North Edinburgh Channel Dredging Disposal Area
Archaeological Assessment Technical Report y g o l o e a h c r A x e s s e Ref: 54757.02 W
August 2004 NORTH EDINBURGH CHANNEL DREDGING DISPOSAL AREA
ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
Technical Report
Prepared on behalf of: Port of London Authority London River House Royal Pier Road Gravesend Kent DA12 2BG
By: Wessex Archaeology Portway House Old Sarum Park Salisbury SP4 6EB
Report ref. 54757.02
July 2004
©The Trust for Wessex Archaeology Limited 2004 The Trust for Wessex Archaeology Limited is a Registered Charity No.287786 NORTH EDINBURGH CHANNEL DREDGING DISPOSAL AREAS
ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
Technical Report
Ref: 54757.02
Contents
1. INTRODUCTION...... 5 1.1. Project Background ...... 5 1.2. Study Areas...... 5 1.3. Site Location...... 6 1.4. Topography, Bathymetry and Geology...... 7 1.5. Development of the North Edinburgh Channel...... 7 2. AIMS ...... 8 3. METHODOLOGY...... 8 3.1. Review of Legislation and Statutory Protection...... 8 3.2. Archaeological Sources...... 9 3.3. Archive...... 9 4. BASELINE CONDITIONS: PREHISTORIC ACTIVITY ...... 10 4.1. Introduction...... 10 4.2. Lower, Middle and Early Upper Palaeolithic (c. 500,000 – 15,000 BP) ...... 11 4.3. Late Upper Palaeolithic onwards (15,000 BP – Present) – Final Inundation of the Estuary Region...... 13 5. BASELINE CONDITIONS: MARITIME ACTIVITY ...... 15 5.1. Documentary Background ...... 15 5.2. Recorded Maritime Sites...... 17 5.3. Wrecks, Casualties and Seabed features within the Marine Study Area...... 18 6. POTENTIAL ...... 20 6.1. Prehistoric Activity ...... 20 6.2. Maritime Activity...... 21 7. IMPACT ...... 22 7.1. Previous Disturbance...... 22 7.2. Impact on Archaeological Material...... 22 8. MITIGATION ...... 23 8.1. Mitigation Palaeolithic/Mesolithic...... 23 8.2. Mitigation Maritime ...... 24 BIBLIOGRAPHY...... 25 APPENDIX I: RELEVANT LEGISLATION AND PLANNING GUIDANCE NOTES...... 28 Protection of Wrecks Act 1973...... 28 Merchant Shipping Act 1995...... 28 Protection of Military Remains Act 1986...... 28 English Heritage Guidance Note: Identifying and Protecting Palaeolithic Remains ...... 28 APPENDIX II: HISTORIC CHARTS...... 30 APPENDIX III: GAZETTEER OF PREHISTORIC SITES...... 31 APPENDIX IV: GAZETTEER OF WRECKS, CASUALTIES AND SEABED FEATURES...... 50
Figures:
Figure 1 Location of Coastal and Marine Study Areas and the Disposal Area Figure 2 Proposed Disposal Area in relation to the Thames palaeo-channel Figure 3 Distribution of terraces in eastern Essex and offshore (Bridgeland, Allen, Haggart 1995:37)
i Figure 4 Lower Palaeolithic and Palaeolithic sites within the Coastal Study Area Figure 5 Late Upper Palaeolithic sites within the Coastal Study Area and the Thames Palaeochannel (after BGS), with sea levels in the Upper Palaeolithic c 13,000 BP (Coles 1998) Figure 6 Mesolithic sites within the Coastal Study Area and the Thames Palaeochannel (after BGS), with sea levels in the Mesolithic c. 10,000 BP (Coles 1998) Figure 7 Model illustrating the incorporation of artefacts within terrace formations. Figure 8 Model illustrating sea level rise in the Coastal Study Area and Disposal Area with find spots Figure 9 Wrecks, casualties and seabed obstructions
ii NORTH EDINBURGH CHANNEL DREDGING DISPOSAL AREAS
ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
Technical Report
Ref: 54757.02
Summary
Wessex Archaeology has been commissioned by the Port of London Authority to prepare an archaeological assessment of an area in the North Edinburgh Channel, Thames Estuary, proposed for the disposal of dredged material from the Princes Channel, Thames Estuary (2m depth or approximately 2.5 million m³).
This report sets out the heritage-related issues needing to be considered and an account of the policy and legal framework affecting archaeological sites and wrecks in the UK. The potential archaeological heritage that may be impacted is discussed in terms of drowned landscapes, terrestrial archaeology and maritime sites (shipping losses).
This assessment has shown that there is potential for the proposed disposal to impact upon artefact assemblages and land surfaces dating to the Palaeolithic/Mesolithic periods. However, it is expected that this is more likely to occur outside of the proposed disposal area through changes to scouring patterns. The seabed depth and extents of such land surfaces are not presently known, hence no direct mitigation is currently proposed.
Wreck sites within the proposed disposal and surrounding area may also be effected by the secondary impact of scouring. Hence it is recommended that the wrecks and obstructions within the MSA and shown to be susceptible to scouring by sediment transport and hydrodynamic studies be archaeologically surveyed.
The impact of the disposal of dredged material directly on the wreck of the Hawksdale is uncertain. It is recommended that archaeological survey take place on the wreck to assess its current condition and the extent of any associated debris. Subject to the results of archaeological survey, it is suggested that a precautionary exclusion zone of around 50 metres radius be implemented around the extents of the wreck site.
It is suggested that the area of the North Edinburgh Channel should be closely monitored, to map sedimentation changes and scour over time. Should any further wreck sites, peat levels, or features of potential archaeological interest become exposed, it is suggested that archaeological advice is sought at an early stage to assess their potential importance.
iii NORTH EDINBURGH CHANNEL DREDGING DISPOSAL AREAS
ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
Technical Report
Ref: 54757.02
Acknowledgements
The Port of London Authority (PLA) commissioned this report. The assistance provided by Nicola Clay, Environmental Scientist, is gratefully acknowledged.
Data was provided by the PLA, National Sites and Monuments Record (NMR) and the Sites and Monuments Records of Kent, Essex and Southend-on-Sea. We are grateful to the staff of these organisations for their co-operation.
Hanna Steyne carried out the assessment and compiled this report for Wessex Archaeology. Kitty Brandon prepared the illustrations. Deanna Groom managed the project for Wessex Archaeology.
Data Licences
Details of archaeological sites were obtained from the Sites and Monuments Records (SMR) maintained by Kent, Essex and Southend-on-Sea and the National Monuments Record (NMR), Swindon. Copyright restrictions apply to the SMR and NMR data.
The mapping material derived from SeaZone is subject to licence 122003.03 and the conditions on End-Users and Third Parties contained therein.
iv NORTH EDINBURGH CHANNEL DREDGING DISPOSAL AREAS
ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
Technical Report
Ref: 54757.02
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Project Background
1.1.1. Wessex Archaeology was commissioned by the Port of London Authority (PLA) to undertake a desk-based assessment of the potential impact upon archaeological remains within an area of the North Edinburgh Channel (PLA Option 4) proposed for the disposal of dredged material.
1.1.2. The proposed disposal area is located approximately 20km to the north of Westgate-on-Sea, Kent and 30km east of Foulness Island, Essex within the Greater Thames Estuary (Figure 1).
1.2. Study Areas
1.2.1. The proposed disposal area at North Edinburgh Channel is a curved polygon through the channel approximately 4km long and 500m wide, defined by the following co-ordinates:
Point NGR E NGR N NW 628000 189800 NE 631700 189000 SE 631600 188600 SW 628100 189200 Projection: British National Grid
1.2.2. In order to place the disposal area within its regional archaeological context, and therefore consider the potential for archaeological remains within the disposal area and its immediate surroundings, archaeological information has been collated from two Study Areas (Figure 1).
1.2.3. The Marine Study Area (MSA) was used to collate information about wrecks and seabed features within the vicinity of the proposed disposal area. The limits of the MSA correspond to a 2.5km rectangle around the proposed disposal area. Its extents are as follows:
5 Marine Study Area
Point NGR E NGR N NW 625345 192513 NE 634329 193128 SE 634807 186141 SW 625824 185526 Projection: British National Grid
1.2.4. The Coastal Study Area (CSA) was used to collate information about prehistoric sites and finds along the adjacent coastlines of Essex and Kent.
1.2.5. The extents of the CSA are as follows:
1.2.6. Coastal Study Area
Point NGR E NGR N NW 586000 197270 NE 640786 200264 SE 642505 167253 SW 588200 163904 Projection: British National Grid
1.2.7. In addition, because London is known to have been an important trading port from at least the Roman period. The baseline study of maritime activity will include a brief assessment of shipping in the Thames Estuary and London area since the later prehistoric period.
1.2.8. In order to assess the archaeological potential of the proposed disposal area in relation to land-based archaeological remains, this report will use Ordnance Survey (OS) National Grid References (NGR). Heights for land data are related Ordnance Datum (Newlyn) (OD), whilst those at sea are related Chart Datum (CD).
1.3. Site Location
1.3.1. The proposed disposal area lies between Long Sand to the north, and Shingles Patch to the south. The deepest part of the channel is 19.2m below Chart Datum (CD) (Mean Low Water Springs) rising steeply on both the north and south sides to 5m below CD. The banks themselves, both have small areas above CD, however the majority of the banks are less than 1m below CD.
1.3.2. Tidal heights recorded at the SE point of Long Sand vary by 4.4m, between +4.8m CD at Mean High Water Springs (MHWS) and +0.4m CD at Mean Low Water Springs. CD at Margate is 2.50m below Ordnance Datum (Newlyn).
6 1.4. Topography, Bathymetry and Geology
1.4.1. The solid (Tertiary) geology underlying the Thames Estuary region has been interpreted as Eocene London Clay Formation overlain by Lower Bagshot Sands. These deposits are overlain by Quaternary deposits (Cameron et al 1992: 96). The Quaternary deposits were laid down during the Flandrian interglacial, namely the Elbow Formation, and are made up of fine- and very fine-grained muddy sands with interbedded clay (Cameron et al 1992:119).
1.4.2. The Elbow Formation within the Thames-Medway offshore palaeo-channel is generally 2-6m thick, with a maximum of 12m of sediment in some central parts of the outer-palaeo-channel (Cameron et al 1992:122 & BGS 1990).
1.4.3. The melting of Devensian glaciers caused the sea levels to rise relatively quickly between 10,000-7,000 BP from 65m below current sea level to around 15m below current sea level (Cameron et al 1992: 120), and it was during this initial phase of marine transgression that the Elbow Formation was deposited.
1.4.4. The Thames Estuary is generally quite shallow with maximum depths of around 20m CD.ayers (Cameron et al 1992: 119)
1.4.5. The Thames Estuary area has swift tidal currents of over 2.5 knots in places. These sweep mobile sediments into large sandbanks, such as Long Sand to the north-east of the proposed dredging areas. Very little sediment is deposited into the Thames Estuary area, as river-borne material is generally washed out of the estuary in the strong tides (BGS 1990). As such, modern sediments overlying the Quaternary Elbow Formation deposits are generally only a few centimetres thick (BGS 1990), and the surface sediment generally reflect the underlying Elbow Formation. Both the BGS (1990) and Admiralty chart (2003) describe the seabed sediments in the CSA as gravelly muddy sand, muddy sandy gravel or sand, either with or without shells.
1.5. Development of the North Edinburgh Channel
1.5.1. The North Edinburgh Channel first appears in its current form on a chart dating to 1910, although it developed out of a larger channel first charted as Thomas’s New Channel in 1812 (Mackenzie, Spence and Thomas 1812). Thomas’s New Channel is charted as a straight channel between the Girdler and Long Sand. On the first edition of Admiralty Chart 1607 (A.01), dated 1844, Thomas’s Channel has been renamed Bullocks Channel and has a large shallow area to the north-west of the channel.
1.5.2. By 1863 (B.01), this shallow area has deepened and the area is of a similar depth throughout, and ten years later, in 1873 (B.08), the channel was renamed Duke of Edinburgh Channel. In 1889 (C.03A) an area of shallow ground, called Shingles Patch is first charted in the middle of the Duke of Edinburgh Channel. The Duke of Edinburgh Channel is charted as a route for deep draught vessels on the 1902 (D.01) edition of chart 1607, and the Shingles Patch is still charted, but getting larger. The Shingles Patch
7 continues to grow, becoming large enough to fully divide the Duke of Edinburgh Channel.
1.5.3. In November 1910 (D.25), the two channels are first charted as the North and South Edinburgh Channels on Admiralty Chart 1607. The South Edinburgh Channel is now completely silted up, whilst the North Edinburgh Channel is predominantly deep, with a slightly shallower area at southern end.
1.5.4. As outlined above, a comparison between Bullocks survey of the Thames Estuary in 1844 and the 2003 Admiralty Chart shows that the sands of the North Edinburgh Channel area are highly mobile, with a larger channel forming and silting up within the space of under 100 years.
2. AIMS
2.1.1. The aim of this desk-based assessment is to contribute to the overall assessment, evaluation and mitigation of effects on the historic environment arising from the disposal of spoil from dredging operations.
2.1.2. The objectives of the assessment are as follows:
• to set out the statutory, planning and policy context relating to the historic environment for the disposal area; • to provide a broad overview of human activity within the area based on existing archaeological records and secondary sources; • to consider the potential for deposits, former land surfaces and features of prehistoric date within the Study Areas; • to identify any recorded wrecks or other features of archaeological or historical interest within the Study Areas; • to consider the potential for as yet unrecorded wrecks or features of archaeological or historical interest within the Study Areas; • to comment on the importance of known and potential sites.
3. METHODOLOGY
3.1. Review of Legislation and Statutory Protection
3.1.1. A review of current, relevant legislation was undertaken to highlight sites within the MSA which may have statutory protection. Appendix I contains details and explanations of legislation and policy guidance.
3.1.2. It is confirmed that there are no sites currently designated under the Protection of Wrecks Act 1973 within the MSA and proposed disposal area. Although the South Edinburgh Channel Wreck lies 500m to the west of the MSA.
3.1.3. The MoD (Naval Staff Directorate) were contacted and confirmed that there were no sites within the MSA designated under the Protection of Military Remains act 1986, although one may be considered for designation in the future (corres. 10/11/2003). In addition, there is one recorded military
8 aircraft casualty, but no known military aircraft remains within the MSA. Any downed aircraft receives automatic protection under the provisions of the Act.
3.2. Archaeological Sources
3.2.1. The study areas defined above were used to delimit the extents of searches for archaeological and related data.
3.2.2. Cartographic sources, including modern and historic charts, both published and unpublished, were collated from Wessex Archaeology’s existing collections, and from the United Kingdom Hydrographic Office (UKHO). The historic maps and charts examined in the course of the project are listed in Appendix II.
3.2.3. Prehistoric archaeological records were obtained for the Coastal Study Area from the Kent County Council Sites and Monuments Records (KSMR), Essex County Council Sites and Monuments Records (ESMR) and Southend unitary local authority Sites and Monuments Records (SSMR). In addition, sites and finds mentioned in published gazetteers are included. A gazetteer of prehistoric archaeological sites within the CSA is presented in Appendix III. These sites form the basis of the assessment of prehistoric archaeological potential within the proposed disposal area.
3.2.4. To aid the assessment of the maritime archaeological resource, records of wrecks, casualties (recorded wreck incidents) and seabed features were collected for the Marine Study Area from the National Monuments Records Office (NMR) maritime section, Kent County Council Sites and Monuments Records, and the Port of London Authority wrecks database. A gazetteer of wrecks and casualties is presented in Appendix IV.
3.2.5. The Receiver of Wreck (Maritime and Coastguard Agency) was contacted with regard to wreck material reported under the terms of the Merchant Shipping Act 1995. This reported wreck has been incorporated into the report and Appendix IV.
3.2.6. Additional information relating to both prehistoric and historic maritime activities within the area was collated from secondary and documentary sources.
3.3. Archive
3.3.1. The archive is currently stored at the offices of Wessex Archaeology, Salisbury, under the project code 54757.
9 4. BASELINE CONDITIONS: PREHISTORIC ACTIVITY
4.1. Introduction
4.1.1. Before the Anglian glaciation in the early Pleistocene, the geography of the Thames Estuary would have been quite different most notably lacking the river channel and estuary that now defines the area. At this time, the channels of the Rivers Thames and Medway roughly followed the modern southeast coast of Essex (Bridgland 1994: 292).
4.1.2. The Anglian glaciation in the Early Pleistocene, around 425,000 BP, dramatically changed the geography of the area, with northeastern part of the Thames-Medway channel becoming blocked by ice (Bridgland 1994: 293). Through the subsequent Hoxnian interglacial, glacial melt-waters would have run down the Thames-Medway channel, increasing the size of the channel as it also diverted southwards to the current position of the Thames Estuary (Bridgland 1994: 295).
4.1.3. The Devensian glaciation in the late Pleistocene marks the transition between Middle and Upper Palaeolithic Periods. At the glacial maximum, around 18,000 BP, sea levels around Britain fell to around 120m below current sea level. At this time the Thames Estuary area would have been dry land joined to the continent across the North Sea basin (Coles 1998:54).
4.1.4. The route of the Thames-Medway river channel during the Upper Palaeolithic and Early Mesolithic, around 10,000 years ago, has been identified with the distribution of these sediments offshore (BGS 1990). At the beginning of the Flandrian interglacial, the sea level around southern Britain was approximately 65m below current sea level, and the proposed dredging area would be located on the side of the river channel (Figure 2).
4.1.5. As such, the area would have remained predominantly dry until the middle of the Mesolithic period, around 8,000-7,000 BP when the sea level rose to 15m below current sea level. Such areas became shallow marshland and inter- tidal flats. These have been identified in the outer Thames Estuary, to the north-east of the proposed disposal areas (BGS 1990).
4.1.6. The Thames Estuary Area contains archaeological sites (e.g. Swanscombe, Kent and Clacton, Essex) which provide some of the earliest evidence for the human occupation of Britain.
4.1.7. The Palaeolithic period (500,000 – 10,000 BP) saw the gradual evolution of the first settlers of Britain - the Archaic hominid lineage Homo heidelbergensis - into Neanderthals, and subsequently the emergence of modern man Homo Sapiens. Occupation was based on mobile lifestyles dominated by hunting, gathering and scavenging food and other resources. The main surviving evidence is therefore not structural, but is the scatter of lithic artefacts (stone tools and waste flakes) left behind in the landscape. With the arrival of modern man (Homo sapiens) a greater range of such artefactual evidence (e.g. bone and antler tools) can be found.
10 4.1.8. Throughout the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods, the favoured location for the activities of early humans were the well-drained sand and gravel terraces deposited by glacial meltwater and created by the downcutting of river channels. Organic evidence can be preserved even in gravel-rich sediments. Remains such as seeds and pollen can reveal the predominant species of vegetation cover, and hence shed light on growing conditions and surroundings (e.g. woodland, marsh, etc). It is this knowledge of the contemporary environment that in turn helps to shed light on the processes of human inhabitation.
4.2. Lower, Middle and Early Upper Palaeolithic (c. 500,000 – 15,000 BP)
4.2.1. Within the Coastal Study Area there are 12 sites relating to Lower Palaeolithic (500,000 – 270,000 BP) (1001-1012) activity and a further 13 find spots dated to the general Palaeolithic period (Figure 3; Appendix III;). The Lower Palaeolithic findspots comprise Acheulean hand axes. Those from Kent all come from eroding beach cliffs or on the foreshore at the base of beach cliffs between Herne Bay and Reculver, which is thought to be the ancient channel of the River Stour (Wymer 1982: 9). The undefined Palaeolithic material comprises flakes (1015, 1018, 1019, 1020), hand axes (1014, 1016, 1018, 1021, 1023, 1025) and other unspecified flints artefacts.
4.2.2. Sites outside the CSA, but within the general area include some of the earliest, and most important Lower Palaeolithic occupation sites in Britain; Swanscombe, Kent and Clacton, Essex. Kent has one of the largest concentrations of Lower Palaeolithic hand axes in Britain (Wymer 1982: 9). The majority of these hand axes are thought to have been deposited on the edges of river valleys between 432,000-130,000 BP, indicating that early humans, in Britain, favoured areas along major river valleys (Wymer 1982: 9). An insight into the kind of early humans likely to be living in the CSA is provided by a fragment of skull from Swanscombe, Kent, which presents traits associated with both archaic Homo sapiens and Neanderthals (Wymer 1982: 9).
4.2.3. The finds around the Thames Estuary form part of one of the largest assemblages of Palaeolithic material in England. Such artefacts are usually contained within sand and gravel deposits, which have been moved and redeposited by the fluvial action of later glacial melt-water (Wymer 1999: 21). The landscape of the CSA was dramatically different in the Middle Pleistocene, hence artefacts in the southern part of the CSA are likely to be associated with the ancient river channels of the Medway and Stour and those from the northern part of the CSA associated with the ancient channels of the Thames-Medway and Crouch (Wymer 1999:95).
4.2.4. The ancient Thames-Medway River and its tributaries would have provided ready food resources for our ancestors. The ancient Thames-Medway river would have flowed eastwards into the southern North Sea where it joined the Rhine and flowed southwards through what is now the English Channel. The channel of the River Thames has not changed since the Anglian glaciation, as explained above, and geological mapping has identified the palaeo-channel that runs offshore along the central, deepest part of the modern Estuary. The
11 proposed disposal area lies slightly to the south of the mapped palaeo- channel, illustrated in Figure 2. However, the edges of the mapped channel suggest it was fed by smaller tributaries. It is possible that the proposed disposal area lies within the area of a riverine island between two tributaries. At the least, the area would have been close to the river edges, and a highly suitable place for human habitation at this period.
4.2.5. The Thames Estuary has a long and complex history associated with successive marine transgressions, regressions, erosion, siltation and eventual inundation of the Estuary. The details of these geological and geographical changes have had a fundamental impact on the nature and distribution of surviving Palaeolithic artefacts in the area. The migration of the Thames has left relict terraces at various locations. The profile of the terrace reflecting the profile of the river from its headwaters to the contemporary sea-level. Terraces found offshore, can be equated to those on land where archaeological potential is substantiated. This fact, taken in conjunction with occasional finds during fishing and dredging, indicate in principle that there is potential offshore for the survival of archaeological remains.
4.2.6. The Middle Palaeolithic (150,000-40,000BP) covers a series of major climatic fluctuations, which resulted in sea levels being higher than today, such as during the Ipswichian Interglacial, and low enough to link Britain to the continent in other periods. One findspot (1013) within the CSA has flint artefacts dated to the Middle Palaeolithic period, found in association with the tooth of a Woolly Rhinoceros. This findspot represents the only positive evidence of Neanderthal activity in the CSA, however, it has been noted that occasionally hand axes from this period are dredged up in gravels from the buried Thames-Medway channels (Wymer 1982: 10).
4.2.7. The arrival of modern humans and the decline of the Neanderthal populations in Europe mark the transition to the Early Upper Palaeolithic, around 40,000 BP. There are relatively few sites in Britain dating to this period, the majority of which are found at inland cave sites (Darvill 1987:35). It has been suggested, however, that evidence of human activity along the river valleys may be buried beneath deposits in the modern river valley flood plains, and along submerged river channels such as the Thames- Medway (Wymer 1982: 11).
4.2.8. The Early Upper Palaeolithic was characterised by a series of climatic fluctuations leading up to the Devensian glacial maximum around 18,000 BP, when ice sheets extended in eastern England to northern Norfolk and the sea level dropped to around 100m below current sea level, exposing vast areas of the North Sea basin and the English Channel. There is currently no evidence for human occupation during this period. It has been suggested that the CSA would have experienced periglacial conditions making life in the area unbearable if not impossible (Wymer 1982: 8).
4.2.9. The fall in sea level would have been accompanied by massive erosion and down-cutting of river channels by the Thames-Medway and its tributaries, and periods of sediment deposition. It was probably at this period that the channels mapped offshore in the estuary area were cut (BGS 1990). As
12 explained above the sediments found in the palaeo-channels were deposited after the Devensian glaciation, in which case, any surviving Lower and Middle Palaeolithic artefacts in the area are likely to be in secondary contexts.
4.2.10. BGS vibrocore surveys in the outer Thames Estuary have identified the Thames-Medway palaeo-channel through deposits of Flandrian sediments between 6-20m deep (BGS 1990) and are illustrated in Figure 2 in relation to the proposed disposal area. As such, the character of the seabed within the CSA with respect to the potential for Pre-Devensian archaeological material is unclear. It is likely that most of the sediments containing these artefacts have been severely eroded, but previous recovery of hand axes from Thames gravels suggests that some gravels my contain material either in situ or in secondary deposits.
4.3. Late Upper Palaeolithic onwards (15,000 BP – Present) – Final Inundation of the Estuary Region.
4.3.1. Sea levels began to rise around 13,000-11,4000 BP. By 10,000 BP, sea levels were still more than 60m below current levels (Cameron et al 1992:120). It is around this time that the first signs of reoccupation in the study area are found. Oare, near Faversham (Jacobi 1982:12) and Eddington, Herne Bay (Wessex Archaeology 2001) have both produced flint tools dating to the Late Upper Palaeolithic (13,000-10,000 BP), and lie on the outer edges of the CSA.
4.3.2. Within the CSA, three sites have artefacts dating to the Late Upper Palaeolithic (Figure 4). On the Kent coast an unknown number of (Magdalanian) flint artefacts were recovered after a cliff fall (1028); a second site (1027) is recorded as producing a Palaeolithic flake and blades, which would be typical of a Late Upper Palaeolithic flint tool assemblage. On the Essex coast, an unrolled shouldered blade was found on the foreshore at Shoeburyness (1029), and represents the earliest evidence of human activity in Essex after the glacial maximum (Jacobi 1980:12).
4.3.3. The evidence for Mesolithic (10,000 – 5,000 BP) activity in the CSA consists of 33 sites including a tranchet axe working site (1051) and eight sites of artefacts recovered from the sea (1030, 1031, 1038, 1039, 1044, 1045, 1048, 1050), in addition to ten sites on the foreshore (1032, 1036, 1037, 1038, 1040, 1041, 1042, 1043, 1053, 1056) (Figure 5).
4.3.4. For much of the Late Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic period the CSA would have been dry land, with the river valleys of the Thames, Medway, Stour and Crouch providing a focus for human activity in the area. At least 50 tranchet axes have been found within the CSA, many of these have come from the sea. Jacobi (1980:24) suggests that these tranchet axes represent the remains of more substantial Mesolithic tool kits which may have been discarded at former river-side base camps, which have been found intact outside the CSA. In addition, sites such as shell middens, which are found on Mesolithic coastal sites in north west Scotland where the land has risen
13 above the rising sea-level, can be expected to have been submerged or eroded by the rising water levels in the Thames Estuary (Jacobi 1980:24).
4.3.5. The build up of land surfaces and peat layers during the inundation of the area during the post-glacial period in the North Sea, English Channel and the immediate area of the CSA is demonstrated by the areas of ‘moorlog’ (peat) found across the southern North Sea (Clark 1936: 14), in the outer part of the Estuary (BGS 1990) and cores containing peat found in the Princes Channel (Wessex 2003). As sea levels rose following the Devensian glacial maximum, the lower reaches of the river valley would have become estuarine, with areas of mud flats and marshland similar to parts of the Essex coast today.
4.3.6. Between the last glacial maximum around 18,000BP and around 8,500 BP, sea levels had risen to c.20m below current levels. Sea level rise slowed from this point, and around 6,000 BP sea level was c.7m less than today (Cameron et al 1992:120). It was around this time that the land link with the continent was finally breached (Coles 1998:67) and Britain became an island again.
4.3.7. A model of relative sea level rise during the post-glacial period is presented in Figure 6 based on recent charted depths in the area, however no allowance is made for any rise or fall of the land, and any erosion that took place during the inundation can not be quantified. It is suggested that much of the CSA would be dry land, or marsh areas during the Mesolithic period (Allen and Sturdy 1980:3), which is supported by the model presented above, and the large number of artefacts recovered from the sea in this area.
4.3.8. Geotechnical evidence from the Princes Channel area (Wessex 2003) supports the model presented above, with areas of silt and clay deposits containing peat, organics and plant remains, indicating slow, or no water movement allowing the deposition of these very fine sediments. One site at Southend (1058) comprising burnt and worked flint was contained within a grey silt layer and sealed by alluvial deposits. Both sets of evidence would be consistent with gradual sea level rise. The presence in the Princes Channel of organic material and plant fragments (Wessex 2003) within these fine sediments again suggests slow water movement and gradual inundation of land surfaces within the immediate area of the North Edinburgh Channel.
4.3.9. Sea level rise continued in this area through the prehistoric period, reaching a around 1.6m below current sea level by the end Roman Period and current sea levels during the Medieval period (Allen and Sturdy 1980:3). With current depth of the North Edinburgh Channel being some 5-19m, it can be surmised that the disposal areas is likely to have become fully submerged 6- 4000 BC. After this period archaeological remains are likely to relate to maritime activity
14 5. BASELINE CONDITIONS: MARITIME ACTIVITY
5.1. Documentary Background
5.1.1. The estuarine/coastal nature of the CSA suggests that people would have used boats in order to fully exploit the available resources and to maintain links with other coastal and river based communities. The recovery of two wooden paddles and the identification of a logboat at Walton, Essex of either Later Mesolithic (9,000 – 6,000 BP) or Neolithic (6000 – 4200 BP) date (Hazzledine Warren et al 1936), and the recovery of a Neolithic logboat on the Kent foreshore (1072) provides evidence of this capability.
5.1.2. The transition from the Late Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age took place between around 2500 – 2200 BC and sees the continuing use of flint and stone tools and the introduction of first new pottery styles (Beakers), followed by bronze objects. In addition to new styles of burial and communal monuments, these new artefact types suggest a change in social organisation, not only just within the CSA but within Britain as a whole. These changes are seen clearly in the archaeological record, with a notable concentration of finds made off Whitstable (1112-1115, 1142) and a number of sites now eroding from the foreshore (1118, 1123).
5.1.3. It has been suggested that the coastline of the Thames Estuary would have been a convenient landfall for an invading/trading Beaker using population arriving from the continent (Couchman 1980:42). An example of such trade comes from the recovery of 363 Middle Bronze Age bronze objects of continental origin from 500m offshore at Langdon Bay, Dover, which has been interpreted as a shipwreck site (Fenwick & Gale 1998:26)
5.1.4. The bronze objects dredged up off Pan Shoal (1142) and the area off Whitstable (1112, 1113) could indicate one of two things; bronze hoards, such as those found on land or an incident at sea in which bronze objects were lost overboard from a boat.
5.1.5. The Thames Estuary region has the heaviest concentration of occupation during this period and also becomes one of the ‘wealthiest’ areas of Britain, with the majority of bronze hoards found along the coasts of north Kent and Essex, of which twelve fall within the CSA (1107, 1110, 1116, 1138, 1141, 1177, 1178, 1181, 1182, 1184, 1188, 1190). In addition, some of the most technically complex, and most prestigious, objects from this period have come from this part of the country (Champion 1982: 37).
5.1.6. The area has a large body of archaeological data relating to the Iron Age and Roman periods, both with respect to settlement, farming and ritual and to maritime trade and contact (Figure 7c). Sites discovered on the modern foreshore include settlement sites (1200, 1201, 1203, 1205, 1213, 1214), burials (1211, 1223, 1226, 1229), coins (1206, 1215), pits, often containing pottery (1207, 1221, 1233, 1234) and one hoard (1225).
15 5.1.7. Analysis of Iron Age ceramics has shown that Iron Age pottery made on the north shore of the Thames was exported to the north Kent coast. In addition to this, there is a relative lack of similarity in the archaeological material recovered from the Thames Estuary region and areas inland to the west. Cunliffe (1982: 42) has suggested that similarities in the archaeological record represent a shared cultural identity between communities living around the Thames Estuary linked through maritime travel.
5.1.8. The beginning of the 1st century BC sees a sudden increase both in trade and population movements between the Thames Estuary and ‘Belgica’ (northeast France and Belgium). Evidence of this contact can be seen through a change in burial practices, the introduction of wheel thrown pottery, coinage (Cunliffe 1982: 44) and swords (Hawkes 1980: 56).
5.1.9. The Romanisation of the Thames Estuary area is highly complex, and its discussion is beyond the scope of this study. It is known however that when the Caesar invaded the native population was organised into tribes, some of which fought the Romans, whilst others were more welcoming. It seems that those tribes who were not hostile, particularly in Essex, became very wealthy through advantageous trading agreements with the Romans over those, in Kent, who were more hostile (Cunliffe 1982:47).
5.1.10. After the Roman invasion, London became the political and economic centre of Roman Britain, with the Thames providing the main access route to the continental Empire. The excavated quays, warehouses and ships of the Roman port demonstrate the large volume of shipping passing through London (Milne 1985), and hence travelling through the Thames Estuary. Milne (ibid: 100) suggests that, like today, the Romans would have used local pilots to assist ships navigating the Thames.
5.1.11. To prevent wrecking on the shoals in the Estuary, larger seagoing vessels may have travelled primarily between the continent and transhipment ports in the outer Estuary, where cargoes destined for London may have been loaded onto smaller river craft. Such transhipment ports may have been at Dover, where the Classis Britannica, the Roman British fleet, had a base, or at sheltered ports within the Estuary such around the Isle of Thanet, or the fort at Reculver mentioned above (Milne 1985:102).
5.1.12. Three plank built Roman shipwrecks discovered in London, illustrate the types of merchant vessels plying the Thames at this time (Marsden 1994). Within the CSA, the possible site of a Roman shipwreck has been identified as lying somewhere between Pudding Pan Rock and Pan Sand, from which hundreds of pieces of Roman pottery dating to the 2nd century AD have been recovered (Rhodes 1989: 50).
5.1.13. It is difficult to asses whether the North Edinburgh Channel was navigable during the later prehistoric and Roman periods due to the mobile nature of the Long Sand shoal within more recent times. It would not however, be unlikely that the water to the north and south of the Long Sand was navigable, hence the likelihood of shipping within the MSA during these periods is high. The mobile sand banks in the area are well documented as
16 presenting navigational problems to mariners throughout the Post-Medieval period. It would not be unlikely that a number of later prehistoric or Roman vessels foundered in a similar way whilst navigating around the Long Sand, if not through the North Edinburgh Channel.
5.1.14. The coves and estuaries of the North Kent coast are more suited as harbours and anchorages than the mud flats of the southern Essex coastline, suggesting that the southern side of the estuary and its channels may have been more attractive to shipping.
5.1.15. A number of Saxon logboats have been found in London, and a Late Saxon, clinker built sea-going vessel was found at Graveney (Delgado 1997: 175). Together with the boat burials at Sutton Hoo and Snape (Carver 1998) these finds serve to illustrate that travel by boat, and boats themselves, were a major part of the lives of the people living around the Thames at this period.
5.1.16. Documents from the port of London dating to the 11th century record toll collected from different ship types, and attest to organised nature of the port by Norman invasion (Hutchinson 1994: 5). The Thames, and the port of London particularly, continued to be a major focus for maritime trade and shipbuilding throughout the later Medieval period. Up until the middle of Henry V’s reign, the royal dockyards were based at Greenwich. Exploratory voyages to the East Indies and Americas often began and ended from ports on the Thames.
5.1.17. The development of ports along the Thames is well documented from the Medieval period onwards. At the start of the Industrial Revolution, London was reckoned to carry 77% of the value of all Britain’s foreign trade (Williams and Brown 1999:13). Today, the Port of London is the third busiest port in the UK with more than 80 terminals and handling approximately 30,000 shipping movements per year.
5.2. Recorded Maritime Sites
5.2.1. A total of 20 distinct seabed features were catalogued within the PLA and NMR records. Additionally, the NMR records 140 casualties, wrecks recorded on the basis of documentary reference to their loss (Figure 7). These casualties are given approximate positions based on locations mentioned in the documentary text. These locations, termed ‘Named Locations’ (NLO), include places such as Long Sand. The large size of the Long Sand makes positioning a casualty difficult, however, all wrecks, obstructions and casualties have been listed in Appendix IV to provide a guide to the levels of shipping losses in the area.
5.2.2. The maritime records can be classified by type as follows:
Status Total in MSA Casualty 140 Obstruction 3 Wreck 17 160
17 5.2.3. A wreck site protected under the Protection of Wrecks Act 1973 (for details see Appendix I) lies less than 500m to the west of the MSA. This site, known as the South Edinburgh Channel site was discovered in 1972 and has been dated to the late 18th Century. The site comprised a large piece of hull and contained cannon, anchors and a cargo of Swedish plate ‘money’, iron bars, bottles of wine and tableware including fragments of a Wedgwood tureen (Fenwick & Gale 1998: 78).
5.2.4. It has been suggested that the site is that of a Swedish vessel known to have wrecked on the Long Sand on 16 October 1787 (2136). The vessel may have been a Swedish East Indiaman, although no Swedish records have been found relating to the wreck (ibid:79). The site became exposed through natural processes during the 1970’s and is now covered by around 5m of sand (Pinder pers comm). The site is some distance from the proposed disposal site, however, the potential impact on this site through changing water movement and sediment transport patterns should be considered.
5.2.5. The Ministry of Defence has clarified that none of the wrecks within the MSA are currently designated under the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986. However, one military aircraft is known to have gone down somewhere near the MSA, and is therefore protected, although its position is not known. One known wreck site within the area is on the MoD database and could be considered for designation in the future:
Name Type Date sunk HMS Erin’s Isle Minesweeper 7th February 1919
5.3. Wrecks, Casualties and Seabed features within the Marine Study Area.
Wrecks
5.3.1. The known wrecks are distributed in clusters across the MSA. The Channel itself has wrecks at the western and eastern end, and in the middle, in three discreet groups. Two further groups of wrecks are found on the Shingles Patch and in the north-west of the MSA on the edge of Black Deep. The wrecks range in date from 1820 (2040) to 1980 (2095), with six of these dating to the early 20th century. Five of the wrecks within the MSA have not been dated at all.
5.3.2. Two areas of wreck lie within the proposed disposal area (2072, 2149), and one is less than 50m outside (2147). Only the Hawksdale (2072), which sank 1899, has been identified to date. Of the unidentified wrecks, one (2147) may be a bed feature or buried wreck and the other (2149) has been identified as possible wreckage eroding out of the sand.
5.3.3. The wreck of the Hawksdale was closely monitored whilst the North Edinburgh Channel was used for navigation, primarily because scours have grown deep enough to destabilise the wreck and moving it into its current position in the middle of the North Edinburgh Channel. The wreck is described as large and with associated areas of wreckage, although it has not
18 been surveyed since 1997. Although details of its sinking (Anon 1899:44)) and initial salvage are known, there are few details on the current condition of the wreck, and the distribution of parts of the ship’s structure, fixtures or fittings on the seabed. The wreck is of particular interest as it is an example of a relatively unusual ship type, that of a steel hulled, fully rigged sailing ship (Lloyds 1890-91, 1897-8) from a time when rapid technological developments in shipbuilding were leaving sail behind and moving towards steam power. Hence, the Hawksdale epitomises one of the optimal developmental forms of sailing cargo vessel (Gardiner 1993).
5.3.4. Twenty two sites of sail powered steel ships are recorded in the NMR for the whole of England, although they may be of smaller size or different rigging to the Hawksdale. The Glenlee is of a similar type to the Hawksdale and has recently been restored in the River Clyde. This initial research demonstrates that although the Hawksdale may not be unique, it is certainly one of only a small number of steel hulled sailing ships and warrants further investigation.
5.3.5. The proposed disposal activity will undoubtedly have an impact on the Hawksdale, although the archaeological implications of this can only be fully assessed through clarification of its current condition. The two wreck sites of unknown nature will also be affected, although without more details of their character and current condition, further assessment can not be made. Further erosion of the edges of the banks, due to changing the channel topology, may expose more of site 2149, or additional, as yet unknown sites.
Obstructions
5.3.6. Three obstructions are known in the MSA, two of which are to the north of the proposed disposal area (2150, 2151) on the edge of Black Deep and one at the western end of the North Edinburgh Channel (2142). Very little information is known regarding the nature of the three obstructions, however one (2142) may be a ridge on the seabed. Obstruction 2142 may be affected by the proposed disposal through changes in sedimentation and scouring, although not directly by burial.
Casualties
5.3.7. The 140 documented losses within the MSA, recorded by the NMR date to between 1345 and 1942 The number of vessels lost in each period is summarised below:
Date of Loss Period Total 1345 Medieval 1 1600-1699 2 1700-1749 1 1749-1799Post-Medieval 10 1800-1849 40 1850-1899 73 1900-1949 Modern 12 Unknown 1
19 5.3.8. The earliest documented loss is that of an English merchant ship carrying 40 tons (barrels) and 120 pipes of wine, which sank on 4th August 1345 (2143). The report of the wrecking describes the ship being driven into the Thames between the sands of Rodesond, Longesond and Snoutes. The exact locations is difficult to extrapolate, as no charts survive from this date. The wreck from 1634 (2141) is known to have wrecked on the Long Sand but little else is known, whilst that from 1694 (2078) is known as the James Galley, a Fifth Rate Ship of the Line. This ship was a war ship carrying Army officers and equipment to Scotland, and ran aground at Long Sand Head. The ship had one gun deck and a row of oar ports beneath it, although the three masts provided the main source of propulsion. Nothing else is known about the wrecking or any subsequent salvage activities.
5.3.9. The most recent of the casualties dates to 1942, a De Havilland Mosquito Mk.II (2099), which is recorded as diving into the sea 15 miles off Bradwell Bay. As mentioned above, this aircraft is automatically protected under the Protection of Military Remains Act, 1986, although the location of its remains has not yet been identified.
5.3.10. The majority of wrecks and casualties within the MSA ran aground on the shallow sand banks and, after managing to refloat, later foundered in deeper water. Some of the casualties are known through salvage records, however it is possible that many more of the vessels and their cargoes were subject to salvage at the time of their loss and no record of their recovery or sale of items was ever made. As such, it is difficult to assess the potential survival of their physical remains, should the exact position of the causalities become known. It is possible that some of the obstructions relate to documented casualties, although their small size makes this unlikely.
6. POTENTIAL
6.1. Prehistoric Activity
6.1.1. Information on sea level change has been examined and assessed as part of this study to assist the interpretation of potential for prehistoric archaeological remains. From the available data, it is clear that the Thames Estuary area was dry land above sea level at several times during the history of the human occupation of Britain. Wenban-Smith has recently noted that with sea-level being at least 50m below that of today, for 40% of the Lower Paeolithic ‘humans would probably have been occupying the offshore landscape for the majority of the time during its regular exposure by lower sealevels’ (Wenban-Smith 2001: 11). It has also been demonstrated that the last inundation of the disposal area occurred between the Later Mesolithic and Neolithic period (6-4000 BC).
6.1.2. Any archaeological artefacts dating from the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic are likely to survive as derived objects within the sand and gravel associated with the palaeo-channels of the Thames-Medway Rivers and their tributaries. For later periods, from the Upper Palaeolithic to the Neolithic, there is potential for the survival of both artefacts and sites within the sediment filled
20 palaeo-channels of the Thames and the peat deposits identified in the Estuary.
6.1.3. There are currently just three known submerged archaeological sites of Mesolithic date in the UK, and none of Palaeolithic date. As such, on the basis of their age and rarity, any such site would be of high, possibly national archaeological importance (Appendix I).
6.2. Maritime Activity
6.2.1. The long history of shipping within the study area is demonstrated by Mesolithic or Neolithic logboats, possible Bronze Age and Roman wrecks within the CSA. These known sites, in addition to what is known about communities within the study area, demonstrates that there is potential for wrecks, dating back as far as the Mesolithic, to exist within the Study Area. Any such finds would probably be of national importance, based on their rarity.
6.2.2. There are 160 known maritime sites within the MSA, comprising of both documented wrecks and seabed features. Of these, and of particular interest is a wreck of mid 14th century date (2143) and two of 17th century date (2141, 2078). Wrecks of Medieval date are very rare in Britain, and should a site of this date be discovered, it would almost certainly be of national importance.
6.2.3. The two casualties of 17th century date (2141, 2078) would also be of archaeological interest, although fourteen wrecks of this date are protected under the Protection of Wrecks Act 1973.
6.2.4. It should be noted that the obstructions on the edge of the disposal area (2150, 2142, 2151) may have the greatest archaeological potential from the limited reports that are available of their current character and extent.
6.2.5. More research into named craft may reveal particular technological innovations that would raise their individual importance. At present, their main interest lies in them being characteristic of a particular point in naval architectural history. For example, the wreck of the Hawksdale (2072) dates from period of major change in shipbuilding technology, from which there are few known surviving examples. The Hawksdale is one of two wrecks are known to lie within the proposed disposal area, with a third less than 50m outside the proposed disposal site. The wreck of the Hawksdale has archaeological potential, however an assessment of the wreck’s condition and further documentary research is needed before statements about its importance can be made with certainty.
6.2.6. Of additional interest are the known levels of movement of the sandbanks and seabed around the North Edinburgh Channel. Wrecks and obstructions have been known to become exposed and buried, such as the South Edinburgh Channel wreck, and by changing the seabed topography through disposal of sediment, it is likely that any known, or unknown wrecks within the sandbanks may well be affected by changing erosion patterns. There are
21 four wreck sites, whose archaeological importance has yet to be assessed (2146-1249), in addition to the Hawksdale.
7. IMPACT
7.1. Previous Disturbance
7.1.1. Two principle classes of site may be present: submerged, buried prehistoric sites and landscapes and shipwrecks or downed aircraft with associated material. Both these site types are likely to have been subject to disturbance prior to any potential effect arising from the disposal of sediment in the area.
7.1.2. As discussed above, the level to which submerged prehistoric sites or land surfaces might survive depends heavily on the reworking of deposits during the course of inundation. Later wave and tidal action are likely to have repeatedly eroded and re-deposited archaeological material, washing out fine sediments, abrading otherwise robust artefacts and exposing organic materials to chemical and biological decay. Despite this, peat layers and prehistoric material is known to come from the deposits of the Thames Estuary.
7.1.3. The process of wrecking, in many cases, is likely to be the main source of damage to the integrity of shipwreck sites, as vessels reaching the seabed are likely to suffer various forms of collapse and deterioration before the site reaches a stable state. The main damaging processes active post wrecking are likely to be ancient and recent salvage operations, sweeping of wreck sites, dredging and trawl fishing. Changing patterns of sediment movement, as a result of natural or human induced processes, may expose and rebury wrecks causing periodic instability that leads to physical, biological and chemical decay.
7.2. Impact on Archaeological Material
7.2.1. In general terms, an increase in the depth of sediment above archaeological material is often considered to have beneficial effects. As increasing the depth of anaerobic conditions that bury a site will positively contribute to the survival of organic archaeological remains, such as ships timbers.
7.2.2. It is estimated that a maximum of 2.5 million m³ of sediment could be dredged from the proposed areas in the Princes Channel, to be deposited in an area approximately 2130000m² varying between 11 and 16m in depth. Therefore, it can be expected that just under 2m of sediment will be deposited across the proposed disposal site.
7.2.3. The vibrocore survey of the Princes Channel by Alluvial Mining Ltd (Alluvial Mining 1995) suggested that most of the sediment that will be removed will be silty sands with some areas of slightly gravelly, clayey or shelly sediment. However, diving work on the Princes Channel wreck site by Wessex Archaeology divers found the wreck to be lying on a hard, compacted clay seabed.
22 7.2.4. Some aspects of the disposal of dredged material could be harmful to archaeological sites. The main impacts that disposing of dredged material from the Princes Channel could have on archaeological sites in the North Edinburgh Channel include:
• direct physical damage caused by the deposition of material on exposed sites; • compression of deposits, either prehistoric landscapes or shipwrecks, buried within the Channel; • changes in seabed chemistry and biological communities which may increase degradation and corrosion; • changes to the scouring and sedimentation patterns in the wider area around the disposal ground which may cause the exposure of previously buried sites to degradation and corrosion.
7.2.5. The impact of the disposal of dredged sediment on wreck sites in the North Edinburgh Channel will vary depending on the sediment type deposited, integrity of the wreck and the method of deposition. For example, the dumping of a large volume of heavy, hard clay sediment on a fragile exposed wreck will be much greater than the gradual disposal of finer sediments over a buried wreck site.
7.2.6. On a broader scale, it seems likely, based on the mobile nature of the North Edinburgh Channel, that a change in seabed topography (i.e. shallowing the channel by nearly 2m) would effect local water flow and sediment transport patterns. This is perhaps likely to have more impact on sites within the sandbanks around the channel and at the western and eastern ends of the channel, than on sites buried by disposal sediment.
7.2.7. It has already been demonstrated (through the changing seabed character of the South Edinburgh Channel Designated Wreck site) that the Long Sand and the Edinburgh Channels are mobile enough to expose and rebury ships in relatively short periods of time. At present time is not known how many wrecks lie within the sandbanks, nor what effect a change in water flow and sediment deposition patterns would have.
7.2.8. The results of the trial dredging of the Princes Channel may give some indications as to the settling and redistribution of sediments within the Thames Estuary. However, in order to be able to assess the impact of the disposal of material within the North Edinburgh Channel it is important that the changes to sediment transport systems within the disposal area are fully understood.
8. MITIGATION
8.1. Mitigation Palaeolithic/Mesolithic
8.1.1. There is potential for the proposed disposal to impact upon artefact assemblages and land surfaces dating to the Palaeolithic/Mesolithic periods. However, it is expected that this is more likely to occur outside of the
23 proposed disposal area through changes to scouring patterns. The seabed depth and extents of such land surfaces are not presently known. Hence no mitigation is currently proposed.
8.1.2. However, should such deposits become exposed due to increased scouring, consideration should be given to a programme of archaeological evaluation The resulting evaluation work would aim to define their character, extent, quality, and preservation state. The evaluation would also enable an assessment of their importance to be made.
8.2. Mitigation Maritime
8.2.1. As has been previously discussed, wreck sites within the proposed disposal area and surrounding area may be effected by the secondary impact of scouring. Hence, it is recommended that the wrecks and obstructions within the MSA and shown to be susceptible to scouring by sediment transport and hydrodynamic studies be archaeologically surveyed.
8.2.2. It is recommended that archaeological survey take place on the wreck of the Hawksdale to assess its current condition and the extent of any associated debris. The wreck site would also benefit from additional documentary research to help establish its relative importance.
8.2.3. The effect of the disposal of sediment on top of or in very close vicinity to the wreck of the Hawksdale is uncertain. Subject to the results of archaeological survey, it is suggested that a precautionary exclusion zone of around 50 metres radius be implemented around the extents of the wreck site.
8.2.4. It is suggested that the area of the North Edinburgh Channel should be closely monitored, to map sedimentation changes and scour over time. Should any further wreck sites become exposed, it is suggested that archaeological advice is sought at an early stage to assess their potential importance. The resulting evaluation work would aim to define their character, extent, quality, and preservation state and enable an assessment of their worth to be made in a local regional, national or international context as appropriate.
8.2.5. The archives arising from assessment, evaluation, mitigation and monitoring should be consolidated according to current professional standards and suitable reports prepared. Copies of each report should be lodged with the appropriate Curator. The publication of results should at least take the form of a note in a suitable journal. Provision would also need to be put in place for more substantial discoveries requiring publications of their own.
24 BIBLIOGRAPHY
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27 APPENDIX I: RELEVANT LEGISLATION AND PLANNING GUIDANCE NOTES
Protection of Wrecks Act 1973
Under the Protection of Wrecks Act 1973, wrecks and wreckage of historical, archaeological or artistic importance can be protected by way of designation. It is an offence to carry out certain activities in a defined area surrounding a wreck that has been designated unless a license for those activities has been obtained from English Heritage. In England, the Protection of Wrecks Act 1973 is administered by English Heritage, and additional advice is sought from the Advisory Committee on Historic Wreck Sites (ACHWS) and a team of professional diving archaeologists are employed on contract.
Merchant Shipping Act 1995
The Merchant Shipping Act 1995 states that all ‘wreck’ from UK territorial waters, and any wreck landed in the UK from outside UK territorial waters, should be reported to the Receiver of Wreck. The definition of wreck includes ‘jetsam, flotsam, lagan and derelict’ found in or on the shores of the sea or any tidal water’. As such, almost any object found on the seabed is included in this statement. The Receiver of Wreck is responsible for identifying the owner of the wreck. If after one year no claim of ownership has been made, the wreck may pass to the ownership of the Crown to be retained or disposed.
Protection of Military Remains Act 1986
Under the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986, all aircraft that have crashed in military service are protected, and the Ministry of Defence has powers to protect vessels that were in military service when they were wrecked. The Ministry of Defence can designate named vessels as ‘protected places’ even if the position of the wreck is not known. In addition, the Ministry of Defence can designate ‘controlled sites’ around wrecks whose position is known. In the case of ‘protected places’, the vessel must have been lost after 4 August 1914, whereas in the case of a wreck protected as a ‘controlled site’ no more than 200 years must have elapsed since loss.
In neither case is it necessary to demonstrate the presence of human remains. Diving is not prohibited at a ‘protected place’ but it is an offence to tamper with, damage, move or remove sensitive remains. However, diving, salvage and excavation are all prohibited on ‘controlled sites’, though licences for restricted activities can be sought from the Ministry of Defence. Additionally, it is an offence carry out unauthorised excavations for the purpose of discovering whether any place in UK waters comprises any remains of an aircraft or vessel which has crashed, sunk or been stranded while in military service.
English Heritage Guidance Note: Identifying and Protecting Palaeolithic Remains
28 Palaeolithic archaeological sites are defined as any land where artefacts or traces of a human presence of Pleistocene date have been found. The document notes that Palaeolithic remains have particular importance if:
• Any human bone is present in relevant deposits; • The remains are in an undisturbed, primary context; • The remains belong to a period or geographic area where evidence of a human presence is particularly rare or was unknown; • Organic artefacts are present; • Well-preserved indicators of the contemporary environment (floral, faunal, sedimentological) can be directly related to the remains; • There is evidence of lifestyle (such as interference with animal remains); • One deposit containing Palaeolithic remains has a clear stratigraphic relationship with another; • Any artistic representation, no matter how simple, is present; • Any structure, such as a hearth, shelter, floor, securing device etc. survives; • The site can be related to the exploitation of a resource, such as a raw material; • Artefacts are abundant.
The document published in 1998 goes on to note that sites containing any of these features are so rare in Britain that they should be regarded as of national importance and whenever possible should remain undisturbed.
29 APPENDIX II: HISTORIC CHARTS
UKHO Reference Year Title Surveyor Shelf no. Note 1 - 1584 Manuscript chart of the East Anglian coast. Polter Note 2 - 1675 South Foreland to Orfordness. Seller River Thames from London to the Buoy of Collins Note 3 - 1688 the Nore. f18 Df 1775 Thames River – Southern Channels. Mackenzie h84 Dk 1775 Thames River – Southern Channels. Mackenzie Thames Entrances – Nore to North Sayer & A35 Od 1779 Foreland. Bennett 1781 The Nore to Orfordness. Grosvenor Bean 1782, 745 Qe 1782/6 Orfordness to Ramsgate. Sayer 1786 E279 Qe 1782/6 Orfordness to Ramsgate. Sayer 1786 Thames Entrances – Nore to North Grosvenor B615 Od 1794 Foreland. Thames River – Red Sand & Herne Bay to Heather B617 Db 1797 South Foreland. Mackenzie 636 15a 1800 Thames Entrances. corrected by Spence 644 13a 1800 Clacton to Shoeburyness. Spence E30 3a 1807 South Foreland to Flamborough Head Moore Mackenzie, Orfordness to North Foreland – Thames 791& a Dl 1812 Spence & Entrances. Thomas 687 Norie L Df 1817 Aldborough to Folkestone. 1-2 Mackenzie, Orfordness to North Foreland – Thames 791b & c Dl 1824 Spence & Entrances. Thomas B1406 14d 1832 Thames Entrances. Thomas 1607 Pp 1844 Ramsgate to the Nore. Bullock L7224 Df 1850 Aldborough to Dover. Norie Hydrographer 1610 1863 Entrance to the Thames of the Navy A7535 49a 1875-6 Thames Entrances – Southern Entrances. Parsons B2051 Qh 1888 Thames Entrances. Tizard B8707 Dn 1902 Thames Entrances. Unknown Eng. Folio Kentish Knock and Longsand Lt vessels – Smyth B9876 1905 7 positions of. C2543 Da* 1908 Thames Entrances. Unknown Long Sands – soundings on the south end Dawson C3274 Tl 1909 of. Hydrographer 1910 North Foreland to Orfordness. of the Navy
Note 1 – Illustration of a Map held in the British Museum In Robinson, A. H., 1963. Marine Cartography on Britain. Leicester University Press. Note 2 – Seller, J. 1675, Atlas Maritimus or the Sea-Atlas. Note 3 – Published in Collins, G., 1688, Great Britains Coasting Pilot.
30 APPENDIX III: GAZETTEER OF PREHISTORIC SITES.
WA ID NGR Period Type Name Description References 615500 1001 Lower Palaeolithic Find spot Hand axes Two Lower Palaeolithic hand axes. KSMR TR 16 NE 5 167800
622000 1002 Lower Palaeolithic Find spot Hand axe Acheulian ovate hand axe, found at Reculver. KSMR TR 26 NW 19 169000
621260 1003 Lower Palaeolithic Find spot Hand axe An Acheulian hand axe found at the foot of beach cliffs. KSMR TR 26 NW 24 168990
622000 1004 Lower Palaeolithic Find spot Hand axe Early Acheulian hand axe, Reculver. KSMR TR 26 NW 61 169000
621150 KSMR TR 26 NW 1005 Lower Palaeolithic Find spot Hand axe Acheulian hand axe found on the foreshore at Bishopstone. 168901 1002
622000 Palaeolithic hand axe found on the foreshore between Reculver Tower and KSMR TR 26 NW 1006 Lower Palaeolithic Find spot Hand axe 169130 Coastguard Tower. 1026
620000 KSMR TR 26 NW 1007 Lower Palaeolithic Find spot Hand axe Acheulian hand axe found near a cliff at Bishopstone. 168620 1029
620000 KSMR TR 26 NW 1008 Lower Palaeolithic Find spot Hand axes Seven Acheulian hand axes found near a cliff at Bishopstone. 168620 1030
621690 KSMR TR 26 NW 1009 Lower Palaeolithic Find spot Hand axes Palaeolithic hand axes found eroding from the cliff at Bishopstone. 169100 1059
621890 KSMR TR 26 NW 1010 Lower Palaeolithic Find spot Hand axes Palaeolithic hand axes found eroding from the cliff at Bishopstone. 169130 1060
594200 1011 Lower Palaeolithic Findspot Hand axe Acheulian hand axe. Wymer 1980 189100
594200 1012 Lower Palaeolithic Findspot Hand axe Acheulian hand axe. Wymer 1980 185800
31 613150 Flint scrapers, a point, flakes and Mousterian type implements associated with the 1013 Middle Palaeolithic Find spot Lithic implements KSMR TR 16 NW 4 167400 tooth of a Woolly Rhinoceros. Objects recovered during site erosion by the sea.
613380 1014 Palaeolithic Find spot Hand axes A number of Palaeolithic hand axes. Artefacts recovered after cliff falls. KSMR TR 16 NW 2 167520
613000 1015 Palaeolithic Find spot Lithic implements A Palaeolithic flint flake was found in the shingle at Swalecliffe near Whitstable. KSMR TR 16 NW 7 167000
613600 1016 Palaeolithic Find spot Hand axe One hand axe found off the end of Long Rock. Flint is iron stained and water-worn. KSMR TR 16 NW 10 168000
613000 1017 Palaeolithic Find spot Lithic implement Palaeolithic flint from Swalecliffe. KSMR TR 16 NW 24 167000
613500 Two hand axes, one flake and one miscellaneous artefact recovered from the KSMR TR 16 NW 1018 Palaeolithic Find spot Lithic implements 167300 foreshore, in addition to faunal remains. 1000
617500 KSMR TR 16 NE 1019 Palaeolithic Find spot Lithic implement Palaeolithic flake found in the sea off Herne Bay 168600 1010
629000 1020 Palaeolithic Find spot Lithic implements Palaeolithic flakes found on Birchington foreshore. KSMR TR 27 SE 7 170000
593000 1021 Palaeolithic Find spot Hand axe One hand axe. SSMR 11149 184000
593000 1022 Palaeolithic Find spot Hand axe Oval stone implement, possibly Palaeolithic. SSMR 11041 185000
593000 1023 Palaeolithic Find spot Hand axe Hand axe found in a sand pit near the water works. SSMR 11040 185000
586300 1024 Palaeolithic Find spot Lithic implement Palaeolithic implement. SSMR 9779 186900
587580 1025 Palaeolithic Find spot Hand axe One hand axe. SSMR 9644 186190
587500 1026 Palaeolithic Find spot Lithic implements Unspecified Lower or Middle Palaeolithic finds by Worthington Smith (1894, p 214). Roe 1968 185500
32 623000 KSMR TR 26 NW 1027 Upper Palaeolithic Find spot Lithic implements A Palaeolithic flint flake and three blades found on the shore east of Reculver Fort. 169450 1020
613380 1028 Upper Palaeolithic Find spot Lithic implements Late Upper Palaeolithic (Magdalenian) tools recovered after cliff falls. KSMR TR 16 NW 2 167520
593000 1029 Upper Palaeolithic Find spot Lithic implement Late Upper Palaeolithic shouldered blade found on the foreshore at Shoeburyness. Jacobi 1980 184000
596000 A medium sized Mesolithic tranchet axe or adze, found in the Thames at KSMR TQ 97 NW 1030 Mesolithic Find spot Tranchet axe 175000 Queenborough-in-Sheppey. 12
A tranchet axe found 1.5 miles seawards and NE of Herne Bay Pier. Seven 617000 1031 Mesolithic Find spot Tranchet axe tranchet axes and several flint flakes have been dredged up off the coast at Herne KSMR TR 16 NE 4 169000 Bay.
616600 1032 Mesolithic Monument Flint scatter Seven tranchet axes and some flints flakes from Cat Island. KSMR TR 16 NE 14 168500
616000 1033 Mesolithic Find spot Lithic implements Unspecified Mesolithic finds. KSMR TR 16 NE 49 168500
619500 1034 Mesolithic Find spot Lithic implements Unspecified Mesolithic finds. KSMR TR 16 NE 50 169000
612000 A worked flint resembling a tranchet axe/adze but curved in outline, from the cliffs 1035 Mesolithic Find spot Lithic implement KSMR TR 16 NW 6 167000 at Tankerton.
612700 1036 Mesolithic Find spot Tranchet axe Tranchet axe found on the beach close to the Priest and Sow corner. KSMR TR 16 NW 12 167260
613300 A range of over one hundred Mesolithic implements recovered from the foreshore 1037 Mesolithic Monument Lithic implements KSMR TR 16 NW 32 167500 at Tankerton Bay.
627000 Lithics including a tranchet axe, from below high water on the foreshore at Minnis KSMR TR 26 NE 1038 Mesolithic Find spot Lithic implements 169000 Bay. 152
622000 1039 Mesolithic Find spot Tranchet axe A tranchet axe, probably dredged up off Reculver. KSMR TR 26 NW 22 169000
620770 Mesolithic tranchet axe found on the beach to the east of Bishopstone Haven and 1040 Mesolithic Find spot Tranchet axe KSMR TR 26 NW 23 168790 had probably fallen from the cliff.
612000 Lithic and antler KSMR TR 16 NW 1041 Mesolithic Find spot Tranchet axe and antler pick found at the cliff at Preist and Sow, Tankerton. 167319 artefacts 1010
33 615671 KSMR TR 16 NE 1042 Mesolithic Find spot Lithic implements Three tranchet axes and two cores found on the foreshore at Hampton. 168001 1004
621300 KSMR TR 26 NW 1043 Mesolithic Find spot Lithic implement A Mesolithic flint flake found by the cliff at Bishopstone Coastguard Tower. 169000 1027
619000 KSMR TR 16 NE 1044 Mesolithic Find spot Lithic implement Mesolithic flake found in the sea, east of Herne Bay Pier. 169000 1012
617000 Mesolithic finds from the sea off Herne Bay, including flint picks (tranchet axes?) KSMR TR 16 NE 1045 Mesolithic Find spot Lithic implements 169000 and flakes. 1013
613773 KSMR TR 16 NW 1046 Mesolithic Find spot Lithic implements Twenty nine stone tool and flint blades. 167835 1048
613380 KSMR TR 16 NW 1047 Mesolithic Find spot Tranchet axes Three tranchet axes. 167520 1053
617000 1048 Mesolithic Find spot Tranchet axe Two tranchet axes dredged up near Pan Sands off Herne Bay. KSMR TR 16 NE 8 174000
593000 1049 Mesolithic Find spot Tranchet axe Two medium tranchet axes. SSMR 11148 184000
613600 Six tranchet axes found off the end of Long Rock. Flints are iron stained and water- 1050 Mesolithic Find spot Tranchet axe KSMR TR 16 NW 10 168000 worn.
613380 Thirteen tranchet axes. Evidence of tranchet axe working site. Artefacts recovered 1051 Mesolithic Find spot Tranchet axes KSMR TR 16 NW 2 167520 after cliff falls.
593000 1052 Mesolithic Find spot Tranchet axe One tranchet axe. SSMR 11023 185000
588000 1053 Mesolithic Find spot Tranchet axe One tranchet axe found whilst bait digging, Southend foreshore. SSMR 9696 183000
588300 1054 Mesolithic Find spot Tranchet axe One tranchet axe found whilst digging a sewer. SSMR 9680 185600
589400 1055 Mesolithic Find spot Tranchet axe Tranchet axe found near Southchurch Creek. SSMR 9679 185200
588000 1056 Mesolithic Find spot Tranchet axe Tranchet axe found on the foreshore. SSMR 9529 184000
34 591950 1057 Mesolithic Find spot Lithic implement A struck and retouched flake, probably Mesolithic. SSMR 23006 186450
Burnt and worked flint within a grey silt layer, sealed beneath alluvial deposits. 593400 1058 Mesolithic Monument Settlement site Flints may be in situ and represent occupation on dry ground adjacent to palaeo- SSMR 23018 184400 channels.
593800 Two sites: Blades, Flakes, Scrapers, graver and microlith at Baldwins Pit. Blades, 1059 Mesolithic Find spot Lithic implements Wymer 1977 189800 Flakes and a microburin at Barling Creek.
593200 1060 Mesolithic Find spot Microlith One microlith found during excavation of brickearth at North Shoebury. Wymer 1977 186300
587600 Two entries for this position: One tranchet axe, and a tranchet axe and a pebble 1061 Mesolithic Find spot Lithic implements Wymer 1977 187300 macehead with hour-glass perforations.
592300 1062 Mesolithic Find spot Lithic implements Over 100 blades and flakes, one micro-burin and one other tool. Wymer 1977 185800
613380 1063 Mesolithic/ Neolithic Monument Pit Late Mesolithic/Early Neolithic pit containing burnt flint and a flint flake. KSMR TR 16 NW 93 167390
589900 1064 Mesolithic/ Neolithic Find spot Lithic implements Three retouched flakes, probably later Mesolithic or Neolithic. SSMR 23034 186200
592800 1065 Mesolithic/ Neolithic Find spot Lithic implement A scraper made on a thick pebble flake. SSMR 23037 185700
615900 1066 Neolithic Find spot Hammer stone A perforated hammer stone, found at Hampton End, Herne Bay. KSMR TR 16 NE 11 167900
617300 1067 Neolithic Find spot Axe Part of a Neolithic axe found near Herne Bay pier-head. KSMR TR 16 NE 12 168300
620090 1068 Neolithic Find spot Polished axe Neolithic polished stone axe found on the Bishopstone foreshore. KSMR TR 26 NW 36 168790
620700 1069 Neolithic Find spot Axe Neolithic stone axe found in the inter-tidal zone. KSMR TR 26 NW 74 168900
35 639400 Possible settlement site, including a 'floor of knapped flint'. Neolithic scrapers were 1070 Neolithic Monument Settlement site KSMR TR 36 NE 72 168900 also found, and a polished axe head was found nearby.
636270 1071 Neolithic Find spot Polished axe Polished stone axe. KSMR TR 37 SE 5 170980
632700 Tidal stream bed full of prehistoric remains including the remains of a KSMR TR 37 SW 1072 Neolithic Monument Logboat 170400 Neolithic/Early Bronze Age logboat a flint scraper and worked flints. 1000
620600 KSMR TR 26 NW 1073 Neolithic Find spot Polished axe Neolithic polished stone axe found on the Bishopstone foreshore. 168800 1028
617000 KSMR TR 16 NE 1074 Neolithic Find spot Lithic implement Neolithic end scraper found on the foreshore at Herne Bay. 168500 1005
617000 KSMR TR 16 NE 1075 Neolithic Find spot Axe Neolithic axe found in the sea, west of Herne Bay Pier. 168500 1011
617000 KSMR TR 16 NE 1076 Neolithic Find spot Lithic implements Neolithic finds from the sea off Herne Bay, including a core and an axe. 169000 1014
613380 Neolithic flint working site with worked bone and pottery finds. Artefacts recovered KSMR TR 16 NW 1077 Neolithic Monument Flint working site 167520 after cliff falls. 1054
628491 Neolithic flint working floors and finds including pottery, polished axes and scrapers KSMR TR 26 NE 1078 Neolithic Find spot Pottery and flints. 169780 from either side of an ancient stream or tidal inlet. 1054
588000 1079 Neolithic Find spot Flint axe head A single Neolithic flint axe head. Hedges 1980 186600
590400 1080 Neolithic Find spot Flint axe head A single Neolithic flint axe head. Hedges 1980 185300
592800 1081 Neolithic Find spot Flint axe head A single Neolithic flint axe head. Hedges 1980 184600
593800 1082 Neolithic Find spot Flint axe head A single Neolithic flint axe head. Hedges 1980 185300
36 589500 1083 Neolithic Find spot Flint axe head A single Neolithic flint axe head. Hedges 1980 186200
591200 1084 Neolithic Find spot Flint axe head A single Neolithic flint axe head. Hedges 1980 186400
596000 1085 Neolithic Find spot Flint axe head A single Neolithic flint axe head. Hedges 1980 187000
595400 1086 Neolithic Find spot Flint axe head A single Neolithic flint axe head. Hedges 1980 187900
595700 1087 Neolithic Find spot Flint axe head A single Neolithic flint axe head. Hedges 1980 189900
595200 1088 Neolithic Find spot Flint axe head A single Neolithic flint axe head. Hedges 1980 189000
593100 1089 Neolithic Find spot Flint axe heads Three Neolithic flint axe heads Hedges 1980 187200
594700 1090 Neolithic Find spot Flint axe heads Three Neolithic flint axe heads Hedges 1980 186400
591300 1091 Neolithic Find spot Stone axe A single Neolithic stone axe head. Hedges 1980 183600
593000 1092 Neolithic Find spot Stone axe A single Neolithic stone axe head. Hedges 1980 185100
593800 1093 Neolithic Find spot Stone axe A single Neolithic stone axe head. Hedges 1980 185300
594600 1094 Neolithic Find spot Stone axe A single Neolithic stone axe head. Hedges 1980 185200
595500 1095 Neolithic Find spot Stone axe A single Neolithic stone axe head. Hedges 1980 187600
594900 1096 Neolithic Find spot Stone axe A single Neolithic stone axe head. Hedges 1980 187600
590300 1097 Neolithic Find spot Stone axe A single Neolithic stone axe head. Hedges 1980 186300
37 591900 1098 Neolithic Find spot Stone axe A single Neolithic stone axe hammer Hedges 1980 186200
587600 1099 Neolithic Find spot Axe hammer A single Neolithic stone axe head. Hedges 1980 185700
593000 1100 Neolithic Monument Hearths Hearths with associated Neolithic pottery and flints SSMR 13850 186400
592150 Neolithic/Bronze 1101 Monument Beaker Burial At least 2 beakers, and an inhumation with beaker pottery and flint dagger. SSMR 11118 185800 Age
591850 Neolithic/Bronze 1102 Monument Beaker Burial Two beaker inhumation burials, and fragments of two other beakers. SSMR 11110 185750 Age
587060 Neolithic/Bronze 1103 Monument Stone axe Broken stone axe and shallow depression found. SSMR 9624 188610 Age
593000 Neolithic/Bronze 1104 Find spot Beaker Pottery sherds Beaker pottery from within a pit. SSMR 13851 186400 Age
625400 Two socketed axes, a looped spearhead and a palstave allegedly found at KSMR TR 26 NE 1105 Bronze Age Find spot Bronze objects 169300 Coldharbour beach. 160
A ditched enclosure, with its long axis aligned N-S, formed by two lengths of ditch. 639200 KSMR TR 36 NE 1106 Bronze Age Monument Settlement site These are separated by causeway entrances facing east and west. From within 166300 225 the enclosure ditch a bronze hoard (TR 36 NE 415) was recovered.
A hoard of two layers: first - four palstaves above which was a slab of tabular flint. 639280 Second - a palstave, a penannular ring and part of a bracelet. All deposited in a KSMR TR 36 NE 1107 Bronze Age Find spot Hoard 166420 small bowl shaped pit cut into the chalk, which also contained a few bone 415 fragments.
Early Bronze Age round barrow with multi-phased group burials. Additional 639290 associated burials around the site and within the ring-ditch. Evidence of a second KSMR TR 36 NE 1108 Bronze Age Monument Barrow 166340 possible barrow was excavated nearby. The barrow(s) may be part of a larger 416 barrow cemetery.
592000 1109 Bronze Age Find spot Palstave Bronze Age palstave. KSMR TQ 97 NW 1 175000
38 613251 1110 Bronze Age Monument Hoard Late Bronze Age hoard of unspecified artefacts. KSMR TR 16 NW 3 167508
610000 1111 Bronze Age Find spot Bronze axe Looped and socketed axe of square section with ribbing. KSMR TR 16 NW 11 166000
Looped and socketed axe dredged up with two others a mile off Whitstable. A 610000 1112 Bronze Age Find spot Bronze axe dozen other similar implements are said to have been found in the same spot in the KSMR TR 16 NW 13 166000 past.
610000 1113 Bronze Age Find spot Bronze axe Looped and socketed axe dredged up from Whitstable. KSMR TR 16 NW 14 166000
610000 1114 Bronze Age Find spot Bronze axe Looped and socketed axe from Whitstable. KSMR TR 16 NW 15 166000
610000 1115 Bronze Age Find spot Sword Late Bronze Age sword from Whitstable. KSMR TR 16 NW 19 166000
613000 1116 Bronze Age Find spot Hoard Part of hoard from Swalecliffe. KSMR TR 16 NW 25 167000
613600 1117 Bronze Age Find spot Beaker pottery Early Bronze Age Beaker c.1800 B.C from Swalecliffe. KSMR TR 16 NW 30 167700
628490 1118 Bronze Age Monument Settlement site Late Bronze Age settlement site, between high and low water mark. KSMR TR 26 NE 2 169780
628970 1119 Bronze Age Find spot Bronze axe Bronze Age axe. KSMR TR 26 NE 6 169980
627900 Gold earring with line decoration found on the foreshore of Minnis Bay, thought to 1120 Bronze Age Find spot Ear-ring KSMR TR 26 NE 22 169700 be Bronze Age.
628100 1121 Bronze Age Monument Enclosure Cropmarks showing enclosures and ditches. KSMR TR 26 NE 32 169200
627700 Cropmarks indicating the site of Bronze Age round barrows and rectangular 1122 Bronze Age Monument Barrow KSMR TR 26 NE 41 169300 ditched enclosures.
625400 Bronze finds and upright timbers protruding from the mussel beds suggest possible KSMR TR 26 NE 1123 Bronze Age Monument Settlement site 169500 prehistoric settlement. 139
39 622000 1124 Bronze Age Find spot Bronze axe A bronze flanged axe found near Reculver in 1854. KSMR TR 26 NW 3 169000
622000 1125 Bronze Age Find spot Palstave A bronze palstave, found at Reculver. KSMR TR 26 NW 16 169000
622000 1126 Bronze Age Monument Settlement site Bronze Age settlement site. KSMR TR 26 NW 60 169000
639260 A possible disc barrow, from which, fragments of a Hallstatt urn of Aurith type was 1127 Bronze Age Monument Disc Barrow KSMR TR 36 NE 9 167650 recovered from a shallow grave pit.
Nine Late Bronze Age crouched burials discovered around the inner of two 639450 1128 Bronze Age Monument Cemetery concentric circular trenches. Some questionable flint implements and a broken KSMR TR 36 NE 13 167100 cinerary urn were also found.
639830 1129 Bronze Age Monument Round Barrow Cropmarks indicating the site of a Bronze Age round barrow. KSMR TR 36 NE 52 169670
639700 Cropmarks show a possible multi-phase barrow with two concentric ditches and KSMR TR 36 NE 1130 Bronze Age Monument Barrow 169400 central feature. Possible re-used henge. 167
631190 1131 Bronze Age Monument Round Barrow Cropmarks indicate the site of Bronze Age barrows and an enclosure. KSMR TR 36 NW 42 169620
639540 Two round barrows. Several crouched burials with urns in cists were found in one 1132 Bronze Age Monument Round Barrow KSMR TR 37 SE 19 170280 of the barrows.
638200 1133 Bronze Age Monument Ring Ditches Cropmarks indicate six ring ditches. KSMR TR 37 SE 25 171000
635070 1134 Bronze Age Find spot Bronze dagger A point of a bronze dagger. KSMR TR 37 SE 31 170660
638300 1135 Bronze Age Monument Enclosure Cropmark of an enclosure. KSMR TR 37 SE 77 171400
638700 1136 Bronze Age Monument Enclosure Cropmarks of barrows and enclosures. KSMR TR 37 SE 79 171000
639400 1137 Bronze Age Find spot Bronze objects Bronze objects including a looped spear head. KSMR TR 37 SE 80 170500
40 Bronze Age ditched enclosure with Deverel Rimbury sherds and a bronze palstave 632750 1138 Bronze Age Monument Enclosure hoard in a bark container. The site also includes timber structural remains and KSMR TR 37 SW 15 170500 man-made features.
595000 KSMR TQ 97 SW 1139 Bronze Age Find spot Bronze objects A small bronze spearhead and a large knobbed sickle found on the foreshore. 174300 1000
610746 Fossilised Land KSMR TR 16 NW 1140 Bronze Age Landscape Fossilised land surface, no further information. 167220 Surface 1066
613270 Cinerary Urn and KSMR TR 16 NW 1141 Bronze Age Find spot Late Bronze Age cinerary urn and a Late Bronze Age hoard of sixteen objects. 167500 Hoard 1055
617000 1142 Bronze Age Find spot Bronze axe A socketed axe was dredged up at or near the Pan Shoal, Whitstable. KSMR TR 16 NE 9 174000
593500 1143 Bronze Age Monument Burial Prehistoric human burial, possibly Early Bronze Age. SSMR 17983 185500
589370 Middle Bronze Age collared urn, with cremated human bone. Associated with a 1144 Bronze Age Monument Cinerary Urn SSMR 9646 185790 cremation group.
Middle Bronze Age: linear enclosures bounded by ditches, with clusters of post 593000 holes and pits - including beehive shaped storage pits inside. Querns, loom- 1145 Bronze Age Monument Settlement site SSMR 13852 186400 weights, cremation burials and a ritual deposit. Later Bronze Age: new field system, metal working.
591600 1146 Bronze Age Monument Beaker cemetery Early Bronze Age Beaker cemetery Couchman 1980 185600
591700 1147 Bronze Age Find spot Flint arrowhead Early Bronze Age barbed and tanged flint arrowhead. Couchman 1980 184900
592100 1148 Bronze Age Find spot Flint arrowhead Early Bronze Age barbed and tanged flint arrowhead. Couchman 1980 184600
592500 1149 Bronze Age Find spot Flint arrowhead Early Bronze Age barbed and tanged flint arrowhead. Couchman 1980 184900
592600 1150 Bronze Age Find spot Flint arrowhead Early Bronze Age barbed and tanged flint arrowhead. Couchman 1980 185400
41 594400 1151 Bronze Age Find spot Flint arrowhead Early Bronze Age barbed and tanged flint arrowhead. Couchman 1980 185200
593200 1152 Bronze Age Find spot Bronze axe Early Bronze Age bronze flat axe?. Couchman 1980 185100
593100 1153 Bronze Age Find spot Stone wrist guard Early Bronze Age stone wrist guard. Couchman 1980 185500
593700 1154 Bronze Age Monument Grave Aceramic grave, possible early Bronze Age Couchman 1980 185700
593100 1155 Bronze Age Monument Cinerary Urn Early Bronze Age collared urn, single cremation. Couchman 1980 186100
593100 1156 Bronze Age Find spot Beads Early Bronze Age Wessex beads Couchman 1980 186600
593400 1157 Bronze Age Find spot Beaker Pottery sherds Early Bronze Age Beaker sherds. Couchman 1980 186100
592100 1158 Bronze Age Find spot Beaker Pottery sherds Early Bronze Age Beaker sherds. Couchman 1980 186100
591900 1159 Bronze Age Find spot Beaker Pottery sherds Early Bronze Age Beaker sherds. Couchman 1980 186000
590400 1160 Bronze Age Find spot Beaker Pottery sherds Early Bronze Age Beaker sherds. Couchman 1980 186500
591200 1161 Bronze Age Find spot Cup Early Bronze Age small cup. Couchman 1980 186600
590000 1162 Bronze Age Monument Settlement site Middle Bronze Age domestic site, possible cremation. Couchman 1980 185800
591800 1163 Bronze Age Find spot Cinerary Urn Middle Bronze Age bucket urn and possible cremation. Couchman 1980 184900
592500 1164 Bronze Age Find spot Cinerary Urn Middle Bronze Age bucket urn and possible cremation. Couchman 1980 184800
594000 1165 Bronze Age Find spot Palstave Middle Bronze Age palstave. Couchman 1980 184500
42 593100 1166 Bronze Age Find spot Cinerary Urn Middle Bronze Age bucket urn sherds. Couchman 1980 184900
592300 1167 Bronze Age Find spot Cinerary Urn Middle Bronze Age bucket urn sherds. Couchman 1980 185300
592300 1168 Bronze Age Find spot Cinerary Urn Middle Bronze Age bucket urn and possible cremation. Couchman 1980 185900
593700 1169 Bronze Age Monument Settlement site Middle Bronze Age domestic site. Couchman 1980 186200
595600 1170 Bronze Age Find spot Palstave Middle Bronze Age palstave. Couchman 1980 187400
594200 1171 Bronze Age Find spot Palstave Middle Bronze Age palstave. Couchman 1980 187900
595200 1172 Bronze Age Find spot Palstave Middle Bronze Age palstave. Couchman 1980 191100
593800 1173 Bronze Age Monument Settlement site Middle Bronze Age domestic site. Couchman 1980 189000
591700 1174 Bronze Age Find spot Palstaves Six Middle Bronze Age palstaves. Couchman 1980 185600
589800 1175 Bronze Age Find spot Palstave Middle Bronze Age palstave. Couchman 1980 186100
589900 1176 Bronze Age Find spot Sword Late Bronze Age bronze sword Couchman 1980 185000
590600 1177 Bronze Age Find spot Hoard Late Bronze Age founders hoard Couchman 1980 184800
591300 1178 Bronze Age Find spot Hoard Late Bronze Age small hoard of axes. Couchman 1980 185000
592300 1179 Bronze Age Find spot Sword Part of a Late Bronze Age sword Couchman 1980 185300
591800 1180 Bronze Age Monument Settlement site Late Bronze Age occupation site. Couchman 1980 184600
43 592500 1181 Bronze Age Find spot Hoard Late Bronze Age founders hoard Couchman 1980 184800
594000 1182 Bronze Age Find spot Hoard Late Bronze Age founders hoard Couchman 1980 184700
593500 1183 Bronze Age Find spot Bronze axe Part of a Late Bronze Age axe Couchman 1980 184700
594200 1184 Bronze Age Find spot Hoard Late Bronze Age founders hoard Couchman 1980 185400
593700 1185 Bronze Age Monument Settlement site Late Bronze Age occupation site. Couchman 1980 185700
594000 1186 Bronze Age Find spot Bronze axe Late Bronze Age bronze socketed axe Couchman 1980 187600
594300 1187 Bronze Age Monument Settlement site Late Bronze Age occupation site. Couchman 1980 188300
592000 1188 Bronze Age Find spot Hoard Late Bronze Age founders hoard Couchman 1980 186500
593300 1189 Bronze Age Find spot Bronze axe Late Bronze Age bronze socketed axe Couchman 1980 185300
591700 1190 Bronze Age Find spot Hoard Late Bronze Age founders hoard Couchman 1980 186200
591900 1191 Bronze Age Find spot Sword Late Bronze Age bronze sword Couchman 1980 185700
591200 1192 Bronze Age Find spot Pottery Late Bronze Age pottery Couchman 1980 185800
591000 1193 Bronze Age Find spot Bronze lump Late Bronze Age lump of bronze. Couchman 1980 185200
591240 Bronze Age/Iron 1194 Monument Wooden causeway Wooden causeway at a lacustrine site with associated pottery. SSMR 11114 185790 Age
637980 Bronze Age/Iron KSMR TR 37 SE 1195 Find spot Pottery and flints. Prehistoric pottery, flints and colluvial deposits. 171150 Age 266
44 618870 Bronze Age/Iron Sherds of black and dark brown Late Bronze Age/Iron Age pottery, found whilst 1196 Find spot Pottery KSMR TR 16 NE 21 168220 Age gardening. Probably an extension of TR 16 NE 7.
628910 Bronze Age/Iron 1197 Find spot Cinerary Urn Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age built up urn. KSMR TR 26 NE 4 169750 Age
639400 Bronze Age/Iron 1198 Find spot Pottery Sherds of Bronze Age and Iron Age pottery in no regular stratification. KSMR TR 36 NE 73 168900 Age
Two crouched burials within a ring ditch, and a collared urn found in the centre of 639900 Bronze Age/Iron Settlement site. Ring KSMR TR 36 NE 1199 Monument the ring ditch. Site also contained intrusive Iron Age burials. Pits and post holes 169200 Age ditch with burial 114 containing Late Bronze Age/Iron Age pottery suggests a settlement site.
622503 Bronze Age/Iron KSMR TR 26 NW 1200 Monument Settlement site Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age material. 169305 Age 1011
Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age settlement site, including a granary, post-hole hut 632749 Bronze Age/Iron KSMR TR 37 SW 1201 Monument Settlement site circles and wattle lined pits. A stream is known to have entered the sea at this point 170501 Age 1017 until historic times.
618790 Bronze Age - Early 1202 Monument Midden Midden containing Late Bronze Age, Iron Age, Roman and Jutish pottery. KSMR TR 16 NE 7 168100 Medieval
595550 1203 Iron Age Monument Farmstead Iron Age (possible late Bronze Age) farmstead, at a multi-period site. KSMR TQ 97 SE 32 173950
Early Iron Age remains consist of parts of 2 enclosures formed by palisade 639259 KSMR TR 36 NE 1204 Iron Age Monument Settlement site trenches. Within the enclosures are 2 complexes of post-holes representing huts or 166381 417 other structures. One of the many pits contained a burial. Possible wheel ruts.
614980 1205 Iron Age Monument Settlement site Belgic occupation material, including a possible cremation burial. KSMR TR 16 NW 16 167720
628700 1206 Iron Age Find spot Coin An uninscribed gold coin dated to c. 50B.C. found on the beach at Gore End. KSMR TR 26 NE 3 169740
629000 Considerable quantities of pottery partly from pits within the cliffs and the foreshore 1207 Iron Age Monument Pottery and flints. KSMR TR 26 NE 19 169990 below, in addition to flint and bone tools.
45 622000 1208 Iron Age Find spot Coins Five Iron Age gold coins, found at Reculver. KSMR TR 26 NW 5 169000
620550 1209 Iron Age Find spot Coin Belgic stater, found in the bed of Bishopstone Stream. KSMR TR 26 NW 7 168560
622700 1210 Iron Age Find spot Coin Iron Age British inscribed coin, from the inter-tidal zone at Reculver. KSMR TR 26 NW 75 169300
629640 A chalk cut grave containing a probably 1st century AD inhumation with grave 1211 Iron Age Monument Inhumation KSMR TR 27 SE 1 170050 goods.
639580 1212 Iron Age Monument Pit Pits containing Late Iron Age, Roman occupation dated artefacts. KSMR TR 36 NE 4 168980
639900 KSMR TR 36 NE 1213 Iron Age Monument Settlement site Cropmarks suggest a possible hill fort site. 169600 115
639700 KSMR TR 36 NE 1214 Iron Age Monument Hillfort Cropmarks of parallel ditches of multivallate defensive system, possibly a hillfort. 169400 168
632380 1215 Iron Age Find spot Coin Iron Age uninscribed gold 1/4 stater, from Westgate Station, near Margate. KSMR TR 36 NW 12 169980
635900 1216 Iron Age Find spot Coin A bronze/silver Gaulish coin. KSMR TR 37 SE 27 170700
638500 Iron Age pits, ditches, huts and enclosures in addition to Romano-British pits and 1217 Iron Age Monument Settlement site KSMR TR 37 SE 46 171400 ditches.
635500 1218 Iron Age Monument Settlement site Iron Age remains. KSMR TR 37 SE 50 171300
632000 1219 Iron Age Find spot Coin Bronze coin of Cunobelinus found at Westgate Bay. KSMR TR 37 SW 1 170000
632000 1220 Iron Age Find spot Coin An ancient forgery of an Iron Age uninscribed 1/4 stater, found at Westgate Bay. KSMR TR 37 SW 2 170000
632070 1221 Iron Age Monument Pit Early Iron Age pits, in-filling contained large quantities of pottery fragments. KSMR TR 37 SW 7 170270
632150 1222 Iron Age Monument Settlement site Large amount of occupation material and three inhumations. KSMR TR 37 SW 8 170180
46 613600 KSMR TR 16 NW 1223 Iron Age Find spot Coin Gallo-Belgic gold quarter starter found on the foreshore at Long Rock, Swalecliffe. 168000 1009
622000 KSMR TR 26 NW 1224 Iron Age Find spot Pottery Six Iron Age pottery sherds found near a cliff west of Reculver Fort. 169130 1021
628491 KSMR TR 26 NE 1225 Iron Age Find spot Hoard Early Iron Age Hoard of bronze palstaves. 169778 1053
629000 Probable Iron Age contracted inhumation from the in-filling of a chalk cut ditch KSMR TR 26 NE 1226 Iron Age Monument Inhumation 169990 running parallel with the cliff edge. 1056
588160 Early Iron Age U and V shaped ditches containing domestic rubbish and pottery. 1227 Iron Age Monument Ditch SSMR 23023 188290 Possibly marking a trackway.
593500 1228 Iron Age Monument Settlement site Early Iron Age occupation evidence and ditches. SSMR 17984 185500
593800 1229 Iron Age Monument Burial Iron Age Burial. SSMR 11056 184500
593000 Three Belgic pedestal urns, a small cup, bronze tankard and a flint blade found in 1230 Iron Age Monument Cremation burial SSMR 11026 184000 connection with a cremation burial.
597000 ESMR EX32384 - 1231 Iron Age Monument Cremation burials Late Celtic cremation burial urns indicate Late Iron Age occupation. 187100 11106
593000 Iron Age field system, trackways, roundhouses, storage pits, possible pottery kilns 1232 Iron Age Monument Settlement site SSMR 13853 186400 and ovens. Inhumations and cremation.
628710 A series of pits and holes sunk in the chalk foreshore at Minnis Bay. Finds include 1233 Iron Age/Roman Monument Pits KSMR TR 26 NE 24 169930 quern fragments, New Forest Ware, Belgic pots, some Samian ware and fibulae.
629290 Belgic and RB finds from pit/chalk quarry. An eroded pit of chalk quarry contained KSMR TR 26 NE 1234 Iron Age/Roman Monument Pit 169960 potsherds, sea shells and bones in a small jar. 118
629300 1235 Iron Age/Roman Monument Quarry A large pit or chalk quarry sectioned by erosion, no finds. KSMR TR 27 SE 2 170000
639400 1236 Iron Age/Roman Monument Settlement site An Iron Age/Romano-British settlement with inhumations and cremations. KSMR TR 36 NE 14 166300
47 630860 A mid C1st AD vase containing burnt human bones. 1st and 2nd centuary pottery, 1237 Iron Age/Roman Monument Cremation burial KSMR TR 36 NW 3 169700 fibulae, a palstave and a coin of Allectus was found on the same site.
635500 An extensive settlement site dating from the Iron Age to the Romano-British 1238 Iron Age/Roman Monument Settlement site KSMR TR 37 SE 68 171200 periods.
627901 KSMR TR 26 NE 1239 Iron Age/Roman Monument Pits Eight pits cut into the chalk foreshore containing Late Iron Age to Roman material. 169400 1008
607670 KSMR TR 06 NE 1240 Iron Age/Roman Find spot Coin Iron Age material eroding out of a mussel bank, including a coin. 165220 1008
595549 KSMR TQ 97 SE 1241 Iron Age/Roman Monument Settlement site Iron Age/Romano-British phase of occupation at Minter Pumping station. 173950 1007
608500 ESMR - not yet 1242 Roman Find spot Cinerary urn A lead cinerary urn dated to 1st-2nd century AD. 198500 entered.
Wave action on the beach revealed a series of pits cut. One pit appears to be a 632700 Pits and possible KSMR TR 37 SW 1243 Roman Monument granary lined with wattles. Surface finds include skulls & butchered long bones of 170400 granary 1018 cows, some human skull fragments, burnt flint flakes & cores.
600200 Antiquarian reports of Roman occupation in the area in the form of mounds. No ESMR EX1032074 - 1244 Roman Monument Settlement site 191000 material has been found recently. 18333
594200 ESMR EX32355 - 1245 Roman Find spot Bracelet Copper bracelet. 186300 11093
597000 ESMR EX32385 - 1246 Roman Monument Roman tiles Roman tiles, possibly from brickearth pits. 187100 11107
622800 Early 3rd Century Roman fort, partly eroded into the sea, with a later Saxon church 1247 Roman Monument Fort Drewett et al 1988 169400 built within the remains.
639429 Archaeological features consisted of a ditch and pit containing prehistoric pottery. KSMR TR 36 NE 1248 Late Prehistoric Monument Prehistoric features 166462 Three undated post-holes. Lithic implements and quern fragments located. 224
639100 KSMR TR 36 NE 1249 Late Prehistoric Monument Ring ditches Two small single ditched ring ditches. 166310 407
48 638800 Two ring ditches with a linear feature between. Possibly remains of an enclosure 1250 Late Prehistoric Monument Ring ditches KSMR TR 37 SE 57 171100 and tracks.
632220 KSMR TR 36 NW 1251 Prehistoric Monument Pit Pit containing flint, flint-tempered pottery, mussel and oyster shells. 169800 248
608461 KSMR TR 06 NE 1252 Prehistoric Landscape Peat Possible peat exposure. 165272 1045
628614 KSMR TR 26 NE 1253 Prehistoric Landscape Peat Possible peat exposure. 169691 1023
593000 A small amount of Beaker pottery recovered from residual deposits in later 1254 Prehistoric Monument Pottery SSMR 13851 186400 features.
590600 1255 Prehistoric Find spot Lithic implement A notched scraper and knife. SSMR 11109 186600
600800 Two linear features, possibly a trackway, associated with an ancient road and ESMR EX1031273 - 1256 Unknown Monument Linear Feature 190100 wooden structure. 14954
602300 ESMR EX52121 - 1257 Unknown Monument Oyster Beds Oyster beds of unknown date. 196200 14981
600200 ESMR EX52124 - 1258 Unknown Monument Oyster Beds Oyster beds of unknown date, depicted on first edition OS map. 195600 14982
602000 ESMR EX9933 - 1259 Unknown Monument Road The Broomway. A Roman or Medieval road. 190800 2792
49 APPENDIX IV: GAZETTEER OF WRECKS, CASUALTIES AND SEABED FEATURES.
WA ID NGR Principle Evidence Type Name Description References
630990 Documentary An English merchant ketch, 31 tons carrying potatoes from Montrose to 2001 Casualty (NLO) Ada KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 66 190630 Evidence St Peter Port, Stranded on Long Sand. 14 Feb 1900. Built 1881.
A Channel Islander merchant schooner, 98 tons, carrying coal from 630990 Documentary 2002 Casualty (NLO) Agenoria Middlesbrough to St Malo. Stranded on Long Sand in strong winds, got KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 13 190630 Evidence off, but sank in deep water 10 Nov 1852. Built 1840.
630990 Documentary A British merchant schooner, 64 tons, carrying granite from Brussels to 2003 Casualty (NLO) Albion KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 57 190630 Evidence London. Stranded on Long Sand. Built 1862, 23m x 6m x 2m.
A Scottish merchant brig, 216 tons, carrying coal from South Shields to 630990 Documentary 2004 Casualty (NLO) Aldourie Madeira. Stranded on the Long Sand 1 Nov 1872. Built 1866, 32m x 8m KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 48 190630 Evidence x 4m.
630900 Documentary An English merchant ship, 133 tons, carrying cork and Wine, from 2005 Casualty (NLO) Alert NMR TR 39 SW 117 192480 Evidence Oporto to London. Stranded on the Long Sand 15 May 1846.
630900 Documentary A Guernsey schooner collided with a French chasse-marree, struck the 2006 Casualty (NLO) Alexandra NMR TR 39 SW 127 192480 Evidence Long Sand and broke up 25 Apr 1862.
An English merchant steamer, 2798 tons, carrying coal from River Tyne 630990 Documentary 2007 Casualty (NLO) Ament to London, stranded on the Long Sand 15 Mar 1930. 96m x 14m x 7m, KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 72 190630 Evidence built 1930.
50 630990 Documentary A wooden sailing vessel, travelling from Gothenburg to London, lost on 2008 Casualty (NLO) Anna KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 6 190630 Evidence the Long Sand 13 Dec 1808.
630900 Documentary A British sailing transport ship lost on the Long Sand either 13 or 20 2009 Casualty (NLO) Anne NMR TR 39 SW 101 192480 Evidence June 1810.
630900 Documentary A British, iron steamer foundered and lost on Long Sand en route from 2010 Casualty (NLO) Annie NMR TR 39 SW 94 192480 Evidence Fecamp to River Tyne 31 Aug 1917.
630990 Documentary A Greek merchant Brig, 218 tons, carrying coal from Newcastle-upon- 2011 Casualty (NLO) Anthi KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 35 190630 Evidence Tyne to Venice. Lost on Long Sand 24 May 1853.
A British sailing vessel struck Long Sand on 19th Oct 1815 en route 630900 Documentary 2012 Casualty (NLO) Arcturus from Portsmouth to Whitby and sank in deep water. Vessel had arrived NMR TR 39 SW 87 192480 Evidence in Portsmouth from St Petersburg 29th Sept 1815.
630900 Documentary An Italian wooden sailing barque wrecked on the Long Sand 16 Dec 2013 Casualty (NLO) Argos NMR TR 39 SW 137 192480 Evidence 1870, en route from Odessa to Ipswich.
630900 Documentary An English wooden schooner, wrecked on Long Sand en route from 2014 Casualty (NLO) Arrow NMR TR 39 SW 125 192480 Evidence Seaham to Bordeaux 2 Jan 1852.
630990 Documentary A British wooden brigantine, built 1841, 98 tons, stranded on the Long 2015 Casualty (NLO) Aspendus KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 49 190630 Evidence Sand 13 Feb 1876. Built 1841.
630900 Documentary English barque, built 1858, copper fastened, 392 tons, wrecked on 2016 Casualty (NLO) Augusta May NMR TR 39 SW 142 192480 Evidence Long Sand 8 Sept 1871. Built 1858, 134ft x 26ft x17ft.
630900 Documentary 2017 Casualty (NLO) Ava A brigantine wrecked on the Long Sand 6th Oct 1871. NMR TR 39 SW 141 192480 Evidence
51 630900 Documentary 2018 Casualty (NLO) Battalion A steamer wrecked on the Long Sand, 3rd Feb 1871. NMR TR 39 SW 139 192480 Evidence
An English Billyboy/Schooner, built 1860, 57 tons, wrecked on the Long 630900 Documentary 2019 Casualty (NLO) Blue Jacket Sand, 25 Feb 1870, en route from Newcsatle-upon-Tyne to NMR TR 39 SW 135 192480 Evidence Southampton. Built 1860, 61ft x 16ft x 8ft.
630900 Documentary 2020 Casualty (NLO) Blyth An English wooden sailing brig wrecked on Long Sand 23 Dec 1871. NMR TR 39 SW 138 192480 Evidence
A Danish merchant ship, carrying hemp and flax, wrecked on the Long 630990 Documentary 2021 Casualty (NLO) Brilliant Sand 18 Sep 1816, en route from Bornholm to Bilbao. Some of cargo KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 17 190630 Evidence and stores was salvaged.
630900 Documentary An English sailing vessel lost on Long Sand on 5th Jun 1827, en route 2022 Casualty (NLO) Brilliant NMR TR 39 SW 103 192480 Evidence from Sunderland to Portsmouth.
A British steam trawler hired by the Admiralty as an armed patrol boat 630900 Documentary 2023 Casualty (NLO) Briton (HMS) in 1915. Built 1906, 34m x 7m x 4m. Sank by mine off Long Sand 21 NMR TR 39 SW 93 192480 Evidence Sep 1915.
A Scottish merchant sailing vessel, carrying cotton and tobacco from 630990 Documentary 2024 Casualty (NLO) Bruce Brazil to Hamburg, wrecked on Long Sand 29 May 1826. Some cargo KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 25 190630 Evidence saved.
630900 Documentary An American sailing emigrant ship, 800 tons, wrecked on the Long 2025 Casualty (NLO) Burgundy NMR TR 39 SW 121 192480 Evidence Sand 17 Nov 1848, en route from Bremen to New Orleans.
An English steamer, 1347 tons, carrying ballast, from Calais to River 630990 Documentary 2026 Casualty (NLO) Bywell Tyne, wrecked on Long Sand 14 Jan 1894. Built 1882, 75m x 10m x KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 64 190630 Evidence 5m.
52 630900 Documentary 2027 Casualty (NLO) Caernarvon A British, wooden schooner wrecked on the Long Sand 9 June 1871. NMR TR 39 SW 140 192480 Evidence
630990 Documentary A wooden merchant barque, 506 tons, carrying coal from South Sheilds 2028 Casualty (NLO) Carl Agrell KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 78 190630 Evidence to Odessa. Sank on the Long Sand 23 Dec 1869.
A German sailing merchant vessel carrying staves, from Szcezecin to 630900 Documentary 2029 Casualty (NLO) Carl Albert London. Lost on the Long Sand 7 May 1828. Cargo and some of the NMR TR 39 SW 106 192480 Evidence ship have been salvaged.
A Norwegian? merchant sailing ship carrying barrels of Tar from 630900 Documentary 2030 Casualty (NLO) Carl Edward Gothenburg to Guernsey, wrecked on the Long Sand 20 Jan 1823. NMR TR 39 SW 105 192480 Evidence Some cargo, and ships timbers were salvaged.
630990 Documentary A Swedish wooden merchant barque, 300 tons, carrying timber from 2031 Casualty (NLO) Carl Johann KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 34 190630 Evidence Gdansk to London, wrecked on the Long Sand 25 Apr 1853.
630990 Documentary A wooden sailing merchant ship, carrying an unknown cargo, lost on 2032 Casualty (NLO) Catherina Margaretta KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 10 190630 Evidence the Long Sand, 19 Pct 1798. Some of the cargo salvaged.
An English wooden merchant schooner/brigantine, 113 tons, carrying 630990 Documentary 2033 Casualty (NLO) Charity coal, wrecked on the Long Sand 7 Sep 1860. Built 1856, part of the hull KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 41 190630 Evidence salvaged.
630900 Documentary A British wooden sailing ship wrecked whilst en route from London to 2034 Casualty (NLO) Charles and Elizabeth NMR TR 39 SW 111 192480 Evidence South Shields, wrecked on the Long Sand 18 Feb 1836.
A British wooden sailing merchant dandy, 48 tons, built 1884, carrying 630990 Documentary 2035 Casualty (NLO) Charles and Thomas ballast from Newlyn to Gt. Yarmouth, wrecked on the Long Sand 14 Apr KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 80 190630 Evidence 1907.
53 630990 Documentary A wooden sailing ship wrecked on the Long Sand 10 Dec 1815, en 2036 Casualty (NLO) Charlotta KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 18 190630 Evidence route from Gothenburg to Lisbon.
630900 Documentary An English wooden sailing ship grounded on the Long Sand 20 Dec 2037 Casualty (NLO) Charlotte NMR TR 39 SW 145 192480 Evidence 1872, got off then sank in deep water.
An English wooden merchant brig, built 1824, 144 tons, carrying coal 630990 Documentary 2038 Casualty (NLO) Chase from South Sheilds to Boulogne, wrecked on the Long Sand 24 Nov KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 33 190630 Evidence 1852.
630900 Documentary An English steamer wrecked on the Long Sand on maiden voyage, 17 2039 Casualty (NLO) Chicago NMR TR 39 SW 148 192480 Evidence May 1878.
Remains of British merchant steamer, built 1820, carrying lead, tinned PLA Wreck No 209/3; 633870 fruit, wool flour and food from Port Pirie to London. 464ft x 59ft x 31ft. 2040 Vessel Structure Wreck City of Brisbane KSMR/NMR TR 38 NW 8; 187635 Bombed by Germans, beached on S end of Long Sand. After 3 days on NMR TR 39 SW 81 fire, broke in two and sank.
A Scottish wooden (oak and beech) sailing merchant brig, carrying coal 630900 Documentary 2041 Casualty (NLO) Clio from Newcastle-upon-Tyne to Marseille, wrecked on the Long Sand 21 NMR TR 39 SW 115 192480 Evidence Nov 1845. Built 1839.
630900 Documentary A German wooden sailing ship, wrecked on the Long Sand 14 Jan 2042 Casualty (NLO) Conrad NMR TR 39 SW 119 192480 Evidence 1848, en route from Hartlepool to West Indies.
630900 Documentary 2043 Casualty (NLO) Cresswell A wooden sailing barque wrecked on the Long Sand 28 Nov 1862. NMR TR 39 SW 129 192480 Evidence
630900 Documentary 2044 Casualty (NLO) Dagmar A Russian wooden sailing ship, lost on the Long Sand 22 Mar 1867 NMR TR 39 SW 132 192480 Evidence
54 630990 Documentary A German merchant schooner, built 1857, 156 tons, carrying bottles 2045 Casualty (NLO) Dahomey KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 59 190630 Evidence from Bremerlee to Oporto. Lost on the Long Sand 15 Nov 1882.
630990 Documentary A British merchant barque, built 1861, 329 tons, carrying coal, wrecked 2046 Casualty (NLO) Darius KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 42 190630 Evidence on the Long Sand 2 Nov 1861, on her maiden voyage.
630900 Documentary A Dutch wooden sailing ship, wrecked on the Long Sand 9 Oct 1788, 2047 Casualty (NLO) De Jonge Frederick NMR TR 39 SW 99 192480 Evidence en route from Riga to Nantes.
A German full rigged ship/barque, built 1874, 2650 (gross) tons, 630990 Documentary 2048 Casualty (NLO) Deike Rickmers carrying ballast from Bremerhaven to Cardiff. Lost on the Long Sand 25 KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 84 190630 Evidence Dec 1884.
A British wooden sailing merchant ship, carrying lead & copper from 630990 Documentary 2049 Casualty (NLO) Diana Kingston-upon-Hull to Rochefort. Sunk near the Long Sand 18 Jun KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 22 190630 Evidence 1784.
A Scottish merchant vessel powered by sail and steam, carrying iron 630990 Documentary 2050 Casualty (NLO) Dilsberg from Middlesbrough to Civitavecchia, wrecked on the Long Sand on the KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 62 190630 Evidence Long sand/Kentish Knock 9 Dec 1892. Built 1882.
630900 Documentary A Belgian East Indiaman stranded on the Long Sand wrecked either 16 2051 Casualty (NLO) Dyle NMR TR 39 SW 123 192480 Evidence Feb 1849, or 23 Mar 1849.
630990 Documentary 2052 Casualty (NLO) Eliza An English brig wrecked on the Long Sand 1st Oct 1863. KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 76 190630 Evidence
An English merchant ketch, built 1881, 98 tons, carrying coal from 630990 Documentary 2053 Casualty (NLO) Eliza H Goole to St Valery sur Somme. Wrecked on the Long Sand 11 Dec KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 67 190630 Evidence 1902.
55 630990 Documentary 2054 Casualty (NLO) Emerald A British wooden sailing ship sunk on the Long Sand 14 Dec 1885. KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 40 190630 Evidence
630990 Documentary A British merchant ketch, 43 tons, built 1783, re-built 1885, carrying 2055 Casualty (NLO) Endeavour KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 61 190630 Evidence phosphate from Dunkirk to London. Wrecked 8 Feb 1890.
627277 British merchant steamship, 633 tons, 70m long. Wreck reported as PLA Wreck No 203/22; 2056 Vessel Structure Wreck Erins Isle 187558 funnel/mast showing 8 Feb 1919. KSMR/NMR TR 28 NE 14
PLA Wreck No 203/21; 626850 Wreckage identified, 70m long lying N/S. 2 portholes and an air vent 2057 Vessel Structure Wreck Erins Isle ? KSMR/NMR TR 28 NE 14; 189758 recovered from this wreck. RoW Droit A/3781
A Spanish merchant schooner, carrying dried fish from Kristiansand to 630900 Documentary 2058 Casualty (NLO) Escosa Bilbao. Stranded and sunk on the Long sand between 25 Nov-1 Dec NMR TR 39 SW 136 192480 Evidence 1870.
630900 Documentary A French merchant sailing ship, wrecked on the Long Sand 7 Nov 2059 Casualty (NLO) Etoile de la Mer NMR TR 39 SW 124 192480 Evidence 1851, carrying hemp from Archangel to St Valery sur Somme.
An American wooden sailing barque, 500 tons (net), carrying emigrants 630990 Documentary from Antwerp to New York, wrecked on the Long Sand, Some cargo KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 29; 2060 Casualty (NLO) Floridian 190630 Evidence recovered, wreckage washed ashore, 200 lives lost. Wrecked on either NMR TR 39 SW 122 6 Mar 1841, or late Feb 1849.
A Norwegian merchant barque, built 1857, carrying deals from Riga to 630990 Documentary 2061 Casualty (NLO) Franklin Le Havre, foundered on the Long Sand, brought into Harwich 1 Dec KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 51 190630 Evidence 1877.
56 A Norwegian merchant barque, built 1852, 204 tons, carrying chain, 630990 Documentary 2062 Casualty (NLO) Freyr cable, deal and board from Larvik to Newry, wrecked on the Long Sand KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 56 190630 Evidence 20 May 1882. Built 1852.
630990 Documentary A Norwegian brig, lost in poor weather on Long Sand, en route from 2063 Casualty (NLO) Frithiof KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 39 190630 Evidence Risor to Barcelona 20 Dec 1853.
630990 Documentary A Dutch wooden sailing merchant galliot, carrying flax from Dordrecht to 2064 Casualty (NLO) Gezina Terina KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 32 190630 Evidence Belfast. Lost on Long Sand 24 Jan 1851.
A merchant vessel lost on Long Sand 5 May 1756, carrying tar, 631000 Documentary 2065 Casualty (NLO) Good Intent turpentine, planks and pipe staves, from Virginia to Kingston-upon-Hull. KSMR TR 39 SW 83 190600 Evidence Numerous salvage claims.
630990 Documentary A British merchant brig, built 1854, carrying coal, lost on the Long Sand 2066 Casualty (NLO) Goshawk NMR TR 39 SW 91 190630 Evidence 13 Sep 1868.
630900 Documentary A British merchant steel steam ship, 1900 tons (gross) carrying coal 2067 Casualty (NLO) Greenhill NMR TR 39 SW 96 192480 Evidence from Blyth to Dunkirk. Wrecked on the Long Sand 16 Dec 1917.
630900 Documentary A German sailing craft, wrecked on Long Sand 1 Dec 1876. Known 2068 Casualty (NLO) Gustav Fretwurst NMR TR 39 SW 146 192480 Evidence through advertisement for sale of salvage.
630900 Documentary A British wooden sailing ship, from Shields to Lisbon, wrecked on the 2069 Casualty (NLO) Hannah NMR TR 39 SW 112 192480 Evidence Long Sand 26 Feb 1836.
A German wooden sailing merchant brig, beached on the Long Sand 20 630900 Documentary 2070 Casualty (NLO) Hanse Nov 1860, carrying guns to Mexico. Divers worked to salvage the NMR TR 39 SW 126 192480 Evidence cargo.
57 A British steel fishing vessel, 77 tons, both sail and steam driven, hired 630900 Documentary 2071 Casualty (NLO) Hastfen (HMS) by the Admiralty Jan 1915. Sank on the Long Sand after striking a mine NMR TR 39 SW 95 192480 Evidence 24 Sep 1917, laid by a German submarine.
A British steel merchant vessel, 1730 tons, sank 26 Jan 1899 on the 630857 Hawksdale Long Sand, carrying pianos & general cargo from Hamburg to PLA Wreck No 209/1; 2072 Vessel Structure Wreck 189257 (Hawrecksdale) Melbourne. Wreck has moved since sinking as the scour destabilises KSMR/NMR TR 38 NW 9 the wreck. Wreck 85m x 18m. Possibly other wreckage to W.
630990 Documentary A British wooden merchant sailing vessel, lost on 9 Mar 1798, carrying 2073 Casualty (NLO) Holderness KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 9 190630 Evidence coal from South Shields to Gibraltar.
630990 Documentary A wooden sailing vessel beached on the Long Sand 23 May 1794, 2074 Casualty (NLO) Hoppel Gustaf KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 8 190630 Evidence expected to get off.
An English full rigged ship carrying toys, pottery & general cargo from 630990 Documentary Middlesbrough to Yokohama. Wrecked to the NE of the Long Sand nr KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 27; 2075 Casualty (NLO) Indian Chief 190630 Evidence Kentish Knock Lightship 5 Jan 1881. Eggcups, copper ingot, toys and RoW Droit A/4546 ceramics recovered from the wreck. Built 1877.
630900 Documentary 2076 Casualty (NLO) Isabel A Sloop, sunk on the Long Sand 13 Oct 1872. NMR TR 39 SW 144 192480 Evidence
Irish screw steamer cargo vessel, 1200 tons, carrying coal from 630900 Documentary 2077 Casualty (NLO) Jacana Newcastle-upon-Tyne to cork, wrecked on Long Sand on maiden NMR TR 39 SW 134 192480 Evidence voyage 18 Feb 1870.
British Fifth Rate Ship of the Line, wrecked on the Long Sand Head 26 630900 Documentary 2078 Casualty (NLO) James Galley Nov 1694, transporting Army officers and equipment to Scotland. Built NMR TR 39 SW 85 192480 Evidence 1676 in Blackwall. 32 guns, 3 masts and oar ports below gun deck.
58 A British steam trawler, 205 tons, used by the Admiralty as a 630990 Documentary 2079 Casualty (NLO) Javelin (HMS) minesweeper in 1914, struck a mine laid by a German submarine and KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 71 190630 Evidence sunk of the Long Sand 17 Oct 1915.
630900 Documentary French Chasse-Maree, carrying coal from Hartlepool to Bordeaux, 2080 Casualty (NLO) Jeune Edward NMR TR 39 SW 114 192480 Evidence wrecked on the Long Sand 28 Oct 1844.
630990 Documentary French Lugger, 75 tons, carrying coal from Seaham to Fecamp, 2081 Casualty (NLO) Jeune Emilie KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 37 190630 Evidence wrecked on the Long Sand 28 Sept 1853.
630990 Documentary 2082 Casualty (NLO) Johanne German barque wrecked on the Long Sand 4 Mar 1862. NMR TR 39 SW 90 190630 Evidence
English, iron full rigged ship carrying spices, jute & general cargo from 630990 Documentary 2083 Casualty (NLO) Lathom Calcutta to London, wrecked on the Long Sand 30 Jan 1884. Some KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 60 190630 Evidence salvage of the cargo recorded.
A British sloop of war, 384 tons. Hit the Long Sand, lost rudder, 630990 Documentary anchored in 7 fathoms where guns & stores thrown overboard. Cut 2084 Casualty (NLO) Leveret (HMS) KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 19 190630 Evidence anchor cable and headed NE to shore, passed Sunk lightship, but ship was abandoned after filling with water, 10 Nov 1807.
630900 Documentary A wooden sailing vessel en route from Riga to Dunkirk, lost on Long 2085 Casualty (NLO) Louisa Charlotta NMR TR 39 SW 104 192480 Evidence Sand 5 Jan 1822.
630900 Documentary A wooden sailing vessel en route from Szczecin (Stettin) to London, 2086 Casualty (NLO) Louisa Wilhelmina NMR TR 39 SW 109 192480 Evidence wrecked on the Long sand 27 Nov 1831.
630990 Documentary A wooden English sailing cargo vessel, carrying wheat from Gdansk to 2087 Casualty (NLO) Margaret NMR TR 39 SW 97 190630 Evidence Weymouth, wrecked on the Long Sand 2 Jan 1848.
630900 Documentary French sailing vessel wrecked on the Long sand en route from 2088 Casualty (NLO) Maria Ramiette NMR TR 39 SW 120 192480 Evidence Sunderland to Brest, 7 Jul 1848.
59 630990 Documentary 2089 Casualty (NLO) Marie Amelie French Brigantine, wrecked on the Long Sand 2 Jan 1863. KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 45 190630 Evidence
630990 Documentary 2090 Casualty (NLO) Mariette French wooden sailing vessel, wrecked on the Long Sand 20 Feb 1844. KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 31 190630 Evidence
630990 Documentary A British merchant brig, 291 tons, carrying coal from Sunderland to 2091 Casualty (NLO) Marinus KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 53 190630 Evidence Madeira, lost on the Long Sand 3 Jan 1879. 34m x 8m x 5m. Built 1866.
A Danish sailing vessel wrecked on the Long Sand 29 Aug 1821, en 630990 Documentary 2092 Casualty (NLO) Mary route from Kalundborg to St Malo. Some stores and materials KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 24 190630 Evidence recovered.
628342 Documentary The steamship Matra, 8000 tons, was mined 13 Nov 1939. Initially 2093 Wreck Matra PLA Wreck No 203/31 186022 Evidence reported as in two parts, but no wreckage found recently.
630990 Documentary British Smack, 10 tons, carrying ballast from Essex to Ostend, struck 2094 Casualty (NLO) Merle KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 58 190630 Evidence sunken wreckage and sand on the Long Sand 13 Sep 1882.
Pirate Radio Station RADIO CAROLINE anchored offshore outside PLA 627857 2095 Vessel Structure Wreck Mi Amigo limits. Broke anchorage and sank 20th March 1980. Wreckage 65m PLA Wreck No 212/12 192238 long, reported to be broken in two pieces.
A British brigantine, 114 tons, carrying ballast from Faversham to 630990 Documentary 2096 Casualty (NLO) Milo London, lost on the Long Sand 10 Dec 1891. 27m x 6m x 3m. Built KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 79 190630 Evidence 1861. Also known as the Mild.
626189 Geophysical Survey - British minesweeper, 226 tons, sunk 7 Aug 1941. 119ft x 23ft x 9ft. PLA Wreck No 203/19; 2097 Wreck MMS 39 189236 non-archaeological Wreck not found in this location. KSMR/NMR TR 28 NE 12
British minesweeper, 226 tons, sank 7 Aug 1941. 119ft x 23ft x 9ft. 626314 Geophysical Survey - PLA Wreck No 203/20; 2098 Wreck MMS 39 (part of ?) Wreck lies WSW/ENE with small part proud at W edge, and rest sloping 189282 non-archaeological KSMR/NMR TR 28 NE 13 E on sea bed.
60 630990 Documentary British De Havilland Mosquito Mk.II night fighter, dived into the sea 15 2099 Casualty (NLO) Mosquito MK II DD683 NMR TR 39 SW 98 190630 Evidence miles E of Bradwell Bay 9 Sep 1942.
Norwegian merchant barque, carrying iron and railway components to 630900 Documentary 2100 Casualty (NLO) Nef New York, wrecked on the Long Sand 27 Sep 1879. First wreck NMR TR 39 SW 149 192480 Evidence reported by pigeons from a lightship.
630900 Documentary 2101 Casualty (NLO) New Maria Smack, wrecked on the Long Sand 21 Jan 1842. NMR TR 39 SW 113 192480 Evidence
British Merchant Snow, 291 tons, carrying coal from Sunderland to 630990 Documentary 2102 Casualty (NLO) Nil Desperandum Civitavecchia, wrecked on the Long Sand 4 Dec 1870. 32m x 8m x 5m. KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 47 190630 Evidence Built 1861.
630990 Documentary Dutch wooden sailing vessel lost on the Long Sand 4 Apr 1817, en 2103 Casualty (NLO) Noordstar KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 21 190630 Evidence route from Amsterdam to Dunkirk.
An Irish wooden merchant brig, 116 tons, carrying iron and coal driven 630990 Documentary 2104 Casualty (NLO) Norfolk ashore in strong winds, 7 Nov 1854, crew threw 60 tons of cargo KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 68 190630 Evidence overboard, but had to abandoned the ship on the Long Sand.
630990 Documentary 2105 Casualty (NLO) Oakhampton A British smack wrecked on the Long Sand 11 May 1857. KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 75 190630 Evidence
630990 Documentary A wooden sailing vessel lost on the Long Sand 20 Feb 1810, en route 2106 Casualty (NLO) Ongance KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 7 190630 Evidence to Ostend.
630900 Documentary A wooden sailing vessel, lost on the Long Sand 31 Dec 1830. Some 2107 Casualty (NLO) Orbit NMR TR 39 SW 108 192480 Evidence cargo and stores recovered.
630900 Documentary English sailing craft, en route to Marseilles, grounded on Long Sand, 2108 Casualty (NLO) Palmer NMR TR 39 SW 110 192480 Evidence got off, and sank in deep water 22 Jan 1836.
61 630900 Documentary English merchant sailing vessel, carrying hemp, pitch & tallow from 2109 Casualty (NLO) Patty NMR TR 39 SW 88 192480 Evidence Archangel to London, found wrecked on the Long Sand 2 Nov 1823.
630990 Documentary 2110 Casualty (NLO) Phoenix A German smack wrecked on the Long Sand 20 Mar 1857. KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 74 190630 Evidence
630990 Documentary 2111 Casualty (NLO) Portsmouth Royal Navy store-ship, built 1741. KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 73 190630 Evidence
630990 Documentary 2112 Casualty (NLO) Providence A wooden sailing transport vessel lost on the Long Sand 10 Nov 1807. KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 20 190630 Evidence
630990 Documentary Norwegian merchant barque, carrying ballast from Dieppe to New York, 2113 Casualty (NLO) Providentia KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 50 190630 Evidence lost on the Long Sand 11 Jan 1877. Built 1862
630900 Documentary French polacre brig, carrying coal from Newcastle-upon-Tyne to 2114 Casualty (NLO) Pybeus NMR TR 39 SW 116 192480 Evidence Dunkirk, wrecked on the Long sand 2 Oct 1846.
630990 Documentary British merchant sailing vessel, 298 tons, carrying coal from Sunderland 2115 Casualty (NLO) Regard KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 44 190630 Evidence to Barcelona, wrecked on the Long Sand 15 Nov 1862.
630900 Documentary Scottish Yacht, hired as an auxiliary patrol vessel by the Admiralty, 2116 Casualty (NLO) Rhiannon (HMS) NMR TR 39 SW 92 192480 Evidence sunk by a mine in the vicinity of the Long Sand lightvessel 20 Jul 1915.
627642 Geophysical Survey - Norwegian merchant steamship, 5501 tons, carrying coal, lost 10 Jan PLA Wreck No 203/27; 2117 Wreck Rindanor 186517 non-archaeological 1917. 385ft x 54ft x 32ft. Wreck not located in this vicinity. KSMR/NMR TR 28 NE 11
630990 Documentary 2118 Casualty (NLO) Rover British Schooner, lost on Long Sand 1853 KSMR TR 39 SW 36 190630 Evidence
62 The S.E. Longsand Beacon 'fell down' July 1977, wreckage moved from 632094 Documentary 2119 Wreck S.E. Longsand Beacon original position. Recovery attempted, beacon lifted, and towed to PLA Wreck No 203/30 187276 Evidence drying height. Wreckage later broken up.
632696 Documentary S.E.Longsand Bcn The beacon remains were raised 20 June 1991, beached and broken 2120 Wreck PLA Wreck No 203/64 187653 Evidence Remains up. It is hoped there are no remains at this position.
630990 Documentary French lugger, sank after a collision 7 miles NE of Long Sand. Built 2121 Casualty (NLO) Sainte Famille KSMR TR 39 SW 65 190630 Evidence 1880.
630990 Documentary 2122 Casualty (NLO) Sea Nymph English brig lost on the Long Sand 21 Mar 1820. KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 23 190630 Evidence
630990 Documentary 2123 Casualty (NLO) Secret English cargo vessel, carrying coal, wrecked 11 Sep 1857. NMR TR 39 SW 89 190630 Evidence
630990 Documentary Wooden sailing packet lost on the Long Sand, en route from Dunbar to 2124 Casualty (NLO) Seville KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 16 190630 Evidence Lisbon 16 Feb 1814
630990 Documentary A British wooden sailing vessel, lost on the Long Sand en route from 2125 Casualty (NLO) Speculation KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 15 190630 Evidence Ipswich to Liverpool
A Russian/Finnish merchant barque, 539 tons, carrying soft wood and 630990 Documentary 2126 Casualty (NLO) St Olaf deals en route from Helsinki to Dieppe, lost on the Long Sand 10 Nov KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 63 190630 Evidence 1893. Built 1858
Steamship, 1149 tons, was mined and sank 24 April 1940. The 1960 627064 Documentary 2127 Wreck Stokesly survey considered the wreckage covered by sand. Nothing located PLA Wreck No 203/25 186491 Evidence. 1976.
63 English merchant schooner, 84 tons, carrying coal from Newcastle- 630990 Documentary 2128 Casualty (NLO) Tar upon-Tyne to St Valery sur Somme, lost on the Long Sand12 Sep KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 11 190630 Evidence 1852.
630990 Documentary An English wooden merchant barge, 55 tons, carrying girders from 2129 Casualty (NLO) The Frances KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 69 190630 Evidence Antwerp to Lewes, lost on the Long Sand 22 Jul 1909. Built 1864.
An English metal and wooden merchant barque, 346 tons, en route 630900 Documentary 2130 Casualty (NLO) Thomas Knox from Shields to Sevastopol wrecked on the Long Sand 8 Dec 1871. NMR TR 39 SW 143 192480 Evidence Built 1867, 117ft x 27ft x 17ft.
630900 Documentary German sailing vessel, en route from Szczecin to Bordeaux, lost on the 2131 Casualty (NLO) Three Brothers NMR TR 39 SW 102 192480 Evidence Long Sand 30 Dec 1814.
630990 Documentary British wooden merchant schooner, 72 tons, carrying iron from/to Gt 2132 Casualty (NLO) Thrifty KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 43 190630 Evidence Yarmouth, wrecked on the Long Sand 19 Oct 1862. Built 1846.
630990 Documentary A Dutch sailing craft, lost on the Long Sand 25 Jan 1793 en route from 2134 Casualty (NLO) Twee Gebroeders KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 4 190630 Evidence Emden to London.
A German mine laying submarine, 183 tons, 112 ft x 11ft x 10ft. Lost in 630990 Documentary 2135 Casualty (NLO) UC9 the vicinity of the Long Sand lightvessel, probably after hitting one of its KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 70 190630 Evidence own mines 21 Oct 1915.
630990 Documentary Large wooden Swedish sailing vessel wrecked on the Long Sand 16 2136 Casualty (NLO) Unknown KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 3 190630 Evidence Oct 1787.
630990 Documentary 2137 Casualty (NLO) Unknown A large German sailing ship lost on the Long Sand 12 Mar 1793. KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 5 190630 Evidence
630990 Documentary 2138 Casualty (NLO) Unknown A sailing vessel stranded on the Long Sand 8 Jan 1852 KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 12 190630 Evidence
64 630990 Documentary A British wooden sloop, lost whilst sailing from Shields to Kings Lynn 2139 Casualty (NLO) Unknown KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 14 190630 Evidence on the west end of Long Sand 30 May 1765
630990 Documentary A British wooden merchant schooner lost 3 Jan 1869 on the Long 2140 Casualty (NLO) Unknown KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 77 190630 Evidence Sand.
A British merchant wooden sailing ship wrecked on the Long Sand 13 630990 Documentary 2141 Casualty (NLO) Unknown Aug 1634. The ship and cargo were 'adjudged derelict, and belong to KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 82 190630 Evidence the king'.
625572 Geophysical Survey - Small object with pointed top, no sonar contact, looks like a ridge on PLA Wreck No 208/19; 2142 Obstruction Unknown 189240 non-archaeological seabed. KSMR/NMR TR 28 NE 10
An English wooden merchant 40 tun sailing ship, carrying wine lost on 630900 Documentary 2143 Casualty (NLO) Unknown the between the 'Rodesond and Longesond and Snoutes', 4 Aug 1345. NMR TR 39 SW 86 192480 Evidence The crew, cargo and gear were saved, but the ship sank and was lost.
A wooden sailing merchant vessel carrying oats, wrecked opn the Long 630900 Documentary 2144 Casualty (NLO) Unknown Sand 30 Mar 1850. Known from oats seen floating on the surface of the NMR TR 39 SW 100 192480 Evidence water, and a piece of a boat - new, copper fastened and 'foreign-built'.
630900 Documentary A wooden merchant brig, carrying spirits, lost on Long Sand 13 Nov 2145 Casualty (NLO) Unknown NMR TR 39 SW 130 192480 Evidence 1863.
631495 Geophysical Survey - Unidentified sea bed obstruction, considered buried on SE edge of PLA Wreck No 203/28; 2146 Wreck Unknown 187398 non-archaeological Long Sand. KSMR/NMR TR 38 NW 3
630973 Geophysical Survey - A wreck possibly uncovered due to movement of the seabed. PLA Wreck No 203/65; 2147 Wreck Unknown 188898 non-archaeological Dimensions are 15m E/W x 5m N/S. KSMR/NMR TR 38 NW 4
65 Echosounder survey identified possible wreckage amongst sand 632683 Geophysical Survey - 2148 Wreck Unknown waves. Position is for most prominent bits, but others were located PLA Wreck No 203/66 187134 non-archaeological below the bed level. Possibly part of S.E. Longsand Bn.
630234 Geophysical Survey - Obstruction identified during sounding, possibly something uncovered 2149 Wreck Unknown PLA Wreck No 203/67 189640 non-archaeological with the movement of the bed. Minor debris suspected in the area.
626834 Geophysical Survey - PLA Wreck No 212/13; 2150 Obstruction Unknown A very small obstruction located by PLA during echosounder survey. 192211 non-archaeological KSMR/NMR TR 29 SE 5
627097 Geophysical Survey - PLA Wreck No 212/17; 2151 Obstruction Unknown Very small obstruction located by PLA during 1985 sonar survey. 192254 non-archaeological KSMR/NMR TR 29 SE 6
627657 Documentary Unknown (part Rindanor Admiralty records show this was charted in 1935. Wreck recorded 2152 Wreck PLA Wreck No 203/26 186611 Evidence ?) buried by surrounding shoaling sands in 1959.
630900 Documentary Austrian barque, wrecked on the Long Sand 13 June 1866. Known 2153 Casualty (NLO) Venoge NMR TR 39 SW 131 192480 Evidence through a sale of it's stores.
630900 Documentary Dutch barque, wrecked on the Long sand 11 April 1862. Stores 2154 Casualty (NLO) Vier Gezusters NMR TR 39 SW 128 192480 Evidence recovered.
British merchant brigantine, 132 tons, carrying pipe clay from Poole to 630990 Documentary 2155 Casualty (NLO) Virgo Keadby, Lincolnshire, lost on the Long Sand 10 Nov 1878. Built 1844, KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 52 190630 Evidence 24m x 7m x 3m.
Dutch merchant smack/sloop, 70 tons, carrying ballast from Campveer, 630990 Documentary KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 26; 2156 Casualty (NLO) Vrouw Sussannah lost on the Long Sand 20 Jan 1881. Built 1811. Also named Vrouw 190630 Evidence KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 55 Klatzina in NMR.
66 British merchant schooner, 116 tons, carrying coal from Newcastle- 630990 Documentary 2157 Casualty (NLO) Water Nymph upon-Tyne/South Shields to Dunkirk, lost on the Long sand 20 Oct KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 30 190630 Evidence 1842. Built 1838.
630900 Documentary Channel Island merchant schooner, 58 tons, wrecked on the Long Sand 2158 Casualty (NLO) Water Witch NMR TR 39 SW 118 192480 Evidence 6 Feb 1846. Built 1841.
630900 Documentary A wooden merchant vessel, 250 tons, lost on the Long Sand en route 2159 Casualty (NLO) Wavertree NMR TR 39 SW 107 192480 Evidence from Hamburg to Liverpool 27 Oct 1829. Sale of salvage from ship.
630990 Documentary Welsh merchant brigantine, 256 tons, carrying ballast from Hamburg to 2160 Casualty (NLO) Zephyr KSMR/NMR TR 39 SW 46 190630 Evidence Cardiff, lost on Long Sand 24 Dec 1867.
630900 Documentary English 3-masted schooner, of Liverpool, lost on the Long Sand 14 Dec 2161 Casualty (NLO) Zephyr NMR TR 39 SW 147 192480 Evidence 1876.
67 Essex
Coastal Study Area
Marine Study Area
Southend Disposal Area
Margate
Whitstable
Kent
Modern coastline
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0 10km Date: 08/01/04 Revision Number: 0
Wessex Scale: 1:200,000 Illustrator: KJB Archaeology Path: W:\54757\Drawing Office\Report Figures\Princes Channel Disposal.dwg\Fig1 Location of Coastal and Marine Study Areas, and the Disposal Area Figure 1 Essex Coastal Study Area
Marine Study Area
Southend
Disposal Area
Margate
Whitstable
Kent
Modern coastline Unfilled valleys 0-10m of post-glacial sediment 10-20m of post-glacial sediment
Geological data after BGS, 1990 0 10 20km
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Wessex Scale: 1:400,000 Illustrator: KJB Archaeology Path: W:\54757\DO\Report Figures\Disposal\Princes Channel Disposal.dwg\Fig 2 Proposed Disposal Area in relation to the offshore Thames palaeochannel Figure 2 Thismaterialisforclientreportonly©Bridgland,Allen,HaggartandWessexArchaeology.Nounauthorisedreproduction.
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Wessex Scale: N/A Illustrator: KJB Archaeology Path: W:\Projects\54757\DrawingOffice\ReportFigures\Disposal\Fig3and7.cdr DistributionofterracesineasternEssexandoffshore(InBridgland,Allen,Haggart1995:37) Figure3 Essex Coastal Study Area
Marine Study Area
Southend
Disposal Area
Margate
Whitstable
Kent
Lower Palaeolithic Palaeolithic Dry land Modern coastline Geological data after BGS, 1990 0 10 20km
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Wessex Scale: 1:400,000 Illustrator: KJB Archaeology Path: W:\54757\DO\Report Figures\Disposal\Princes Channel Disposal.dwg\Fig 3 Lower Palaeolithic and Palaeolithic sites within the Coastal Study Area Figure 4 Essex Coastal Study Area
Ice sheet
Marine Study Area
Southend
Disposal Area Ice sheet
Margate Coastal Study Area
Whitstable
Kent Late Upper Palaeolithic Thames palaeochannel Dry land Modern coastline
Upper Palaeolithic sites within the Coastal Study Area and the Thames Palaeochannel (Geological data after BGS 1990) Sea level in the Upper Palaeolithic c.13,000 BP (Coles 1998) Not to scale
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Wessex Scale: 1:250,000 Illustrator: KJB Archaeology Path: W:\54757\Drawing Office\Report Figures\Princes Channel Disposal.dwg\Fig5 Figure 5 Essex Coastal Study Area
Marine Study Area
Southend
Disposal Area
Margate Coastal Study Area
Whitstable
Kent Mesolithic Mesolithic / Neolithic Thames palaeochannel Dry land Modern coastline
Mesolithic sites within the Coastal Study Area and the Thames Palaeochannel (Geological data after BGS 1990) Sea level in the Mesolithic c.10,000 BP (Coles 1998) Not to scale
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Wessex Scale: 1:250,000 Illustrator: KJB Archaeology Path: W:\54757\Drawing Office\Report Figures\Princes Channel Disposal.dwg\Fig6 Figure 6 Thismaterialisforclientreportonly©WymerandWessexArchaeology.Nounauthorisedreproduction.
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Wessex Scale: N/A Illustrator: KJB Archaeology Path: W:\Projects\54757\DrawingOffice\ReportFigures\Disposal\Fig3and7.cdr Modelillustratingtheincorporationofartefactswithinterraceformations(Wymer1999:27) Figure7 600000 620000 640000 200000
180000
A. Neolithic (4000 BC, RSL -8m)
600000 620000 640000
200000
180000
B. Bronze Age (2000 BC, RSL -4m)
Modern coast line Disposal Area Neolithic Bronze Age
Coastal Study Area Mesolithic/Neolithic Neolithic/Bronze Age Bronze Age/Iron Age
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Wessex Scale: 1:400,000 Illustrator: KJB Archaeology Path: W:\54757\Drawing Office\Report Figures\New Sea level.dwg\Fig8 Disposal Model of sea level rise in the Coastal Study Area and Disposal Area with find spots Figure 8 2151 Marine Study Area Long Sand
2150 2095
Long Sand
2057 2149 2142 2098 2072
2097 2147
2120 2040 Disposal Area
2056 2152 2146 2119 2148 2093 2127 2117
Casualty - named location Wreck Seabed obstruction 0 5km Admiralty Chart 1607 This product has been derived, in part, from Crown Copyright Material with the permission of the UK Hydrographic Office and the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office (www.ukho.gov.uk) All rights reserved. (Wessex Archaeology Licence Number 820/020220/11) NOT TO BE USED FOR NAVIGATION WARNING: The UK Hydrographic Ofice has not verified the information within this product and does not accept liability for the accuracy of reproduction or any modifications made thereafter. Date: 06/01/04 Revision Number: 0
Wessex Scale: 1:80,000 Illustrator: KJB Archaeology Path: W:\54757\DO\Report Figures\Princes Channel Disposal.dwg\Fig 9 Wrecks, casualties and seabed obstructions Figure 9 THE TRUST FOR WESSEX ARCHAEOLOGY LTD. Portway House, Old Sarum Park, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 6EB Tel:(01722) 326867 Fax:(01722) 337562 E-mail:[email protected] www.wessexarch.co.uk Registered as an archaeological organisation with the Institute of Field Archaeologists Registered Charity No. 287786. A company with limited liability registered in England No. 1712772