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Avertissement Liens AVERTISSEMENT Ce document est le fruit d’un long travail approuvé par le jury de soutenance et mis à disposition de l’ensemble de la communauté universitaire élargie. Il est soumis à la propriété intellectuelle de l’auteur : ceci implique une obligation de citation et de référencement lors de l’utilisation de ce document. D’autre part, toute contrefaçon, plagiat, reproduction illicite de ce travail expose à des poursuites pénales. Contact : [email protected] LIENS Code la Propriété Intellectuelle – Articles L. 122-4 et L. 335-1 à L. 335-10 Loi n°92-597 du 1er juillet 1992, publiée au Journal Officiel du 2 juillet 1992 http://www.cfcopies.com/V2/leg/leg-droi.php http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/infos-pratiques/droits/protection.htm TTHHÈÈSSEE En vue de l'obtention du DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE TOULOUSE Délivré par l’Université Toulouse 1 Capitole Discipline : Sciences Economiques Présentée et soutenue par Yann KERVINIO Le 22 janvier 2016 Titre : Assessing the fairness of public policies Proposal for an approach with an illustration for the location of locally undesirable land uses Ecole doctorale Toulouse School of Economics Unité de recherche : LERNA – TSE Directeur de Thèse Stefan AMBEC (Directeur de recherche, INRA) Rapporteurs Marc FLEURBAEY (Professeur, Princeton University) Juan D. MORENO-TERNERO (Professeur, Universidad Pablo de Olavide) Membres du Jury Dominique BUREAU (Professeur chargé de cours, Ecole Polytechnique et délégué général, Conseil économique pour le développement durable) Michel LE BRETON (Professeur, Université Toulouse 1 Capitole) Thèse réalisée dans le cadre de la formation doctorale des ingénieurs des Ponts, des Eaux et des Forêts Financée par le Ministère de l’Ecologie, du Développement durable et de l’Energie Réalisée au Laboratoire d’économie des ressources naturelles Ecole d’économie de Toulouse 21, allée de Brienne 31000 Toulouse Sous la direction de Stefan Ambec, directeur de recherche (INRA) [email protected] Cette version en date du 10 avril 2016 inclut des corrections réalisées après la soutenance. Avertissement : Les conclusions et opinions exprimées dans ce travail sont propres à leur auteur et ne reflètent pas les positions de l’école doctorale, du laboratoire d’accueil ou de l’institution ayant financé ce travail. Disclaimer: All conclusions and opinions expressed in this thesis remain the exclusive responsibility of the author and do not engage, in any way, the doctoral school, the hosting laboratory, or the funding institution. Abstract This thesis is about the assessment of the fair character of public policies whose distribu- tive impacts are well understood. Because of the diversity of existing judgments on this matter, the relevance of such assessments is a crucial question. This work rests upon the theory of fair allocations and the empirical study of fairness judgments. After present- ing each of these approaches and discussing how they could contribute to form practical policy recommendations in three short chapters, three contributions to the literature are presented. All are motivated by the so-called NIMBY (“Not In My Back-Yard”) problem, in which a group of communities faces the opportunity of implementing an economically beneficial project that is locally undesirable (e.g. a wastewater treatment plant, a landfill, a wind park, etc). In the first article, I consider the problem of allocating a single, indivisible project and sharing its benefit among communities with an equal right on it but featuring different provision costs. The differences in these costs may arise from variations in building, oper- ation and maintenance costs for the project but also from differences in the communities’ compensation requirements for hosting the project. In this setting, I characterise three allocation rules that correspond to three prominent cooperative solution concepts: the welfare egalitarian solution, the nucleolus and the Shapley value. The principles invoked involve Pareto efficiency, Anonymity, No envy, and axioms of solidarity or reward related to the communities’ provision costs. The results clarify how considerations over the na- ture of the costs could influence fair allocations. The analysis is then extended to settings with asymmetric information and to setting with costs of several kinds. In each extension, I propose and motivate a fair solution. The results of a survey motivated by this analysis are eventually presented. In the second article, I study individual fairness judgments and preferences for the alloca- tion of an indivisible task and its benefit among two individuals with a different willingness to perform it. My approach relates results from the theory of fair allocations with the em- pirical observation of fairness judgments and preferences. I first present and motivate four contrasted allocation rules as possible rules of judgment. For some of the participants, a questionnaire was proposed before they knew about their situation. Among the four rules of judgment proposed, the welfare egalitarian allocation rule is the most preferred i Abstract allocation rule as stated by the participants. Yet, I also observe support for principles that are not compatible with this rule: an important proportion of respondents deem fair to give nothing to someone who would not be willing to perform the task, and another substantial proportion deem fair to split the benefit of the task equally when both partic- ipants feature the same compensation requirement. In the experiment, participants had the opportunity to perform a task for pay. However, for any two of them, a single task was available. As required by the Pareto principle, it was allocated to the participant with the lower compensation requirement. In this situation, the stated normative expectations of the task performer are found to be higher, the greater the discrepancy between the compensation requirements. This does not extend to individual distributive preferences as revealed by the offers in a dictator setting. I also find that the task performers who took the questionnaire would deem the equal split fair less often. Overall, few respondents are consistent with any of the four rules proposed. In the third article, jointly written with Stefan Ambec, we consider the decentralised provision of a global public good with local externalities in a spatially explicit model. Communities decide on the location of a facility that benefits everyone but exhibits costs to the host and its neighbors. They share the costs through transfers. We examine cooperative games associated with this so-called NIMBY problem. We derive and discuss conditions for core solutions to exist. These conditions are driven by the temptation to exclude groups of neighbors at any potential location. We illustrate the results in different spatial settings. These results clarify how property rights can affect cooperation and shed further light on a limitation of the Coase theorem. Keywords: social choice, justice, fairness, equity, justification, reflective equilibrium, ax- iomatic analysis, theory of fair allocations, cooperative games, core, empirical social choice, economic experiment, NIMBY, pollution, waste, resource allocation. ii Résumé Cette thèse porte sur l’évaluation du caractère équitable de politiques publiques dont les impacts distributifs sont bien compris. Du fait de la diversité des jugements existants en la matière, la question de la pertinence de telles évaluations est cruciale. Ce travail s’appuie sur la théorie des allocations justes et l’étude empirique des jugements en matière d’équité. Après avoir présenté ce en quoi consistent ces deux approches et en quoi elles peuvent contribuer à la formation de recommandations pratiques en matière de politiques publiques, trois contributions à la littérature sont présentées. Toutes sont motivées par les problèmes, parfois qualifiés de “NIMBY” (“Not In My Back-Yard"), dans lesquels un groupe de communautés a la possibilité d’entreprendre un projet bénéfique sur le plan économique mais qui reste indésirable d’un point de vue local (par exemple, une station d’épuration, un centre d’enfouissement technique, un parc éolien, etc.). Dans le premier article, je considère le problème de l’allocation d’un unique projet indivis- ible et des bénéfices associés entre des communautés a priori toutes aussi légitimes pour l’accueillir mais présentant différents coûts de mise en œuvre. Les différences dans ces coûts peuvent résulter de variations dans les coûts de construction, de fonctionnement et de maintenance du projet en leur sein mais aussi de différences dans leurs exigences de com- pensation pour accueillir le projet. Dans ce cadre, je caractérise trois règles d’allocation qui correspondent à trois concepts majeurs de la théorie des jeux coopératifs : la règle d’allocation égalitaire, le nucléole et la valeur de Shapley. Les principes invoqués compren- nent l’efficacité au sens de Pareto, l’anonymité, l’absence d’envie, ainsi que des principes de compensation ou de récompense relatifs aux coûts de mise en œuvre des communautés. Ces résultats clarifient comment des considérations portant sur la nature des différents coûts peuvent amener à recommander des allocations différentes. L’analyse est ensuite étendue à des situations d’asymétrie d’information et à des situations avec des coûts de différente nature. Dans chacune de ces extensions, je propose et motive une solution équitable. Enfin, les résultats d’une enquête motivée par cette analyse sont présentés. Dans le deuxième article, j’étudie les jugements
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