DISCOVERY LEARNING ABOUT COCOA
An inspirational guide for training facilitators
compiled & edited
by
Janny G. M. Vos, Barbara J. Ritchie and Julie Flood
Copyright Statement
This introductory manual is available in English and other languages and may be freely copied and distributed on a non-commercial basis, provided that the source is clearly acknowledged.
September 2003
UK Centre Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, UK Tel: +44 (0)1491 829080 Fax: +44 (0)1491 829100 http://www.CABI-Bioscience.org http://www.CABI-Commodities.org TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS iii
PREAMBLE v
Contacts v Acknowledgements v Further Reading vi Glossary of Technical Terms vii
PART 1 – GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1
INTRODUCTION TO THE COCOA CROP 2
The cocoa commodity 2 Cocoa production 3 Constraints to cocoa production 3
GROWING SUSTAINABLE COCOA 3
Growing a healthy crop 4 Cocoa raising and rehabilitation 4 Post harvest handling 9 Economical cocoa production 9
PART II – PEST DATASHEETS 11
Black Pod – Phytophthora species 12 Cocoa Pod Borer – Conopomorpha cramerella 18 Cocoa Swollen Shoot Virus – CSSV 22 Frosty Pod Rot – Crinipellis roreri 26 Mirids (Capsids) – sap-sucking bugs 30 Mistletoes – plant parasites of cocoa 36 Stem Borers 38 Termites or White Ants 42 Vascular Streak Dieback (VSD) – Oncobasidium theobromae 46 Witches Broom – Crinipellis perniciosa 50
PART III – DISCOVERY BASED EXERCISES 55
Exercise 1: Appraisal of cocoa production 56 Exercise 2: Monitoring cocoa fields 58 Exercise 3: Agro-Ecosystem Analysis (AESA) in cocoa 60 Exercise 4: Top-grafting on chupons of mature trees 64 Exercise 5: Cocoa pruning methods (for trees over 5 years old) 66 Exercise 6: Impact of shading on humidity in a cocoa farm 70 Exercise 7: Compost preparation 74 Exercise 8: Fertilising experiments 78 Exercise 9: Cocoa insect zoo – observing biological control 80 Exercise 10: Cocoa insect zoo – symptom development 82 Exercise 11: Cocoa insect zoo – observing life cycles 84 Exercise 12: Disease zoo – infection study 86 Exercise 13: Disease zoo – symptom development 88 Exercise 14: Role of soil in disease spread 90 Exercise 15: Spread of virus by insects 92 Exercise 16: Spray dye exercise 94
iii Exercise 17: Pesticide specificity 96 Exercise 18: Disease resistance deployment game 98 Exercise 19: Pesticide resistance role play 100 Exercise 20: Field area measurement 104 Exercise 21: Economic analysis of the cocoa enterprise 106 Exercise 22: Water brigade 110
iv PREAMBLE
The farmer participatory approach aims to build farmers’ capacities to make their own crop management decisions, based on a better understanding of the agro-ecology of their own fields, and according to their own unique set of circumstances and priorities. Participatory approaches facilitate an active learning process and informed decision-making by farming communities.
An integrated crop management (ICM), or integrated pest1 management (IPM) system, can never be a prescriptive, ‘off the shelf’ package. A grower must look at all the options available to him or her and make an informed decision as to which measures to take. Because each farmer’s situation is different, the types of IPM measures they implement may vary between regions and often even from farm to farm.
A successful farmer participatory cocoa IPM programme depends on: