The Management of Insects in Recreation and Tourism Edited by Raynald Harvey and Lemelin Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01288-2 - The Management of Insects in Recreation and Tourism Edited by Raynald Harvey and Lemelin Index More information

Index

‘100-year beetle’ (Bembidion involvement in natural history nigropiceum), 316–319 studies, 57–59 Aboriginal communities, 291 study of Lepidoptera, 97–99 Acadia National Park, Maine, 309 tiger beetle research, 61–62 Acisoma panorpoides, 111 amber Actua summer science camps, 303 invertebrates trapped in, 249 Adobe LightroomTM, 244 analytical theories of aesthetics, 44 Adobe PhotoshopTM, 242 Anaphe spp., 172 Aelian, 127 Android phones, 268 Aeshna viridis, 115 animals aesthetic sense definition, 6 nature of beauty, 43–44 Annual Texas Butterfly Festival, aesthetic value Mission, Texas, 198 of nature, 278 anthropogenic changes, 328 of species, 278–279 anthropogenic stressors aesthetics and biotic homogenization, analytical theories, 44 158–159 cultural theories, 44 anthropomorphism, 5, 6 natural environment model, 44 challenging attitudes towards psychological theories, 43–44 insects, 12–13 spiritural theories, 43–44 social construction of, 326 All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory ants, 77, 253 (ATBI), 308–309 ant eggs as food, 177, 178 bioblitzes, 309 Ant Farms, 11 Boston Harbor Islands, 310–321 mass emergence of winged forms, getting the public involved, 50 318–320 Antweb, 268 Great Smoky Mountains National apiculture. See beekeeping Park, 308–309 apiology, 84 Hispaniola, 316 apitourism (bees), 87–88 relevance of biodiversity, Apoidea, 77 320–321 Appalachian Trail, 266 sharing the excitement of Apple ApertureTM, 244 discoveries, 315–316 appreciative inquiry approach, Alzheimer’s disease 333–334 therapy using butterflies, 10 aquatic ecosystems Amateur Entomologists’ Society potential for negative sublime, (AES), 3 50–51 amateur natural historians aquatic entomology areas of conflict with professionals, knowledge accumulated by 62–67 fly-fishers, 130 338

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01288-2 - The Management of Insects in Recreation and Tourism Edited by Raynald Harvey and Lemelin Index More information

Index 339

aquatic insect life stages pollinator parks, 88 imitation in fly-fishing, 133–135 population declines, 80–81 aquatic insects zoos, 89 and fly-fishing, 123 bee guides, 84–85 observation of behaviour, 130–131 bee hotels, 84 arachnophobia, 42, 332 bee reserves (beeserves), 88 arousal model of aesthetics, 44 beekeeping, 80–81 art colony collapse disorder (CCD), shock artists, 52 80–81 Arthropod Discourse Disorder, 6, 8, commercial and individual 270, 326 beekeepers, 81 arthropods, 6, 8 historical records, 9 arts and crafts tourism activities, 9 insects as inspiration, 2 beekeeping museums, 9 Asian lady beetle (Harmonia axyridis), bees, 8 324 apitourism, 87–88 Asian long-horned beetle, 268 bumblebees (Bombus spp.), 81 associations which promote insects, classification, 77 3–4 conservation messages, 79–80 Atlas moth (Attacus atlas), 193 honey and beeswax production, Attenborough, David, 285 78–79 Aucheninnes Moss bog site, Scotland, impact of predator dragonflies, 112 99 in human mythology and beliefs, Audubon, John James, 2 79 Aurelians, 190 intrinsic and extrinsic value, 89–90 Austen, Jane, 124 pollination, 79–80 Australia, 10 religious symbolism, 79 value of glow-worm tourism, 217 social structures, 78 Australian Aborigines, 173 solitary bees, 78 swarms, 50 Bachelard, Gaston, 30 ties to human culture and Baird, Spencer, 58 existence, 77 bamboo caterpillar (Omphisa variety of types, 77–78 fuscidentalis), 175, 177, 182 See also bee conservation. banded groundling (Brachythemis BeeSpotter program (University of leucosticta), 112 Illinois-Urbana-Champaign), bark beetles, 49 86–87 Barker, Thomas, 128 Beetle Busters.info, 268 Bathurst copper (Paralucia spinifera), beetles, 8 104 in insectariums, 195 Batticaloa butterfly gardens, Sri Bekoff, Marc, 24 Lanka, 10 Berners, Dame Julia, 124 BBC Wildlife Fund, 286 bicontrol BEAM philosophy, 247 use of insects in agriculture, 1 beambots, 247 bioblitz (ATBI), 309 beauty biodiversity, 108 nature of, 43–44 See also All Taxa Biodiversity bee blocks, 84 Inventory (ATBI). bee conservation bioindicators, 60 and pesticide use, 82 Biophilia hypothesis, 139 becoming a bee conservationist, 90 BioQuip Products, 147 bee reserves (beeserves), 88 biotic homogenization citizen science programs, 85–87 human-induced changes, 158–159 conservation messages, 79–80 Bitter Lake National Wildlife Refuge, fear of getting stung, 84 209 gardening for bees, 81–84 black percher (Diplacodes lefebvrii), 112 melittology, 84–87 black widow spiders, 50 model for conservation, 76–77 Blackawton Bees study, 289

340 Index

blaeberry/mountain bumble bee bumblebee sanctuary, Scotland, 88 (Bombus monticola), 87 bumblebees (Bombus spp.), 78, 81, 82, blood-feeding flies, 51 84, 85–86, 96 blue morpho (Morpho menelaus), 193 Bumble Boosters project (University blue morpho (Morpho peleides), of Nebraska), 85–86 193–194 Burke, Edmund, 45 books on insects, 3–4 butterfliers,101 , 105 Borocera spp., 172 butterflies, 8 Boston Harbor Islands ATBI, 310–321 charismatic status, 96 bug cubes as educational aid, 314 field guides, 96 bug kits, 312–314 impact of predator dragonflies, 112 generating enthusiasm for positive stereotypes, 95–96 invertebrates, 312–314 specimen collection, 100–102 getting the public involved, See also Lepidoptera. 318–320 Butterflies Through Binoculars goals and approaches, 312 (Glassberg), 63, 155 production of high quality images, butterfly and insect exhibitions, 189 316–317 butterfly breeding, 191–193 Botanical Gardens, Pietermaritzburg, history of, 189–191 11 social and educational benefits, bots on wheels, 247 196–197 Botswana, 112 butterfly breeding, 191–193 Boy Scouts of America international butterfly industry, Insect Life/Insect Study merit 190–191 badge, 236–237 social justice and economic Brenton blue (Orachrysops niobe), 104 benefits, 191–193 brine flies, 50 butterfly conservation Bringing Nature Home (Tallamy), 153 community involvement, 104–105 bristlebots, 247–248 community participation, 103–104 British Dragonfly Society, 277 contribution of urban gardens, British Trust for Ornithology, 252 160–162 Brooke, Henry, 34–35 educational initiatives, 102–103 Brossard, Georges, 194 effects of habitat disturbance, Brown, John Seely, 331 157–160 brownfield sites effects of urbanization, 157–160 importance for invertebrates, habitat fragmentation, 160 283–285 Butterfly Conservation (UK),105 , 275, bug 285 definition, 6 butterfly exhibits and gardens Bug City, Garfield Heights, Ohio, 204 therapeutic approaches, 10 bug cubes as educational aid, 314 butterfly farming, 10 Bug Guide, 246 Butterfly Festival, Hampyeong Bug House, London Zoo, 195 County, Korea, 209–210 bug kits for ATBIs, 312–314 Butterfly Festival, Plano, Texas, 209 bugbots, 247 butterfly gardening Bugfest,Stockton, California, 205 creation of butterfly gardens, Bugfest,Wichita Falls, Texas, 205 155–157 Buglife – The Invertebrate growth of, 155–157 Conservation Trust, 4, 90, butterfly gardens 274–275, 277 role in environmental education, public attitudes to invertebrates, 162–165 278–281 Butterfly House, San Diego Wild raising awareness of invertebrate Animal Park, 11 conservation, 285–287 butterfly net bugs, 7 inspiring interest in natural Bugs Count application, 268 history, 96 Bumble Bee Conservation Trust (UK), Butterfly Park and Insect Kingdom 87, 88, 278, 285 Museum, Sentosa, Singapore, 10

Index 341

butterfly pavilions,10 lack of natural history education, Atlas moth (Attacus atlas), 193 146–147 blue morpho (Morpho peleides), Chironomidae, 136 193–194 Christianity, 79 great owl butterfly (Caligo memnon), Christmas Bird Count, 252, 255 194 cicadas, 253 passionflower butterflyHeliconius ( periodical emergence, 49–50 spp.), 194 Cicindela journal, 60, 65 swallowtails (Papilio spp.), 195 citizen science, 3, 328, 329 butterfly ranches, 10 bee conservation programs, 85–87 butterfly tourist attractions, 9–10 benefits for insect conservation, Butterfly World, 11 257–268 benefits of using volunteers, cabbage worms (Pieris rapae), 158 254–255 California, 307 benefits to insect research, 269 Cambodia benefits to the research consumption of fried spiders, community, 268–269 177 contribution to insect cameras conservation, 252–253 charge coupled device (CCD) based data from gardens, 164–165 cameras, 239–240 definition and roles, 253–254 compact mirrorless cameras, 238 engaging children in, 268 digital point and shoot type, entomological training 238–239 opportunities, 290 digital SLR type, 239–240 factors in recent growth, 253–254 GigaPan technology, 241–243 insect-related projects, 257–268 image stacking, 240–241 monarch butterfly migration low-light imaging, 240 monitoring, 266 range of ISO settings, 240 need for recognition of validity, signal-to-noise ratio in CCD chips, 269–270 240 origins of, 252 Campbell, Joseph, 31 promotion at insect festivals, Canadian Pollination Initiative, 88 208–209 Canvey Wick, 284 question of inclusion in scientific Carlson, A., 44, 45 papers, 255–256 Carroll, Nöel, 32 questions of data validity and Castniidae, 99 quality, 256–257 cataloguing programs, 244–245 use of new technologies, 252, cave invertebrates, 307 267–268 See also glow-worm caves. Zooniverse, 331 Cave of the Spider, Spain, 9 Citizen Science Alliance, 331 Changi Airport butterfly garden, Clark, Kenneth, 23 Singapore, 10 climate change, 49 charge coupled device (CCD) based indicator species, 266 cameras, 239–240 study of insects in Kugluktuk, charismatic species, 8 Nunavut, 294–298 glow-worms, 218–220 Cobb, Edith, 35 Cheonga, South Korea, 2 Coccinellidae, 324 cherry gall azure butterfly Celastrina( Cockrell Butterfly Center and Insect serotina), 243 Zoo, Houston, Texas, 242 children Coleoptera, 4 appreciation of the natural world, collection of specimens, 2 142–144 access to information for approach to natural history beginners, 236–238 education, 150 as introduction to biology, 138–139 engaging in citizen science, 268 butterflies, 100–102 introduction to natural history by contribution to science, 139 parents, 144–146 debate over, 62–64, 328–329

342 Index

collection of specimens (cont.) decomposing materials discoveries related to, 139 link to forensic entomology, 51 role in natural history education, potential for negative sublime 148–150 experience, 51 colony collapse disorder (CCD) in Delta Fly Fishers, 205 bees, 80–81 deserts Colorado potato beetle, 316 potential for negative sublime common bluetail (Ischnura experience, 50 senegalensis), 112 digital cameras, 267 common pond damsel (Ceriagrion digital imagery, 238–246 glabrum), 112 cataloguing programs, 244–245 common versus scientific name charge coupled device (CCD) based debate, 64–65 cameras, 239–240 Compleat Gentleman (Peacham), 128 compact mirrorless cameras, 238 Congaree National Park, South GigaPan technology, 241–243 Carolina, 309 GPS (global positioning systems), conservation, 60 245 benefits from citizen science, identification of insects, 246 257–268 image stacking, 240–241 British organizational scene, images of insects, 3 275–278 labelling programs, 244–245 contribution of citizen science, low-light imaging, 240 252–253 panoramic views, 241–243 ecosystem services provided by point and shoot cameras, 238–239 bees, 79–80 scanning insects, 243–244 influence of perceptions of insects, signal-to-noise ratio in CCD chips, 5–6 240 Lepidoptera, 99 Diptera, 4 messages relating to bees, 79–80 Discover Life website, 246 National Gardening Association, discursive conventions 82–84 influence on insect–human opportunities in gardening, 82–84 relations, 24–25 use of bees as a model, 76–77 disgust conservation sector interpreting nature for tourists, attitudes to invertebrate 47–48 conservation, 281–285 psychology of, 40–42 Convention on Biological Diversity, response to insects, 12–13 278 Dobzhansky, Theodosius, 138 Cornell University, 255, 268 domesticated insects, 1 Costa Rica dragonflies,2 , 8, 247, 307 butterfly tourism, 9 constructing a good dragonfly Cotton Charles, 128 pond, 114–115 Cousine Island, Seychelles, 111, 116 field guides, 110 Croston worm (Prostoma jenningsi), global assessment of threats, 110 282 importance of pond conditions, cultural theories of aesthetics, 44 110–112 culture in culture, 109–110 importance of insects in modern observation in urban Japan, 144–146 environments, 109 inspirations from insects, 2 population dynamics, 115–116 cybertaxonomy, 247 positive associations with, 96 sites for dragonfly watching, Daimonic Reality (Harpur), 31 113–114 damselflies, 96 tourist attractions, 10–11 dark tourism, 37 value of records of observations, Darwin, Charles, 138, 146 115–116 death’s head hawk moths (Acherontia Dragonfly Citizen Summit, Japan, spp.), 95 198

Index 343

Dragonfly Festival, Manitoba, 208 entomology Dragonfly Festival, Roswell, New impact of information technology, Mexico, 209 237–238 dragonfly reserves,113–114 impact of technology, 235–236 Drury, D., 2 in Japan, 144–146 Dryas julia, 194 lack of information for beginners, dung beetles, 51 236–238 Durdle, S., 295 entomophagy, 2 Dürer, Albrecht, 2 Cambodia, 177 domestic consumption of insects, Easter Island, 110 170–173 ecosystem services, 108 edible insect industry in Thailand, provided by bees, 79–80 174–177 provided by insects, 211 farming of edible insects, 176–177 edible bush-cricket (Ruspolia differens), forest management for caterpillars, 171 172–173 edible insects. See entomophagy future of insects as a human food education source, 180–183 authentic experience of the natural importance as food supply, world, 51–52 169–170 butterfly conservation initiatives, in recreation and tourism, 169–170 102–103 insects as haute cuisine, 178–179 entomological training for insects as human food, 169–170 teachers, 290 Mexico, 177–178 experiential learning, 294–302, 330 promotion in the Netherlands, 179 insect-related teaching tools, 290 range of insects eaten, 170–173, negative sublime experiences, 176 51–52 restaurant dining, 178–179 opportunities to engage children tourist experiences, 173–178 with insects, 302–303 Western bias against, 169–170 outdoor education in Northern entomophilia, 324 communities (Canada), 291–294 entomophobia, 6, 105, 324 outreach programmes for ATBIs, challenging fear of insects, 12–13 312–314 influential factors,326 partnerships with academic environmental education entomologists, 290–291 role of gardens, 162–165 partnerships with local Ephemeroptera, 4 communities, 303 Ernst, C., 295 reviving traditional knowledge, Escaping and Seeking Dimensions 291–294 model, 46–47 role of insect festivals, 210–211 EU Habitats Directive, 278–279 role of insect studies, 289–291 Euclid, 28 teaching and learning ‘on the Eudicella spp. (beetles), 195 land’, 291–294 European honey bee (Apis mellifera), education case studies 77 insects and climate change, expert amateur 294–298 role in natural history studies, student-run stream biomonitoring, 57–59 298–302 exploitation of insects, 1 El Cieolo Butterfly Festival, Mexico, exposure therapy, 84 9, 198 extinction of experience of nature, Eltham copper (Paralucia pyrodiscus 108–109, 327–328 lucida), 104 Extreme Insects (Jones), 324 Empedocles, 28 emperor moth (Gonimbrasia belina), Fabre, Jean-Henri, 32–34, 144 171 Facebook, 268 engagement model of aesthetics, 44 faeces entomological societies, 3–4 insect fauna of, 51

344 Index

farming of edible insects, 176–177 fungus gnats (Arachnocampa spp.) fear glow-worm larvae, 217–218 psychology of, 42–43 fear of insects, 12–13, 332 GalaxyZoo, 331 festa del grillo, Florence, Italy, 198 games field guides as a teaching tool, 317 bees, 84–85 Garden Beewatch programme (UK), butterflies, 96 87 common versus scientific name gardening debate, 64–65 and environmental awareness, dragonflies, 110 153–154 for insects, 3–4 conservation opportunities, 82–84 wildlife-watching resources, creation of butterfly gardens, 154–155 155–157 writing styles, 65–66 growth of butterfly gardening, fight-flight-freeze alarm response, 42 155–157 fire ants (Solenopsis spp.), 49 interest in landscaping for wildlife, fireflies, 307 153–154 tourist attractions, 10 interest in watching wildlife, 154 Firefly festival, Muju County, Korea, popularity of, 82–84, 153 209–210 gardening for bees, 81–84 firefly festivals, 198 educational programmes, 82–84 Firefly Watch, 147 fear of getting stung, 84 First Nations, 291 use of pesticides, 82 flagship species, 207–208, 324 gardens flatbed scanners, 243–244 as wildlife habitat, 160–162 Flight of the bumblebee contribution to butterfly (Rimsky-Korsakov), 2 conservation, 160–162 Fly Patterns – an International Guide role in environmental education, (Price), 127 162–165 fly-fishing role in environmental research, association with aquatic insects, 162–165 123 geolocation information, 268 development of the dry fly, giant honeybee (Apis dorsata), 88 129–133 giant prickly stick insect (Extatosoma featured in literature, 124 tiaratum), 196 featured in TV shows, 124 giant tortoises, 111 fly patterns used, 128 giant water bug (Lethocerus indicus), history of, 124–136 175 identification of flies used, 127 Giberson, D., 295, 299 imitation of aquatic insect life GigaPan Stitch software, 242 stages, 133–135 GigaPan technology, 241–243 invention of new flies, 128 globe skimmer (Pantala flavescens), nymphing, 133–135 110, 116 obervation of fly types, 128 glow-worm caves, 10, 37 recreational importance, 123 glow-worm tourism The Compleat Angler (Walton), 124, charismatic species, 218–220 125, 128 future management strategies, The Treatise of Fishing with an Angle 230–231 (Berners), 124–129 potential for tourist expenditure, tradition in England, 123–126 230–231 wet fly fishing, 130–131 tourist motivations, 218–225 forensic entomology, 1, 51 value to Australia and New forests Zealand, 217 potential for negative sublime visitor management and experience, 49–50 conservation, 225–230 formicaries, 11 glow-worm tourism surveys Frenette, D., 295 Queensland, Australia, 220–224

Index 345

Waitomo caves, New Zealand, hierarchies of species, 23–24 224–225 Hierarchy of Needs (Maslow), 46 glow-worms (Arachnocampa spp.) Hillenbrand, Martin J., 236 life history, 217–218 Hispaniola Goddard, John, 134 All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory golden sun-moth (Synemon plana), 99 (ATBI), 310, 316 goliath beetles, 11 ‘Homogocene’ time period, 159 Gonometa spp., 172 honeybee (Apis mellifera), 77 Goodia spp., 172 in insectariums, 195–196 Google, 155 honeybees (Apis spp.), 78, 84 government conservation agencies honey collection (UK), 277 historical records, 9 GPS (global positioning systems), 3, Horn, Walther, 59 245 horrifying encounters with insects grasshoppers, 49 opportunities for tourists, 48–51 as food, 178 horror grasslands components of, 40–43 potential for negative sublime house cricket (Acheta domesticus), 175 experience, 49 farming, 176 Great Basin National Park, 309 How Mildred Became Famous Great Lakes Odonata Meeting (Huebing-Reitinger), 330 (GLOM), 7 human imagination great owl butterfly (Caligo memnon), and the insect world, 31–35 193, 194 human–insect interactions Great Pollinator Project (New York), appreciative inquiry approach, 86 333–334 Great Sand Dunes National Park and biggest challenges, 325–329 Reserve, Colorado, 62 citizen science, 329 Great Smoky Mountains National collection debate, 328–329 Park experiential education, 330 All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory extinction of experience, 327–328 (ATBI), 308–309 factors influencing entomophobia, Great Sunflower Project (San 326 Francisco State University), 86 future directions and research, 332 Grinnell, Joseph, 58 human attraction to insects, grizzled pintail (Acisoma panorpoides), 323–324 112 human values and preferences, 324 ground cricket (Acheta testacea), 176 influential factors,324 Guanacaste National Park, Costa insects as source of inspiration, 2 Rica, 308 negative sublime, 330 gypsy moths, 49 ongoing relationship with insects, 1–2 habitat fragmentation pesticide use, 332 impact on butterflies, 160 promotion through technology, habitat restoration, 88 331 Halford, Frederic M., 129, 133–134 range of interactions, 9–12 Hanson, N.R., 28 research questions, 324–325 harlequin ladybug (Harmonia axyridis), revenue generated by, 11–12 324 role of technology, 3–4 Harpur, Patrick, 31 social construction of hawkmoths, 247 anthropomorphism, 326 Hawthorne, David, 147–149 strategies to overcome challenges, headbots, 247 330–334 Heliconius erato, 194 See also insect–human relations. Heliconius melopmene, 194 human vision Hemiptera, 6 subjectivity of scale, 26–30 Herd, Andrew, 134 Hunter-Trapper Organizations, 292, Heteroptera, 4 295

346 Index

huntsman spider, 249 making sense of the infinite,31 Hymenoptera, 4, 77, 96, 105, 324 monstrous depictions of insects, 32–34 identification of insects supernatural aspect, 31–35 difficulties associated with, 245 Insect Zoo, Smithsonian, 38 matrix keys, 246 Insect Zoo, University of Maryland, problems for the beginner, 237 147 traditional couplet keys, 245–246 Insectarium of Montreal, 11 use of information technology, 246 Insectarium of New Orleans, 11 image labelling programs, 244–245 insectariums, 10, 195 Indian stick insect (Carausius morosus), beetles, 195 196 honeybees (Apis mellifera), Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, 195–196 Chicago, 309 leafcutter ants (Atta spp., indicator species Acromyrmex spp.), 196 and climate change, 266 stick insects, 196 information technology insect–human relations access to journals, 246–247 alienation of insects by humans, cybertaxonomy, 247 25–26 digital imagery, 238–246 breaking down the barriers, 35 GigaPan technology, 241–243 discursive conventions employed, GPS (global positioning systems), 24–25 245 historical attitudes to insects, 24 image cataloguing programs, influences on, 23–24 244–245 lack of empathy, 25–26 image labelling programs, 244–245 perceived differences, 24–25 impact on entomology, 237–238 psychological aspects, 35 Insect Fair, Columbus Zoo, Ohio, 209 ways to improve relations, 26 insect festivals, 328 See also human–insect interactions. and sustainability, 206–211 Insectia (Brossard), 330 citizen science promotion, 208–209 insects community functions of festivals, definition,6 199–200 instrumental value. See utility value economic impacts, 200–201, International Association of Butterfly 209–210 Exhibitors and Suppliers (IABES), educational benefits, 210–211 190–191 focus of, 201 interpreting nature for tourists fundraising opportunities, 209 disgust and the negative sublime, future developments, 211–212 47–48 growing popularity of, 195 goal of, 47–48 history of festivals, 199 tourist motivations, 45–47 increasing resources for insect intrinsic value of species, 278–279 protection, 208–210 Inuit community negative impacts, 200, 201, 206 view of insects, 291–294 notable festivals, 198 invasive species, 268 organization and duration, 201 invertebrate conservation potential for negative sociocultural raising awareness, 285–287 impacts, 210 iPhone, 268 purposes of insect festivals, Creek Watch application, 252 204–206 iPod, 267 survey of characteristics, 201–204 Islam, 79 tourism generated by festivals, Island Biogeography Theory, 112 200–201 Isoptera, 4 use of flagship species, 207–208 insect narratives, 26 Japan, 10, 63 insect world concept, 26, 27, 30–35 fireflies, 10 and human imagination, 31–35 importance of insects in modern as mythical space, 30–31 culture, 144–146 fetishist disavowal (Žižek), 32 natural history education, 150

Index 347

Joseph A. Strasser Butterfly Festival, Microlepidoptera, 97, 98–99 Jacksonville, Florida, 209 population surveys and counts, journals 104–105 access to, 246–247 recruitment of young enthusiasts, Judaism, 79 101–102 jumiles (Euschictus crenator), 178 specimen collection debate, junkbots, 247 100–102 See also butterflies. Kant, Immanuel, 43, 44–45 Lepidopterists’ Society, Outernet Karkloof blue (Orachrysops ariadne), Project, 147, 150 9, 104 Licinus (beetle), 146 Karner Blue Butterfly Festival in Life in the Undergrowth (BBC, 2006), Wisconsin, 208 285, 330 Kenya Lightman, Bernard, 26 ecotourism, 173 Lincoln, Nebraska, 62 Korea Linnaeus, C., 172 insect festivals, 209–210 literature Kugluktuk, Nunavut insects as inspiration, 2 high school entomology research, little whirlpool ram’s-horn snail 294–298 (Anisus vorticulus), 279 teaching and learning ‘on the locusts land’, 291–294 as human food, 171 KwaZulu-Natal Botanical Garden, long skimmer (Orthetrum trinacria), South Africa, 113 112 Lost Ladybug Project, 253, 268 ladybugs, 253 lubber grasshopper (Brachystola large blue (Maculinea arion), 105 magna), 51–52 large copper (Lycaena dispar dispar), Luehdorfia japonica (swallowtail 105 butterfly), 141–142 large green grasshopper (Chondracris rosea), 176 maggots, 51 Last Child in the Woods (Louv), Magic Wings Butterfly Conservatory 153 & Gardens, 11 le Festival international du Film de maguey worms, 177, 178 l’Insecte, 198 Malaysia, 10 leaf cutter ants (Atta spp., Acromyrmex Mammoth Cave National Park, 307 spp.) Manet, Édouard, 9, 190 in insectariums, 196 mantids leaf eating grasshopper view of Fabre, 33–34 (Cyrtacanthacris tatarica), 176 Markham, Gervase, 127–128 leisure, 1–2, 4–9, 13–15, 38, 99, 102, Marryat, George Selwyn, 129, 131 124, 190, 240, 307, 324–325, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, 46 329–334 mayflies Lepidoptera, 4, 63, 324 mass emergence, 50 amateur and professional media, 13 contributors, 97–99 depictions of insects, 13 conservation, 99 MEGA-Transect project, 266 debate over specimen collection, melittology, 84–87 63 Mendel, Gregor, 138 differing views of butterflies and Mendelssohn, Moses, 37 moths, 95–96 Merriam, C. Hart, 58 endangered and threatened metaphysical imagination model of species, 104–105 aesthetics, 44 interest in the various groups, methodology 96–97 debate over, 65–66 knowledge of the various groups, Mexico 96–97 butterfly tourism, 9 major conservation organizations, consumption of insects, 177–178 105–106 Mezcal, 178

348 Index

Michelet, J., 26–27 Nabokov, Vladimir, 139 Microlepidoptera, 97, 98–99 Nakamura Dragonfly Reserve, Japan, microscope 10, 113 influence of, 3, 27 names microscopy common versus scientific,64–65 influence on attitudes to insects, narratives about the insect world, 26 29–30 NASA microwilderness insect-like robotic rovers, 247 All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory Mars rovers (Spirit and (ATBI), 308–309 Opportunity), 241 Boston Harbor Islands ATBI, National Audubon Society, 62, 252 310–321 National Butterfly Center, Mission, in parks, 306–307 Texas, 10, 105 sharing the excitement of ATBI National Gardening Association, discoveries, 315–316 82–84 use of high quality images, National Geographic, 309, 330 316–317 National Insect Week, 330 midges, 136 National Park Service Mimopacha spp., 172 Centennial in 2016, 309 Minding Animals (Bekoff), 24 National Science Foundation (USA), modelling 254 robotic insect development, National Trust (UK), 276 247–249 National Wildlife Federation, 154 mole cricket (Gryllotalpa africana), 176 natural environment monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus), extinction of experience, 108–109 9, 37, 307 loss of connection with, 108–109 conservation, 207–208 loss of contact with, 139–140 festivals, 207–208 loss to urbanization, 139–140 monarch butterfly migration, 252 natural environment model of monarch butterfly migration aesthetics, 44 monitoring, 266 Natural Environment Research citizen science project, 266 Council (UK), 254 monarch butterfly reserve, Mexico, natural history 210 influence of parental experiences, monarch caterpillars, 332 144–146 Monarch Larva Monitoring Project, influence of Pliny the Elder, 28–29 208 inspiration from butterfly netting, monstrous depictions of insects, 96 32–34 Natural History (Pliny the Elder), 28–29 Montreal Insectarium, 194 natural history data mopane worm (Gonimbrasia belina), requirement for, 60–61 171, 178, 180, 182 natural history education Mormon crickets (Anabrus simplex), 49 approach in Japan, 150 mosquitoes, 51 concerns over, 146–147 moths range of ways to improve, 146–150 negative stereotypes, 95–96 role of insect collection, 148–150 motivational models Natural History Museum, Ottawa, applied to tourists, 45–47 Canada, 268 Museum of Comparative Zoology, natural history studies Harvard University, 310 amateur involvement in, 57–59 Museum of World Insects and conflict between amateurs and Natural Wonders in Chiang Mai, professionals, 62–67 Thailand, 10 history of, 57–59 music importance of data collection, insects as inspiration, 2 56–57 mystery model of aesthetics, 44 pattern of development, 67–70 mythical space Pro-Am recruitment and insect world as, 30–31 support, 70

Index 349

range of data collected, 56 on-line chat groups, 3 role of the expert amateur, 57–59 on-line verification of specimens, 3 selection of taxa for study, 69–70 organizations which promote insects, Natural Science and Engineering 3–4 Council (Canada), 254 ornithopters, 2 natural world Orthoptera, 4, 49 appreciation in children, 142–144 Outernet Project (Lepidopterists’ disconnection with urban life, Society), 147, 150 47–48 human attitudes towards, 26 Pachnoda spp. (beetles), 195 Nature Deficit Disorder, 6, 328 Pachypasa spp., 172 NatureServe Canada, 211 Palisade International Honeybee negative aesthetic Festival, 204 and the natural environment palm weevil (Rhynchophorus model, 44 ferrugineus), 172, 175 negative emotions farming, 176 disgust, 40–42 palm weevil (Rhynchophorus fear, 42–43 palmarum), 172 psychology of, 40–43 palm weevil (Rhynchophorus phoenicis), negative experiences 172 attraction for tourists, 37–39 palm weevil larvae (Rhynchophorus negative sublime, 13, 44–45, 46–47, spp.) 330 as food, 172 educational experiences, 51–52 palm worm (Rhynchophorus palmarum), in decomposing materials, 51 181 interpreting nature for tourists, Panaxia quadripunctaria (moth), 96 47–48 panoramic views potential experiences for tourists, GigaPan technology, 241–243 48–51 paper wasp nests, 50 shock artists, 52 parataxonomists, 58 Nepticulidae, 99 parks Netherlands All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory promotion of insect eating, 179 (ATBI), 308–309 Neuroptera, 4 generating enthusiasm for New Zealand, 10 invertebrates, 312–314 value of glow-worm tourism, 217 microwilderness in, 306–307 Nikon GP-1 GPS unit, 245 need for information on nine-spotted lady beetle (Coccinella biodiversity, 307–308 novemnotata), 267 promotion of invertebrates, Noctuidae, 95 306–307 nocturnal moths, 101 passionflower butterfly (Heliconius non-aesthetic model, 44 spp.), 194 Norfolk hawker (Aeshna isosceles), 113 pastures North America potential for negative sublime fireflies, 10 experience, 49 North American Butterfly Association Patterns of Discovery (Hanson), 28 (NABA), 105–106 pavement ant, 316 North Carolina State University, 242 Peacham, Henry, 128 Northern Biodiversity Program (NBP), Penang Butterfly Farm, Malaysia,10 295 perceptions of insects alienation of insects by humans, Oakland Mall butterfly exhibit, USA, 25–26 10 and pesticide use, 7 Odonata, 4, 96 influence of discursive debate over specimen collection, conventions, 24–25 63 influence on conservation, Odonata Central, 253 5–6 On Longing (Stewart), 28 lack of empathy, 25–26

350 Index

Peridita minima (small species of bee), role in tiger beetle research, 61–62 78 professional researchers Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), 3 areas of conflict with amateurs, Personal Meaning Map (PMM), 8 62–67 pesticide industry attitude to amateurs, 70 influence of, 7, 13 shift away from natural history pesticide use, 332 studies, 60–61 and perceptions of insects, 7 Pseudagrion coeleste umsingaziense in gardens, 82 (damselfly), 111 Pesticide-Free movement in Canada, Pseudagrion hageni, 111 327 Pseudagrion massaicum, 111 pesticide-free parks, 327 pseudoscorpion, 307 Pestival, London, England, 198, 208 psychological theories of aesthetics, pests 43–44 definition, 6–7 psychology of insect–human phobias associated with insects, 42 relations, 35 photographing insects psychology of negative emotions, impact of the information age, 40–43 237–238 public attitudes to invertebrates, Insect Study merit badge (Boy 278–281 Scouts of America), 236–237 Push/Pull Factors model of See also digital imagery. motivation, 46 photovores, 247 Pyle, Robert Michael, 154–155 Phuket butterfly garden and insectarium, Thailand, 10 Rayor, Linda, 147–148 Picasso, Pablo, 2 recreation and insects pipevine swallowtail (Battus philenor), studies and publications, 1 162 red-belted bumble bee (Bombus Plato, 28 rufocinctus), 87 Pliny the Elder, 28–29, 30 research approach, 7–8 pluralist model of aesthetics, 44 research taxa Point Pelee National Park, Lake Erie, economic importance, 69–70 307 number of researchers, 70 Pokémon animation, 144 number of species, 69 pollination obviousness, 69–70 importance of bees, 79–80 range of habitats, 69 Pollination Guelph, 88 selection criteria, 69–70 pollinator parks, 88, 327 researcher disclosure, 7–8 Pond Manifesto (2008), 110 rhinoceros beetles, 11 ponds Richmond birdwing butterfly importance as a global habitat, (Ornithoptera richmondia), 102 110–112 Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolai, 2 importance for dragonflies, robotic insect development, 247–249 110–112 designs, 247–248 popular culture light seeking, 248 depictions of insects, 13 obstacle avoidance, 248–249 positive sublime, 44–45 power source, 248 postmodern model of aesthetics, 44 solar engines, 248 PredatOR Prey matching card game, Rock Creek Park, Washington D.C., 317 309 predatory geometrid caterpillars Roger Williams Park Zoo, Providence, (Eupithecia), 99 Rhode Island, 324 Price, Taff, 127, 133 Ronalds, Alfred, 130 Pride and Prejudice (Jane Austen), 124 rose beetle (Cetoninae and Goliathonae), professional amateur biologists 195 (Pro-Ams), 57 Ross, Herbert, 139 importance of contribution, 70 Rothschild, Walter, 190 recruitment and support, 70 RSPB (UK), 276

Index 351

rusty-patched bumble bee (Bombus butterfly tourism, 9 affinis), 87 Space and Place (Tuan), 30–31 specimen collection Sahtu communities, Northwest butterflies, 100–102 Territories debate over, 62–64 student-run stream biomonitoring, Sphingidae, 95 298–302 spiders, 7 Sahtu Renewable Resources Board, arachnophobia, 42 299 black widow spiders, 50 Sandisk Eye-FiTM SDRAM card, 245 communal web in Texas (2007), Santa Monica Mountains National 38, 45 Recreation Area, 309 consumption of fried spiders, 177 scalar anthropomorphism, 27 insectariums, 195 scale spider biology college courses, subjectivity of, 26–30 147–148 Scarabaeus typhoon, 144 sun spiders, 50 Schawinski, Kevin, 331 tarantula migrations, 50 schools spiritual theories of aesthetics, butterfly conservation initiatives, 43–44 102–103 Springbrook National Park, Schullery, Paul, 134 Queensland, Australia, 220–224 science stag beetles, 2, 11 goals of, 12 Stewart, Susan, 28 inspirations from insects, 2 stick insects scorpions, 50 in insectariums, 196 seven spot Ladybug (Coccinella stingless bees (Apidae, subfamily septempunctata), 324 Meliponini), 78 shock artists, 52 Stratiotes aloides, 115 shrill-carder bee (Bombus sylvarum), sublime, 37 283 nature of, 44–45 Sierra Madre Biosphere Reserve, sun spiders, 50 Mexico, 9 supernatural aspects of insects, silk production, 9 31–35 silkmoths (Saturniidae), 96 swallowtail butterflies (Papilio spp.), silkworm (Bombyx mori), 9, 95 195 pupae as food, 176 Swammerdam, Jan, 29–30 Sites of Special Scientific Interest symmets, 247 (SSSIs), 282, 283–284 size tablet computers, 267 association with importance, 26–30 Taiwan, 10 positive associations with, 96 butterfly tourism, 9 Skues, G.E.M., 129, 133–135 Tajiri, Satoshi, 144 skyscraper design, 2 Tamborine National Park, smartphones, 250, 267 Queensland, Australia, 221 Social Life in the Insect World (Fabre), Taomi Ecological Village, 11 32–34 tarantulas social structures migrations, 50 bees, 78 spider biology college courses, socio-economic importance of 147–148 insects, 1–2 taxonomic bias, 6, 8, 326 solar rollers, 247 taxonomic homogenization solarbots, 247 human-induced changes, 158–159 Sonoran Arthropod Studies Institute taxonomy, 56, 61, 139 (SASI), Arizona, 50 technology sorrel pygmy moth (Enteucha acetosae), access to information on insect 99, 324 collecting, 236–238 South Africa, 10, 111 applications in citizen science, southern Africa 267–268

352 Index

technology (cont.) history of natural history studies, influence on the image of 59–62 entomology, 235–236 pattern of development, 67–69 photographing insects, 236–237 requirement for natural history promotion of human-insect data, 60–61 interactions, 331 separation of areas of study and rate of development, 249–250 expertise, 66–67 robotic insect development, separation of professional and 247–249 amateur interests, 60–61 role in human-insect interactions, shift in professional researcher 3–4 focus, 60–61 use in citizen science, 252 tiger beetles Tennyson, Alfred, 2 common versus scientific name terminology debate, 64–65 debate over, 65–66 field guides, 62, 65–66 termites tourism mass emergence of winged forms, apitourism (bees), 87–88 50 butterfly tourist attractions, 9–10 Texas Butterfly Festival, 9 dark tourism, 37 Thailand dragonflies,10–11 edible insects industry, 174–177 featuring beekeeping, 9 Thames Gateway fireflies, 10 important brownfield habitats, glow-worm caves, 10 283–284 popularity of insect festivals, 195 The Art of Angling (Barker), 128 Tourism Holdings Limited (THL), The Audubon Society field guide to North 225 American butterflies (Pyle), 155 tourist experiences The Audubon Society handbook for edible insects, 173–178 butterfly watchers (Pyle), 155 tourist motivation The Blue Butterfly (movie, 2004), 194 attraction to repulsive experiences, The Book of Nature; or, The History of 37–39 Insects (Swammerdam), 29–30 desire for disturbing experiences, The Career Ladder model of 37–39 motivations, 46 models, 45–47 The Compleat Angler (Walton), 124, psychology of negative emotions, 125, 126, 128 40–43 The Critique of Judgement (Kant), 43 tourists The Ecology of Imagination in Childhood genuine engagement with the (Cobb), 35 natural world, 47–48 The Forgotten Pollinators (Buchmann opportunities for horrifying and Nabhan), 80 encounters with insects, 48–51 The Insect (Michelet), 26–27 potential negative sublime The Philosophy of Horror (Carroll), 32 experiences, 48–51 The Pleasures of Princes (Markham), Tramea limbata, 116 127–128 Travel Career Patterns model of The Poetics of Space (Bachelard), 30 motivations, 46 The Treatise of Fishing with an Angle tree bumble bee (Bombus hypnorum), (Berners), 124–129 87 The Very Hungry Caterpillar (Carle), 330 Tree Hill Nature Center, 209 therapeutic use of butterfly gardens, trinomial use, 68 10 Trithemis kirbyi (dragonfly), 111 threatened species Tuan, Yi-Fu, 30–31 EU Habitats Directive, 278–279 Twitter, 250, 268 tiger beetle research amateur natural historians, 61–62 UK Biodiversity Action Plan, 275–276, Cicindela journal, 60 277, 286 conflict between amateurs and Ulysses swallowtail (Papilio ulysses), professionals, 62–67 101

Index 353

United States Department of weaver ant (Oecophylla smaragdina), Agriculture, 267, 268 175, 183 Urban Ant Collector, 253, 268 whip scorpions, 50 urban environments white peacock butterfly (Anartia observation of dragonflies,109 jatrophae), 140 urban living Wildlife Trusts (UK), 276 disconnection with the natural wildlife watching world, 47–48 around the home, 154 urban myths about insects, 13 field guides, 154–155 urban parks, 108–109 publications, 154–155 urbanization Wilson, D., 129–132 impacts on butterflies, 157–160 Wilson, E.O., 138, 139, 306, 310 loss of the natural environment, Wilson, Robert, 52 139–140 witjuti grubs, 183 US National Park Service Organic Act Woodland Park Zoo, Seattle, (1916), 307 Washington, 324 Utah Bug Club, 147 World Wide Fund for Nature utility value (formerly World Wildlife Fund), of natural resources, 278 276 of species, 278–279 writing styles debate over, 65–66 Valley of the Butterflies, Rhodes, Greece, 96 Xerces Society (USA), 4, 90, 105 van Gogh, Vincent, 2 X-ray tomography, 249 vibrabots, 247–248 videogames Yellow Butterfly Festival, Taiwan, depictions of insects, 144–145 207 Vinke, K., 299, 302 Yosemite National Park, 307 von Hagens, Gunther’, 38 Young Entomologists’ Society, 4 von Humboldt, Alexander, 138 zebra tarantula (Haplopelma Waitomo Caves, New Zealand albostriatum), 177 glow-worm tourism, 217 Žižek, Slavoj, 32 Wallace’s giant bee (Megachile pluto), Zoobilation, Akron Zoo, Ohio, 209 78 ZooKeys, 246 Walton, Izaak, 124, 125, 126, 128 Zooniverse, 331 Warren, Martin, 275 zoos, 108–109 wasps, 77 bee conservation, 89 weaver ant (Oecophylla longinoda), 183 Zygonyx natalensis, 115