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Krivi^Ne Sankcije Za Maloletnike U Novom Krivi^Nom Zakonu Republike Srbije

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Krivi^Ne Sankcije Za Maloletnike U Novom Krivi^Nom Zakonu Republike Srbije BEZBEDNOST 5/’06 str. 689-711 UDK 343.121.5(094.5)(497.11) Prof. dr Dragan JOVA[EVI], Pravni fakultet u Ni{u KRIVI^NE SANKCIJE ZA MALOLETNIKE U NOVOM KRIVI^NOM ZAKONU REPUBLIKE SRBIJE Rezime: Po~etkom 2006. godine u Republici Srbiji je stupilo na snagu novo materi- jalno i izvr{no krivi~no zakonodavstvo. Tako je posle skoro tri decenije podeqene zakonodavne nadle‘nosti u oblasti krivi~nog prava izme|u federacije, republike i pokrajine iz vremena SFR Jugoslavije, Republika Srbija dobila jedinstveni Krivi~ni zakonik koji je obuhvatio sve materijalno pravne odredbe, osim odredbi vezanih za krivi~nopravni polo‘aj maloletnih lica. Naime, sistem krivi~nih sank- cija za maloletne u~inioce krivi~nih dela, postupak izricawa i na~in, postupak i uslovi izvr{ewa maloletni~kih krivi~nih sankcija su ure|eni propisima posebnog zakona - Zakona o maloletnim u~iniocima krivi~nih dela i krivi~nopravnoj za{titi maloletnih lica. Na taj na~in su u jednom zakonskom tekstu obuhva}ene sve materi- jalne, procesne i izvr{ne krivi~nopravne odredbe o maloletnim licima. Upravo o sistemu krivi~nih sankcija za maloletne u~inioce krivi~nih dela i wegovim karak- teristikama govori ovaj rad. Kqu~ne re~i: maloletnik, krivi~no delo, u~inilac, zakon, sankcije, vaspitne mere, sud. UVODNA RAZMATRAWA Maloletni~ko krivi~no pravo je deo, segment krivi~nog prava, koje zbog obiqa specifi~nih re{ewa u posledwe vreme u nizu evropskih zemaqa1 dobija karakter samostalne pravne (pozitivno pravne) ali i nau~ne dis- cipline. Radi se naime o posebnoj, zaokru‘enoj i autonomnoj celini koja sadr‘i niz specifi~nih re{ewa u odnosu na punoletne u~inioce krivi~nih 1 U Nema~koj, Francuskoj, Hrvatskoj i sada Republici Srbiji je ova grana prava formalno izdvojena iz krivi~nog zakona (zakonika). Tako je u Nema~koj u primeni Zakon o maloletni~kom krivi~nom pravosu|u od 11. decembra 1974. godine (sa izmenama od 30. juna 1990. godine) - Jugendgerichsgesetz, u Francuskoj je u primeni Ordonnance No. 45-174 du 2. fev. 1945. godine dopuwena Zakonom broj 2002-1138 od 9. septembra 2002. godine, u Hrvatskoj je u primeni Zakon o sudovima za mlade‘ iz 1998. godine. 689 BEZBEDNOST dela2. Neretko se stoga u literaturi za ovu granu prava upotrebqava naziv para-krivi~no pravo ili kvazi-krivi~no pravo3 koje se odnosi na maloletna lica. To je skup zakonskih propisa kojima se odre|uje krivi~nopravni status maloletnih lica (kao u~inilaca krivi~nih dela, odnosno maloletnih lica kao ‘rtava krivi~nih dela). To je pravo koje propisuje poseban tretman prema maloletnim u~iniocima krivi~nih dela4. Tako ovaj naziv za koji se ~esto u pravnoj teoriji odre|uje kao kriminalno-politi~ki postulat obuhvata granu prava sa krivi~nopravim odredbama, koje se primewuju na maloletne u~inioce krivi~nih dela i koje odslikavaju poseban, specifi~an karakter ove grane prava. To je pravo koje se zasniva na li~nosti u~inioca delikta (Taterstrafrecht), a ne na samom deliktu (Tatstraftrecht). Ili drugim re~ima to je sistem zakonskih pravnih propisa kojima se odre|uje sistem krivi~nih sankcija za maloletne u~inioce krivi~nih dela, a pod odre|enim uslovima i za punoletne u~inioce, te postupak za izricawe i izvr{ewe ovih sankcija od strane nadle‘nih dr‘avnih organa. Stoga se mo‘e re}i da maloletni~ko krivi~no pravo prelazi okvire krivi~nog pra- va, jer obuhvata ne samo krivi~nopravne odredbe materijalno pravne sadr- ‘ine, ve} i odredbe procesnog i izvr{nog krivi~nog prava u meri i u obimu koji se odnosi na maloletne u~inioce krivi~nih dela5. Slede}i tendencije prisutne posledwih decenija u nekim evropskim zemqama (Nema~ka, Francuska, Hrvatska) i u Republici Srbiji je pri nedavno izvedenoj radikalnoj reformi u oblasti krivi~nog prava donet poseban Zakon o maloletnim u~iniocima krivi~nih dela i krivi~nopravnoj za{titi maloletnih lica (ZOMUKD)6. Na taj na~in je maloletni~ko krivi~no pravo formalno izdvojeno iz Krivi~nog zakonika, odnosno Zakona i o kri- vi~nom postupku i Zakona o izvr{ewu krivi~nih sankcija. Danas je u Re- publici Srbiji navedeni zakon osnovni, neposredni izvor maloletni~kog krivi~nog prava koje ima primat u primeni prema maloletnim u~iniocima krivi~nih dela, a pod odre|enim zakonskim uslovima i prema punoletnim licima. No, kao izvor maloletni~kog krivi~nog prava tako|e se javqa i Krivi~ni zakonik Republike Srbije odnosno sporedno, dopunsko ili pomo}no krivi~no pravo pri odre|ivawu pojma, elemenata i karakteristika krivi~nih dela na strani ~ijih u~inilaca (u svojstvu izvr{ioca, saizvr- {ioca ili sau~esnika) se javqaju maloletna lica. Tako|e i svi drugi pravni izvori (me|unarodni ugovori, sudska praksa, podzakonski akti, pravna teo- rija, obi~ajno pravo) na posredan na~in se javqaju kao izvor ove grane prava na na~in i u obimu kojim upotpuwuje krivi~nopravne odredbe (ma- terijalnog, procesnog i izvr{nog krivi~nog prava). 2 Z. Stojanovi}, Krivi~no pravo, Op{ti deo, Beograd, 2005. godine, str. 344. 3 Z. Stojanovi}, ibid, str. 344. 4 G. Marjanovi}, Makedonsko krivi~no pravo, Op{t del, Skopqe, 1998. godine, str. 361. 5 Vi{e: D. Jova{evi}, Zakon o maloletnim u~iniocima krivi~nih dela i krivi~nopravnoj za{titi maloletnih lica sa uvodnim komentarom, Beograd, 2005. godine, str. 3-59. 6 Zakon je objavqen u Slu‘benom glasniku Republike Srbije broj 85/2005, a stupio je na snagu 1. januara 2006. godine. 690 TEORIJSKI RADOVI KARAKTERISTIKE MALOLETNI^KOG KRIVI^NOG ZAKONODAVSTVA U na{em krivi~nom pravu Zakonom o izmenama i dopunama Krivi~nog za- konika FNRJ iz 1959. godine7 izdvojene su odredbe o ka‘wavawu malolet- nih u~inilaca krivi~nih dela u posebno poglavqe. Tako je stvoreno malo- letni~ko krivi~no pravo sa slede}im karakteristikama8: a) Krivi~nopravne odredbe se ne odnose na lice koje u vreme izvr{ewa krivi~nog dela nije navr{ilo 14 godina (~lan 2 ZOMUKD). Takva lica se nazivaju deca i oni nisu aktivni subjekt krivi~nog prava. Prema wima je u potpunosti iskqu~ena primena krivi~nog prava, ali oni zato podle‘u primeni odredbi nekih drugih grana prava (porodi~nog prava, prava soci- jalnog starawa, prekr{ajnog prava i sl.). b) [tavi{e strogo posmatrano, jezi~kim i gramati~kim tuma~ewem pojam "maloletnog u~inioca krivi~nog dela" nije mogu}, jer krivi~nog dela nema bez postojawa krivice na strani wegovog u~inioca (prema objektivnom shva- tawu pojma krivi~nog dela iz ~lana 14 KZ RS), a pojam krivice je nespojiv (inkopatibilan) sa pojmom deteta, pa ~ak i sa pojmom maloletnika. Stoga i sam zakon upotrebqava prili~no nemu{tu formulaciju "maloletnik koji je izvr{io protivpravno delo koje je u zakonu predvi|eno kao krivi~no delo. I daqe, iskqu~eno je postojawe i utvr|ivawe krivice maloletnih u~inilaca krivi~nih dela"9. v) Maloletni~ko krivi~no pravo kao zaokru‘eni sistem krivi~nopravnih propisa koje se primewuju prema maloletnim u~iniocima krivi~nih dela je li{en brojnih pojmova i instituta koje ina~e poznaje krivi~no pravo koje se primewuje prema punoletnim licima kao {to su: krivica, kazna, kazneni i retributivni sistem, srazmernost kazne stepenu opasnosti u~i- nioca i te‘ine u~iwenog krivi~nog dela, odmeravawe kazne za dela u sti- caju. U osnovi ovog sistema se nalaze odre|eni me|unarodnopravni stan- dardi, predvi|eni u Minimalnim standardnim pravilima za maloletni~ko krivi~no pravosu|e (tzv. Pekin{ka pravila) usvojena od strane OUN 1985. godine. g) Sistem maloletni~kog krivi~nog prava treba da bude podre|en krimi- nalno-politi~kim ciqevima - a to je vaspitawe maloletnog u~inioca kri- vi~nog dela i wegovo prevaspitawe. Na taj na~in je istaknut specijalno preventivni karakter ove grane prava ~ime je napu{ten wegov dotada{wi "terapeutski" karakter. U teoriji se stoga isti~e da su maloletni~ke krivi~ne sankcije u prvom redu mere pomo}i, mere socijalizacije sa {to mawe elemenata prinude, ograni~ewa prava i slobode i represije, a sve vi{e mere pomo}i, brige, nadzora i otklawawa i predupre|ivawa smetwi i uslova za wihov normalan i nesmetan razvoj i sazrevawe. To u krajwoj liniji i odgovara tzv. Havajskim pravilima koje je OUN usvojila 1990. go- 7 O. Peri}, Pokret nove dru{tvene odbrane i krivi~nopravni polo‘aj maloletnika, Zbornik Matice srpske, Novi Sad, broj 88/1990. godine, str. 125-131. 8 Vidi: M. Singer, Q. Mi{kaj Todorovi}, Delikvencija mladih, Zagreb, 1989. godine; F. Hirjan, M. Singer, Maloqetnici u krivi~nom pravu, Zagreb, 2001. godine. 9 Vi{e: A. Cari}, Mla|e osobe u kaznenom pravu, Zagreb, 2002. godine. 691 BEZBEDNOST dine, koja u odnosu na maloletne u~inioce krivi~nih dela zahteva iskqu- ~ewe ili svo|ewe na minimum bilo kakvog oblika li{ewa slobode (~lan 11 ta~ka b). d) Me|u krivi~nim sankcijama prema maloletnim u~iniocima krivi~nih dela primat imaju vaspitne mere nad kaznom koja predstavqa izuzetak izra‘en u primeni maloletni~kog zatvora10. Zakon poznaje devet vaspitnih mera sistematizovanih u tri grupe: 1) mere upozorewa i usmeravawa (koje su u Republici Srbiji zamenile ranije postoje}e disciplinske mere), 2) mere poja~anog nadzora i 3) zavodske mere. Maloletni~kim zatvorom mo‘e se kazniti samo izuzetno stariji maloletnik ako je izvr{io te{ko krivi~no delo za koje je predvi|ena kazna zatvora preko pet godina11. Dakle, vaspitne mere su osnovni oblik reagovawa dru{tva prema maloletnim u~iniocima krivi~nih dela. Pri tome u primeni vaspitnih mera treba i}i postepeno, stepenasto.
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