- What would Marx and Mill have posterous, yet it was coming from thought?” Rae, a former Ontario educated people.” NDP premier who is running for Such irrational beliefs defy argu- the leadership of the federal Liberal ment and provide a challenge to party, observed in his remarks that the traditional liberal view that one of the problems liberals face prosperity through a market econo- in the struggle against passionate my will diminish the influence of religious fundamentalism is that irrational beliefs. The Iraq War expe- liberalism, by its nature, is rational rience should give us all great pause, and dispassionate. Why can’t liber- Rae said. “Now, to believe in a pain- als generate their own passion, Rae less transition to a liberal society is was asked. “I’m facing that challenge right now,” he quipped to nonsensical.” much laughter. Marx and Mill, said Rae, The discussion, part of the believed that rational thinking Religion, International Diplomacy would historically triumph over and Economics Colloquium, was nationalism and religion. “Instead,” held at the Munk Centre. Rae added, “the 20th century was Claiming he had no answers, the most violent in recorded history, only questions, Rae said the current stemming from virulent ideologies troubling combination of religious with irrational components. And fundamental beliefs with national- today, the transition to liberal-ratio- ism and quasi-racism is a “threat nal societies has proven to be more to world stability.” By way of exam- difficult and dangerous than we Liberal leadership hopeful Bob Rae acknowledged that he found it a ple, he recalled a recent dinner in have imagined.” “challenge” to generate passion about liberalism.

4 CENTRE EVENTS The significance of the Indonesian election and challenges ahead

THE 2005 GELBER PRIZE WINNER

full house was on hand at EL human rights campaign in history, N GE IO L the Munk Centre in early L B pioneering all the tools of civil soci- E April for the 2005 Lionel 2 R ety so familiar to us today Ð expos- P 0 A R Gelber Prize Lecture and Award 05 es, consumer boycotts, pamphlets, I Z Ceremony. As Chair of the Lionel E R logos, buttons, petitions and door- W I N E Gelber Prize Board, Judith Gelber N to-door canvassing. Ultimately, this presented the $15,000 prize for the small core group was successful Ð year’s best book on international the slave trade was brought down affairs to Adam Hochschild for Bury and the slaves emancipated. the Chains: Prophets and Rebels in In his remarks, Hochschild the Fight to Free an Empire’s Slaves. focused on the story of a leader of An international jury selected his the group, Thomas Clarkson, who epic tale of the fight to end slavery waged a sixteen-hour-a-day cam- in the British Empire. paign that took him over 35,000 As Janice Stein, Director of the miles by horseback, from water- Munk Centre, noted in her welcom- front pubs, to the decks of navy ing remarks, Hochschild is the first ships, to parliamentary sitting repeat winner in the history of the rooms. Lionel Gelber Prize. His book King The Economist has called the Leopold’s Ghost was awarded the Prize in 1999. Lionel Gelber Prize the world’s most important prize for nonfiction.” Bury the Chains is the gripping account of the first human rights campaign The Prize was founded by the late Lionel Gelber, a historian, diplomat, in history, the struggle to first end the slave trade on which the British Empire and “devout Canadian internationalist,” according to Judith Gelber. Its depended, and then to emancipate the slaves in the colonies. In his remarks aim is to encourage wider public debate on significant global issues. at the event, Hochschild conveyed the extent of the slave trade at its peak in The Gelber family continues the tradition in partnership with the Munk the late 18th century. Close to 80,000 chained and shackled Africans were Centre for International Studies and Foreign Policy magazine in Washington, loaded on to slave ships and transported to the New World each year. Great D.C. Britain played the dominant role in the trade, he noted, delivering slaves The other finalists for the 2005 prize were: The Next Attack: The Failure of to sugar plantations in the West Indies, where conditions were so harsh, and the War on Terror and a Strategy for Getting it Right, by Daniel Benjamin and mortality rates so high, that a constant flow of fresh slaves was required each Steven Simon; The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for our Time, by year. Jeffrey D. Sachs; Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain’s Gulag in In 1787, an unlikely group of 12 men met in a London print shop, with the Kenya, by Caroline Elkins; and Taming American Power: The Global aim of bringing the slave trade to an end. They launched the first grassroots Response to U.S. Primacy, by Stephen M.Walt.

THE 2005 GELBER PRIZE FINALISTS

THE NEXT ATTACK IMPERIAL RECKONING TAMING AMERICAN POWER THE END OF POVERTY The Failure of the War The Untold Story of The Global Response Economic Possibilities on Terror and a Strategy for Britain’s Gulag in Kenya to U.S. Primacy for Our Time Getting It Right Caroline Elkins Stephen M. Walt Jeffrey D. Sachs Daniel Benjamin and Steven Simon Painstakingly researched and detailed, Arguing that America’s current superpower An unorthodox and highly personalized Atrenchantly argued critique of the U.S.-led this historical investigation offers a shocking status has inspired both international analysis of extreme poverty around the globe war in Iraq by two senior Clinton administra- portrait of the scope and savagery of colonial resentment and an array of strategies to limit by one of the world's most widely known tion antiterrorism officials holds that the Bush counterinsurgency against Kenya’s Mau Mau or inhibit that supremacy, a distinguished development economists, with a dramatic administration's policies have increased terror- terrorism, which displaced more than Harvard academic offers a “realist” palette of prescription to sharply increase aid to ism and suggests measures to target militant a million people and cost tens of thousands, soft-power U.S. responses to rebuild trust and eradicate the worst of that suffering through extremists while better protecting the homeland. if not more, of Kikuyu lives. effectiveness in American global leadership. the UN Millennium Development Goals. Times Books Henry Holt W.W. Norton The Penguin Press

5 SPRING 2006 INSIGHTS

FROM DISGRACE TO VICTORY?

Continued from page 1 A Nation’s Disgrace Lessons Learned biotechnology aspirations, it was including President Roh Moo-Hyun. Since Hwang’s plunge into disgrace, There are positive outcomes from nonetheless a major boon to Korea’s In an over-the-top self-description, critics have cast Korean nationalism Korea’s stem-cell debacle. The democracy. This nation’s disgrace Professor Hwang likened himself to as irrational and blind to the truth, Korean government first targeted has, in the end, been democracy’s being an “evangelist for biotechnology.” and said that this extreme national- biotechnology and life sciences victory. This assertion, however, is not the conventional wisdom. Many Hwang’s fall, however, was even ism facilitated Hwang’s charade. development in 1982, when the quicker than his meteoric rise. analysts reason, for instance, that the Journalistic accounts point to the fact Ministry of Science and Technology Beginning in November 2005, ques- that a postage stamp was created in Hwang scandal was caused by tions surfaced about how Hwang’s outlined its long-term National R&D Korea’s authoritarian values and the Hwang’s honour, that thousands of Program. Momentum developed lab obtained the donor eggs used in Koreans wept upon learning about country’s blind nationalism. Hwang during the mid-1990s after the gov- his research. The MB television net- Hwang’s deception, and that many ably manipulated his subordinates ernment endorsed its “Biotech 2000” work in Korea first broke the story Koreans truly believe that Hwang’s because of Korea’s hierarchical cul- alleging that Hwang had used short- downfall was the result of American plan, which sought to elevate Korea ture. In the broader picture, analysts of this persuasion thus believe that cuts to obtain the eggs, intimating efforts to bully Korea and to sabo- to pride of place among the top few democracy in Korea is merely proce- that Hwang may have in fact paid tage Korea’s moment of greatness. countries that would lead worldwide some of his female research staff to in biotechnology. These ambitions dural in practice, and that the rule of Critics draw on, and in turn affirm, law and the deeper norms underpin- provide their own eggs, a clear viola- hackneyed notions of Confucianism, were backed with large amounts of tion of research ethics. The reaction ning such institutions remain under- Asian values, and Korea’s back- government funding, an emerging to the story was visceral. Corporate developed. They cite, for example, wardness to explain how Koreans venture capital sector in Korea, and sponsors immediately pulled their the Korean government’s resolute could have been so irrational in their an increasingly sophisticated scien- support of the MB network. defence of Hwang’s integrity, even in Thousands protested MB’s inves- defence of Hwang. tific community. the face of overwhelming evidence tigative news program, portraying demonstrating otherwise. One promi- the network as unpatriotic. In a show nent scholar went so far as to say the of support for Professor Hwang, Hwang affair was facilitated by Korean women donated hundreds of Korea’s “quasi-fascist environment.” their eggs to further his research. These characterizations are, in my People simply did not want to mind, ridiculous. The facts surround- believe that Hwang, a national hero, ing Korea’s stem-cell research deba- could have done any wrong. Things cle simply do not accord with these only got worse for Hwang in the sorts of conclusions. The fact of the coming months. matter is that Hwang’s younger and Korea is the most “wired” country subordinate colleagues blew the in the world. People there describe whistle on him through the internet. themselves as “netizens” rather than Feeble attempts were made by the “citizens,” reflecting the extent to Roh administration to cover things which civil society mobilization is up, but these efforts ultimately facilitated through internet chat failed. The truth did eventually get rooms and text messaging. It was out, the Hwang case is being handled through this medium that the validi- according to the rule of law, and ty of Hwang’s scientific claims was there have been consequences for initially undermined. Young scien- Professor Hwang himself, the acade- tists, some of whom are believed to my, and even the President. It is Positive outcomes: Some 1,000 women came to Hwang’s defence, unlikely that this could have ever have been associated with Hwang’s promising to donate their eggs for stem-cell research. research team, began anonymously happened under authoritarianism. The reality is that the Korean posting bits of evidence to suggest This sort of cultural essentialism, Yet, success in an area such as the that Hwang’s stem-cell findings nation has had to confront this rooted in the worst kind of stereotyp- life sciences and biotechnology takes humiliating truth head-on, in the had been manipulated. It was later ing, glosses over the universal time, a considerable amount of time. deduced, both on-line and after a for- public arena, and for the entire world realities of national humiliation. Consider that global leaders and to see. And this, it seems to me, mal university inquiry, that in fact Nationalism is irrational. It plays first-movers in the biotechnology his research outcomes were fabricat- draws on democracy’s virtue. It is on peoples’ emotions, their aspira- field Ð the U.S., the UK, Germany, democracy and not ‘quasi-fascist ed. Based on the findings of the uni- tions, and their beliefs about one’s and Japan Ð have very few commer- versity inquiry, the U.S. periodical environments,’ that provides the place in the world. Nationalism can cial blockbusters to show for their space, both psychologically and Science, in March, retracted two help deliver wonderful achieve- investments. Koreans have learned papers from Hwang’s team pub- politically, for citizens to have, and ments, as it did in South Korea the hard way that their national aspi- to legitimately act upon, mixed emo- lished in 2004 and 2005. throughout its post-war economic rations cannot be achieved overnight. tions. And if the Korean people have Professor Hwang, Korea’s anoint- miracle. It also gives people hope in Looking for a national star is one survived this very public moment of ed top scientist, was disgraced, and the face of humiliation. Nationalism thing; constructing a star for national humiliation and mixed emotion Ð could face jail time if a Korean pros- is thus a defense mechanism, and all consumption can be disastrous. In peacefully, transparently, and by ecution team proves its case against societies rely on it. Indeed, many addition, Koreans have learned that adhering to the law Ð how can the him. Prosecutors are investigating Canadians refused to believe that R & D in biotechnology and the life revelations of the Hwang scandal be Hwang and his team on suspicion of Olympic athlete Ben Johnson was sciences, unlike other technology anything but a boon to Korea’s fraudulent use of state funds, which guilty of steroid use, despite the sectors, requires upfront regulation democracy? is punishable by up to ten years in evidence. When it comes to national and oversight. jail, as well as for violating bioethics myths, truths become secondary. Joseph Wong is the Director of the Asian Institute laws to procure human eggs for their My point is not that this is a Democracy’s Victory at the Munk Centre, and studies. For his part, Hwang has particularly good thing, but that it While the Hwang debacle was a Assistant Professor of Political Science denied the charges. is universal. major set-back in realizing Korea’s at the University of Toronto.

6 INSIGHTS

KOSOVO: POISED FOR STATEHOOD

osovo’s streets were somber threw the party into disarray. But the nobody can imagine turning the clock in January. Its iconic presi- party is conducting a fairly substan- back to when Belgrade controlled Kdent, Ibrahim Rugova, died tive house cleaning now. It is begin- Kosovo. The Albanians are putting on the 21st after a battle with lung ning to democratize — a prerequisite serious proposals on the table to deal cancer. Rugova was not one to visit to independence as far as the interna- with the question of Serb rights in doctors regularly, so when he was tional community is concerned. The Kosovo and the Kosovo government diagnosed with cancer in the fall, his mood is optimistic now, given official needs to convince the international inner circle knew just how close the statements from the UK and the U.S. community that they can run a demo- end was. that suggest independence is immi- cratic society. While the talks were a The outpouring of sympathy was nent. Indeed, on an emotional level, success, what lies ahead is an striking. Five hundred thousand turned what had bothered most of his fellow extremely difficult process. up for the procession, which had all the citizens about Rugova’s untimely The coming months will be a time elements of a state funeral complete death was the fact that the indepen- of changes for Southeast Europe as with foreign leaders and a host of other dence he had so consistently called for the final disintegration of Yugoslavia dignitaries. Since 1989, when he took seemed within sight, maybe even just is completed. Montenegro, part of a over the leadership of the Democratic around the corner. moribund federation with Serbia and League of Kosovo, Kosovo’s biggest The first face-to-face talks with with a population of just over political party, Rugova was the most Belgrade to decide Kosovo’s final sta- 600,000, is scheduled to have a refer- identifiable figure in Kosovo with his tus were moderated by former Finnish endum in May. The vote will be close, trademark scarf, intellectual look, and President Martti Ahtisaari and Albert but pro-independence groups will devotion to passive resistance. Despite Rohan, former Secretary General at likely prevail. Kosovo is likely to his soft demeanour, he had inner the Austrian Foreign Ministry. They obtain what is being called condition- strength — strength that was absolute- began in Vienna in February after a al independence: it will be a sovereign ly vital for survival in Kosovo’s delay following Rugova’s death. First state, but the European Union will political life. In 1999, when NATO on the agenda was decentralization, as retain some key controls. Kosovars the Albanians need to create the con- intervened and more militant forces know that independence does not ditions for Serbs to return and live in in Kosovo were in ascendancy, most mean an end to problems. Kosovo has Kosovo. They also need to develop analysts wrote him off, especially after more than 40 percent unemployment. he met with Slobodan Milosevic strategies to ensure that the rich cultural and religious heritage of the With a population of more than 60 during the bombing and waited out percent under the age of 30, job cre- Robert C. Austin the war in exile in Italy. Serbs is protected. The minority Serbian community is calling for sub- ation is paramount. Kosovo produces Lecturer, Centre for However, he came back, and until next to nothing and desperately needs his death he dominated political life stantive self-government for their European, Russian, and communities, which the Albanians foreign investment. and remained the most popular and There is the potential for instability Eurasian Studies at the trusted politician. He was, to many, reject as a step towards the partition of Munk Centre Kosovo along ethnic lines. and much depends on how Belgrade the real “father of the nation.” If most reacts to both Kosovo and Albanians in Kosovo would have The Serb side in the talks is in Montenegro. The key to the future of opted for unification with Albania in the weaker position. The official the region is more disintegration, fol- 1989, Rugova is to be credited with Belgrade slogan is “more than auton- lowed by a subsequent re-integration creating a truly Kosovar identity. He omy but less than independence.” within the European Union and designed national symbols for They are maintaining that UN Kosovo that are different from those Resolution 1244 ensures that Kosovo NATO. Kosovo, Montenegro, and in the Republic of Albania. Indeed, all remains a part of Serbia. Other than Serbia (along with Albania, Bosnia, my survey work there shows that the that, they have not put new proposals and Macedonia) within Europe vast majority of Albanians want on the table. It seems clear that promises a brighter future. Kosovo to have distinct national symbols, although for now they fly the same flag and observe the same national day. It remains to be seen if they want the symbols that Rugova designed. Rugova’s closest advisors say that they will put new symbols to a referendum. His critics complained he did not make an original contribution. I found his consistency compelling in a region where most politicians opted for inconsistency. Rugova visited Canada in September 2001, and his talks at the Munk Centre and Foreign Affairs in Ottawa delivered the same message: “Give us independence.” More mis- sionary than politician, Rugova simply said that the key to stability in the region was an independent Kosovo. Rugova had no apparent successor as head of the Democratic League of Father of the nation: Thousands of people paid their respects to Rugova, Kosovo, and his death temporarily who visited the Munk Centre during a 2001 Canadian tour.

7 SPRING 2006 INSIGHTS

OUR CITIES, OUR FUTURE

anada’s future is increasing- without providing funds to meet tial to their economic health, howev- ly linked to the fortunes of those requirements. er, their overall health is in trouble Cits large cities and city- At the same time, large cities and this does not bode well for the regions. To be competitive interna- and city-regions are experiencing future competitive advantage of our tionally, our cities must provide rapid growth and, often, the higher cities or, by extension, for the coun- sophisticated transportation and costs associated with urban sprawl. try as a whole. communications infrastructure. They Studies in Canada and the U.S. Unlike fiscal measures, the state also have to deliver services that suggest that infrastructure and ser- of service delivery and infrastruc- enhance the quality of life in their vice costs are higher in low-rise ture is difficult to measure and often communities Ð parks, recreational developments than they are in more ignored in the debate over fiscal and cultural facilities, social services, compact forms of development. sustainability. Several Canadian facilities, social services, public While municipalities face studies, attempting to measure the health services, and police protection increased pressures on the expendi- size of the “infrastructure deficit,” – if they want to attract the “knowl- ture side, there has been no parallel arrived at different estimates. Even edge” workers. The success of our diversification of their revenue more problematic is the lack of cities depends on how they are sources. Unlike many cities around consistent data on the revenues financed and governed. But, are the world, cities in Canada continue and expenditures of our cities, mak- Canada’s cities fiscally sustainable? to rely primarily on property taxes ing it impossible to compare how It is a question that is central to the and user fees to finance service pro- cities are doing on fiscal measures. research and scholarly exchanges vision. Property taxes are a strik- There is an emerging consensus, that are underway at the Institute on ingly inelastic source of revenue Ð however, that there is a substantial Municipal Finance and Governance they do not grow with the economy infrastructure deficit, particularly in at the Munk Centre. in the same way as income and the large cities, and that this deficit Cities face many challenges. sales taxes. is becoming a serious competitive “Offloading” of services by the fed- Nevertheless, proving that disadvantage for those cities and the eral and provincial governments has Canadian cities are fiscally unsus- country as a whole. meant increased responsibilities for tainable is difficult. They have not The Institute on Municipal cities. In some cases, federal and run deficits in their operating bud- Finance and Governance was found- provincial governments have shifted gets because deficits are not permit- ed in December 2004 to develop Enid Slack expenditure responsibilities directly ted under provincial legislation. Few solutions to the unique fiscal prob- to municipalities. In other cases, cities have borrowed excessively to lems facing Canada’s large cities and Director, Institute on Municipal provincial governments have pay for capital expenditures because city-regions. It is anticipated that the Finance and Governance reduced transfers to municipalities the amount of borrowing is also con- Institute’s programs, which include at the Munk Centre (from 22 percent of municipal rev- strained by provincial governments. data collection and analysis, research enues in 1988 to less than 15 percent Few have raised property taxes reports, seminars with local and in 2003). In still other cases, federal significantly; few have run up large international experts, visiting schol- and provincial governments have tax arrears. Overall, cities in Canada ars, and graduate fellowships, will downsized their own responsibilities have become less reliant on provin- increase our ability to tackle the (an example, at the federal level, is cial grants. From a fiscal perspec- pressing finance and governance immigration settlement). Finally, tive, Canadian municipalities appear issues facing our cities. Dealing federal and provincial governments to be quite healthy. effectively with these issues is vital have mandated that cities meet cer- If our cities have under-invested to the future prosperity and well- tain standards (such as water quality) in services and infrastructure essen- being of all Canadians.

Patient at risk: Cities are experiencing dangerous ill-health as a result of provincial downloading of services such as social housing.

8 PEOPLE AND IDEAS

SILK ROAD OR DEAD END?

ivienne Poy tossed aside to Canada, these immigrants are now colleges, security through property could slow immigration down, but her ceremonial chancellor’s hitting a “dead end,” with increasing investment, and the mobility provid- not stop it.” Vrobes for what must have numbers living in poverty. Yu, who ed by a Canadian passport. Referring Chancellor Poy pointed out that been a nostalgic afternoon discussing was born and raised in Vancouver, to the “parachute children” whose recent reverse immigration has result- Hong Kong immigration to Canada at was even more provocative. He sug- families send them to Canada on their ed in 250,000 Canadians, or nearly a Munk Centre event in March. The gested that Canadian governments own to be educated, Yu noted that one per cent of Canada’s total popula- event launched a new seminar series seeking to nurture globally competent many come here because they are tion, now living in Hong Kong with a sponsored by the Richard Charles citizens are wasting educational mediocre students and because it is population of just seven million. This Lee Canada-Hong Kong library and resources on native-born Canadians cheaper and easier for them to get is in sharp contrast to a little more the Asian Institute at the Munk like himself. Instead, they should reputable degrees in Canada than in than a decade ago when 173,000 Centre. The library, named after Poy’s invest in members of the so-called 1.5 highly competitive schools in Hong people, 57 percent of all Hong Kong Kong, China or South Korea. immigrants, left the then British Yu also disputed traditional expla- colony for Canada between 1990 and nations of immigration patterns; it 1994. is the “economics of relative loca- Professor Fong also challenged tion,” he argued, which is the primary some traditional truths with his motivator of Chinese and Hong Kong ongoing study of some 1,500 Hong movement abroad. For this reason, he Kong and mainland Chinese immi- said, young men who came to Canada grants to Toronto. Despite the jet- from Hong Kong in the 19th century setting image of Chinese “astronaut chose to leave their wives and fami- families,” Fong’s study found that lies at home even before it became these immigrants by and large main- illegal to bring them here. “Their tain few contacts with their former money went further when it was sent homes. In the past two years, Fong back home,” he explained. found that only half of the respon- Today, the pattern has largely dents had telephone contact and only reversed itself with men finding more half had email contact with their economic opportunity in Hong Kong homeland. There was also very little The Chancellor (centre) pointed generation, those born elsewhere but while their families live in the more online or other reading of Hong Kong out that a reversal of historic Hong who immigrated to Canada as older secure Canada. or mainland newspapers. Kong immigration patterns means children or teens. “The one-point- In this vein, Yu said the Great Thanks to an anonymous $3 mil- there are now 250,000 Canadians fivers come here with a foreign lan- Depression had much more to do with lion grant facilitated by Chancellor living in Hong Kong. guage and global experiences,” Yu halting immigration to Canada than Poy, the new Canada-Hong Kong said. “The locally born are useless as the infamous head tax or the 1923 library will have modern facilities father, contains the largest collection global citizens.” Exclusion Act. The Chinese, within Robarts library with sufficient of Hong Kong materials in North The immigration historian referred he added, have historically treated funds to hire a curator. The library America and one of the largest in to Canada as the “Switzerland of the discriminatory taxes and legislation has more than 11,000 titles, not the world. Pacific,” a refuge for Asian families as merely another annoyance to be including boxes of donated materials The University of Toronto Chan- seeking education in either our board- circumvented by smuggling and other from Hong Kong that have yet to be cellor shared her immigrant perspec- ing schools or our universities and illegal activities. “These measures catalogued. tive as one of four panelists at the session on “The New Silk Road: Hong Kong Immigration to Canada, Past, Present and Future.” According to Poy, who recently completed a PhD thesis on the immigration patterns of Chinese women to Canada, the influence of Hong Kong immigrants forms part of Canadian culture, whether it be “competitiveness in schools, cuisine or Buddhism.” There was plenty of insightful analysis, which often challenged conventional views, from the panelists, who included: Olivia Chow, also a Hong Kong immigrant and the recently elected NDP MP from heavily ethnic downtown Toronto; historian Henry Yu from the University of British Columbia; and Eric Fong, a sociology professor at the University of Toronto. Indeed, Chow told the some 50 participants crowded into a Munk Centre boardroom that while the “silk road” dream of wealth and The power of dreams: Canada still attracts immigrants, but many Chinese are leaving their families here opportunity still attracts immigrants and returning to Hong Kong for better jobs.

9 SPRING 2006 PEOPLE AND IDEAS

DRUGS AND GREED MAKE A BAD MIX

ith $600 billion at stake, inaction, Cohen told a Health and be approved; cated as punishment. the global pharmaceuti- Society seminar on “Corruption in ¥ It is hard to distinguish an While working in Costa Rica, cal industry is a magnet the Pharmaceutical System: A Clear authentic drug from one that Cohen developed a methodology W is counterfeit or sub-standard; designed to minimize pharmaceuti- for theft and corruption. Yet most and Present Danger,” is a reluctance nations are reluctant to tackle this to make the sometimes difficult and, cal corruption. It is based on a series threat to world health, according distinction between inefficiency ¥ There’s lots of money at stake. of questions to determine responsi- to Professor of Pharmacy Jillian and corruption. Sometimes what is The situation is desperate, Cohen bility and accountability at each Clare Cohen, Director of the Munk labeled corruption turns out to be said, because drugs are essential to core decision point in the drug health care, especially in the Third chain, from manufacturing through Centre’s Comparative Program on inefficiency or incompetence, and World, where WHO estimates that registration, selection, procurement, Health and Society. “When foreign people and governments can be 25 percent of the drugs are either distribution, prescription, and dis- aid money for drugs is delivered, offended, she explained. “To that, I counterfeit or substandard. pensing. Cohen’s system is being say, ‘Too bad, it’s too important.’ there is no thought given to potential Among Cohen’s findings: two applied now in four countries in corruption. But the subject has come Drugs are a matter of life and death.” billion people, or one-third of the Southeast Asia. up in every country I have visited The pharmaceutical system is world’s population lack proper “Corruption stems from greed by working for international organiza- particularly vulnerable to corruption drugs; in Nigeria, at least 50 percent individuals, companies, and govern- tions – and none are dealing with it,” for several reasons: of the drugs are not compliant; in ments,” Cohen said. “Greed needs to said Cohen, who has worked for ¥ There is a significant degree China, 500 illegal drug manufactur- be controlled. There need to be insti- UNICEF, the World Bank, and as a of government involvement ers have been identified; and coun- tutional checks and balances, over- consultant to WHO. that allows for individual deci- terfeiting drugs is so serious in India sight, clear standards, transparency, One of the key reasons for this sions on what drugs should that the death penalty is being advo- and citizen involvement.”

HEAR MORE READ MORE Michael R. Marrus (Senior to Follow? US Foreign Policy, Fellow, Centre for International International Reactions, and the Studies), Official Apologies and New Complexities of Sovereignty. the Quest for Historical Justice, September 2005 No. III (2006). Sylvia Ostry (Distinguished Research Fellow, Centre for International Studies), The Multilateral Agenda: Moving Trade Negotiations Forward. The Munk Centre is pleased to November 2005 announce the launch of a new The Munk Centre is bringing the occasional papers series, Michael Bell, Michael J. Molloy, Controversies in Global Politics ideas of leading thinkers as close John Bell and Marketa Evans, as your radio dial, with the launch & Societies. The Jerusalem Old City Initiative of a new radio program, Beyond Borders. Our inaugural issue was Beyond Discussion Document: New Nationhood: Citizenship Politics Directions for Deliberation and We have teamed up with the in Germany since Unification Dialogue. December 2005 University of Toronto’s Radio by Thomas Faist (DAAD Visiting Station, CIUT 89.5 FM, to show- Professor, Institute of European Jillian Clare Cohen and Jennifer case lectures and seminars by Studies) and Triadafilos E. Keelan, eds. (Comparative prominent academics, policymakers Triadafilopoulos (University Program on Health and Society), and distinguished guests at the of Toronto). Munk Centre. Based on previously Our other publications series, Comparative Program on Health recorded sessions held in the Vivian OTHER ISSUES THIS TERM: MCIS Briefings, showcases in and Society Lupina Foundation and David Campbell Conference an accessible, timely fashion Working Paper Series 2004Ð2005. Facility, the program aims to Gilbert R. Winham (Distinguished the research of leading scholars January 2006 enhance the listener’s understanding Visiting Fellow, Centre for from MCIS centres, institutes, of international, social, political International Studies), An and programs. Download PDF versions and economic issues. Beyond Institutional Theory of WTO of all publications at Borders airs on Wednesday at Decision-Making: Why Negotiation TO DATE: 11 am, with a repeat broadcast on in the WTO Resembles Law- www.utoronto.ca/mcis/ (click Friday at 5 am. Full program details Making in the U.S. Congress, Louis W. Pauly (Director, Centre on “publications”) or order at on MCIS website. No. II (2006). for International Studies), Bound [email protected]

10 CENTRE BOOKS

RECENT BOOKS BY MUNK CENTRE SCHOLARS

Joseph Wong, Healthy Democracies: David A. Wolfe and Matthew Lucas, eds. Jeffrey Kopstein and Mark Lichbach, eds. Rebecca Wittmann, Beyond Justice: Welfare Politics in Taiwan and Global Networks and Local Linkages: Comparative Politics: Interests, The Auschwitz Trial South Korea The Paradox of Cluster Development Identities, and Institutions in a Harvard University Press, 2005 Cornell University Press, 2004 in an Open Economy Changing Political Order, 2d ed. Winner of the Fraenkel Prize, Category Do the pressures of economic globaliza- McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2005 Cambridge University Press, 2005 A, Wiener Library tion undermine the welfare state? This volume presents the final case This textbook, which is designed for In 1963, West Germany was gripped by Contrary to the expectations of many studies in the Innovation Systems introductory undergraduate courses, a dramatic trial of former guards who analysts, Taiwan and South Korea have Research Network’s five-year investiga- features ten theoretically and historically had worked at the Nazi death camp embarked on a new trajectory toward a tion of 26 industry clusters across grounded country studies that show how Auschwitz. It was the largest and most strengthened welfare state and universal Canada. It attempts to develop a the three major concepts of comparative public trial to take place in the country inclusion. Wong focuses on the ways meaningful typology that accounts for analysis — interests, identities, and and attracted international attention. in which democratic change in these fundamental differences in institutional institutions — shape the politics Using the pretrial files and extensive trial two countries altered the incentives and linkages, knowledge dimensions, and of nations. audiotapes, Wittmann offers a fascinating ultimately the decisions of policymakers stages of cluster growth. The authors reinterpretation of Germany's first major and social policy activists in contempo- argue that policymakers must account attempt to confront its past. rary healthcare debates. for historically rooted institutional dynamics and be cognizant of the influence of regional culture.

Lynne Viola, V.P. Danilov, N.A. Angelica Fenner and Eric Weitz, eds. Nhung Tuyet Tran, ed. Edgar Grande and Louis W. Pauly, eds. Ivnitskii, and Denis Kozlov, eds. Fascism and Neofascism: Critical Viêt Nam: Borderless Histories Complex Sovereignty: The War Against the Peasantry, Writings on the Radical Right University of Wisconsin Press, 2006 Reconstituting Political Authority 1927-1930. The Tragedy of the Soviet Palgrave Macmillan, 2004 Moving beyond past histories that have in the Twenty-First Century Countryside, Vol. one The radical right has been a persistent focused on nationalist struggle, Viêt Nam: University of Toronto Press, 2005 Annals of Communism Series. feature of European societies. In power, Borderless Histories draw on international The way humanity governs itself is Yale University Press, 2005 it has unleashed wars, ethnic cleansing, archives and bring a range of inventive changing very rapidly. Profound The collectivization of Soviet agriculture in and genocide. As a movement, it has analytical approaches to the global, transformations in structures of political the late 1920s and 1930s, one of the land- promoted violence against minorities and regional, national, and local narratives of authority are underway in Europe, North marks that would come to define Stalinism, immigrants, and has threatened democratic Vietnamese history. Among the topics America, and beyond. Nation-states forever altered the country’s social and politics. This book explores both histori- explored are the extraordinary diversity remain central, but they cannot address economic landscape. This book presents — cal fascism and the contemporary radical between north and south, lowland and the most pressing problems facing their with analysis and commentary — the most right in a wide range of countries, and highland, Viêt and minority, and between own citizens without moving away from important primary Soviet documents, brings together perspectives rooted colonial, Chinese, Southeast Asian, and traditional understandings of sovereignty drawn from previously unavailable and in in cultural studies, history, and the social dynastic influences. itself. The editors and contributors many cases unknown archives, dealing sciences. contend that just such a movement is with the brutal economic and cultural underway. subjugation of the Russian peasantry.

11 SPRING 2006 BACK PAGE

MAKING THE WORLD A CLASSROOM

KARTICK KUMAR Students are gaining on-the-ground expertise in international locales through a series of innovative programs spearheaded by the Centre for European, Russian, and Eurasian Studies (CERES) at the Munk Centre. From employment with top non-government organizations (NGOs) and businesses in Europe to evaluating Canadian government initiatives in the Balkans, CERES has become a leader in developing programs that give graduate students real-world experience in their fields of study. “At this Centre our main goal is to maximize our students’ exposure to the region they’re studying,” says Professor Robert C. Austin, who has coordinated many of the initiatives. “All universities should make it their goal to provide students with as much exposure as possible,” he says. “The main benefit is to gain a regional network. They may well be working over there instead of Canada and it’s essential for them to make contacts.”

Exchanges and Internships form a proposals, and learned to work on The Student Governance Project: large part of this international expe- very tight schedules. Of his experi- Perhaps one of the most unique of rience. Every year students from ence Martin says, “As an intern you CERES projects was the recently CERES and graduate students from develop many skills, besides the completed student governance other U of T departments participate obvious business ethics, practices project. Last fall three CERES in exchanges with European univer- and communications, you develop a graduate students and one under- sities in Hungary, Czech Republic, keen sense of yourself and what you graduate from the European and Ukraine. These exchanges pro- are capable of in a challenging and vide students with the opportunity foreign environment.” Today, studies program created a project to improve their language skills and Martin is AES Cargo’s operations to reform and strengthen student governance at the University of gain a deeper understanding of a manager and point person in ATransnational Justice Initiative Prishtina in Kosovo. Through the region’s rich history Kuwait. in Albania has been another fasci- and politics. CIDA Canada Corps University nating project. In September 2005, Partnerships Programmes, CERES MA student Jonathan Canadian and Ellison and Professor Austin visited Kosovar students Albania to conduct interviews with were brought together leading politicians, lawyers, judges, to share experiences on and analysts. The two had just spent student governance in a year examining Albania’s long Canada and Kosovo at transition from Communist state to a series of workshops stable European country. They held in Montenegro and focused particularly on analyzing Macedonia. The goal was the laws that dealt with access to the secret service and the purging of to increase awareness former communists. On the ground The Young Professionals regarding student gover- in Tirana, Jonathan met International Program, funded by Evaluating CIDA Projects: nance and provide with Prime Minister International Trade Canada, has CERES’s widely respected exper- examples from Canada, Sali Berisha, former been one of the most popular initia- tise in international programming thus enabling head of the consti- tives. Every year CERES coordi- has opened up another avenue for Kosovar students to tutional court nates the recruitment and placement students to gain experience abroad. better reform their Rustem Gjata, and of youth interns with NGOs and In 2005, the Canadian International own student govern- Democratic party businesses in East Central and Development Agency (CIDA) asked ment. The final product members Arben South Eastern Europe. The program the Centre to evaluate its projects of the project was a Imami and has been remarkably successful Spartak Njela. with more than 200 applicants com- in the Balkans. Three students, led proposal to establish by Professor Austin, visited the a new system of student The pair also peting for ten positions this year. met with law students region and analyzed CIDA’s governance at the Last year, Martin Terlecki was one at the University of Tirana’s of the lucky few and was offered a work in the sectors of health, Faculty of Law and discussed the position with AES cargo in Budapest. energy, education, and security formation of a cooperative partner- Martin worked for eight months over the last ten years. The ship between law students in Tirana with the cargo department of the extensive research led to a and Toronto. Jonathan’s real-world company. He managed workers, CIDA publication about the experience taught him a great deal. drafted business effectiveness of its program- “Despite the seemingly never-end- ming in the region. This is ing series of disappointments and not the first time the gov- catastrophes that the Albanian ernment has knocked on people have had to suffer over CERES’s door. In 2003, the years, it was evident that their CIDA asked CERES to warmth, generosity and fiery passion remain,” he says. evaluate its aid delivery projects in Hungary, Poland and University Slovakia. of Prishtina. It was submitted to the Minister of Education and Science of Kosovo in January 2006.