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Thermodynamic Data Waste Incineration NBSIR 78-1479 Thermodynamic Data for Waste Incineration Eugene S. Domalski, William H. Evans, and Thomas L. Jobe, Jr. Chemical Thermodynamics Data Center Chemical Thermodynamics Division Center for Thermodynamics and Molecular Science and the Office of Standard Reference Data National Bureau of Standards Washington, D C. 20234 » August 1978 \ j Prepared for: American Society for Mechanical Engineers Research Committee on Industrial and Municipal Wastes „ lited Engineering Center 0 ** >w York. N.Y. 160 .U.5L> vn,.78-/V7? H 70 NBSIR 78-1479 THERMODYNAMIC DATA FOR WASTE INCINERATION Eugene S. Domalski, William H. Evans, and Thomas L. Jobe, Jr. Chemical Thermodynamics Data Center Chemical Thermodynamics Division Center for Thermodynamics and Molecular Science and the Office of Standard Reference Data National Bureau of Standards Washington, D.C. 20234 August 1978 Prepared for: American Society for Mechanical Engineers Research Committee on Industrial and Municipal Wastes United Engineering Center New York, N.Y. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Juanita M. Keeps, Secretary Dr. Sidney Harman. Under Secretary Jordan J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director . >.'• • •. ' • PREFACE Incinerators have continued to play an important part in reducing the amount and modifying the type of waste discharged to the environment. The ASME Research Committee on Industrial and Municipal Wastes was established in 1968. This committee recognized the need for greater understanding of combustion fundamentals if engineers are to design better incinerators to meet the challenge of improving the environment. It, therefore, created a subcommittee on fundamental combustion studies. The first report of the subcommittee, published in 1974, was entitled: Combustion Fundamentals for Waste Incineration . The purpose of the report was to help engineers make better calculations and thereby design better incinerators. The report was divided into two parts. Part one covered theoretical engineering methods of calculation and tables of equilibrium products of combustion with practical examples. Part two included the scientific theory and tables of thermodynamic properties. This is the second report of the subcommittee. The purpose of this report is to provide engineers with thermodynamic data on materials which are mixtures of various kinds and are often difficult to describe using a single stoichiometric formula. These materials (i.e., animals, foods, plants, polymers, wood species, etc.) are encountered perhaps more often by engineers engaged in the disposal of municipal wastes than pure substances. The bulk of the data consist of gross heating values and specific heats, and should be helpful in combustion calculations. The report is dedicated to all engineers involved in designing, procuring, operating, and managing incinerators. \ . TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION v UNITS AND DEFINITIONS vi TABLE OF THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS 1 MATERIAL NAME - PROPERTY INDEX U7 REFERENCES 141 APPENDIX 151 iii Int roduct ion The general purpose of this table of thermodynamic data of selected materials is to make property information available to the engineering community on chemical mixtures, polymers, composite materials, solid wastes, and materials not easily identifiable by a single stoichiometric formula. Workers in many sectors need this type of information: construction engineers who require thermodynamic information on materials, safety engineers assessing the hazard potential of chemicals, cryogenic engineers involved in low temperature research, chemical engineers con- cerned with industrial unit processes, nutritionists interests in the heating values of foods, and scientists who want thermodynamic data for specific research projects. The specific purpose of this table is to provide incinerator engineers with appropriate thermodynamic data so that they can dispose of waste materials in a more effective and environmentally acceptable manner. The effective disposal of waste materials is an important part of the maintenance of a high quality environment and incineration offers the most significant means of volume reduction for waste materials when compared to other methods of disposal. This table of thermodynamic data was prepared in the Chemical Thermodynamics Data Center of the National Bureau of Standards and was administered through the NBS Office of Standard Reference Data over the period 1 January 1975 to 31 December 1976. A total of 331 materials have been compiled covering properties such as: specific heat, heat of combustion, heat of fusion, heat of vaporization, heat of explosion, vapor pressure, and explosion temperature. The information was obtained from the master files of the NBS Chemical Thermodynamics Data Center, the annual issues of the Bulletin of Thermodynamics and Thermochemistry, intermittent examinations of the Chemical Abstracts Subject Indexes, individual articles by various authors, and other general reference sources. The basic format of the table is alphabetical according to the name of the material; similar materials, such as foods, polymers, woods, and explosives are grouped under the broader classification. For each material the following are given (1) the physical state, (2) information as to the composition of the material, (3) the kind of thermodynamic property reported, (4) the specific property values for the material, and (5) citations to the reference list. An Index arranged by subject and property is provided which will assist a user in finding a specific material or property. v . Units and Definlt ions The notation in the tables for thermodynamic quantities follows, in general, that in "Combustion Fundamentals for Waste Incineration" [141]. In those tables values were reported on a molar basis. Here, because of the lack of definite stoichiometric compositions for most of the materials included, values of the thermodynamic quantities are given on a specific basis , for one gram of substance. Exceptions are noted. The symbols used are briefly defined below; more extensive discussions are given in [141] T. The absolute temperature, on the International Practical Temperature Scale. Values are given in kelvins (symbol K) . The Celsius ("Centigrade") scale (symbol ®C) is used to indicate the temperature or temperature range for many reported measurements. It is defined as t(°C) = T(K) - 273.15. The Fahrenheit scale, involved in a few measurements, is defined as t(°F) = 1.8t°C + 32. Unless specifically indicated otherwise, all temperatures T involved in equations are absolute temperature (T, K) (gross). qv The specific isothermal gross heat of reaction at the specified temperature and at constant volume. qv (gross) is equal to -AU/M, where AU is the molar change in internal energy of the process and M is the molecular weight. Where possible, the values of qv (or AU) have been converted to the standard state (-AU°/M) [141]. Most of the data, though, are of such low precision, because of sample variability or measurement method, that this correction is impractical. For combustion reactions in oxygen the products are taken as H20(l) , CC^Cg), ^(g) , HC1 (aq, dilute) ,H2S0^ (aq, dilute). Other products are identified. Metallic elements are assumed to form the oxide. For many of the substances considered, the metallic elements are included in the "ash" fraction; the values of qv (gross) may have been reported on the "ash-free" basis, which assumes a neglibile heat effect from the non-combustible material. The numerical values are given In J/g and cal/g. The calorie used is the thermochemical calorie, defined as 4.184 J. Values originally reported in other units, such as BTU/lb, have been systematically converted to J/g. Conversion factors are given in the Physical Constant Table. (net). The specific qv isothermal net heat of reaction at the specified temperature and at constant volume. Differs from q (gross) in that water formed is in the gaseous state. vi . (net) The specific Isothermal net heat of reaction at the specified temperature and at constant pressure, qp(net) is equal to -AH/M, where AH is the molar change in enthalpy of the process and M is the molecular weight. Where possible, the values of q p (net) have been converted to the standard state, (-AH°/M) [141). Most of the data, though, are of such low precision, because of sample variability or measurement method, that the correction is impractical. Unless indicated otherwise, the products of combustion in oxygen or of explosion are taken as C02 (g) » i^CKg) , ^(g); other products are indicated. For explosion heats, the products are not reported in many cases; in some cases, reactions have been assumed, based on data for similar substances. L^. The specific latent heat of fusion (AHfus /M) at a pressure of 1 atm (101325 Pa). The value is the heat absorbed (in J and cal) when one gram of the substance goes from the solid state to the liquid state. For a pure compound, the melting occurs at a single temperature; for the complex materials considered here, the melting process may take place over a temperature range. L . The specific latent heat of transition (AH trs /M) at a pressure of 1 atm (10i325 Pa) . The value is the heat absorbed when one gram of the substance goes from one solid phase to another solid phase. For a pure compound, the transition occurs at a single temperature; for the complex materials considered here, the transition process may take place over @ temperature range. L .
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