I CENSUS OF INDIA 1961 VOL. VI PART VI NO. 13 JAM M U & K ASH' M I R

VILLAGE S'URVEY MONOGRAPH OF' KBARBOO (TEHSIL KARGIL, DISTRICT LADAKH)

FIELD INVESTIGATION BY B • .A. PAROO'lI Socio-Economic Surveyor

FIRST DRAFT BY B. A. PAROO'lI &: G. M. DIB Socio-Economic Surueyor Tabulation Officer

FINAL DRAFT BY J. K.A. Y NANDA Senior Technical Assistant

EDITOR J. N. ZUTSm Director of Census Operations The ViUage Sarvey monograph series or JIUIlIDU aad Katdamlr State have been Incla.ded In VoL VI. Part VI or the Census of laella-1961 aad bouad together Dlstrlct·wlse. FoUowml .. the 1I8t or villages surveyed:-

Vol. VI Part VI No. District Anantnag Tehsil Anantnag "'Village Aishmuqam Vol. VI Part VI No. 2 District .Anantnag Tehail Anantnag 'Village Mattan . Vol. VI Part VI ,No. 3 District Anantnag Tehsil Anantnag Village Bijbehara Vol. VI Part VI No. 4 District Srinagar Tehsil Srinagar Village Nandpora Vol. VI Part VI No. 5 Disq-ict Srinagar Tehsil Srinagar Village Hazratbal Vol. VI Part VI No. 6 District Srinagar Tehsil Badgam Village Chariaharif Vol. VI Part VI No. 7 District Srinagar Tehail Ganderbal "'Village Tullamulla Vol. VI Part VI No. 8 District Baramulla Tehsil Sopore "'Mohalla Telian ' Vol. VI Part VI No. g District Baramulla 'Tehsil Sonawari Village Kaniari Vol. VI Part VI No. 10 District Baramulla Tehsil Handwara "'Village Zachaldara Vol. VI Part VI No. 11 District Baramulla Tehail Karnah Village Gumal Vol. VI Part VI No. 12 District Baramulla Tehsil Karnah Village Gundi-Gujran Vol. VI Part VI No. 13 District Ladakh Tebsil Kargil Village Kharboo (the present book) Vol. VI Part VI No. 14 District Ladakh Tehsil Ladakh Village Hanu Vol. VI Part VI No. 15 District Ladakh Tehsil Ladakh Village Hemis Vol. VI Part VI No. 16 District Ladakh Tehsil Ladakh Village Khamik Vol. VI Part VI No. 17 Dstriet Dada Tehail Kishtwar "'Village Matta Vol. VI Part VI No. 18 District Dada Tehsil Kishtwar "'Village Agral Vol. VI Part VI No. 19 District Udhampur Tehsil Udhampur "'Village Sudhmhadev Vol. VI Part VI No. 20 District Udhampur Tehsil Reasi "'Village Katra Vol. VI Part VI No. 21 District Jammu Tehail Sainba "'Village Badwani Vol. VI Part VI No. 22 District Udhampur Tehsil Ramnagar "'Village Khanaid Vol. VI Part VI No. 23 District Kathua Tehsil Bashohli Village Sukral Vol. VI Part VI No. 24 District Kathua Tehail Kathua Village Chakdrabkhan Vol. VI Part VI No. 25 District Kathua Tehail Kathua "'Village Parole Vol. VI Part VI No. 26 District Poonch Tehsil Haveli Village Rajpora-Mandi Vol. VI Part VI No. 27 District Poonch Tehsil Rajouri Village Shahdra Vol. VI Part VI No. 28 District Poooch Tehsil Mendhar Village Ramkund

'Reports already printed. N NOTIONAL W,a" Of IKHARBOO

I TEHSIL KARGIL, DISTT. LADAK,H SHERAL TENG

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CONTENTS Page No. FOREWORD i-iii

PREFACE i-ii

CHAPTER I-The Village: 1

Introducing the village in terms of its most significant characteristics and why it has been selected; location with reference to the important centres of administration; commerce and industry or culture and so on; physicaf aspects; Bora and fauna; climate; number of households; residential patterns; transport and communications; important public places; grave· yards; sources of water; electricity; welfare and administrative institutions; history of the village and legend. .

CHAPTER II-The People and their Material Traits :

A. Ethnic Composition . 6

B. Housetypes; dress; foot-wear; ornaments, household goods; food and drinks . 8

C. Beliefs and practices connected with birth; marriage; and death with particular reference to those aspects which are. common among different sections of the population as well as those which are signi- ficantly different 13

CHAPTER III-Economy:

A. Economic resources; land utilization and live-stock 18

B. Economic activities and nature of change:

(i) Livelihood classes; change in the size of population in different livelihood classes with reference to 1951 Census figures ; analysis of the factors of change 20

(ii) Statistical data regarding primary and subsidiary occupations­ Changes, if any, from traditional accupations and from the available earlier statistical data; analysis of the factors and processes of the changes; attitude of the persons concerned toward the changes • 21

(iii) Occupational Mobility 22 ii

Pag,No. B-1 Description of different occupations: (i) Agriculture-Trends of changes in (a) farming practices (b) nature of produce (c) tools and equipments (d) technique (e) organisation of man power (f) soUrces .of finance, (g) nature of expenditure in connection with the various operations (h) utilization of produce (i) marketing of produce (j) time of different activities connected with agriculture. 23 (ii) Animal husbandry, fishing, forestry etc.-Trends of changes in (a) areas where the activities are undertaken (b) facilities or concessions enjoyed in respect of the areas of sources for the activities (c) nature of establishments engaged in the activities (d) organisation of work groups for the activities (e) tools and equip­ ments (f) techniques (g) sources of finance (h) patrons and clients (i) utilization of produce (j) marketing of produce (k) time and season for the various activities connected .. with the occupation 25 (Ill) Village Industries-Trends of changes in (a) nature and number of village industrial establishments (b) nature of produce (c) raw materials (d) quantity of produce (e) tools and equipments (f) techniques (g) sources of finan~e (h) nature of patrons and clients (i) utilization of produce (j) marketing of produce (k) time of different activities connected with the industry . . 25 (iv) Commerce-Trends of changes in (a) nature of the establishments engaged in commercial activities in the village (b) nature and quantity of commodities dealt with (c) method of collection and storage of commodities (d) nature of transaction (barter, cash, advance payment etc.) (e) time and season of different activities connected with commerce 25 (v) Other occupations .. 26 B-II Indebtedness and trends or' changes 26 B-I1I Factors influencing economic life in the village under-study-land re- forms, land improvements, industrialisation and trends of urbanisation, if any, improvement of communication, expansion of marketing facility, sources of finance etc. . 27

CHAPTER IV-Social and cultural life: A. Statistical data and analytical discussion relating to age and sex, birth and death, marriage, disease, education, immigration and emigration. 28 B. Trends of changes in the family' structure, intra-family relationship and inheritance of property . 31 iii

Pal' No. C. Leisure and recreation among different sections of the population and trends of changes 32 D. Religious Institutions 33 E. Village Organisation . 33 F. Reform measures introduced by various agencies-information and attitude towards the reform measures (e.g. family planning, regulation ·ofdowry, removal of untouchability etc.) manner of implementation of reform measures, impact of reform measures etc. / . 34 G. Language .. 35

CHAPTER V-Conclusion with special reference to level of social awareness; inter-relation of different facets of community life of the village and place of the village in the economic and social structure of the region . 37

SCHEDULES:

Village Schedule Part II . 40 Village Census and Occupation 45 Village Dispute Schedule • 47

Village Leaders Schedule. 48 Social Disabilities Schedule 49 Cultural Life Schedule 49 Recreation and Artistic Activities Schedtde 50

TABLES-SET (A):

Table I Area, Houses and Population 51 Table II PopUlation by Age-groups 52-53 . Table III Size and Composition of Households 52-53 Table IV Households Classified by Religious Communities, Castes and Sub-castes 54 Table V Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes 54 Table VI Age and Marital Status 55 Table VII .Education 56-57 iv Pat,No. Table VIII Workers and Non-workers. by Sex and Broad Age-:gtoups 58-59

Table IX Workers Classified by Sex, Broad Age-groups and Occupations 58-59

Table X Workers. Classified. by Sex, Broad Age-groups and Industry, Business and Cultivation belonging to the Household. 60-61

Table XI Non-workers by Sex, Broad Age-groups and Nature of Activity • 60-61

Table XII Households by Number of Rooms and Number of Persons Occupying 62-63

Table XIII Households engaged in Cultivation, Industry, or Business belonging to the Households 62-63

Table XIV Types of Industry run by Households 64

Table XV Types· of Business run by Households 64

Table XVI Traditional Industries by Number of Households in each • 64

Table XVII Diet • 64- Table XVIII Staple Diet and Food Habits of Community 65 Table XIX Medical Care. 65

Table XX Distribution of Households by Occupation, Income and Number of Members 66

Table XXI Monthly Income-per Household by Source and Occupation • 67-69

Table XXII Indebtedness. 10

Table XXIII Households and Development Activities 70

Table XXIV Agricultural Produce of Cultivation run by the Households and their Disposal • 71

Table XXV Households owning or possessing land or have given out land to others for Cultivation 11 Table XXVI General 12 v

Pal' No. T ABLES-SET (B) Table 1 Cast/Tribe or Community and nature of family 73 Table 2(A) Settlement History of Households 73 Table 2(B) Settlement History of Households 74- Table 3 Religion and Sect 74 Table 4 Permissibility of Intel'-caste marriage 75 Table 5 Attitude towards marriage with persons of different communities but of the same Soci~Economic Status 76-77 Table 6(A) Inheritance of property as in practice 78 Table 6(B) Share of property for different categories of relations-Sons 78 Table 6(C) Share of property for different categories of relations­ Daughters 79 Table 6(D) Share of property for different categories of relations-Wife • 79 Table 6(E) Attitude about inheritance of property by daughters equally with sons 80 Table 7 Reciprocal Aid in agricultural practice 81 Table 8 Livestock statistics including fishery 82-83 Table 9 Village Industries-products . 84 Table 10(A) Occupational Mobility-Cause of changes 84 Table 10(B) Occupational Mobility-Nature of change from fathers generation to present generation 85 Table 10(C) Occapational Mobility-Nature of Aspiration 85

Taele 11 Trade or Business . 85 Table 12 Range of Information 86 Table 13 Land Refonns. 86

Table 14 Co-operative Society 86 Table 15(A) Information and attitude towards family planning with reference to Household • 87 Table 15(B) Attitude towards Family Planning with reference to age of the Head of the Household 87 vi

Pag' No. Table 15(C) . Attitude towards Family Planning with reference to duration of marriage " 88 Table 15(D) Attitude towards Family Planning with reference to monthly income 88 Table 16(A) Habit of taking Sugar as correlated to income 89 Table 16(B) Habit of taking Tea as correlated to income 90 Table 17 Prohibited Food and Drinks • 91 Table 18(A) Material Culture-Possession of furniture 91 \ Table 18(B) Material Culture-Furniture acquired during the last five years 91 Table 19(A) Material Culture-Possession of consumer goods . 92 Table 19(B) Material Culture-Consumer goods acquired in last five years 93 Table 19(C) Material Culture-Habits 94 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

1. Notional Map of village Kharboo • Frontis piece 2. Photographs :- (i) Residential Pattern . . Facing page 2 (ii) Residential Pattern. Facing page 2 (iii) Residential Pattern . Facing page 3 (iv) Ornaments Facing page 10 (v) Cafeteria . Facing Page 12 (vi) The equipments of a tea-seller on road-side Facing page 13 (vii) Patwari of Kharboo Facing page 24 (viii) A group of wool spinners Facing page 26 (ix) On their way to fields . Facing page 27 3. Sketches :- (i) House-type Facing page 8 (ii) A young belle Facing page 5 (iii) Dress .. Facing page 9 (iv). Household utensils Facing page 11 4. Graphs:- (i) Workers and Non-workers by sex, broad age-groups and nature of activities . Facing page 20 (li) Production and disposal of agricultural produce Facing page 24 (iii) Population by sex and age-groups Facing page 28 (iv) Marital Status by sex and age-groups. Facing page 29 (v) Education by sex and age-groups. Facing page 30

5. Title page:- On their way to fields.

FOREWORD

Apart from laying the foundations of changing and how fast the winds of change demography in this subcontinent, a hund­ were blowing and from where. red years of the Indian Census has also Randomness of selection was, therefore, produced elaborate and scholarly accounts eschewed. There was no intention to build of the variegated phenomena of Indian up a picture for the whole State in life-sometimes with no statistics ~ttached, quantitative terms on the basis of villages but usually with just enough statistics to selected statistically at random. The selec­ give empirical underpinning to their con­ tion was avowedly purposive: the object clusions. In a country, largely illiterate, being as much to find out what was , .where statistical or numerical comprehen­ happening and how fast to those villages sion of even such a simple thing as age which had fewer reasons to choose change was liable to be inaccurate, an under­ and more to remain lodged in the past standing of the social structure was essential. as to discover how the more 'normal' It was more necessary to attain a broad types of villages were changing. They understanding of what was happening were to be primarily type studies which around oneself than to wrap oneself up • ' by vIrtue of their number and distribution , in 'statistical ingenuity' or 'mathematical would also give the reader a 'feel' of manipulation'. This explains why the what was going on and some kind of a . Indian Census came to be interested in map of the country. 'many by-paths' and 'nearly every branch of scholarship, from anthropology and A brief account of the tests of selec­ sociology to geography and religion' . tion will help to explain. A minimum of thirty-five villages was to be chosen with In the last few decades the Census great care to represent adequately geogra­ has increasingly turned its efforts to the phical, occupational and even ethnic presentation of village statistics. This suits diversity. Of this minimum of thirty-five, the temper of the times as well as our the distribution was to be as follows:- political and economic structure. For even (a) At least eight villages were to be as we have a great deal of centralizati~n so selected that each of them would on the one hand and decentralization on contain one dominant community the other, my colleagues thought it would with one predominating occupation be a welcome continuation of the Census e. g. fishermen, forest workers tradition to try to invest the dry bones J'h um cultivators, potters, weavers,' of village statistics with flesh-and-blood salt-makers, quarry workers etc. A accounts of social structure and social village should have a minimum change. It was accordingly decided to population . of 400, the optimum select a few villages in every State for being between 500 and 700. special study, where personal observation would be brought to bear on the inter­ (b) A t least seven villages were to be pretation of statistics to find out how of numerically prominent Scheduled much of a village was static and yet Tribes of the State. Each village ii

could represent a particular tribe. uneveness in the quality and coverage of The minimum population should be the monographs, it served to compensate 400, the optimum being between the purely honorary and extra-mural rigours 500 and 700. of the task. For, .the Survey, alongwith its many ancillaries like the survey of (c) The third group of villages should fairs and festivals, of small and rural each be of fair size, of an old and industry and others, was an extra, over settled character and contain varie­ and above the crushing load of the 1961 gated occupations and be, if possi­ ble, multi-ethnic in composition. Census. By fair size was meant a popula­ tion of 500-700 persons or more. It might be of interest to recount The village should mainly depend briefly the stages by which the Survey on agricul ture \ and be sufficiently enlarged its scope. At the first Census away. from the major sources of Conference in September 1959, the Survey modem communication such as the set itself the task of what might be district administrative head-quarters called a record in situ of meterial traits, and business centres. It should be like settlement patterns of the village; roughly a day's journey from the house types; diet; dress; ornaments and above places. The villages were footwear; furniture and storing vessels; to be selected with an eye to common means of transport of goods and variation in tenns of size, proxi­ passengers; domestication of animals and mity to city and other means of birds; markets attended; worship of modern communication, nearness to deities; festivals and fairs. There were hills, jungles and major rivers. to be recordings, of course, of cultural Thus there was to be a regional and social traits and occupational mobility. distribution throughout the State of This was followed up in March 1960 by this category of villages. If, how­ two specimen schedules, one for each ever, a particular district contained household, the other for the village as a significant ecological variations whole, which, apart from spelling out the within its area, more than one mode of inquiry suggested in the Septem­ village in the district might be ber 1959 Conference, introduced groups selected to study the special"adjust­ of questions aimed at sensing changes in ments to them. attitude and behaviour in such fields as marriage, inheritance, movable and immo­ It is a unique feature of these village vable property, industry, indebtedness, surveys that they rapidly outgrew their education, community life and collective orginal terms of reference, as my colleagues activity, social disabilities, forums of appeal warmed up to their work. This proved over disputes, village leadership, and for them an absorbing voyage of discovery organisation of cultural life. It was now and their infectious enthusiasm compelled plainly the intention to provide adequate me to enlarge the inquiry's scope again statistical support to empirical 'feel' to and again. It was just as well cautiously approach qualitative change. through to .feel one's way about at first and then statistiscal quantities. It had been difficult venture further afield, and although it to give thought to the importance of accounts to .some extent for a certain 'just enough statistics to give empirical iii underpinning to conclusions', at a time fully gone through over again and a when my colleagues were straining them­ programme worked out closely knitting selves to the utmost for the success of the various aims of the Survey together. the main Census Operations, but once The Social Studies Section of the Census the Census count itself was left behind Commissioner rendered assistance to State in March, 1961, a series of three regional Superintendents by way of scrutiny and Seminars in Trivandrum (May 1961), technical comment on the frame of Survey Darjeeling and Srinagar (June 1961) and presentation of results. restored their attention to this field and the importance of tracing social change This gradual unfolding of the aims of through a number of well-divised statistical the Survey prevented my colleagues from tables was once again recognised. This adopting as many villages as they had itself presupposed a fresh survey of villages originally intended to. But I believe that already done; but it was worth the trouble what may have ~en lost in quantity has in view of the possibilities that a close been more than made up for in quality. analysis of statistics offered, and also This is, perhaps, for the first time that because the 'consanguinity' schedule such a Survey has been conducted in any remained to be canvassed. By November country, and that purely as a labour of 1961, however, more was expected of love. It has succeeded in attaining what these surveys than ever before. There it set out to achieve: to construct a map was dissatisfaction on the one hand with of village India's social structure. One too many general statements and a growing hopes that the volumes of this Survey . desire on the other to draw conclusions will help to retain for the Indian Census from statistics; to regard social and ecohomic its title to 'the most fruitful single source of data as interrelated processes, and finally information about the country'. Apart from to examine the social and economic other features, it will perhaps be conceded processes set in motion through land that the survey has set up a new Census reforms and other laws, legislative and standard in. pictorial and graphic docu­ administrative measures, technological mentation. The schedules finally adopted and cultural change. Finally, a study camp for this monograph have been printed in was organised in the last week of Decem­ an appendix, attached with the monograph ber 1961 when the whole field was care- on village Aishmuqam.

NEW DELHI ASOK MITRA, July 30, 1964 Registrar General, India.

PREFACE

KHARBOO belongs to the Shina-speak­ inhabitants is an index of their developing ing belt of Astor, Gilgit and Gilgit agency. tastes for modem amenities. These are situated now on the Pakistan­ side of the Cease-fire Line. Hence KHAR­ These changes, by themselves quite BOO (201.12 acres), a small village of significant, should not, however, be taken Kargil Tehsil, within the existing bounda­ to mean that an area of prosperity has ries of the Ladakh DistriCt, is the only dawned on the village.. Considerable dis­ place where Shina, an oft:shoot of Dardic location was caused to its economy by-· linguistic group, is still spoken. That the stoppage of trade with Central Asia explains the importance of the village as and Tibet. Lack of irrigational facilities well as the reason why it was taken up constitutes a big hurdle to the growth for a study of this kind. of agriculture although more than half of the total area of the village Secondly, Ladakh despite its centuries­ is fit for cultivation. Presently a old isolation and consequent backwardness substantial portion of cultivable land is has not remained immune to the winds used for growing fodder. The village of change blowing in the rest of the offers a big scope for expansion of animal country, in recent times. As a matter of husbandry but this is hampered by the fact, thanks to the Leh-Srinagar road which absence of a properly-organised veterinary was opened to traffic in 1960, Ladakh is unit. Similarly, though more than 90% no longer a hermetically-sealed area to the households residing in the village depend outside world. Now, along with brisk on wool-spinning as a secondary occupa­ trade and commerce, modern influences tion, the non-existence of any weaving travel rapidly on this highway. For all facilities in the village acts as a damper the big changes that have taken place on the natural skill and enthusiasm of there, Ladakh offers a fascinating subject people. As a matter of fact, the spun for a detailed socio-economic investiga tion. wool has to be taken to Drass or Kargil To take KHARBOO as an illustration, for weaving where the charges for manu­ we notice, in the first instance, a rapid facture of a woollen fabric are as high increase in the social consciousness of the . as 50% of the quantity of wool consumed. people. Literacy among school-going child­ For these reasons, despite considerable boom ren (6-14) stood as high as 54% in 1961. in road-building on which most of the Among the outward changes noticeable adult population of the village is employed are those of the dress of the younger male at present, KHARBOO continues to re­ population and ornaments worn by the main a pocket of economic backwardness, women. Mill-made cloth has supplanted changing no doubt, but not changing the traditional coarse pattu and several fast enough. Kashmiri-style ornaments have been added to tu11UJ1' and kanvaj the old-time items. For compiling the basic data for this Similarly, the acquisition of various study, I wish to thank Shri B. A. Farooqi household goods and luxury articles by the who is no longer with us and whose ii absence is being felt keenly by the Cel1sus through every page of drafts. Thanks to Organisation. his efforts, studies on Badwani, Khanaid, Parole and Sopore have already seen the Shri Jay Kay Nanda who has been light of the lately assisted by Shri A.M. Kalloo has ~y. revised the first draft, which has partly I would also like to record my' appre­ been· prepared by Shri Farooqi and partly ciation for the work put in by the follow­ by Shri Gh.· Mohi-ud.Din, Tabulation ing officials in the socia-economic section Officer•. Shri Nanda deserves to be men­ as a result of which most of the J961 tioned for his active interest in keeping arrears have been cleared by now:- the socio-economic section usefully occupied. , 1. Shri Masood Ahmad, S.A. (Mapping) I should also like to note that my for preparing sketches and maps. Deputy Director, ~hri AbduJ Gani, although 2. Shri Kamal-ud-Din, Computor, for pre­ practically submetged in multifarious tasks' paring relevant tables. relating to 1971 census, has not treated these studies as a peace-time job or allowed 3. Shri Virendar Tiku, Stenographer, for them to go by default. He has read typing out the manuscripts.

Srinagar, the 10lli June, 1970. J.N. ZUTSm CHAPTER I THE VILLAGE

INTRODUCTION rainfall, language and social customs of the people are concerned. The district is Ladakh-'the wonderland. of"' Lamas'­ inhabited amongst others by Buddhists constitutes one of the strategically impor­ and Muslims who together constitute 99% tant districts of Jammu and Kashmir of the total population (Buddhists =54%, State. It is bounded in the north and Muslims=45%). Other communities in­ east by China and in the north-west by habiting the area consist of Hindus, Sikhs Russia and Mganistan which are contiguous and Christians. with the boundaries of Gilgit and Skardu tehsils of the State, presently under the Kharboo, the village under study, is illegal . occupation of Pakistan. Cradled one among the 238 villages of the district. inside the lofty. Himalayan mountain An interesting feature is that 76% of these ranges, which stretch south-east to north­ villages have Ii population of less than east, major part of the territory falling 500. Kharboo also falls in this category. within the district (height 8,000 feet to It is, however, one of the very few villages 18,000 feet above sea level) is inac'cessible on this side of the Cease-fire Line which and forms a desert of bare crags and is exclusively inhabited by people whose granite dust with vast arid table-lands of mother-tongue is Shina-Ianguage spoken high elevations with no traces of vegetation in Astore, Gilgit (leased area) and Gilgit in the upper slopes. Agency on the Pakistan-side. Before the" tribal raids of 1947, the inhabitants of Another striking feature of the district the village regarded themselves as a part is that its area of 37.753.8 square miles of Shina-speaking community and rigidly (excluding territory held by Pakistan) followed the social customs of their co­ makes it the largest district not only linguistics in Gilgit and As tore. Though in Jammu and Kashmir State but also converts from Budhism, the Shina-speaking in the whole ofIndia. During 1961 Cen­ people continue to claim superiority of sus, the district had a population of 88,651 blood over other Muslim castes inhabiting persons comprIsmg 44,972 male.s and the area. It is with the object of surveying 43,679 femaies giving a sex ratio of 971 the extent to which the inhabitants of per 1,000 males - the highest among all Kharbu have assimilated the social prac­ the districts of the State. In sharp con­ tices of the people living in the adjoining trast to the huge area, the density of areas and how far they' have been able population worked out to 2 persons per to adhere to the customs peculiar to Shina­ square mile and" was the lowest in the speaking community that the village has whole country. been selected for socio-economic survey. Ladakh stands distingUishable from all, The village is located on the right other districts' of the State in so far as side of river Drass at a height of 9,805 its topography, physiography, soil, climate feet above sea level. Geographically, it 2

Th6 Villag' lies inbetween 34° -50' longitude and iv) Sheep 76°-0' latitude. Villages Shimshan and v) Horses Batambis lie ,in its east, while Thasgam vi) Fowls falls on south-west. - It is bounded by vii) Dogs Cease-fire Line in the north and river viii) Cats Drass flows in its south and south-east. ~) Rats x) Crows It is at a distance of 17 miles from -xi) Himalayan snow cock Kargil, Tehsil Headquarter and _ 112 miles xii) Owl from Srinagar. National Highway is only xiii) Jackal Ith of a mile in the south-east and can be approached by descending a part of AREA the mountain. The village extends to an area of The village has no market of its own. 201.12 acres. At the time of survey, it There are, however, two grocers who cater had a population of 333 persons. This in a way to the -day-to-day necessities gives a density of 1.66 persons per acre. of the inhabitants. For bulk purchases, Kargil market is frequently visited. CLIMATE PLORA AND FAUNA The village experiences almost arctic cold during winter when the temperature The southern side of Zojila-the Sindh Valley-is thickly forested. But northwards sometimes gets as low as -23°C. The climate is generaliy dry and cold but days almost at the same height, there are no in summer are very warm. forests but naked rocks and decaying stones both cruinbling into sand as a result of There is very little snow-fall and that decomposition on account of extreme dry too on the high -peaks of lofty mountains heat during the mid-day and frozen cold that separate this region from the rest of at night. This phenomenon is gradually the country. The district falls in what converting Ladakh into one of the high is known as the Yellow Belt where the altitude deserts of sand -and stone. Accor­ average rainfall per year does not exceed ding to an expert the maximum height IS'. Enclosed by chains of lofty mountain at which a timber tree can grow is about ranges, the monsoons never reach the 10,000 ft. and therefore in major portion district, and get exhausted among the of the district no timber tree can be low hills in- the valleys. Comparatively, grown. In the village under-study like­ however, Kargil tehsil enjoys more of rain wise no timber trees are available and and the average rainfall of the tehsil the only flora constitutes the trees - of from 1951 to 1960 stoOd at 639.361 milli­ poplar and willow. metres (25.172') per year. The following fauna is found in the village and its close vicinity:- HOUSEHOLDS i) Cows The village as a whole is inhabited ii) 'Yalks' by 43 households of Muslim community iii) Goats having a total population of 333 persons Residentia.l pattern

Residential pattern Res identia' Pattern 3 Kharboo consisting of 176 males and 157 females. As far most part of the year the weather As will be seen from the Table III,. Set A, remains dry with Vf~ry little snow, the appended at the end or the Report, 46.5% houses, unlike Kashmir valley, have flat households representing 30.6% of the total -nud roofs. . Houses, generally low population consist of 4-6 member families. tachha huts, do not form any clusters The corresponding position of other house­ mt are built in tiers, up the sides of holds is indicated below:- L steep cliff-like hill. These have not been Single member household... Nil milt according to any hygienic plan. One also comes ac~oss huts which have been 2-3 member households 14.0 % of constructed near land-holdings which \ household s and 5.1% of naturally necessitates the dwellings to be population far a way from the rest. Compounds atta­ ched with the dwellings are neither fen­ 7-9 member households ... 18.6% of ced nor demarcated. household s and 19.5% of TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION population 10 persons and over 20.9% of Prior to 1947, the district was accessi­ househol d s ble by a bridle path only and the journey and 44.8% of performed on ponies from Srinagar to population Kargil and Leh (District headquarter) RESIDENTIAL PATTERN could not be completed in less than one. There are four mohallas or hamlets in week and two weeks' time respectively. the village. These are as follows: Bara­ Immediately after the tribal raids, Kal"l~il grum (main village)-9 households, Nasrial was linked with Kashmir valley by a (after Nasir, the original settler)-13 house­ jeepable road which takes off' from the holds, Adyal (origin of the name is not Zojilla Pass (11,578 feet high) and measures known)-ll households, Choboray (after the 70 miles in length; Although even now name of the original settler)-l0 !J.ouseholds. there are no· surfaced or metalled roads Qf the above hamlets, Baragrum is the in the district, an elaborate programme of oldest one. For most part of the year constructing jeepable roads was put into only nine families put up in Baragrum action simultaneously and IS3-mile Kargil­ but they are joined by the people of Adyal Leh road was completed and thrown open and Choboray also during winter who to light vehicular traffic on 1st August, have additional permanent houses of their 1960. The road passes over some of the own at Baragrum. The location of the highest mountain passes in the country. last two hamlets is such that during winter Of these, mention may be made or Kapila these are very much exposed to the blis­ (11,300 feet high), Namia La (12,400 feet ters of snow. As soon as the winter is high) and pratu La (13,400 feet high). over, they again shift to Adyal and The improvement work is since going on Choboray because their agricultural fields and now the road is fit for trucks and are near these hamlets. The average dis­ buses. tance of all these hamlets from one another is about half a mile. As mentioned already, the village is 4

The Villag' situated off the National Highway which as well as. for other purposes. The nallas is hardly Ith of a mile away. Due to though shallow, originate from Kangni Yard heavy snow-falls at Zojilla ranges (11,578 a place about 20 miles away in the east, feet), the road remains blocked for more and intersect the village flowing from than 5 months in, a year. During winter north-east to south-west where these tribu­ also, one can approach the village through taries join river Drass. Kargil which has been provided with an airport receiving intermittt:nt air flights ELECTRICITY from Chandigarh and occasional1y from No part of the district has so far been Srinagar depending upon the inclemencies provided with electricity. The people, of weather. The villagers, however, make therefore, still follow the old tradition of use of the regular buses only which ply lighting the rooms with kerosine lamps on the National Highway, to travel beyond or small oil-burners. In the absence of the village to Srinagar, Tehsil or District electricity and also due to the paucity headquarters etc. of fuel wood, kerosine oil stoves are used The traditional means of transport like for heating rooms' as is the practice in pack animals (horses, mules and yalks) other parts of the district. are also frequently used for carrying loads WELFARE AND ADMINISTRATIVE from one to the other village. Besides, INSTITUTIONS the inhabitants are also in the habit of carrying loads on their backs. Tehsil-level and District-level adminis­ trative institutions under the control of The village is served by a regular Deputy Commissioner and Tehsildar are Branch Post Office which lacks telegraphic functioning at Kargil and Leh at a distance equipment. Nearest telegraphic facilities of 17 and 170 miles respectively from are available at Kargil, 17 miles away. Kharbu. In the village, the only officials concerned with the administration consists IMPORTANT PUBLIC PLACES of Patwari, Numbardar and the Chowkidar. The onty important public institutions The Patwari is the custodian of the land in the village are two mosques which are revenue records and maintains a detailed used both' by the Shias and the Sunnis village map which shows the demarcation who pray simultaneously in their respec­ of holdings of different owners and tenants tive forms. Previously there was only of the land. one mosque; the other one was Constructed Other welfare institutions functioning about two years ago. in the village are;- i) Government Central School GRAVE-YARD ii) Branch Post Office There are two separate graveyards one each' for the Shias and. the Sunnis. IDSTORY OF THE VILLAGE AND LEGENDS SOURCE OF WATER The inhabitants of the village believe The· inhabitants make use of water of that their ancestors originally used to live the "allas (streamlets) only both'for drinking in the village Chillas of Gilgit. The persona A young belle \ "' ..... r . .

Female Dress

5

belonging to Chieftains family, nameiy, on the other side of the Cease-fire Line. Poonylo and Khachato were staying in There is, however, no recorded history that village. Poonylo was infatuated with to corroborate this version. the beauty of the wife of Khachato. He murdered Khachato with a knife and Records of rights, preserved by the married her. Khachato's wife had seven Revenue Department of the State, are children by her former husband~ During quite silent about the origin of the word the annual festivals for Dawaiku, which Kharbu. According to a popular legend, is like Loshar of the Leh area, Khachato's however, the word Kbarbu has originated two children came to know the murder from Khar-Boo. Khar·Boo is a Shina of their father by Poonylo. They then word; Khat stands for a fort while Boo killed Poonylo and ran away from Chillas means small. It is further said that in for fear of reprisal. Originally they settled ancient times the Chief of Kharhu used near Drass and later their descendants to live in a smaJl fort in this village and were scattered over about 20 villages in eventually with the passage of time the Kargil area. Kharbu was one of the villages settled by the descendants of village too was known as Khar-Boo which Khachato. The Chief of Kharbu was degenerated into Kharbu. There are, under the Chief of Skardoo which is now however, no remains of this ancient fort. CHAPTER II

THE PEOPL~ AND THEIR MATERIAL TRAITS

A. ETHNIC COMPOSmON carry at their belts. The features of both Arghuns and· Dards-the latter in The present day Ladakhis claim that particular are Aryna,· ·or nearly Aryan, they are the descendants of a blended in form, dependent upon the amount race of Mons of North India, Dards of of Mongolian blood in their composition, Baltistan and Mongols of Central Asia. and upon the myriad factors that It is said that the Mons were the first govern the physical development of immigrants and were followed by Dards mixed races." who founded different settlements in the Indus valley. The Mongols are supposed As would be evident, the inhabitants to have migrated to the district early in 10th of the area have high cheek-bones and Century A. D. from these downwards the face rapidly narrows. The chin is small and usually According to Major M. L. A. Gompertz, retreating. The pecularity is of eyes of Ladakhis, are primarily Tibetans. The which the outer comers are drawn out following extracts, regarding the ethnic and the upper eyelids are overhung by composition of the Ladakhis, reproduced a fold of the skin. The nose is pressed, from his book 'Magic Ladakh', will be so to say into the face and depressed in of much interest:- at the bridge. Their average height is "Besides the Tibetans of true stock 5' -2" in the case of men and 4'-8" in there are two other classes in the the case of women. country; one is the mixed population, The three noticeable characteristics in mostly to be found about Leh, the a Ladakhi are cheerfulness, honesty and Arghuns, off-spring of the unions bet-. willingness to work. Courage also, but ween Ladakhi women and. Kashmir or Yarkan di fathers, Musahnans all not the courage of the fighting man so much as the ·courage of the sturdy ani­ by virtue of their fathers; ·the other mal. They are healthy, physically strong is Dards, a small survival of the Aryan and willing workers. They are noted races which at one time held Ladakh for carrying heavy loads across the high before they were swamped by ·the mountain passes in extreme temperatures waves of Tibetans incursions." for which the Ladakh is well-known. "Their features are essentially Mongolian, They rarely quarrel or lose their tempers high cheek-bones and slanting eyes, even when they might be under the and with very little facial hair, though influence of their national beverage the sometimes one meets goat-bearded old 'Chhang'. Murder is unknown in the men who m\lke you wonder whether whole of Ladakh and inf~nticide undreamt hairlessness is truely a Mongolian of. Hardly three dozen ca'ses of small trait or merely the result of genera­ thefts occur in the district during a year. tions of hair-plucking with the little Possibly the teaching of Budhism have tweezers that men and women alike killed out the fighting and criminal 7

Kharboo spirit which at one time made the Mon­ the Shia doctrines in Kashmir, and gol the dread of the civilised world. he appears to have turned his thoughts Almost all the non-Buddhists of the to Baltistan after having spent his district are Muslims, majority of whom were efforts at the former place. He formerly Buddhs. Islam is stated to have found the Musalmans of Kargil· and travelled from Kashmir through the Skardu as impervious to his doctrines influence and ministrations of Shah Hama­ and contrived a compromise between dan, and is alleged to have been propa­ Sunnism and Shiaism, which is repre­ gated through the . preaching of sented in the beliefs and practices of his disciples, notably Shah Qasim Faiz the present day Nurbakhshis. In due Bakhsh. But it is a question why Shia course of time and with additional Muslims are in an extensive number in influences, religious as well as politi­ Ladakh in spite of the historical fact that cal, gained subsequently from Persia, it was the. Sunni form of Mohammedan­ most of these people became positively ism t~at was first introduced into Shias, until the Nurbhakhshis are now Ladakh. A possible explanatioI.:J is that confined to Chorbat, Khapalu, Kiris, in past the Rajas of Skardu, Kiris, Tolti, and Parkuta ilaqas and to a few Kbarmang etc., had a Persian strain in villages in Kargil tehsil, and even there them and they themselves claimed to be are found only sparingly. They repre­ of Persian origin. Persian being the cra­ sent, thus, the stage of transition dle of this sect of Mohamedanism, it was between Sunnism and Shiaism. Their but natural that the country should in number is dwindling daily and those the long run, be dominated by a form that have failed to pass over to Shia­ of belief favoured by their rulers. It ism are now becoming Ahl-i-hadis. will be interesting here to reproduce the under an influence exercised by the observations made in this behalf by the followers of the latter sect from the Superintendent of Census Operations in Punjab and elsewhere." his Report of Census of 1911, Volume There is nevertheless, everywhere a XX:- small sprinkling of foreigners, both from "Nurbakhshis are peculiar to Ladakh. the Mohammedan Asiatic countries such The sect is named after Syed Nurbakhsh as Persia, Afghanistan, Turkistan, as well as Khorasani, who was only a disciple from the Indian provinces. especially of Syed Ali Hamdani, the Kashmir the Punjab. Saint. He and· his son Shah Qasim Faiz Bakhsh have been instrumental The village under-study is exclusively in the extensive propagation of Islam inhabited by Muslims. As in other parts in the country beyond the Zojila. In of Ladakh here too Shia faith is predo­ the sense of the followers of minating as will be evident from the Syed Nurbakhsh, the whole of Baltistan fact that Shia Muslims comprising of more once used to be Nurbakhshi; but the than 86% of the total households have term has a special significance now. 80% of the village population. They Shams-ud-Din Iraqi is known to have belong to Nurbakshi Sect, to which a done a great deal in promulgating reference has already been made. Some 8

TM Village people of the village consider that by The roofs are flat and are built of adopting Nurbakshi Sect they have ceased poplar beams. peeled about 4'-5' in to be Shias. But . it seems that in diameter and placed on the opposite this matter there is difference of opinion. walls with an intervening distance of 5' to 6'. The gap between the wooden The remarkable feature which disting­ logs is covered with twigs of willow or uishes the village from other parts of poplar trees. The house tops are fina­ Ladakh ik that the inhabitants of the lly plastered with a thick layer of ,mud village still speak Shina language which mixed with dry grass. Since there is is now almost extinct in the area as the hardly any rain, the house structures speakers of this language are now concen­ have long lives. No arrangements for trated on other side of the Cease-fire escape of roof-water are noticeable for there Line. The Shina speaking population is hardly any need for it. regard themselves socially superior people and claim superiority of blood ovel' others. An average dwelling measures The pride and sense of superiority appears 20' x 15' and has six rooms. The ground to proceed from the fact that they claim floor has two big rooms one of which themselves descendents of the Rajas and is used for keeping cows and yalks while ruling families of Ladakh in Buddhist the other is kept for accomodating sheep. period. A small portion of one of the corners of the latter room is partitioned for the S. HOUSE TYPES stc:>rage of night-soil which accumulates The system of house-building like there from the latrine located on the everything else in the State, Varies with first floor. the locality. When we cross the Zojila The first floor consists of the rest of Pass, the whole aspect of the country the four rooms. These are used as bed­ changes once more, in this as in every room, kitchen, storeroom and latrine. The other respect and the tall wooden, double­ average dimensions of the bed-room being sloped houses of the Kashniir valley give 10' x 10' the other three rooms are com­ way to the low, mud-constructed, f1at­ paratively smaller, the store-room and roofed dwellings as are found in other latrine being the smallest ones. Due to Sub-montane areas of the State. In Kharboo the scarcity of space in several households, too like other parts of Ladakh the houses kitchens also serve the purpose of din­ are double-storeyed kacha dwellings. ning as well as sleeping rooms. The Plinths and foundations are raised of kitchen has an opening in the centre of stones. The material of walls consists of the roof for the out-go of smoke and this either unburnt bricks or stones plastered out-let is known as ogun. with clay. The elevation of a story ran­ As is evident from the above descrip­ ges from 6' to 8'. Due. to intense cold tion of an average dwelling, bath-rooms during nights when the temperature some­ are not built within the residential buil­ times falls as low as - 23°c and fierce dings. A possible reason of it can be winds howl, the sizes of doors and win­ that the inhabitants are not accustomed dows are comparatively . smaller i. e. to regular baths. However, for baths 2i' x 5' and 2' x ~l' respectively.· people go to the adjoining nallas. - ..-" )

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Although the inhabitants are not No other. function is held. till the economically well-off, the residential acco­ wooden beams are laid on the walls and mmodation which works" out. to . about on this occasion known as 'Bamal' again 1.24 persons per room is not inadequate. similar entertainments are, observed. Since, however, in less spacious buildings, Finally, wh~n the new building is ready, one or two rooms, on the ground floor, it is not occupied by the family members are permanently reserved for cattle and' until t.hey.' observe CPomgooru" cermony since the average strength of the family which concludes in a formal .dinner in of 7.74 persons is to be distributed in ho~our of all the guests and neighbours 6.25 rooms approximately. not only no who are' invited to participate in the dormitories ar~ provided for unmarried function. children but ev"im in the case of married The material required for house cons-' persons no privacy is feasible. , truction is partly available in the village Table XII, Set A, appended to. the'·, and is partly imported from Kargil, which Report, indicates that of all the 43 house­ is only 17 miles from Kharboo. The holds no family is residing either in imported articles consist of nails, bolts, houses with no ,regular rooms or with glasses, timber etc., however, clay, stones one room only. Of the 4 families resi­ and unburnt bricks are available l.ocaUy •. ding in two-roomed houses, only 2 are . The inhabitants who are not economi­ over-crowded as they own cattle. There cally well-off generally build their houses is also some congestion in the houses themselves. The others, however, avail having 3 or 4 rooms as all the 11 fami­ ()f . the services of ~sons and carpenter. lies occupying these dwellings, own cattle who are imported from either Kargil or and have reserved one or two rooms Drass as there are no local ca~n:ters or for accommodating them. In more spa­ masons. cious dwellings, however, which consist of 5 or more rooms, the average number Following are the wages paid to skilled of persons occupying a ~m is 1.16. and unskilled labour:- . . For foundation laying, the time and 1. Mason = Rs. 5/- per day plus date is fixed in consultation with the priest. board and lodging Months of Moharam and Suffar and the 2. Carpenter = Rs 6/- ~o- dates 3,5, 13, 16,21,24 and 25 of other Hijri months are regarded inauspicious DRESS for starting new constructions. The autumn The climatic conditions, scarcity of season is, however, regarded universally modem amemtles and backwardness of auspicious, for house construction. On the area have necessitated the inhabitants the day, some respected elderly person to wear the same old dress peculiar to of the household or village is requested Ladakh. It tonsists of a woollen cloak to lay the foundation stone. This over,' of 'pattu' known as 'challi' which is thick breads with butter are distributed among and warm. The under garments of 'pattu' the relatives, friends.. and neighbours. being a shirt and a petti-coat. Quilted This ceremony is locally called as' skull-caps, or a cap of sheep-skin. made cKhour-Unoo'. with a large flap to cover the neck and , 10

The People· & Their Material Traits ears, are worn. Of late,· however, there both male and female wear paloo-a shoe is a noteworthy change in the pattern made of felt and patlu. These boots are of dress during summer days, unlike manufactured locally by the villagers for past, most of the inhabitants also use their own domestic use. The upper part cotton clothes made of mill cloth imported of the boots is of felt or pattu with soles from Kargil or Srinagar markets. In addition of sheep or goat skin with the wool to the above dresl, during winter males inside. Usually these are ornamented also add a waist girdle of white cotton by embroidering small bits of cloth and tie it around their waist in a coloured cloth on the upper part. These knot which lies just below the belly. shoes are very comfortable and useful in , the sense that in extreme temperatures, The female dress is a woollen jacket during the hot days and cold nights, or ,a·. pheran over a coloured woollen they protect the feet from chilblain and pajama or a multicoloured petti-coat in winter months from frost-bite. reaching below the mid-leg. A piece of sheep-skin with the weal inside covers Recently, however, boots and chappals the top. of thp body hanging over both of rubberand leather obtained from Kargil front Ilnd back. A large brass or iron have also been pressed into use by some needle holds the vestment in place in of the villagers, belonging to t~e younger front. The waist girdle used in their generations especially school-going children. case is of red coloured pallu. Like male ORNAMENTS members, they have also developed a taste for under garments of cotton during Two 'decades back the only silver the scorching hot days of summer months. ornaments worn by the females consisted of tumar and kanvaj. But of late due to School-going children, however, wear the influence of the Kashmir vaHey a shirts and shorts as their uniforms during number of other silver ornaments, have summer and replace these garments during been introduced. The male members, winter by wooUen pajamas and coats etc. however, do not wear any ornaments. Usually inhabitants tailor their clothes Following is the list of silver ornaments, them~lves and stitch these with their worn by the women-folk with' their own hands. However, economically well­ local names, weights and approximate ofT families also get their clothes tailored market values:- from Kargil market against cash payment. Pallu is available locally and is even Name of Local Weight Market ornament name value manufactured by most of the households for their own consumption. In the absence 1) Tumar 5 tolas Rs. 17.50 of any cloth-dealer in the village, cotton 2) Necklace Bojring 4 tolas Rs.14.00 cloth etc. is usually purchased from Kargil. 3) Necklace Kanzum 10 tolas Rs.35.00 The two local grocers, however, also keep sometimes cloth for stde. 4) Ear-rings Allong 10 tolas Rs.35.00 5) Ear-rings Kanvaj 6 tolas Rs. 21.00 POOT·WEAR 6) Arm-band Bazoo 10 tolas Rs. 35~00 Like other Ladakhis,' the inhabitant. bund Ornaments ._-----~ ...... :

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7) Shisha 6 tolas Rs.21.oo are equipping themselves with the basic tumar necessities of life. For example 7 or more 8) Branglshill5 tolas Rs. 52.00 than 16% households own hurrican lanterns while . the rest still use earthen lamps, There is no silver-smith in the village. etc. Against this battery torch and pet­ Whenever any villager needs 'new orna­ romax are possessed by 3 households each ments. he sends for the silver-smith belong­ out . of a' total number of 43. Ten or ing to Drass, who prepares the same in more than 23% households possess bed­ the house of the client on the basis of steads while chairs, tables, stools and wall­ cash payment at the rate of 50 paise per shelves are owned by 2, 2 and 1 house­ tola of ~ilver plus board and lodging., holds respectively. Only one of the house­ Silver, however. has to be managed by holds owns a radio set. the client who purchases the same,either from Kargil or Srinagar markeis. Bed-steads are rarely used primarily due to the climatic conditions and partly HOUSEHOLD GOODS due to the limited space available in a house. So generally these are supplemen­ The nature and use of the various ted with namdas, daris and a floor covering consumer goods possessed by the inhabi­ made of goat and yak hair locally prepared tants is an index of their economic and and known as cWa. Dans' and namdtu social conditions. Unlike the past. when are, however, imported from Kargil market. a household was content with only a few earthen or wooden vessels and very rare It is signifiba:nt to note that many of copper vessels the famiHes are now equipped these articles have found their: way into with utensils of brass, copper, china-clay the village during the last fjve year. as and wood. For storing of grains and other will be evident from Tables 18(B) and articles wooden boxes and big earthen 19(B) of Set B. appended to the Report. vessels locally known as tawan are made These tables reveal that all, the 7 house­ use of. For storillg water. wooden cyJin­ holds possessing hurrican lantem. have d,rical vessels called kotail .com usually one managed the same during last five years foot in diametre and 2' in height, are against other households of whom one employed. each has provided itself with radio-set, Utensils of brass and copper are im­ pelro-max, torch-light. tables and chairs. ported from Kargil or Srinagar. Tawan, As regards the use of toilet as well as kota;l .com and wooden boxes are, however, washing soap. it will be interesting to study got manufactured by the carpenter hailing Table 19(0), Set B. which shows that unlike from village Drass who is employed on the past when to use soap was a luxury daily wages at the rate of Rs. 5/- per day. in the village at least 16 or more than 37% An insight into the material possessions household. now regarditasa routine matter. of the various households as indicated in Of these families. 10 belong to the income­ Tables IB(A) and 19(A), Set-B, appended group of Rs. lQl and above. or the at the end of the Report, shows that, as remaining 6, 1 belongs to income-group of a rule, households have developed a taste Rs.51-100 and ihe other 5 fan in the for modern amenities and gradually they income-range of Rs. 50 or less. 12

The PeO/Ju & Their Malma' Traits

FOOD AND DlUNKS the broths of vegetables and pulses these are first of all boiled and then fried in The staple food of the inhabitants is country-oil. On special occasions or on grim (a variety of loose-grained barley) festive days eggs. chicken. mutton and and wheat. Their meals usually consist rice are also added to the menu and prepa­ of thick grim or wheat cakes moistened rations are also done in ghee. with water and accompained by broth of dried or fresh turnips, cabbages, etc. It will be interesting to note here some or pulses or salt tea. Mutton is also con­ local ceremonies observed during the storing sumed b"\lt usually in winter or on festive of certain food items. For example when occasions such as marriages etc. as normally the harvesting of crops is over, all the it ~ beyond the means of an average grains thus collected are grinded into . person. flour at a time and the operation is helped by friends, neighbours and relatives. This The inhabitants are in the habit of over. all the participants and others are taking four meals a day i. e. .break-fast, sel'ved with a formal dinner. The occa­ lunch, evening-tea and dinner, which are sion is locally known as Pamu Kkul. Similarly locally known as Chhinum, dQl;oo, dQl;ookoo when the meat is to- be stored for the and bQl;ookiby respectively. winter months another function locally called as Lassas is observed. On the day .Chhinum consists of satoo of grim or breads when sheep are slaughtered relatives, friends of wheat flour and salt tea. The salt-tea . and rieighbours are invited to dinner. is a common and widely used beverage The women-folk also participate and add and its method of preparation is entirely to its gaiety by singing songs in chorus. indigenous. The tea leaves. are mixed Meat to be preserved is, however, stored with soda bicarb and seasoned with salt. in wooden boxes or is kept hanging from Soda bicarb transforms the liquid into some of the pegs in the ceiling of the rosy colour. The brewed tea is then store-room. churned with butter till the whole becomes Most of the inhabitants smoke tobacco a thick liquid. while snuff is used by a very limited .. Dui-iQg lunch· or dQl;oo cakes of grim number who employ the same for rubbing flour or saloo are taken with either broths their teeth. of vegetables or cereals or with skimmed Wheat, grim, pulses and some of the milk and curd. vegetables, such as turnips. cabbages and karamsag are cultivated locally by almost DQl;ookoo. the evening tea, includes every household. It will be interesting breads of wheat or grim and salt-tea. to state here that grim is intensively c;ulti­ Sometimes salt-tea is replaced by curd. vated here as everywhere else in Ladakh Dinner or bQl;ookiby consists of cakes district and the crop flourishes even in of grim and soups of vegetables or pulses regions reaching an altitude of 14-,000 feet and curds. These cakes are prepared by or more, above the sea-level. Country­ disolving satoo .of grim in water and drying oil, rice, tobacco, snuff. etc. are, however, the liquid by boiling it till the residue purehased from Kargil market against cash can be turned into cakes. For preparing payment or on credit. Cafeteria ~ , ·I I .. \ ,

· ~I · :; 1 }.

-t fo"". ~: . . :\ -If. } ~:

The equipments of a tea-seller on road-side 13

KluJrboo

C-BELIEFS AND PRACTICES not apply· to females who have to depend in such cases on the assistance of their The inhabitants of' the village like all seni@r relatives. other Ladakhi Muslims share in equal degree an beliefs and practices about Investigations on spot have revealed births, marriages and deaths etc. that no marriage in contravention of the above mentioned beliefs has ever taken MARRIAGES place in the village within the living In striking contrast to the prevalent memory. polyandry of the Ladakhi Buddhists, known Early marriages, once very frequent, for centuries\for their traditional institution are no longer in practice. Table VI, of polyandry, the inhabitants of the village Set A, appended to the Report, reveals being Muslims are anti-polyandrous. Eve~­ that no male or female below the age though Islam provides for polygamy, most of 14 years is married and even in the of the marriages in the village are mon~ age-group 15-19, only 5 persons (2 males, gamous-a strange synthesis of the two 3 females) out of a total population of cultures. It may well be the result of an 21 are married. Normally boys are not unconscious compromise brought about by married till they attain the age of 18 the many mhced marriages that have and girls not before reaching the age of taken place, since the Muslim husband 15. refuses to share his wife with other men and the Ladakhi woman objects to sharing Sexual laxity ~ither before or after her position with any other of her sex. ma:rriage does not exist and as such adultry, pre-madtal and extr:a-marital In some of the Dard villages of the sex relations are regarded with great Indus Valley, mixed marriages produce a disfavour and people suspected of these curious state of affairs ; the religion changes practices are ex-communicated in all at each generation. The male child is social dealings. regarded as a member of the community to which the father belongs and the female Unlike most other parts of Kashmir, i~ admitted to the religion of her mother. there is no professional inter-mediary to This is not, however, the position in negotiate offers of marriage between two Kharboo. Marriages take place here strictly parties. Generally a common friend under­ according to Islamic rituals. takes this task who is not paid any fees but is associated at all important stages of Like other Muslims, the inhabitants the marriage. also perform consanguineous marriages to such an extent as is permissible in the holy After the preliminary negotiations are Quran. over and mutual consent of the parties In Kharboo, the selection of a spouse obtained, the' father of the boy along with is the sole responsibility of parents. If, the middleman and some of the close however, there is no senior member in male relatives visits ihe girl's house. He the household and the. person to be is supposed to bring with him a speci~l married is an earning member, he chooses bread prepared for the occasion and some his spouse himself. This, however, does cash varying from Rs. 15/- to Rs. 50/- 14

The People & Their Material Traits

placed in a copper plate. At the gate After making enqui~ies from both the attor­ of the girl's house the guests are received neys and ascertaining their authority the by her close relations who offer the boy's priest announces certain conditions which the father some breads in a copper plate, marriage bond would govern. The conditions also prepared specially for this occasion. consist of the offer by the bridegroom He takes a little piece" of the bread and of (i) jewellery, clothing etc. of a specified drops some cash usually ranging from value, according to the economic standard Rs. 15/- to Rs.50/- in the plate. The' of the family, but usually amounting from guests are then taken to a decorated Rs. 150/-' to 50W- and (ii) payment in room and entertained with a formal cash of a defined amount varying from dinner. After this, tl!-e father of the boy Rs. 200/- to 500/-, known as 'Mahr', 33% drops a rupee in the plate in which he of which is to be made immediately and has taken his meals. The middleman the balance is deferred to a future date proclaims this ceremony as Nisha" D,hi which is left to the choice of the bride. for the tie. The bread brought by the The ceremony is also accompanied by father of the boy is then offered to the recitation of verses from the holy Quran father of the girl. This ceremony is locally relating to the matrimonial alliance. This called as Sail. is followed by prayers for the happy union and a happy married life of ~ the No families are associated with the couple. fixation of the date of marriage. The In case, the bridegroom, or the bride date is announced by the intermediary in consultations with the parties. Care is, is present personally, the 'Nikkah' is called however, taken to avoid 3rd, 8th, 13th, 'Asalatan' or by personal attendance. In 16th, 21th, 24th and 25th dates of Hijd such cases the bridegroom and the bride" months which are regarded as inauspicious. personally answer all the questions Celebration of marriages is also avoided put by the priest. In the village under' during the months of Moharrum and study, however, Sunni bride does not Suffar. appear in person and is invariably On the day of cNikkah' • the bridegroom represented by her close relations who and his close relatives accompanied by function as' attorney and witnesses. But the middleman visit the house of the in the case of a Shia bride, she herself bride just to write the marriage document signs the marriage document, if she is in presence of the priest. In Kharboo. literate, otherwise marks the impression both types of 'Nikkah' i. e. 'Wakalatan' of her thumb in the presence of two or and cAsalatan' are in vogue. In the more witnesses. former case the bridegroom is represented After the 'Nikkah' ceremony, the guests by an attorney who seeks his consent in are entertained with a formal non-vegetarian presence of two other witnesses.. "· In a dinner and are provided with a decorated similar way the bride is also represented room .for spending the night. by an attorney with .two other witnesses. Next day, the bride accompanied by 15 Kharboo

her maid and some of the relatives, house. Except the married couple, aU usually numbering between 7 to 17, other guests return after spending Cwo accompanies the marriage party to the days. After spending a month house of the bridegroom. The bride's the married couple also returns and on relatives, who accompany the process'ion, the occasion which is known as 'Chodyan~ are entertained at the bridegroom's place the bridegroom is given presents sucb as and return the same day, if the distance, a pair of' new clothes, one horse or to be covered, is not much. The only a yak and some cash generally from, Rs. person who stays with the' bride is her 20/- to Rs. 100/- maid and remains with her for 6 days and gets from the bridegroom's side Birth. presents and some cash ranging frOID Rs. During the period of pregnancy the 7/- to Rs. 11/-. pregnant woman is not allowed to work in The dowry which the bride brings the fields or carry heavy loads due to the with her, includes the following :- apprehension of abortion. She is also not allowed to participate in the mourning i) One full bedding including mat­ ceremony or to pass through the graveyards ress, quilt, blanket etc. at night as usually such places are supposed ii) Two pairs of clothing to be haunted by spirits who may' have iii) One 'Tumar' evil influence on the baby. iv) One 'Bojring' Medical assistance, if needed, during v) Two 'Allong' the course of pregnancy or deliverY, is vi) Two 'Bazoo Bund' made available by the parents' or the vii) Two 'Kanvajis' husband of the parturient, depending viii) One 'Shisha Tumar, upon the place where she is residing for the time being. Deliveries, however, On the fourth· day, the father of the' generally take' place at the husband's . bride visits the house of his son-in-law house at the hands of some elderly and invites the couple to stay with him experienced ladies of the household or , for a month. He stays there for about neighbourhood. 'two days and brings the following presents alongwith him:- The newly born baby is given a hot bath just after birth. The priest or some i) Breads Numbering from elderly member of the household is' then 100 to 200 sent for to whisper 'Azan' into its ears. ii) Ghee or Butter 10 to 20 seers ill} 'Halva' or pudding .•. 4 to 7 .. At 4 p. m. on the same day or on iv) Cooked meat 10 to 20 " the next day, if the delivery has taken place during the late hours of the evening v) Sweets' 5 to 10 " or night, a function locally called 'Sutuk' vi) A pair of clothing 'is celebrated. A number of cakes of grim The married couple alongwith some 'satoo' mixed with ghee, known as 'bigogali' of the close relatives of the bridegroom are prepared during the day. At the pay the scheduled visit to the bride's fixed time, children of the household, or 16

The People & Their Material T nUts in their absence of the neighbourhood winner has to sing or dance. And if are sent for to pronounce 'sutuk', 'sutuk' all participants fail to propose the chosen on the roof of the house which ·is a name, it falls upon the father of the sort of announcement in the village that child himself to abide by the customs of a birth has taken place. Accordingly; singing or dancing. one female from each household .of the CircUIDcision village attends to this rejoicing ceremony Like Muslims everywhere else, cir­ and all are entertained with 'bigogalis'. cumcision of male children is performed This is followed by a visit in. the night as an important religious cermony. This by male members {rom each household is usually done when the child is iiI the of the village who bring with them one age of 2 to 3 years. The operation is cake each as a present for the child's performed by the local barber with the father. These cakes vary in shape accor­ . help of his razor. During this operation, ding to the sex of the newly born baby. the child is made to sit on an inverted In case of a male child the basket under which a fowl is copped, which presents resemble an animal's shape and afterwards becomes the property of the if the child is a female the cakes r:esemble barber. He in addition, is paid cash the shape of an anna piece of the old remuneration varying from Rs. 2/- to Rs. 7/-. Indian curreD,cy. These guests are The occasion is celebrated by inviting entertained with salt-tea and breads. friends, relatives and neighbours to a dinner. The most interested ceremony is held The invitees make token; cash offers to on the 7th day of the birth to give the child's father known as katmosh. Ladies: name to the child. A sheep is slaughtered also participate in the function and all on the occasion, half of which is preserved the while keep on singing in chorus. for the mother of the child. From the Seven days later a sheep is slaughterfld other half thigh is preserved as a a and cooked and distributed with breads reward for the person who could propose from over the roof of the house to every­ an appropriate name for the child. one who happens to pass that way. This Friends; relatives and neighbours are function is called Hadayoo. invited to a formal dinner to celebrate the occasion. To those present, the DEATH father of the child asks. tUln by tum, As is the practice among Muslims starting from the right, to propose a elsewhere, the dead-body is given a bath name for the child. The reward goes and wrapped in white [atha called coffin. to the person who proposes a name If the deceased is a Shia Muslim, two already chosen by the father of the child. small twigs of poplar tree wra ppt'd in If they are more than one. they share a piece of latha and cotton thread, are kept the reward equally and if all.participants one each in both fists of the dead. Ex­ fail to propose the chosen name, the tracts from the holy Quran are also written father of the child himself announces the on the outer covering (coffin) by the priest. name and distributes the reward equally The dead-body is placed on a wooden· among all present. . plank measuring· 3'x7' and is carried on To add gaiety to the function the shoulders by four to six persons to the 17

nearest mosque. On reaching the Shias of the village observe a ceremony mosque, the plank carrying the in respect of a major dead-body before dead-body· is placed on the ground and it is laid to rest. A malla of beads and prayers are held for the departed soul sajdahgah (a circular piece of clay. about to rest in peace. These prayers are led by the priest or some elderly person who 1" in diameter, on which Shia Muslims stands before the dead-body followed by bow their foreheads while offering prayers) other mourners lining themselves up in are placed on the right side of the grave an odd number of rows. . The prayer is before it is refilled with earth. generally brief and lasts hardly for 4 to 5 The party led by the chief mourner minutes. then returns to the house of the deceased The plank carrying the dead is then where condolences are offered to the lifted and carried to one of the two grave­ bereaved family. On 3rd, 19th and 40th yards according to the Sect of the deceased. day of the death. relatives, friends and Shias and Sunnis have separate graveyards neighbours again call at the house of the of their own. By the time the corpse reaches the grave-yard, the grave is ready deceased. On each such occasion, the and the mourners are not required. to male assembly visits the graveyard and wait. There are no saxtons in the village offers prayers at the grave of the deceased. and the graves are dug by the villagers On their return they are all served with themselves. meals formally pl"epared for the occasion. CHAPTER III

. ECONOMY

A. ECONOMIC RESOURCES acts as a constraint in the growth of Before partition, when Ladakh was an cattle. The limited cattle stock of the important trade route with Tibet and village, however, yield sufficient wool to Central Asia, the people of Kargil area provide the requirements of cloth, locally including those of lCharbu used to serve spun by the inhabitants. as porters for carrylng loads on their By reference to main occupation, the ponies. The stoppage of trade with households of the village can broadly be Central Asia in 1930 and with Tibet classified as under:- after its occupation by the Chinese has caused considerable dislocation to the Main occupation No. of Percentage economy of the pony-owners. The cons­ households truction of the motorable road subsequently Agriculture S8 88 has added to their difficulties. On the Govt. service 4 9 whole, however, the economy of the Grocery 3 village has registered an improvement over the past. New avenues of employment Activities like labour, wool spinning, have opened up. In the past the inhabi­ porterage etc. constitute subsidiary sources tants of the village would remain f:ngaged of livelihood. as porters only during summer. They had to supplement their living by cultivation Land utWzatioo and during winter frequent about places As mentionej already, the geographical in Punjab, to earn their livelihood as area cf the village is 1,609 kanab or labourers. Now the various cons~ruction 201.12 acres. Of this 1,129 kanals (141.12 programmes and the _ maintenance work acres) consist of cultivated and 480 kanals carried on· round the year of the Leh (60 acres) of uncultivated land. It is road which constitutes a vital defence thus evident that cultivated land constitutes route provide a source of regular 70% of the total land of the village. employment to the people even during This is quite significant compared to the winter. The wage-rate has also position obtaining in Tehsil Kargil as a relatively gone up. whole where this percentage does not exceed and very striking when read with The presence of defence personnel in the District percentage which stands at the area has contributed to the expansion 0.2%. ' of demand for local consumer products like vegetables and fruits, giving a boost Due to non-availabiIity of pastures, more to the agricultural activity. Dirth of than half of the cultivable land of the irrigation facilities however restrict!! the village is utilised for growing fodder. The scope of development of agriculture. There . crop-wise break-up of the cultivated areas is also shortage of grazing land which is as under:- 19

KMrboo

Crop ¥ea sown The peculiar species of cattle like yaks, demoes and pashmina goats, known as the i) Fodder 609.7 kanals specialities of Ladakh are also found in 440.3 kanals ii) Grim and other grains the village. iii) Vegetables and pulses 67.7kanals Table 8, Set B, appended with the 1,1l7.7 kanals Report, shows that 18 of the total number of 43 households inhabiting the village The acreage under. cultivable waste possess 18 milching cattle and 5 households varies from year to year depending upon own 10 draught bullocks used exclusivei the vagaries of climate and irrigational y for tilling of land. As many as 26 households facilities etc. During the year preceding own 28 yaks and demoes and utilize the survey, only 11.3 kanals or 1 % of the them both for ploughing of land and total cultivable land had remained cultivable transportation of goods from one place to waste. another. 19 of the households own 20 The table XXIV, Set A, appended to horses and mules and some of them rent the Report reveals that the size of culti­ these out for carriage of loads and passengers vable land, as it is, yields sufficient to in order to supplement their income. meet the entir;-e food and fodder requirements Over 90% .of the households rear sheep of all the inhabitants of the village. and Pashmina goats. On an average there There are no forests worth the name are 4 heads of sheep or goats or both in the village or its close vlclmty. per household in the village. Afforestation measures have, however, been Fowls, how~ver, seem to be rare. taken up by the State Government in There were only 10 of them in the viilage, recent years which are bound to have a one each in 10 households during the significant impact in due course of time. period of survey. The trees planted during the Second Five Year Plan and the first two years of the Cows, goats and sheep constitute the Third plan, in the entire district, are principal sources of supply of milk. While estimated to number more than ten lakhs. a cow yields an average of 2 to 4 kilos Poplar, willow and hypopia have been of milk per day, the yield rate of a acclimatised, though their growth is slow. goat or sheep does not increase to more No wonder, therefore, that· a tree in than one kilo. The total milk production Ladakh is naturally looked upon as is bardy sufficient to feed the local re­ something sacred and precious. quirements. The raw wool obtained from sheep Uvelltock and goats is spun into yarn locally and The inhabitants possess' a fairly good utilised for meeting the domestic require­ stock of cattle, the average per household ments of woollen cloth. The surplus, if being 5 heads of cattle. This is,.however, any. is sold. to intending customers. There slightly lower than the average of 6 heads being no weavers in the viUage itself, per household obtaining for the whole of the services of weavers living in the adjoining Ladakh District. villages are obtained to make the yarn 20

into' cloth. CheTTa (drugget), used for Horse and Donkey Breeding Centres have sitting and sleeping purposes (refer Chapter also been set up both at Kargil and Leh. II of the Report) is, however, made by Animal husbandry in Ladakh is thus the households themselves from' the hair in for great development and expansion. of. goats and yaks. The only constraint is paucity of fodder No unit of Veterinary Department is and grazing land. Improved scientific functioning in village Kharboo. The inhabi­ measures are being .taken to bring more tants have, therefore, to be content' with and more land under pastures. The old orthodox methods of treatment for inhabitants of the village will naturally their ailing cattle. These mostly consist share the benefits of these developments. of administering indigenous herbs. The nearest Veterinary dispensaries are situated B. ECONOMIC ACTIVrrY AND NATURE OF CHANGE at KargH and Drass. Serious cases are, whenever feasible, taken to these dispen­ 1) LiveUb.ood. Classes saries but this happens rarely due to the A reference to Table II, Set A, appended intervening distance of 17 miles and 21 to the Report, shows that by broad age­ miles resp.ectively. groups, the population of the village is as under;- The State Government have taken effective measures in recent years for im­ Age-groups Percentage proving the breed of cattle in Ladakh. According to the 'Ladakh Today' published ().14 36.0% by Directorate of Information, Jammu and 15~34 30.4% Kashmir Government, a Cattle Breeding 35-59 30.0% and Research Farm has been set up at Murtse where research work is being con­ 60 & above 3.6% ducted by crossing Ladakhi cows with Comparing this data with that given improved bulls of the Kashmir valley. in Table VIII, Set A, it will be observed Donkey' stallions for production of mules that the aggregate population of 120 in and Horse stallions for covering the the age-group 0-14 includes 18 workers mules of local zamindars for production of (5 males and 13 females) leaving the Zanaskari stallions and mares are also number of non-workers in this age-group located at this Farm. A Pammina at 102 amongst a total of 134 non-workers Sheep and Wool Farm was set up at in the village. In other words, 76.1 % Chushul in 1957-58 with 289 Pammina of the non-working population of the villa­ goats and bucks. Of these 57 bucks were ge consist of persons below the age of 15. distributed to the villagers for upgrading The corresponding proportion for the district purposes. In February, 1963 a Yak as a whole stands at 79.3%. Breeding Farm was set up at Nubra with,.a .stock of 4 yaks, 12 demoes and In' the next two higher age-groups, 11 .cows. A Poultry Unit has been set however, the incidence of non-workers is up at Kargil and a Duck Unit at Leh. more pronaunced than in the district. Besi(tes, Sheep Development Centres and According to table VIII, referred to above, o I I

I

0 n CD -Z -t C c: w r C 0 J: ..... c: ItI Z'"- Ln D < -I ~ UI ,.. '" :D -...... '" -< o 0 '" z z- XI % A ~ o "U c 0 en »111 1"1 % 1(;) :IJ o ",VI .r '0 19o G) :D 0- ::D Z 0 0 n , :t:­ c Z O ,,1c.n:e -t goO <- ::D z 0 I 111 1 - -IZ ", I ;Til> "::0 va--l C/1 I I C (5- - :c m I fT1 -< I I I I z In ", 0 0 I )( , z -n - I .. g 0 fill ,. ~ "_ , c CD , ... c: z r 0 ,...... C\ r :0 ::D -fill z .,. •C\ -t CJ III rn I 0 , ... 0 I:- " Wi Z D ,. - -I '" U' o lit Z- U"! ... -I C • I Z- % C ... 0 a ,.. ,e: fit z_, Z PI -f !II' '" ...... X '" o "... 0 M r- • a

21

about 11.2% of the non-working population could be taken in the State in 1951, it belong to age-group 15-34. The correspond­ is not possible even to make any rough ing proportion for the entire district is 7.0% assessment of the growth of livelihood only. Similarly while the percentage of non­ classes. workers belonging to the ~ge group 35-39 is only 4.7 for the the district as a whole, Table XI, Set A, appended at the end it is 9.7% in respect of. the village. of the Report, shows that more than 76% non-workers comprise of male and female The adverse effect of the stoppage of infants and children below the age of 15. trade wi.th Tibet and Central Asia on the The next important category consists Qf employment of poters, ponyowners etc. those of the age-group (15-34) who include has been more than·· made good by new 12 male full-time students and 3 females avenues of employment generated as a engaged only in household duties. The result of the factors mentioned ~reberore. age-group (35-59) which has a population Beggars and vagarant persons are conspicuous of 13, also includes one male, permanently by their absence in the village. disabled. The remammg non-workers The subjoined statement gives the numbering 4- are of the age. 60 and over, livelihood classes of the .village together 2 from each sex. with the percentage of workers claimed It is also encouraging to note that full­ by each and the proportion of workers time students who claim a population of to the total population;- 39 include· 4- females. Livelihood Percentage Percentage S.No. U) Stad.dcaI data regardiag Primary Class of total of the and. Subsidiary Oecapatioa. workers population 1- Cultivation 90.5 54.1 The subjoined statement gives the primary and subsidiary occupations of the house­ Govt. service 8.5 5.1 2. holds inhabiting the village:- 3. Grocery 1.0 0.6 Main No. of Subsidiary No. of The figures reveal the same pattern of Occupa- house- OCC1.1pa~ house- economy as obtains in general in our tion holds tion hold. rurality. Agriculture constitutes the princi­ pal source of livelihood for no less than I. Agriculture 38 i) Wool spinning 20 54.1 % of total population and engages & labour about 91 % of the total workers. What ii) Wool spinning 5 is, however, interesting is that the working and Govern­ force of the village includes 100 females, ment service making 50.2% of the workers, who are all engaged in cultivation. iii) Wool spinning 4 The growth of livelihood classes could iv) Wool spinning 4- be measured by comparing the above and horse data with the livelihood classes of the rentiering last Census. Since, however, no Censul v) Road labour 3 22 Eeotumiy

vi) Wool spinning, 2 of about 34 paise ,per head per diem (the Govt. Service average population' of a household . being and h 0 r s e· 5), which can hardly be sufficient for rentiering making both ends meet. The intermediate category of 8 households in· the income­ 2. Govt. service 4 i) Agriculture, range of Rs. 76-100 is economically a Wool spinning little better with a pro-rata income of about and horse rent- 59 paise per head per diem. 35% of the iering households have however a monthly .. ii) Agriculture 1 incom~ of Rs. 101.00 and over wbich \ .iii) Agriculture, I obviously is a position reasonable satis­ grocery, and faction. wool spinning The above data is, however, based on iv) Wool spinning the information supplied by the heads of and h 0 r s e the households who have only given rough rentiering estimates withOut indicating how the monthly 3. Grocery 9 Wool spinning, incomes have been worked out. This is Govt. service praticularly true of those engaged in and h or s e agriculture who while deliberately under­ rentiering. estimating the agricultural ;produce do not . Total: 43 43 account for the cost of labdu~, agricultural implements, value of seeds etc. simply The most striking feature of the above data is that all the households inhabi­ because they do not incur any expenditure tif!g the village are pursuing auxiliary on any of these. People also have a activities of which the most important ones general tendency to under-estimate are wool spinning, road labour, Govern­ their income and exaggerate their ment service, horse rentiering etc.· expenditure. It .. may, however, be pointed out that during the survey The following statement shows the efforts were made to extract factual in­ distribution of households by income-groups: formation about· the financial resources of each household -as far as possible. Income Groups No. of Percentage households of the total households iii) Occupadoaal Mobility Rs. 25.00 and less The occupational history of the house­ Rs. 26.00 to Rs. 50.00 14 32.6 holds has been presented in tables 10(A), Rs. 51.00 to Rs. 75.00 6 13.9 10(B) and 10(0), SetB, appended to the· Rs. 76.00 to Rs. 100.00 8 18.6 Report. The fint of these tables shows. that Rs. 101 and over 15 34.9 in all 5 heads of households have made a According to the above classification shift from· their traditional occupations. over 46% households have varying mcomes ranging from Rs. 26.00 to Rs. 75.00 per Of these, two have been forced by cir. month. This provides a prooorata income cums~nces to abond()n their traditional 23

Khorboo pursuits while two others have stated B·I-DESCRIPTION OF DIFFERENT that they would have continued in their OCCUPATIONS traditional occupations if they had not i) Agrica1ture been handicapped for want of financial Broadly speaking 42 of the 43 house­ resources. The remaining one has switched holds inhabiting the village depend wholly over to the new assignment because of or partly on agriculture. Of these cultivation brighter prospects. of land is the primary occupation of 38 The data given in table 10(B) indicates households while 4 have it as a subsidiary that of the 5 persons ~ho have discontinued occupation. The aggregate area cultivated their traditional occupations, 4 have joined by the 42 households is estimated at 1,129 Government service while the remaining kanaIs or 141.12 acres. This shows that one has switched over to grocery. The the average size of a holding is 26.88 traditional occupation of all these 5 house­ kanals or 3.36 acres. The corresponding ave­ holds, however, was cultivation. rages of tehsil Kargil and the State as a whole are 2.07 and 3.96 acres respectively. Table 10(0) gives the nature of aspira­ The sub-joined statement gives the Dumber tion of the parents for their children. The and precentage of all households classified data given in the table shows that of by size of land cultivated:- the 43 households inhabiting the village as many as 12 have no male issues at Size of land No. of cultivating 'Percentage all. Among the remaining, 28 have returned households cultivation and 3 Govt. service as their Less than 1 acre 5 11.9 respective primary occupations. 1.0 to 2.4 acres 13 31.0 Of the 28 households engaged in 2.5 to 4.9 acres 14 33.3· cultivation, 21 are not in favour of their 5.0 to 7.4 acres 4 9.5 children making a shift from their tradi­ 7.5 to 9.9 acres 4 9.5 tional occupation while the remaining 7 10.0+acres 2 4.8 aspire that their children should join A reference to tables IX, and XX, Set Government service. A, appended at the end of the Report, In so far as the 3 heads of households shows that the entire population ,of these engaged in Government service are concer­ cultivating households stands at 315 and ned, 1 would like its children joining the proportion claimed by family workers agriculture while 2 others approve of no is of the order of 180 or more than 57% shift being made in their present occupation. of their aggregate population. Households which on their own cannot cope with It may be added here that lO heads the cultivating operations hire cultivating of the hO'\lseholds are not content with labourers on daily wages or a fixed their present occupations and would like reml!neration in cash or kind. to have a change in their present callings. None of these, however, has given any indi­ Agricultural operationS are carried on cation of his inte~tion to migrate to some with age-old implements and by traditional other area in the prospect of joining a inore practices as is the position obtaining in remunerative assignment. general in backward rural areas. 2~"

The operations consist of:- sowing purposes during the next season.

a) Manuring the land with cow-dung, The head of the household is the refuse and night soil locally known supreme authority for organising the as Pay-denu. agricultural operations. It is his previlege b) Ploughing the land with the help to assign specific duties tQ. the members of bullocks or yaks. The operation of his household participating in cultivation. is known as Band thenu. Due to the unique climatic conditions c) Smoothening of the surface of the area, only one crop is grown during a with the help of the implement year. Although the bulk of the net area sown called pankor. The big clods enjoys irrigational facilities, rice is not of earth are also broken. It is locally grown. Crop production varies from year called as Dal denu. to year depending upon several factors d) Khar thenu is the operation for arrang­ such as weather conditions, quality of ing the ploughed land into small manure and seed etc. Relevant statistics rectangular plots of 3'x4' with an pertaining to the year 1960-61 showing the inlet and outlet on opposite sides quantity of each crop produced and con­ for the flow of irrigational water. sumed and surplus available for sale have been incorporated in Table XXIV, Set A. e) Sowing is locally called as Be denu. appended to the Report. The figures show Seeds to be sown are scattered by that grim is the principal crop and its hand. total productio~· in 1960-61 was 1,888 f) Watering the rectangular plots of maunds. Wheat production being relatively land is known as Voui denu. very small, grim is the staple food of the inhabitants. The table further shows that g) Harvesting done with the help from out of the total quantity produced, of Ongoh (dranti) and the operation the cultivating households have consumed is called as Loti thenu. 1.229 maunds. leaving a surplus balance h) Kdol pizeren i.e. thrashing. of 659 maunds available for sale. The production of wheat was 132 maunds. "all i) A,o thenu i.e. storing of grains consumed by the cultivating households. after thrashing in containers. Other foodcrops consist of maize, pulses and vegetables, the produce being 2.5 Not to speak of mechanical cultivation. maunds, 44 maunds and 20.5 maunds the inhabitants are ignorant even about the respectively. The area used for fodder use of improved quality seeds, chemical cultivation being large, the aggregate fertilizers and pesticides. Due partly to quantity produced has been estimated at their adherence to the use of traditional 1,720 maunds. Dfthis all but 470 maunds seeds and partly because of non-availability have been consumed by the cultivating of better quality imported seeds. the . households. The surplus quantity was villagers generally preserve a small portion sold to the neighbouring villages or to of the produce of the previous year for such of the households who needed the PRODUCTION Sa DISPOSAL OF AGRICULTUR­ -AL PRODUCE 2000 GR.iM

D QUANTITY CONSUMED 1000 QUANTITY AVAILABLE FOR SALE 200 II) Q , Z :> -c ~,OO -z 1&1 ~o U ::> 0 0 a: a. 40 ..J Ca: ::J ~ 530 U a:- ~ .c[

...J c 20 :J Z Z <{ 10 \ ...

Patwarl· of Kharboo

25

Kharboo same on cash payment. Barter system is approximately 750 Ibs. of raw wool is conspicuous by its absence. usually available to them annually from their sheep and goats. The raw wool ti) Aaimal Husbandry, Fishing and Forestry thus sheared is first of all cleaned of dirt No veterinary centre exists in the etc. by winowing operation and passing viIJage. A's already mentioned, the nearest it through a belna. Cleaned raw wool is Animal Husbandry Unit functions at then spun by them at home on taklis and Kargil which is 17 miles away. Cows are, charkkas. The spun yarn is kept wrapped tl.erefore, husbanded by . local bullocks on small wooden sticks which are later available in the village. In very rare on transferred to the weavers for weaving cases of emergency, the animals are taken it into woollen fabrics. to Kargil. The ailing cattle are given In the absence of any weaver in the orthodox .methods of treatment and some­ village, the services of weavers of Kargil times they die due to non-availability of or village Drass are employed. The pay­ modem treatment and surgical care. But ment to the weaver is done not in cash for the dearth of sufficient fodder, animal but in kind. He is paid 50% of the husbandry would have proved to be a wool as charges for the manufacture of great asset for the villagers who could woollen fabric which is usually coarse and have followed it as an auxiliary occupation. thick called ptmu. Generally the quantity There is no scope for fishing in the of pattu got manufactured is assessed accor­ village. ding to the domestic needs. Surplus pattu The village is surounded by naked or wool, if any, is sold to the intending mountains with no forest wealth at all. customers on cash payment . .A piece of village land measuring 11 kanals has, however, been left for growing The spinning industry is run round forests of poplar trees etc. the year. This is because there is no dearth of raw wool in the village. It has been iii) ViUage Industries estimated that the average income of a Wool-spinning is the only industry which household engaged in spinning is not less constitutes a potential source of income than Rs. 15.00 per month. to no less than 39. or more than 90% households residing in the village. Of iv) Commerce these, 26 heads of the households follow There is only one head of the house­ this industrial pursuit as an auxiliary hold whose main occupation is grocery. occupation while in the case o~ the Another household supplements its normal r~maining 13 households other members income by selling grocery goods. The are engaged in spinning as a subsidiary former has installed a shop on the main source. In spite of the fact that all the road leading to Leh and the latter has 39 households' claim it all a traditional stocked goods in one of the rooms of his industry, no one follows the industry as residential house. The commodities on sale a main occupation. 0;0 the shops consist not only of cereals like As per information supplied by grim, wheat; maize, pulses but also of the households engaged in the industry, goods of diverse type including cloth, towels, Jlconoiny

,socks, rubber shoes, cosmetics, salt, sugar, who pursue Government service as a tea, kerosene, oil, soaps, cigarettes etc. etc. subsidiary occupation and as such 13 of The goods are stocked in wooden boxes. Tin­ their members are employed in Govern­ containers have also been lately introduced. ment service. The food cereals sold by the grocers It may be pointed out that Government are purchased by them from such of the service is becoming popular day by day cultivating households which are in posse­ as it ensures solid income for the whole ssion of surplus stocks. Other goods are year. Of the 12 households in Government imported from Kargil and in rare cases service, 10 fall in the income-range of from Srinagar market. Rs. 101.00 and above while the remaining two have varying income ranging .from The grocers remain busy for the whole Rs. 76.00 to Rs. 100.00. year round and run brisk business. The grocers have disclosed that their average There are 23 other households whose monthly income does not exceed Rs. 150.00, members augment their normal incomes which seems to be an under estimation from primary occupations by working in as it is inconceivable that such sizable addition as road labourers. The road transactions could leave only this much labourers are engaged either on construction of profit. They have also evaded to reveal works or on repairing and widening of the the 'extent to which sales have been made National Highway which passes very near by .. them on credit and the approximate the viJIage. During winter also they get amount which is payable to them on this job on the roads as these are to be kept account. clear for defen(:e reasons. The wage rate has also gone 'up but even as it is they v) Other Occa.patio.. are not always able to secure work even The following statement gives the num­ as road labourers and this is why their ber of households engaged in other activities average emoluments are not so high. whether as their main or subsidiary occupations :- Nine of the households in the village No. of households in still continue to rear pack animals like ,-____the occupation.A. ____ as --. horses and ponies which they employ as S. Occupation load-carriers. Before 1947, serving as a No. Primary Subsidiary porter was their traditional occupation 1. Govt. Service 4 8 which altOgether stopped with the occupa­ 2. Road Labour 23 tion of Tibet by Chinese. Now these households pursue this occupation as a 3. Horse rentiering ... 9 secondary source and employ their ponies 4 40 for carrying loads from one village to another. As is clear from the above data, the working force of the village includes, B---U INDEBTEDNESS AND TRENDS OF CHANGES .among others, four Government servants who are heads of their respective families. The following statement gives the num­ ',Besides, there are eight other households ber of households by livelihood classes as }:I- O'Q.., 0 C -0 ...... 0 f ~ 0 0

U1 "'0 ::J ::J ro -'1 ton On thei r way to fie Ids 27

Kharboo also the number of those among them. and average indebtedness of each livelihood who are in debt. together with the total class and household respectively :-

S. No. Livelihood c:Iaa Total No. Households Total amount Average indebtedness of househokb in debt of debt

1. Cultivation 38 15 RI. 2,540.00 RI. 169.33

2. Government service ~ - Rs. 200.00 RI. 200.00 3. Grocery

43 16 RI. 2.740.00

Table XXI, Set A, appended to the B-m FACTORS INFLUENCINGECO­ Report, shows that of the total number NOMIC LIFE of 43 households residing in the village As mentioned in the preceding para­ as many as 16 or 37.2% are in debt graphs, agriculture is the main pivot around the average indebtedness per household which the economy of the village revolves. beiog Rs. 171.25. The statistics provided Among the 43 households inhabiting it, in the table further reveal proponderance cultivation of fand is the primary occupation of indebted households in income-groups of no less than 38 while 4 others supple­ Rs. 26-50 and Rs. 76-100, the proportion ment their earningS by working in addition being 57.14% and 50.0% and the amount in agriculture. The agrarian reforms . in­ of debt being Rs. 137.50 and Rs. 210.00 troduced in the State during 1950 trans­ respectively. Against this, only 33.33% formed many ~ndless cultivatOrs into households in the income-range of Rs. 51-75 owners of land. But none in the are in debt, the average borrowing being village was benefitted due to these reforms. Rs. 220.00. In the higher income-group Also no extra lands were reclaimed during of Rs. 101.00 and over, ·the incidence of the last ten years. indebtedness is quite Jow and is of the The facts of the survey disclose that order of 13.33% of the households, the new occupations like Government service average size of the borrowing being and grocery are cherished, which ensure RI. 200.00 per household. income round the year. Road labour hu The enquiry revealed that loans have also attracted a number of households been raised by most of the borrowers for who pursue it as a subsidiary occupation incurring expenditure on social functions to supplement their main income. like marriages etc., while a few have also Another factor influencing the economy borrowed money for ordinary wants, illness of the village is trade and ·commerce etc. In the absence of any Co-operative which is pursued by 2 of the households. Society, debts are raised either from shop­ As the need of th~ consumer goods of keepers OJ; from the money-lenders of the various varieties is increasing day by day, adjoining villages. the grocers are running a good bUliness. C1iAPI'ER IV

SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE

The basic characteristics of the social A-STATISTICAL DATA AND ANALY­ and cultural life of the inhabitants are TICAL DISCUSSION RELATING TO AGE AND SEX, BIRTHS AND typically Ladakhi and the three conspicuous DEATHS, MARRIAGES, DISEASES, aspects of it are 'cheerfulness, honesty EDUCATION, IMMIGRATION AND and willingness to work. Courage also is. EMIGRATION one of their characteristics-not the courage i) Age aDd Sex: of a fighting man but the courage of a Ladakh district is distinguishable from sturdy animal. They will face hard work all the districts of the State on account and exposure to heat and cold, and go of very high proportion of its female on laughing, they will march great distances population. Table II, Set A, appended carrying heavy loads, and live with very at the end of the Report, shows that little by way of food or comfort'. the village is inhabited by 176 nulIes and 157 females or by 333 persons in all. A Ladakhi by nature is most peace This gives a sex-ratio of 89.2% as against loving. 'Two notable things about his the ratio of 87.9% for the State and religious beliefs-his ignorance and his 93.5% for the tehsil aDd 97.1 % for the supentition-are that they do not render district. The above statistics reveal that . him cruel and they keep him extremely the sex-ratio in the village colTesponds cheerful.' Murder is unknown and cases more to the State ratio than to that of of theft are rare. Kargil tehsil or Ladakh district. Cheerful, gay and happy-go Ladakbis The following statement presents com­ love, dance and music. Festival occaslions parative position of sex-ratio of the village . I are incomplete without soog and drama. and the district by age-groups:-

,..-Sex-ratio____ per.A. _____100 males Th~ inhabitants of the village are all Age-group Musl~ belonging to either Shia or Sunni District Village sects. Shias predominate claiming 37 out Ladakh under~study of 4-3 households inhabiting the village. 0-4 100A 76.1 The relations between the two sects, how­ 5-9 95.7 78.3 ever, are very cordial. They share each 10-14 97.2 85.7 others sorrows and jubilations. Unlike 15-19 92.4- 110.0 many other parts of. the sub-continent, 20-24 105.0 133.3 they follow similar social customs and 25-29 96.0 42.9 enter into matrimonial alliance among 30-34 102.2 266.7 themselves. It is beCause of this congenial. 35-39 97.0 107.1 atmosphere that the entiie popUlation of 40-49 95.4- M.O the village appears to be a . homogenous 50-59 93.4- 108.3 cOmmuliity •. 60+ 93.9 33.3

... ------. ~

.- .. ~- ... -_,..~-- ..... - ---.".".".-- ....."...... - ~ ~.

. . . ~ ~: ~ • • • . ... ''f' ...• _...-'", ...... _ ...--I --~ ___.. 'wa.;: _.I" ""'J••• .... Q.': : ...... 1 . t:_ ~-:. - , - - ...... ;: - •

• I - • I .. I I • I • l

ITT ~ _. Kharboo

The above table also indicates that never-married" 165 are married and the the proportion of males ~n the age-groups remaining 17 are widowed persons, the res­ 25-29 nnd 60 &. over is abnormally high. pective proportions being as under:- On the oth~ hand, the proportion of Never-married 45.3% females is very high in the age-groups Married 20-24 and 30-34. 49.6% The sub-joined statement gives the Widowed 5.1% distributiQn of the population by broad The table further reveals that none in the age-groups and different categories accor. age-group -10-14 is married and even in the ding' to capaci\r for work:- age-group 15-19 out of a total popUlation Category Ag~group Popula- Percentage of 21 persons (10 males &. II females) tion of total ' only 5 (2 males and 3 feDiales) are population married. It is quite encouraging to note i) Infants 0-4 53 15.91 that early marriages are not in vogue and this social change seems more due ii) Boys &. 5-14 67 20.12 to the consciousness of the adverse effects girls of such -marriages than due to the dread iii) Young- 15-34 101 30.33 of the penalty imposed under the Infant men &. Marriage Prevention Act of 1928. women It is also apparent from the table that iv) Middle- 35-59 100 30.03 aged men there are 80 males ~rid 85 females Who are married. The excess of five married & women females is explained by the fact t~t one of the heads of households maintains two v) Oldmen 60+ 12 3.61 wives while the spouses of the remaining &. four females are in Pakistan. ' women The village is also inhabited among U) , Blrtlu aad Deaths others by 17 widowed persons, 7 males Like all other villages of the State, and 10 females. There is no divorced the Chowkidar of Kharboo also functions person in the entire village. as the registrar of -births and deaths and maintains a regular record of the same. The, following statement shows the According to the information supplied by proportions of never-married, married and him, there were 15 births and 10 "deaths widowed among males and females sepa­ in the village during the year 1959-60, rately:- resulting in a net annual growth of 5 Never­ Married Widowed persons or 1.5%. Married Ul) Marrla... Males 50.6% 45.4% 4.0% Table VI, Set A, appended to the Females 39.5% 54.1% 6.4% Report, indicates the class~cation of the village population by marital statui. The Iv} Di..... statistici show that 151 persons have According to the District Census so

Social & Cultural Lifo

Handbook of Ladakh, (1961 Census), 6th among them on the basis of literacy. there are 16 medical institutions in the The 1961 Census data shows that only whole district, of which except one all 8.3% of its inhabitants are literate. In others are functioning in the rural areas. the village under-study, however, the in­ Considering, however, the mountainous cidence of literacy seems to be higher as terrain, the low density of population and is evident from the Table VII, Set A, which the long distances at which the villages shows that of the 176 males and 157 females are situated, the medical facilities available inhabiting the village, 63 males and 4 are far too meagre. In the case of Kbarboo, females are literate giving an overall literacy the nearest allopathic dispensary is situated pE'rcentage of 20.1 as against the State per­ at Kargil-a distance of 17 miles. centage of 10.7. The corresponding literacy In the absence of any public or private percentages among males and females work allopathic dispensary, the inhabitants have out as 35.8 and 2.6 respectively. to depend on indigenous treatment which, Let 'us now examine the incidence of however, does not conform to any re­ literacy by broad age-groups and compare cOgnised system such as allopathic, unani, the same with the corresponding propor­ ayurvedic or homeopathic treatment. Indi­ tions obtaining in the district and the genous treatment consists of administra­ State during 1961 Census:- tion of local herbs etc. as also of wearing Age-group Kharboo- Ladakh amulets. Amulets are procured from J&K village district State priests who write down something on a white paper which is later on folded and 0-14 23.3% 5% 8% preserved in a copper or silver cover to 15-34 25.7% 12% 15% be worn either around the neck or on 35-59 13.0% 9% 10% the fore-arm. These amulets when worn 60+ 7% are supposed to avert any magical or 7% bad influence on the patient. Age not 2% 3% stated As per the investigations made during the survey, the common diseases prevalent The data shows that except for the in the village are dysentery, anaemia, ag~group 60 and over, the literacy per­ dyspepsia, diarrhoea, worms and diseases centage of all the other age-groups com­ of skin etc. Un-civic and un-hygienic con­ pares quite favourably with the district dition of the people, low standard of as well as the State. living and the impure drinking water The distribution of sex-wise literate available from the streamlets are responsible population by educational levels as given for the incidence of diseases. On the in Table VII, referred to above, shows the whole, it may be remarked here that that among the 63 literate males, 27 do Ladakhis generally keep good health due not possess any educational qualifications, to the sturdy life they live. 34 have passed primary or junior basic examinations while the remaining 2 have 'v) Ed.cation: passed matriculation or higher secondarY Ladakh is one of the educationally examinations; All the 4 literate females backward districts of the State and ranks are literate without any educational standard. CD - zg»rn cn »~ c;-,-I - - f\J- fTlo I Z Gl o- ::DC£' 0-< " C-ov;

" I Ll CJ)J11 LT )(

I n

N 1\1 W W ... Ln U'I Cl U'1 u- U'I II' .. Ui III 0- 1'. 0 0 0 0 0 0 I f I I I f I I I I I I 0 OCI .,bI. JV N W W .... Ui UI CfI1 ..0 - ..0 .... + ...... 0 .. ..0 ... -0 .. -0 "V 2 0

~ f'1 ~ J> r ", CJI ~ I: "Q en r :a ~ - r JIIIIo )110 .... r -I 11"1 '::D ~ 2 ....- ,.. 0 :u In n- :JIi J I :b )II. » -< 11 -4 0 .. a --4 ,., CD JJ 0 '" 1ft JJ ::z: c... •-... - c: % o "J: :z 0 1"'1 -0 C » » -t (II ,., 0 '"n •JIll c: 0 Ut n :z n )Ii- 0 - .... lit :iD 0- ...( ,.z - r- -

31

rl.--J.~ p.~v.,.

The facts of the survey also disclose Table 2(B) ...... ~ that the that of the total population of 73 (46 family which i.mm~ mM the village males and 27 females) in the school-going during the preseqt ...... _s come age of 6~14, only 39 consisting of 35 males from outside tile t-.u. ,,·other ca.e and 4 females attend the Government of immigration ..... beta ~ tIwiDg Central School functioning in the village. the past 5 generations .. tile vWage·does The parents of the rest of the 34, who not offer any better pmspecu which could do not attend the school, have stated attract the people of adjoining. villages. various reasons for their children not So far as emigration is concerned, four going to school. Twenty~seven of them persons, all male, migrated to Pakistan have frankly admitted that they have de­ during the tribal raids of 1947 and have tained their children at home so that not returned since then. Temporary absence, they should assist them in agricultural however, is also caused in case of those operations. Three others who have only whose occupation is either Government female children are not in favour of female service or horse-rentiering. education. The remaining 4 have stated that their children are either sick or B-FANULYSTRUCTURE physically weak. For studying the family structure of In any case the fact that about 54% the inhabitants of the village, the households children in the age-group 6-14 attend have been divided into four categories, school suggests that the inhabitants are namely, Simple, Intermediate, Joint and becoming conscious of giving eJementary Others. A Simple family consists of hus­ education to their children. band, wife and un-married children only. The Government Central School is the Families which include, in. addition, solitary co--educational institution catering un-married brothers and sisters of the head . to the inhabitants of the village. It has of the household and one of the parents a staff of 4 teachers and 45 students are classed as Intermediate. A Joint are on its rolls, consisting of 41 males family is one in which some of the married and 4- females. Among these, 39 (35 males children, brothers and I or sisters of the & 4 females) belong to Kharboo and head of the household may also be living the remaining 6 hail from the neighbour­ and taking meals from the same kitchen. ing villages. Families which do not fall in any of these categories are treated as Others. vi) Immigration and EDligration Table I, Set B, appended at the end The settlement history of the house­ of the Report, shows that according to this holds has been presented in Tables 2(A) classification, the village is inhabited by & 2(A) of Set B, appended at the end 37.2% Simple, 9.3% Intermediate, 23.3% of the Report. First of these tables reveals Joint and 30.2% Other families. th~t five generations ago the village was inhabited by 42 households in all. During The inhabitants being all Muslims are the present generation, however, one house­ governed by Islamic law of inheritance hold has· immigrated into the village according to which the ancestral or acquired raising the number of families to 43. property of a person, other than agricultural 32

Social Of Cultural Life

land, is inherited after and not before his i) 'Kok-lDa-Kok' death by his children. The male children The K~k-mtJ-K~k is a game like hide inherit two shares as against. only one to and seek and is played by boys and girls. which a female is entitled. If the head It is played in the same way as is common of the household is a male pe&son who elsewhere. The only difference with the is survived by his wife and children, 1/8th usual hide and. seek is' the starting of the of the property goes to the widow and game and the selection of a player who the residue is distributed among the male has to make search on the first turn. It and female children in the proportion requires ,enough wit and wisdom. The process explained above. In the event of the of -selecting the player is also unique. death of the wife of the head of the Suppose there are four players, one of them, household, property,' if any, owned by her generally from the right, suggests a word, is shared by the husband and the children, like knife, hammer, scissors, gun, etc. and the former being entitled to lth and the ,the other player has to use more appro­ latter to the remaining property in the priate ~ord in reply to one ~lrea.dy proportion of 2 shares per male and one suggested. If the word suggested IS kmfe, share per female child. The children of the more powerful and appealing word a person who dies .during the life time of would be sword. If he fails to give an his father are not entitled to any share appropriate or forceful word, he is supposed from the property owned by their grand.: to make search. The searcher closes his father, unless he executes a special will eyes till other players h;de themselves. or makes a gift of the property in their At the announcement of the! word Kok-ma­ favour. Kok by the players, the searcher opens: It may be pointed out that in the his eyes and is supposed to touch anyon~ matter of - inheritance of property the of the players, otherwise the same practice inhabitants, though converts from Buddhism, is repeated. have long since given up the customary laws followed by other Ladakhis following 0) 'Khodihal' Budhism and have switched Qver to the dictates of Islam. This game, known as Khodihal is also played both by boys and. girls. Tht" C-LElSUBE AND RECREATION participants of this game have to run on The village is' devoid of any day to one foot upto a fixed place and the day recreational facilities such as establish­ player who reaches first is regarded as ment of dramatic or musical clubs, king and others as slaves. community listening centres, parks or any . such arrangements. The only recreational iii) 'DoJd' activity is that of singing by men and A small circular . hole about 31' iIi women. The most gay occasion for females depth and 11- in width is dug in the is~to sing at the time of marriage. ground. Each one of the p~~yers tries to Young boys and girls do play. some throw buttons or coins, as the case may games, which are quite interesting. Mention be, in the whole which is called doki, may be' made of the following :- from a fixed distance of 2 or 21 yards. 33

The place from where the throwing operation collects all the three bones as reward for his is conducted is called sail. If all the performance. participants succeed in throwing the buttons or coins in the hole, the last man The State Publicity Department has is supposed to be the winner. He is also not entertained the villagers so far to accordingly entitled to collect the buttons any film shows, perhaps due to the distance or coins, whose number is mutually and difficult hilly terrain. decided in advance from· each player. D-REUGIOUS INSTITU'I10NS The coins thus collected are thrown collectively in the hole. Those which fall ,As mentioned already, there are two in the hole become the prope~ty of the mosques in the village· which have no player and but of the remaining coins, historical legends. Previously there was scattered on the ground, he is asked to only one, the other one was constructed strike one selected as target. The coin about two years ago. which is used as striker is known as Both the Shias and the Sunnis inhabiting ;:.ehiks. If the target is struck then all the. village pray together in these mosques, those· coins which are on the surface are simultaneously in their respective forms. also won by him.. In case he fails, then As per enquiries conducted during the the other player picks these coins and course of the survey, the Shias of the repeats the process. village belong to Nurbakshi sect to which Iv) 'ChalUya' a reference has already been made. Some inhabitants consider that by adopting It is an interesting local game, perhaps Nurbakshi sect they have ceased. to be played in this village alone. The equipment Shias. But it seems that in this . matter used in this game consists of small bones there is difference, of opinion. known as tarsal in Zoology. The pieces The administration and management of tarsals are placed in a circle on a of these mosques have not been vested straight line. The game is played generally in any committee. Whenever there is need by three players, each one contributes one of any repairs or so, contributions are tarsal. After these tarsals are placed in ~ised from among the inhabitants and the circle, players come one by one and some respectable person is requested to strike the middle tarsal from a fixed· supervise the execution of the work. distance of Ii yards. Only the middle bone is supposed to be pushed without E-VILLAGE ORGANISATIONS disturbing the other bones on either side of it. If these are also pushed or touched The district-level administration is it is-treated as a foul play. The middle headed by a Collector who is assisted by bones at least should be pushed 8' away an Additional Collector, Tehsildars, Nail>­ Tehsildars, Superintendent of Police and from the .circumference of the circle. In: Deputy Superintendents of Police etc. The case it is pushed some inches less tha~ collector ' designated also as Deputy I that of the required distance, it is again Commissioner is headquartered at Leh and treated as a foul. The successful player functions in addition as District Magistrate 34

Social '& Cultural Life

and is the head of the civil administration. the remaining 36, 28 crave for more children, although 21' of them have already been The tehsil headquarter is . at village blessed with one or more issues. Kargil and is administered by the Tehsildar.. Police Station of village Kharboo and other Part B· of the table reveals that house­ tehsil villages is also situated in Kargil. holds in favour -of getting more children include 24 such heads of the households In the village under-study, however, there 'who are more than 30 years old. Among is no Government or Private organisation the 8 heads of the households who are to lookafter the interests of the villagers. averse to the enlargement of the size of P-REFOBM\MEAStlBES . their family by addition of more children, 2 are aged 41 .to 49 years while the The field inve'stigations conducted during remaining 6 fall in the age-group 50 and the survey have disclosed that no official' above. or private organisation has ever visited' the vHlage to educate the inhabitants on the The inhabitants· have also expressed necessity of introducing reforms in their ignorance, regarding other reformatory and social and economic life. . The credit for social laws enacted by the Government the few apparent reforms goes to the from time to time. They contend that· inhabitants themselves who have been imbib­ they have not heard of the legislation ing new concepts and trends due to their entitled Muslim Do'wer Act of 1920 where­ contacts with the military personnel and by the amount proviPed in the Dower the visitors on the National Highway. if beyond the means of the' husbancJ a~d Thus the high percentage of literacy above the status of the wife is liable to among the children is not the result of be reduced appreciably. They do not any organisation but is due to the. fact also know anything about Juvenile Smoking that inhabitants are becoming cOJ;lscious Act, 1929, which prohibits smoking by day by day about the merits of literacy. children below the age of 16. Similarly, at present child .marriage is a Notwithstanding, the obserVations made thing of the past, in spite of the fact in the preceding paragraphs, it would be that hardly anyone in the village is a ware wrong to say that the inhabitants are of the law prohibiting early marriages. even now as backward in social and cui. The inhabitants of Kharboo have not tural spheres as they used to be two also heard of family planning and are much decades ago. There is enough testimony less' aware of the advantages which accrue available to confirm the assumption that by restricting the size of a family. There they are comparatively more awakened

I is neither any family planning centre in and conscious about the realities of life. the village nor at Tehsil headquarter i.e. Table 12, Set B, shows the range ofinfor-­ Kargil. Ignorance of the .inhabitants on m~tion supplied by the heads of the this issue is apparent from tables 15(A) households. According to the data, 23 and 15(B), Set B, appended to· the Report. of the 43 heads of the households inhabi­ First of these tables, shows . that of the ting the village know the name of· the total 43 heads of the households, 7 are Police Station within. the jurisdiction of either widowed or un-married while of . which the village falls. They. are also 35

Kharboo aware of the fact that headquarter ofthe the many dialects of Shina now spoken, Teh!'.iidar is at village Kargil. The number that of Gilgit, which was the seat of or households which know that Kargil is Shin rule, is still considered the most a part of district Ladakh is a little more refined, but it is much mixed with Burushas­ and stands at 25. On being questioned, ki, and of late, with Kashmiri, owing to 9 heads of the households have quoted an immigration of Kashmiris which took the correct number and names of the place about a century and a half ago." principal rivers which flow through different parts of the district. Shina has many dialects. The princi­ pal are:- G-LANGUAGE i) Gilgiti the dialect of the Gilgit The inhabitants of Kharboo speak Shina­ valley language which is now almost extinct on this side of the Cease-fire Line. Shina ii) Astori the dialect of the Altore is a- language of Dardic or Pisacha Branch valley and descends from Aryan Sub-Family and iii) Chilasi the dialect spoken down Indo-European Family. Dardic Branch is the Indus & Chilas sub·divided i~to the following three groups :- iv) Gurezi ... the dialect of the Gurez i) Kafir group, valley - ii) Khowar group, and v & vi) Brokpa of ... the Shins of Baltistan iii) Dard group. Dr ass are called• Brokpa or Mr G.A. Grierson in his book Linguis­ and of High landers. So the - tic ~UTVey of India writes the following Dab Brokpa or Drass is -the remarks regarding Dard group and Shina­ Hanu same dialect as the language:- Shina of Astore vii) A north- ... it is spoken in the north- - "The Dard Group includes the follow­ western west of Gilgit and there ing languages-Shina, Kasluniri and Kohis­ dialect the dialect is without tani. Of these, Shina is the purest example any proper name. of the group. Kashmiri, with its literary tradition, has imbibed too much civiliza­ In the village under-study, Brokpa of tion and vocabulary from India to make Drass is spoken as the dialect. Drass it a typical Dard language. Kohistani, on and Astore are much nearer to Kashmir than the other hand, is a group of uncultivated is Gilgit, and hence the Brokpa is now dialects near the Indian frontier, all of and then mixed with Kashmiri idioms. which have been influenced not only by 'Curiously enough, in the conjugation of Indian languages but also by Pashto. n the verb substantive it seems to have "This is the language spoken in Gilgit been influenced by the Burushaski of and the neighbouring valleys. Properly Hunza Nagar which lie far to the north it is the language ofthe Shina tribe, who, beyond Gilgit.' Some specimen of Kash­ though nu~erically iriferior, have established miri words· which are found in Shina­ their language to the exclusion of others, language and have got same meaning wherever they have penetrated. Amongst are illustrated below:- 36

Social. & Cultural Life

Shina Kashmiri English its purity of form to this day. A grammer of the language has also been written by 1• .K.has Khas Ride T. Grahame Bailey in 1924. 2. Vas Vas Go. down 3. Beh Deh Sit down The following sentences of Shina-lang­ 4. Jaljal Jaljal . Quickly uage are quoted as specimen of phrases 5. Kheh Kheh Eat or composed expressions, which are difficult to pronounce repeatedly :- 6: Noow Noow New . . 7. Pron Pron Old a) Jip-Du-Khupi 8. Khal Khal Fields Jip Khaji Faki 9. Cbbot Chhot Short b) Bed baboo Bed Basher statured . \ Chan bahoo chane Basher 10. Nawe Nawe Boat 11. Mensh Mensh Buffalo Some of the riddles which are in common 12. Host Host Elephant use are mentioned below:- 13. Achi Achi Eye i) Lo-lo Bakhur Raja Sachul (Marsh) 14. Son Son Gold English rendering: (A small bag contain­ 15. Ruph Ruph Silver ing goats inside refers to the seeds inside 16. Mauch Manch Honey the peper) 17. Dudh Dudh Milk .18. Rath Rath Night ii) Var-Zok, Par Zok 19. Ak Ak One Badami rekh (~o~i) 20. Set Set Seven English rendering: (A thing which moves 21. Nov Nov Nine on either side, refers to shuttle) 22. Sas Sas Thousand 23. Tot Tot Hot iii) Kok Rakun goes Songi (Tabuck)' 24. Niyel Niyel Blue English rendering: (A thing which ~s its Although Shina-language is not so rich sound like braying of ass and the motion in literature and folk-lore, it has retained like the lion's jump, refers to gun). CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

Kharboo is perhaps the only remini;. blowing the winds of change breaking scentil village on this side of the Cease­ down the walls of isolation. As mentioned fire Line where the speakers of the Shina­ earlier, two decades ago the only silver language are still to be found. Hardly two ornaments worn by the females used to decades ago, the inhabitants of the village be tumar and kanlJaj. Against it, at present considered themselves a· part and parcel a number of other ornaments have been of the Shina speaking community which introduced du~ to the social links and is mostly concentrated in Gilgit and regular contacts with the people of the Astore, now under the illegal occupation Kashmir valley. Similarly, the procure­ of Pakistan. . In spite of this seclusion, ment of various household goods and cau~ed by tril;>al raids of 1947-48, village luxury articles by the inhabitants during Kharboo can still boast of preserving the recent years is an index of their deve­ various characteristics peculiar to the loping tastes for modern amenities. Shina speaking community. A wind of change is also apparent in In the preceding chapters a panoramic the sphere of social consciousness as more view of the . various facets of the social, and more children are sent to school cultural and economic life of the inhabi­ day by day. Therefore, literacy among tants has been portrayed alongwith the the school-going children of the age of changes which have crept into each of 6-14, which at present stands at 54% is these spheres. The various tables appended bound to increase. It is, however, un­ with the Report also give an insight fortunate that the incidence of literacy is into the changing outlook of the people comparatively less pronounced in the and how far they have discarded the higher age-groups but for this the inhabi­ traditional practices. The change is dis­ tants are not to be blamed as there are cernible mostly among the younger gene­ no educational institutions of higher grades rations who do not approve of the in the village. traditional costumes, foot-wear and many . Another conspicuous aspect of the other practices. They cherish )Dill-made social order of the village is the a harmonius Cloth over coarse pattu and have developed relation subsisting bet ween the two sects an abhorence for the crude type of tradi­ of the Muslim community. The village, tional foot-wears which have been replaced as has already been stated in Chapter with rubber or other leather shoes. The II of the Report, is predominantly middle and advanced-age people are, inhabited by Shias who form 80% of the however, even now wedded with the village popUlation and constitute 86% of traditional shabby dresses and crude the· households. They are quite friendly locally made shoes. with the minority sect of Sunnis.

Into tbi. mountain~girt land of sturdy This is not, however, to suggest that and peace-loving Ladakhis are today the complexion of the village has changed 38

Cotwtusion agricultural equipment and operations Uke in every walk of life. The village IlS it is, needs a lot of improvement in the crop-rotation etc. . social order, and whatever changes have The solitary traditional wool spinning been recorded have crept in only due to industry of the village which is followed contacts with the people of Kashmir or by as mallY as 39 households can also be o~hers who hap~n to pass through the given a fillip and 'developed into a fuJfiedged National Highway. The inhabitants of apinning . and weaving cottage industry the village have yet to leun the basic which will in turn be a major factor for principles of hygiene. Even the advantages re-orientation of village economy. Half accruing by realrict~g the size of a family· the men and women you meet are spinning have ~et to be broug~t home· to them. a& they watk, spinning mechanically on a Besides, the various reform measures intro­ ~pindle from a hank of wool, almost the duced by the State Government from whole day long. The variety of wool time to time will have l1

Kharboo

In addition, Government service and the parents relating to the future occupations grocery are the two new avenues of emp­ of their children show that a number of loyment which are being pursued by 12 other heads of the households would also and 2 households of the village respectively. favour Govel1lment service as the occupation The statistics regarding the aspirations of for their children. 40 SOClO.ECONOMlC SURVEY

CENSUS 1961 Name of District-Ladakh PART. II VILLAGE SCBEDULE

Name of Police Station -Kargil Name of vilJa'ge-Kharboo Area of the village-201.12 acres Number of hou~eholds-43 What is the religion ,which majority of th,e villagers profess-Islam

1. Topography of the village:- Is the village situated on a plain/ Table', land. on an undulating surface/on a plateau/on a hillock/or at the bottom of a depression ? (b) The system of grouping of houses­ Ref. Survey Repor average distance between two clus­ ters of houses-reasons for such grouping, e. g. whether on account of the nature of the surface of land or on account of social custom. (c) Internal roads - Tanks - Village Refer Survey Report and NotioDaI Map common, any stream or other ex­ tensive source of water-proximity or other~se of any jungle. Approxi-, mate nUlD:ber of shade-bearing trees and how they are arranged.

2. What is the local legend about the Refer Survey ~eport. village ? 3. Detailed description of average house -do- of the members of each caste/tribe, religious group, occupational group in the village. 4. Name and distance of Hat or Hats to which surplus produce of the village is taken for sale.

5. Name and distance of the nearest Railway Station and Bus route. 41

6. Distance by road from Thana and 17 miles. Sub-division Headquarters. 7. (a) Distance of the Post Office from Zero mile. the village. (b) Distance of the Telegraph Office 17 miles. from the village. (c) Can money be sent through that Yes. Post Office?

8. Religious practice followed by mem­ Refer Survey Report. bers of each caste, tribe and religious group in the village. The description of the religious practice in each case should begin with the name or .names under which the Supreme Being is -known and then proceed from cere­ monies that might be observed in respect of a person from sometime before he is born and end with the funeral rites after his death. 9. Give details of places of common -do- religious worship, if any.

10. Describe community festivals if held -do- in the village.

11. Dress commonly worn by the villagers -do- with special reference to peculiarities on account of caste, tribe or religious sanction or economic status.

12. Number and types of schools in the One Govt. Central School. village. 13. Describe social recreation centres, if Nil any.

14. State of co-operative movement in the Nil village (Number and names of co­ operatives). 42

ADDITIONAL Q,UESTIONS. FOR VILLAGE SCHEDULE

J. ~eral: (1) Total population (I941-Census)· (2) Are there toddy and liquor shops? No

U. Vital Statistlcs:- (I) How are births, deathsandmarria­ Two separate registers are maintained ges recorded. by village Numberdar for recording the Births and Deaths.

, (2) Is there any possibility of omission No. of these events in the Mayor's Office? (3) Describe the modus operandi of the As above. recording of these events. m. HouiDll- (1) Are the house types suited to the Yes. needs of the population? (2) Are there house-less persons also No. in the village? If so, where do they generally rest at night?

IV. Health and Saaltatioa:- (1) Give a list of common diseases Dysentery, Anaemia, Dyspepsia, Diarr-' of the village. hoea, Worms and Skin diseases.

(2) Are there public latrines in the' No.' village? (3) If there is no laterine where do There are private latrines. the villagers generally answer to their calls of nature? . (4) What are the sources of drinking Nallah water . water? (5) Is the water supply adequate in Yes. all seasons of the year? (6) Is there a primary health centre No. in the vlllage?

(7) Where do deliv~ries generally take At·home. place, at home or in the hospital? 43

(8) Are there any midwives in the No, an experienced .woman of the village? ,If so, do they attend to the village' attends the delivery cases. deliveries ? (9) Is native or indigeneous medicine Yes. practiced? (10) Do the villagers go frequently to No. the toddy 01' liquor shops? If 110, what percentage?

V. Literacy and Ed.. eia'tiOD 1- (1) Give the. number ofteachers and Refer Survey Report. students in each school and average attendance. (Give sex-wise information). (2) How many children cannot attend ~do- school just because they are required by their parents to help them in their work ?

VI. Religious Practices:- (I) Do the villagers ever join in No. common worship? VB. Social Lile:- (I) Is widow remarriage allowed? Yes. (2) Does the village respect the sanc­ 10, tity of joint family system? If so, how many joint families are there in the village? vm. Marriage:- (I) Is divorce. granted? If so, by Yes, both ,by wife and husband. whom and for what reasons? IX. Agrieultare:- (I) Give the total cultivable area of Refer Chapter IIIrd of Survey Report. the village and the area actually culti­ vated during the past 5 years. (2) What are the usual rates at. which -do- agricultural labourers are paid? (3) Is there any rice or flour mill Seven. in the village? (4) State whether the toddy tapped Refer Survey Report. in the vill,age is locally consumed or marketed elsewhere. s. U ...... (1) Total Dumber of livestock in the Refer Survey Report. village a. pef the livestock Census, give category wise information. . (2) Give the average ·milk yield of Average S sier . cow Ibuffalo in the village. If possible, Maximum 41 seer maximum and minimum may also be Minimum 2 seer. given. (3) Which i. the nearest veterinary Kargil. hospital? , (4) Is adequate fodder available for Yes. the cattle in the village. (5) Is animal transport used? Ya.

XL FiaJaeri.. :- (I) Is fish rearing done in the No. village? If so, do they get improved seedlings for the purpose at subsidised rates? 45 ANNEXURE I

VILLAGE KHARBOO DATED : 5th July, 1961 POLICE STATION KARGIL INVESTIGATOR: B.A. Farooqi DISTRICT LADAKH

JAMMU AND KASHMIR STATE VILLAGE CENSUS AND OOOUPATIQN

Occupation 51. Head of the Size of r---.-----'------. Remarks No. Household· family Traditional Contemporary Main Subsidiary 2 3 4- 5 6

I. Shri Mir Khan 7 Cultivation Wool ~pinning Be labour 2. Mn. Keshki 2 " " 3. Shfi Faqeer 7 " " 4. Shri Kokhar 3 Horse rentiering " 5. Shri Amin 6 Wool spinning & labour " 6. Shri Rustum 18 Grocery Horse rentiering 7. Shri Naseer Ahmed 9 Cultivation Wool spinning Be labour 8. Shri Mohmad 5 " " 9. Shri Sheroo 9 " " Wool spinning 10. Shri Mohmad 5 " Jl. SOO Ali 6 " Wool spinning & la~ur 12. Shri Gulam 6 Wool spinning " 13. Shri Adeet 6 .. Horse rentiering 14. Shri Abdu 5 .. Wool spinning Shri Maziem 12 15. .. " Khan 8 Wool spinning Be labour 16. Shri " 17. 'Shri Khaliq 4- .. Labour 18. Shri Brospot 6 " .. 5 Woollipinning & labour 19. Shri Jamal " 20. Shri Mohd. Usman 13 Govt. service Horse rentiering 46

Occupation SI. Head of the Size of ·r----:"-----'------~ Remarks No. Household family Traditional Contemporary Main Subsidiary I 2 3 4 5 6 21. Shri Chamu 3 Cultivation Labour Mohd. Yousuf 5 Wool spinning 22. Shri " 5 23. Shri Mohmad " ." 24. Shri Koli 4 ., Wool spinning &: labour 25. Shri Jumah 5 Govt. service Horse rentiering 26. Shri Isaa Mir 3 ,. Labour 27. Shri Isaa Ali 3 Cultivation' .. 28. Shri Abdullah 2 ,. W~lllpinning &: labour 29. Shri Ali Khan 4 .. Wool spinning 3 30. Shri Jumoh " " 6 ,. 31. Shri Abdu " 32. Shri Budu 9 ., Horse rentiering 16 33. Shri Rehman .. " 34. Shri Abdullah 5 •• Wool spinning 35. Shri Gulam 20 .. Horse rentiering 36. Shri Abdul Satar 15 .. -do- 37. Shri Shakur 5 .. Wool spinning &: labour

38. Shri Iaa Ali 11 to Nil 39. Shri Gulam Nabi 29 Govt. service Village 'Numberdar, 40. Shri Abdul Qayoom 7 Cultivation "Wool spinning &: labour 5 Wool spinning 41. Shri Ali " 42. shri Ismail 15 ,. ,. 43. Shri Abdul Hamied 9 to " ..

47

r--- ... ~ .... <.s t, ~ -5 <.s ~ <.s s ... -5 I:l ~ >~ 1 t-~ re. If 0.., CI> .... fa ...... 1.g 5$ 13 ~ ~Il< oS 0 ..... Vl S 0 48

,... ___---A ____ .... 49

.B~ i'3U §.. = .. '~ ~ -fotCU""'"U"C-fl 01_ 'S o·~~ ~ .... If IS .... 'S Il'~ Il ~.5 ~ .~ Uj.aiil zi' Z:= !~.5 50

".,...._ 8 . _.. ~ ,«I" ~ i B·~...... ><~~ 0>-.s5a -!, ~-!~g 6>- _0.. if~!~ ..... l~ g >=~ "13.. .a .. .. r ~~ i " I Il ii .~~" 01 i2l]'>-0 ErO -;m ~ e .51 0'= "'6 ::a oJ ~:ii &1 ~ ~ l' ,~.~, I'§Z ~.g~ l~i 1 '0,,15' ! a "'11!8,,-> .:= ~ ~ >- 'a'a'" §... ,,"" _" ...... I i.g-! ~1 iD rI.I~ ~!'a",r& ...... S i 'a · " . "i ~ I ... ·~ ... ii l!::S "'" > ..0"0 !8'5-B' ~ S r~ ~ -! il ".t! IU Il - e ~ ".~ s.i·~~::li >-a 'a 1 ~ lfO!. Ii a 1 1 :ii I t-8~1l81U 1 > c:!.= uii "'~~!.IU_sl 1 -,. f' rI.I"i >- ~ 1:1 ...... ~ .. .J fia e lUa" ...... s ...... 8l5,ii ju ....§ .~ I ... 'tl~ _ III .... f j.'" ~.I GJ l • IU :!~"tIii _. ~ 1:1.6· oI!I'a r-- • IS ':1 ::::le- .sf a ~J ! . ~ il oI!I ::s~ '- ~i! .§ _lID 'S ... s 'a~... a·S i~ .§ 1- tl! M ~.g. .S CIlU ~d 0 ~!~ ~ J! ~~ 1-0< ...; C'i ..; .;. .,; cd ;.: 51

SETA Table I Area, Houses and PopmatioD

Name of ViUage: Kharboo

Area in Population .A. ___ ~ --A -. Acres Density No. of HoUses No. of households PenoDl Males Females 2 . 3 4 5 6 7

71 43 333 176 157 52

Table II

P~tiOD by

Total 01 all agel 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 -. .~-"""--. ~--. .~--. ,--"""--. ,-~ PerIOIIII Males Females M F M F M F M F M F 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

U3 176 157 30 23 23 18 14- 12 10 11 12 16

Table· III Iiae aad Compo.idoa

Size or Total No. of Slagle Member 2-3 MeD1ben HOUIeholda -. -. Households Males Females HOUIIhoWa .Males Females 2 5 6 7

43 6 .9 8 .53

A.p-poaps

25-29 80-M 35-89 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60 &: over ,----'----, ,-__....-~ ,--""'--~ ,----'--~ r--"-~ r--A-~ ,-_.A.-~ . -.. M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M• F 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

21 9 6 16 14 15 14 13 11 8 11 8 5 9 3

of Hoaseho1cls

Household 4-6 Members 7-9 Members 10 Members &: over ,------"- ---" r------"- ---~ r------""'-,--- ~ Households Males Females Households Males Females Households Males Females 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

20 56 8 34 31 9 77 72 54

Table IV Households classified by ReHgioDs, Comm1laiti,es, Castes, aad Sub-castes

Number of Members Religion Community Caste Sub-caste Persons Males Females 2 5 4- 5 6 7

Islam Sunni Muslims 67 37 90 Shia Muslims 266 199 127 "

Table V Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes

Scheduled Castes Scheduled Tribea -.A. ,.. ~ ""'- No. of Persons Male. Females No. of Persons Males Females Households Households 1 2 3 4- 5 6 7 8

There are no scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in: Ladakh 55

• ...... (If) ......

I : eo! : "'" WJ

- eo!

N co - II)

-N co - ......

:!: ::: = - 0'1 56

Table VII EdUca-

Literate without Primary or Age.group Total Population Illiterate educational standard Junior Basic ,... ___--A ,----A__ """'I ,...___ .A._"""'I ,.....--.A.--., Persons Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

AU Ages 333 176 157 113 153 27 4 34 0-4 53 ,30 23 30 23 5-9 41 23 18 10 15 13 3 10-14 26 14- 12 3 11 11 15-19 21 10 11 2 11 2 6 20-24 28 12 16 3 16 8 25-29 30 21 9 15 9 5 30-34 22 6 16 3 16 3 35-39 29 14 15 8 15 6

4()--44 27 14- 13 ' 8 I 13 6 45-49 19 11 8 10 8 50-54 19 11 8 11 8 55-59 6 5 5 6 60 &; over 12 9 3 9 3 5 Age not stated 57

tiOD

Matriculation or Higher Holders of Any other Secondary Intermediates Graduates Diploma Holders Oriental tides Qualifications ,,-_-Jo..__ ..... ,,-__.A. ___ ..... ,..---J'--..... , ...... ,,---...... _--..... ,,--_ ...... _- ..... Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

2 58

Table VIII Workers aDd NOll-workers by Sa

Age-group Total Population r_ ___,.__--- Persons MIi.les Females 2 3 4

All Ages 333 176. 157 0-14 120 67 53 1l)-34 101 49 52 35-59 100 51 49 60& over .12 9 3

Table IX Workers elassified by Sa, Broad

Occupation 1 Occupation 2 Occupation 3 Occupation 4 GOyt. Service Age-group ,---_...... A.Cultivation__ ----, ,..- Grocery .... --~r__J<.. ,..- ---. PerIODS Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 IS

All Ages 180 80 100 17 17 2 2 0-14- 18 5 13 15-34 76 27 49 10 10 35-59 79 42 37 7 7 60 & over 7 6 59 aad Broad Age-groups

,-______Workers--A. ______-. Non-workers ,------~,--- PetMmI Males Fe11lI!o1a Persons Males 5 6 7 8 9

199 99 100 134- 77 57 18 5 13 102 62 40 86 37 49 15 i2 3 87 50 37 13 12 8 7 4 2 2

Age-groups and OccupatioDs

Occupation 5 Occupation 6 Occupation 7 Occupation 8 ,-_ __J.. __--. ,--__.J'o. __---. ,- -. --A. -. Penoaa Males Females Persona Males Females Penons Males Females Perlons Males Females 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 60

Table X

Workers classified by Sa,_ Broad AI&.ogrouP~ aad lad.stry,

AIe-sroup Total Worken Worken .A.- ~ r-- Household Industry---. PerlOIlI Males Females Males Females 2 3 4 _5 6

AU Ages 199 99 100 35 17

~14 18 5 13 2

15-34 ~ 37 49 20 41 35-59 81 50 37 15 34 60 &: over 8 7

Table XI Non-workers by SIS, Broad Age

______NON-WORKERS.A.. ______~ Total Non-worken Full time .tudents PenO!1l engaged DependentB, infants or children attending only in hOUle- and children not - achaol hold duties attending achool and persons permanently disabled

,... ___. Ao_-----. ,... r. . ---. ,...----A.--....a PenODl Males Females Males Femalaa Males Females Males FeJDales 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

AU Ages 134 71 57 35 4 3 16 39 37 0-14, 102 62 40 23 4 3 8 36 28 15-34- 15 12 S 12 3 35-59 13 12 5 7 60 &: over 4 2 2 2 2 61

Business aad CultivatiOD beloDpg to the Household

engaged in -"------_. --~ Household Business Howehold Cultivation Others r------"------a r------"-,------a r------"------a Males Females Males Females Males Female 7 8 9 10 11 12

45 23 17 5 11 7 8 10 27 3 7 6

, groups .ad Nature of Activity

NON-WORKERS-concld. ~------_" R.etired penons Beggars, vagrants, Inmates of penal, Persona seeking Persona employed not employed independent women mental and chari­ employment for before but now out again, rentiers, without indication table institutions the 1st. time of employment and peraons living of source of income seeking work on agricultural and others of UDSpe­ or non-agricultural cified source of royalty, rent of existence dividend or other perI01lII of depen- dent means r------a -a r----"----a .------"----a ------'-a Males Females Males Female Male Females Males Female Males Females 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 62

Table XlI Households by Number of Rooms aacl

Total No. of Total No. of Total No. of Households with no Households with_ one regular room room Households rooms family ,-_--.A.___ --, ,-___--A ___ ..... members No. of Total No.· . No. of Total No . . households offamily households offamily members members 2 3 4 5 6 7

43 269 333

Table XIII Households engaged in Cultivation, Industry

Total No. Households Households Households Households of engaged in engaged in engaged in engaged in Households Cultivation Industry Business Cultivation, only only only Industry & Business 2 3 4- 5

43 3 4 63

by Number or Persons Occupying

Households with HOUleholds with HOUIeholds with HOUleholds with HOUleholds with two rooms three rooms four rooms five rooms 5 rooms lit more ,..__ ----J>.. __---. ,---_.A. r- . r "-----. ~-..... No. of Total No. No. of Total No. No. of Total No. No. of Total No. No. of Total No. hoUle- offalnily hOUle- of family hoUle- of family hOUle- of family home- of family holds members holds members holds members holds members holds members 8 9 10 11 12 13 14- 15 16 17

4- 12 6 34- 5 28 6 38 22 221

or BasiDess beloaging to the Hoasehold

HoUIeholds HoUleholds HoUleholds engaged in Others engaged in IndUltry and Cultivation c=o~ BUliness and . lit Business IndUltry 6 7 8 9 25 11 64

Table XIV Types 01 ladas'tr)' raa by HoaMholds

Industry run by Households S.No. r-- - .... Name of Industry Number of Households 2 3 1. Wool Spinning 39

Table XV T~s 01 Business I'1ID by Households

Business run, by Households S.No. ,------Name of Business ~------N wnber of Households.... ' 2 3 I. Grocery 2

Table XVI Tradidoaal ladustries by Dumber of Households in each

S.No_ Name of Traditional Indusiry No. of HoUseholds in . each Traditional Industry 2 3

1. , Wool Spinning

Table XVII DIE T

CommWlity Total No_ of Hotiaeholds taking ~ ______~_--A-- ______~ .... households in 'each community One meal Two meals Three meals More than a ®y a day a day three meals a day 2 3 4 5 6

Ladakhi Muslims 3 65 Table XVIII Staple Diet and Food Habits of Community

Community No. of households Households----A.______taking -, in community r- Rice Wheat Grains Roots Vegetarian Non- other than including vegetarian rice or topica wheat 2 3 4 567 8

Ladakhi Muslims 43 43 43 43

Table XIX Medical Care Case Number of cases 1 2 A. Maternity Cues 1. Number of cases hospitalized N.A. 2. Number of cases: (a) Confined in hospital ... (b) Confined by bringing Doctor home .. (c) Confined by qualified Midwife at home .. (d) Confined by unqualified Dai at home .. (e) Confined without Assistance .. B. Ordinary lDecUCal treatm.eDt (a) Indigenous 43 households (b) Ayurved N.A. (c) Homeopath .. (d) Combination of more than one system .. C. . Medical CODIIaltatioD (a) In public hospitals or dispensaries N.A. (b) In private hospitals or dispensaries .. (c) By calling in physicians, allopatlis, homeopaths, etc. .. (d) . Whether Vaccinated 66 Table XX

Di.tribatioa 01 Bouseh.olds by Occupadoa, ~'lacome and . Dumber 01 members

Monthly___ Income.A.- of Household Total No. of -. members in Occupation No. of RI.25 Rs. 26-50 RI.51-75 Rs. 76-100 RI. 101 at hoWleholda households over mentioned in Col. 2

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Cultivation 38\ 14 6 8 10 265 Govt. Service 4 4 50 Grocery .. 18

Total 43 14- 6 8 15 333 67

Table XXI Monthly Income per Household by Source and Occupation

Monthly income per household in the range of ,---- ~ Remarb SI.No. Occupation Source of RB.25 Rs.26-50 RI.51-75 Rs.76-100 Ra. 101 or Household income & over 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1. Cultivation Cultivation, 1 Wool Spinning &. Labour

2. -do- Cultivation, Wool Spinning &. Labour

3. -do- CUltivation, Wool Spinning &. Labour 4. -do- Cultivation, Wool Spinning & Horse rentiering 5. -do- Cultivation, Wool Spinning &' Labour 6. Grocery Grocery, Govt. Service, Wool Spinning & Horse rentiering 7. Cultivation Cultivation, Wool Spinning &. Labour 8. -do- Cultivation, .j. Wool Spinning &. Labour 9. -do- Cultivation, Wool Spinning &. Labour 10. -do- Cultivation &. Wool Spinning 11. -do- Cultivation, Wool Spinning &. Labour 12. -do- Cultivation, Wool Spinning &. Labour 13. -do- Cultivation, Wool Spinning • .& Horse rendering 14. -do- Cultivation, .. Wool Spinning &. Labour 68

Table XXI-coned. Monthly Income per HOQsehold by Source aDd ~CC1IpatiOD-contd.

. Monthly income per household in the rauge or r-- .... Remarb 81. No. Occupation Source of RI.25 RI. 26-50 RI.51·75 ~. 76-100 RI. 101 of Hoiuehold income Stover 2 3 4- 5 6 7 B 9

15. Cultivation Cultivation, Wool Spinning & Labour

16. -do- Cultivation, Wool Spinning & Labour 17. -do- Cultivation & Labour

18. -do- Cultivation, Wool Spinning & Labour

19. . -do- Cultivation, 1. Wool Spinning & Labour

20. Govt. Service Govt. Service, Wool Spinning, Cultivation & Hone rentiering 21. Cultivation Cultivation & Labour

22. -do- Cultivation, Govt. Service & Wool Spinning

23. -do- Cultivation, Wool Spinning &: Labour .

24. .do- Cultivation & 1 Wool Spinning 25. Govt. Service Gwt. Service, 1 Wool Spinning & Hone rentiering 26. -do- Govt. Service & .• Cultivation 27. Cultivation Cultivation & Labour 28. -do- Cultivation, Wool Spinning & Labour 29. -do- Cultivation & 1 . Wool Spinning 69

Table XXI-concld. Monthly Income per Household by Source aDd Occupation-concld.

Monthly income per household in the range of ""--- ~ Remarb SI.No. Occupation Source of RB.25 RI.26-50 RI.51-75 RI. 76-100 RI. 101 of HoUsehold income &: over 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

30. Cultivation Cultivation, Wool Spinning &: Labour 31. -do- Cultivation, Govt. Service &: Wool Spinning

32. -do- Cultivation, 1 Wool Spinning & Horse rentiering 33. -do- Govt Service, Cultivation, Wool Spinning & Horse rentiering

34. -do- Cultivation &: Wool Spinning 35. -do- Cultivation, Wool Spinning &: Horse rentiering 36. -do- Cultivation, .. 1 Govt. Service, Wool Spinning & Horse rendering

37. -do- Cultivation, Govt. Service & Wool Spinning

38. -do- -do- 39. Govt. Service Govt. Service, Cultivation, Grocery &: Wool Spinning

40. Cultivation Cultivation, Wool Spinning &: Labour

41. -do- Cultivation, Wool Spinning &: Lobour

42. -do- Cultivation, 1 Wool Spinning &: Govt. Service

43. -do- Cultivation, 1 Wool SpiJining &: Labour Total :- 14- 6 8 15 70

Table XXII A-Indebtedness

Indebtedness ..J.-by _____Income-group ' -. r- Income-group Total No. of No. of Households Percentage of Col. 3 Average indebtedness Households in debt to Col. 2 for households in debt 2 :\ 4 5

Rs. 25 Ra. 26-50 14 8 57.14% RI. 137.50 Rs. 51-75 6 2 33.33% RI. 200.00 \ Ra. 76-100 8 4 5()OA, RI. 210.00 Ra. 101 and over 15 2 13.33% Ra. 200.00

Table XXIII Households and DevelopmeDt Activities

Number of Households which have r--- .A. Total No. ' Better Better Better Better Better Moreland Use of of Irrigation types of Seeds Implements Manure for pesticides Households facilities Cattle Cultivation

2 5 6 7 8

Table XXIII -coneld. Households and Development Activities-coneld.

during the last ten years adopted Participated iIl , ------"""'1 r-----.A.------. Improved methods Land improvement National Extension Reed. Demonstra- Activities of Works of of cultivation like measures like reclaMa- Service or tion in improved Community Project by Japanese cultivation tion, soil conservation Community agricultural contribution of Land, and consolidation Project, practices Labour, cam or Material 9 10 II 12 13 71

r§ 411 11II1~IN IN ~lIIi- :

Q 1I~! - I'" U - CO I'" II I~ ] s ~ Q ... ~ ~ ...... IeN

:sII ~Ji.,; 8I 1g ~ ~ i = CI .J ;; C 8 CI Q,)~ I INI E ~~ !1 -(f) !

.~

oI 72

Table XXVI General

Number of Households ,------"- """\ Total No. of Reading daily Member or members Member or members Member or members Households news paper or liB- who work for who take active of which have joined ten news broadcast Social uplift part in Politics Co-operative through the SOCieties Community radios 234 5

43 13 N.A. N. A. There is no Co-ope­ rative Society, in the village. N. A.-Information not available.

Table XXVIl Average Monthly Expenditure per Household by . Broader Income Groups ltema of Households with monthly income of Expenditure ,...-----~----- ._------"""\ RI. 0-50 RI. 51-100 RI. 101 and over ,..--~-"- ---"""\ ,- -"----"'" """\ No. of Average No. of Average No. of Average households monthly households monthly households monthly expenditure expenditure expenditure per per per household household household 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A-Food Groups i) Cereals ii) Rice iii) Other Grains iv) Vegetables &. Pulses v) Meat, Fish &. eggs vi) Milk &. Curd vii) Ghee &. Oils viii) Condiments ix) Sugar x) Tea xi) Other goods including re­ freshments tobacco, snuff, etc. Total under food. B-Miscellaneous Expea- diture. i) Clothing, fuel &. soap ii) Education iii) Medical care, travelling, religious observances, amusement and other like items. Total under miscellaneous Grand Total 73

Table 1 SET-B

Caste/Tribe, CommuDity and nature of family (Based on item 3 of model schedule)

Community Type of families living in the hollleholds Total No. of r-- ~ households Simple Intermediate Joint Others 2 3 4 5 6

Ladakhi Muslim 43 16 4 10 13

Simple family-Consists of husband, wife and unmarried children. Intermediate-Married couple and unmarried brother, sister and one of the parents. Joint-Married couple with married sonsfdaughters or with married brother/sister.

Table 2(A) Settlement History of Households (Based on item 4(a) or model schedule)

Number of households settled r- Qommunity Total No. of Before Between Between I Present households 5 4-5 2-4 Generation Generation Generations Generations Generations age 2 3 4 5 6 7

Ladakbi Muslim 43 42 . 74

Table 2{B) Setdemeat History or Households (Baseel 0. item 4(b) of model sch~ale)

Number of families that have come ·to the village from ~______A Community -----~ Remarks Outlide the State Outlide the Diltrict Outlide the Taluk 1 2 3 4 5

Ladakhi MuaUma

Table 3 Religion aDd Sect (Based OD items 5(a) & (b) or model schedule)

Number of hOUleholds, the heads of which belong to Religion Total No. of ,... ~ Number of households households Sect I Sect II Sect III the heads of which ~Nam~) (Name) (Name) do not belong to umu Shia any sect. 2 S 4- 5 6

43 6 37 75

Table 4 Peraussibility of Inter-caste Marriage (Based OD item 8(e) of model selledale)

Number of persons who consider it permissible to f~ marital tie with . Community No. of perlons Remarks interviewed Sect I Sect II (Name) (Name) Shia Sunni 2 S 4- 5

Ladakhi Shia Muslim 3t 37 37

Ladakhi Sunni Muslim 6 6 6 76

Table 5 Attitude toward.. marriage with persoa. 01 cWFereat (Based, oa item 10 of

Number____ having no objection-.A. to marriage_ with community..... r- Sect Number or Baidya Mehisya Doom Brahman Dhoba Bauri Bhutia Napit penODl (heads' or households) interviewed 2 3 5 ,6 7 8 9 10

Shia Muslim 37

Sunni Muslim 6 77

commmaities bat of the same socia-economic status model schedule)

Number having DO objection to marriage with community ,... . ~Remarb Santal MUIlim Chamar European Karmarkar Kayutha Pop Rajbamhi Namaaudra Bq;oli Chin_

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

37

6 78

Table 6(A) Jaheritailce 01 property as· in practice (Based OD iteJQ, 13(a) of model schedule)

Number indicating that relations of the following categories are entided to inherit property .in their respective caste/tribe .. Number or ,-______. --. __ .A. ______~ _____ . ____~ Community persODS (heads Son Daughter Wife Mother Brother Sister's Brother', 'Othera or homeholds) son son interviewed 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Property is inherited. according to MohalIUlladan Law.

Table 6(B) Share of property lor dift"ereDt categaries of relatioDs-soDS (Based OD item 13(2) of model schedule) .

Number indicating that IIODI inherit property in the following manner Number of ,------A. If there are Any Remarks Community persona AU lIOnS Only eldest Only Large Larger children by other interviewed get equal son inherits youngest share is abare is more than manner share son inherits given to given to one wife, eldest younger property first son, Bon other diyided per other SODS stripe among sons inherit SODS of diffe­ inherit equally rent wives &: equally then per capita among SODS of the same wife 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Property is inherited according to Mohammadan Law. 79

Table 6 (C) Share of property for differeDt categories of reladves--daughters (Based OD item 13(b) of model schedule) .

Number indicating that daughters inherit property in the following manner Community Number of ,.. J>--- Others penons Daughters Daughters Eldest Youngest Daughter Daughter Only Daughter interviewed only in- inherit daughter daughter inherits acquires that gets heritto equally only only only if only daughter main- -the exclu- with BODS inherits inherits there is life inherits tenance sion of no son interest whose only till .sons if there hus!»nd marriage is no 11 Bon adopted 2 3 .. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Property is divided according to Mohammadan Law.

Table 6(0) Share of property for cWrereat categories of relatives-wile (Based OD item t3(b) of model schedule)

Number indicating that wife inherits the property in the following manner A___ ~ Community Number of Wife inherits Wife gets Wife gets Wife acquirell Others persona equally with a smaller maintenance life interest intervieWed BODS share only if she if there is (Specify) does not no child provided re-marry that she does not re-marry 2 3 4 5 6 7

Property is inherited according to Mobammadan law 80

Table 6(E)

Attitude aboat iDheritaace of property by daughters equally with SODS . (Based 08 item 14 of model schedule)

Number of persons who agree that daughters should inherit equally with IODS . ----, Community Number of Aged above Aged Aged Aged periODS 50 41-50 21-70 20 interviewed and below 2 3 4 5 6 7

Property is inherited according to Mohammadan law. 81

Table 7 . Reciprocal aid iD agricultural practices (Based on items 15(h-j) of model Schedule)

Community Number of house- Number of house- Number of house- Number of house- Remarks holds practising holds that borrow holds that take holds that assist agriculture agricultural heip of neighbours and implements from neighbours at the receive help at others at the time time of sowing or the time of .. harvesting cultivation in the cultiVation shape of manual labour 2 3 4 5 6

Ladakhi Muslim 43 33 40 40 82

Table 8 . Livestock statisdcs iDCI~diug fishery

Milch cattle Draught bullock GoaUi/Sheep ,---__j..----, ,-- -. r-----J...------, Community Number of Total Number of Total Number of Total hOllleholds number hOllleholds number households number owni,ng owning owning 2 S 4 5 6 7

Ladakhi Mllliim 18 18 5 10 39 145 83

(Based '08 items 17 &18 or model schedale)

Yaks and Demos Duck/Geese Fowl Horaes/Mules DoP r-----A. r- ---. :.J., r---.A.. Number of Total Number of Total Number of Total Number of Total Number of Total households number houaeholda number householda number householda number householda number owning owning owning owning owning 8 9 10 11 12 IS 14- 15 16 17

26 28 10 10 19 20 84

Table 9

ViJlage Industries-Products (Based OD item 19(a) of model schedule)

Community Industry I Industry II Wool Spinning Silversmithy ,---___J.... ______~ r------J..---~~ Number of Nalhe of Number of Name of households products households products 2 3 4 5

Ladakhi Muslim 39 Spun thread, pattu cloth etc.

Table IO(A) Occupational mobility-cause of change (Based on items 22 and 23 of m.odel schedule)

Number of persons who changed No. of persons who have father's occupation changed their own earlier occupations Community r------..J..______~ r------J>.------No. of Remarks Voluntarily Forced by Other Voluntarily Forced by Other persons who circwnstances reaSons circumstances reasons are not con- (specify) tent with present occupation 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Ladakhi Muslim 2 3 10

i) For want of financial resources-2 ii) Because of brighter prospects-I 85

Table lOeB) Occupational mobility-Nature of change from father's generatioD to preseDt geDeratioD (Based OD item 22 of model schedule)

No. of persons whose father's occupation was Occupation No. of persons ,..------__,.,_------.., Remarks in the occu­ Occupation Occupation Occupation Occupation pation No. I No.2 No.3 No.4 (i.e. his own) cultivation 2 3 4 5 6 7

Cultivation 38 38 Govt. Service 4 4 Grocery

Table 10(0) Occupational mobility-Nature of Aspiration (Based on item 24 of model schedule)

Number of persons who want their BODS to be Occupation Number of ,..------__,.,_ ------, Remarks households In the same Occupation Occupation Occupation occupation No. I No.2 No. 3 as in col. I Govt. Service Agriculture no son bom (i.e. his own) yet 2 3 4 5 6 7

Cultivation 38 21 7 10 Govt. Service 4 2 Grocery

Table 11 Trade or Busmess (Based on item 25 of model schedule) BuiineBB I-Grocery Community .------__,.,__------, No. of Commu- Source Average house- nities of profit holds - finance 2 3 4 5

Ladakhi Muslim 2 Muslim Self RH. 150/- p. m. 86

Table 12 Range of InformatioD (Bastod on item 29 of model schedule)

Number of households the heads of which know the name of Community Total No. r-----~---~------A------~ of Union Board Panchayat Thana Tehail Taluk District Name of prici. householda . H. Q. H. Q. H. Q. H. Q. H. Q. H. Q. pal rivers of the district 2 3 4 5 67 8 9

Ladakhi Muslim 43 15 15 23 23 23 25 9

Table 13 Land Reforms Etc. (Based on item 30 of model schedule)

Community No. of households Brief indication No. of households No. of household. benefitted by aboli­ of the manner harmed by abolitiOn neither benefitted tion of Zamindari of benefit of Zamindari nor harmed 2 S 4 5

Ladakhi Muslim 43

Table 14 Co-operative Society (Based on item ~3 of model schedule)

Number that have not become No. of members belonging to members because of Name orCa- r------'------~ r- ~ Remarks operative Caste/tribe Caste/tribe Caste/tribe Reason 1 Reasons Reasons 3 and Society etc. etc. 3 etc. and 2 so on 10 on 2 3 4 5 6 7

There is no Co-operative Society in the village. 87

Table lS(A) InformatioD and attitude towards family plamaiDg with reference to household (Based on items 3 aDd 38( c) of model schedule)·

No. aware of No. wanting more children No. wanting no more children family plann- ,-_____--A._ .------. -A Community ~ ing centre Have Have Have Have Have Have Have Have Have Have more 1-3 no no no more 1-3 no no no than 3 BOns in sons daughters child­ than 3 sons in son daughters child- sons in house- ren sons in house- ren house- holds house- holds holds hOlds 2 S 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Ladakhi There is no 10 4 6 7. 5 2 Muslim family planning centre in the village

REMARKS-Widowed heads of households 3 Unmarried heads of household

Table lS(B) A.ttitude towards family planning with reference to age of the head of the household (Based OD items 3 and 38(c) of model schedule)

No. wanting more children the age of the No. wanting no more children the age of

Commu­ ,-_____head of household--A. (male) being -, the head of householdJ-______(male) being-, Remarb nity Above ·41-50 31-40 21-30 20 or Above 41-50 31-40 21-30 20 or Widowed Un- 50 less 50 less heads of married hhs. head of hhs. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Ladakhi 2 14 8 4 6 2 6 Muslim 88

\

.. ~

-e:It) 89

Table 16(A) Habit or taldag sugar as correlated to income (Based OD item 39(d) or model schedule aad income group)

No. of households taking sugar with No. of households not takiDg sugar monthly income of with monthly income ~f ~ ______~ ______~~ ______-A Community Above RB. RB. RB. R.s. RB. Above RB. RB. RB. RB. RI. RI. 150 101-150 76-100 51-75 26-50 25 or Rs. 150 101-150 76-100 51-75 26-50 25 or less less 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Ladakhi Muslim 13 2 8 6 14 90

r ~ 'al~~ ~ e ~ 01 .8~ I .;~ . C'f >- I:I!III!> ... -5_I C'f ~ 1 .-. -51 .~ '§ 1&!:;; - 'U! !I u fi ,8 0 i I I~'i - BU 81 Ie a.! .... ~I 0 :8 I .In cul~'i ~ 21 ~I 0 1-.! ..c::1 - J; ~I ~ I..c' ~~ cg l'<~ ~iU .. III .... 'a r ! -~ ~ ~~ ro- 0 1 In !s...... 8~I C'f a 0 ~i~~ ~ :!: 8 C'f 1'-'!, S 1 0- -5 I .;~ .... ~ .~ II:I!I..!. on o a ~I on CD .1::,.1:1 ....! IitID ,8 .~s:l I~- II!> "'" CD :2= 1 """ ~ i .~ '01&!'i e<'I 1 ill 0 C'f !I0 - a ~ I ~~ 0 1 0- CI'l ~ l~~ C'f -

...... § ...... IXl ~ ,~ ~ .:;1A -.! s ,.Q ... ~ ~ ~ j

I 91

Table 17 Prohibited Foods and Drinks (Based on item 39(d) of model schedule)

No. of households reporting No. that did not report any No. that did Community as--A- prohibited__ food to be prohibited not report any """I drink to be Food Food Food Drinks Drinks Drinks prohibited (I) (2) (3) (I) (2) .(3) Pork Wme 2 :I 4- 5 6 7 8 9

Ladakhi 45 43 Muslim

Table 18(A) Material Culture-Possession of furniture (Based on item 42(a) of model schedule)

No. of households possessing Community ~ .------~ .------_, Bed-stead Khatia Chair Table Mirror Bench Stool Jolchowki Wall-shelf 2 3 45 6 7 8 9 10

Ladakhi Muslim 10 2 2 3

Table 18(B) -Material Culture-Furniture acquired in the last five years (Based on item 24(b) of model schedule)

No. of households which have acquired in last five years Community r- --A- ______~ Furniture (1) Furniture (2) Furniture 3 and so on Remarb Table Chair 2 3 4 5

I 92

Table 19(A) Material Culture-Possession of consumer goocls (Based OB item 45(a) of model schedule)'

No.- ___orhouaeholdsJ>.. p0Sse88ing Community r- ~ Remarks Hurricane Petromax Battery torch Kerosene Bicycle Radio Lantem or light itove Set Hazak 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Ladakhi Muslim 6 3 3 93

Table 19(8) Material Culture-CoDsumer goods acquired ia last five years (Based OD item. 45(b) or model schedule)

No. of households which have acquired in last five years Community ,..-. -J.._ Remarks CODSUIIler good (1) Coosumer good (2) Consumer good (3) Consumer good (4) Hurricane Lantern Petromax Radio Set Lantem 2 3 4 5 6

Ladakhi Muslim 6 94

Table 19(0) Material Culture--Habits (Based 08 items 42(c) aad (45c)

No. or households that use mosquito No. of household. that do not . curtain having mon·thly use mosquito c:urtain having ___ __.....A.income ______of --, ,_--___monthly. ___ income.A., __ of_ Community ~ RI. 151 RI. 101-150 RI. 51-100 RI. 50 RI. 151 RI. 101-ISO RK. 51-100 RI.50 and or lell and or lell above above 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Ladakbi Muslim 13 2 14 95 and (d) of model schedale)

No. of households that use toilet No. of households that do" not use soap/washin~ soap having toilet/washing soap having ,-______monthly-.A- mcome of monthly income of '-----.,- ~ RI. 151 RI. 101-150 RI. 51-100 Rs. 50 RI. 151 RI. 101-150 RI. 51-100 ,RI. 50 and or less and or less above above 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

8 2 1 5 ER,RATA (The following printing mistakes are regretted)

Page No. Column No. Particulars For Read

2 Left Hand Side Last para item ii Yalks Yaks 6 L;ft Hand Side Last para line IO'from top the delete

6 Left Hand Side Last para, line 2 from below teaching teachings 9 Left Hand Side Para I, line 7 from top cermony ceremony 10 Left Hand Side Para I, line 6 from top wool inside wool secured inside

16 Left Hand Side P~a II, line I from top interested interesting 17 Right Hand Side Last para, line 4 from below visits visit 17 Right Hand Side Last para, line 3 from below offers offer 18 Left Hand Side Para II, line 5 from top dirth dearth 21 Left Hand Side Para II, line 3 from top paters porters 22 Ptght Hand Side Para II, lin" 6 from top Praticularly particularly 23 Left Hand Side Para 5, line 3 from top Joining join 23 Right Hand Side Under "Agriculture" line 11 of for 37 Left Hand Side Line I, para I reminiscentil reminiscential 37 Right Hand Side Para 5, line 2 a delete 71 Table XXV Above column 2 interest of interest on 72 Table XXVI Sub-heading above col. 5 Members of members which who 87 Table 15 A Against "Remarks" 3 6 91 Table 17 Under Col. 2 "against Lada- 45 43 khi Muslim"