April 17, 2018 u vol. 115 u no. 16

From the Cover

4015 Carbon sequestration in China 4194 Aquatic mammal size constraints 4128 Inner ear morphology and human dispersal 4264 Motion and auditory depth perception

Contents

THIS WEEK IN PNAS 3985 In This Issue Cover image: Pictured is a planted larch forest during winter in Saihanba National LETTERS (ONLINE ONLY) Forest Park in China’s Hebei Province. The Climate Change, Policy, and Carbon E3601 Genetic variation in VAC14 is associated with bacteremia secondary to diverse Sequestration Special Feature explores pathogens in African children the size and distribution of carbon pools James J. Gilchrist, Alexander J. Mentzer, Anna Rautanen, Matti Pirinen, Salim Mwarumba, and carbon sequestration in China. The Patricia Njuguna, Neema Mturi, Wellcome Trust Case-Control Consortium 2, The Kenyan articles address the effects of climate Bacteraemia Study Group, Thomas N. Williams, J. Anthony G. Scott, and Adrian V. S. Hill change and human activities, including E3604 Reply to Gilchrist et al.: Possible roles for VAC14 in multiple infectious diseases recent ecological restoration policies Monica I. Alvarez and Dennis C. Ko and changes in agricultural E3606 Does selecting ligand shape γδ-TCR repertoire? management, on carbon sequestration Yueh-hsiu Chien in China. See the Introduction to the E3607 Reply to Chien: Clarification of the effect of ligand on γδ-TCR Special Feature on pages 4015–4020. repertoire selection Image courtesy of Runzhang Bai Shawn P. Fahl and David L. Wiest (photographer).

NEWS FEATURE—An in-depth look at trending science issues 3988 The quest to solve sepsis Carrie Arnold

COMMENTARIES 3992 The labyrinth of human variation Erik Trinkaus See companion article on page 4128 3995 Physiological constraints on marine mammal body size J. A. Goldbogen See companion article on page 4194 3998 Auditory motion parallax William A. Yost See companion article on page 4264

PNAS PLUS 4001 Significance Statements Brief statements written by the authors about the significance of their papers.

Free online through the PNAS open access option. PNAS u April 17, 2018 u vol. 115 u no. 16 u iii–viii Downloaded by guest on October 1, 2021 PERSPECTIVE PHYSICAL SCIENCES 4006 Processes and patterns of interaction as units of APPLIED MATHEMATICS selection: An introduction to ITSNTS thinking W. Ford Doolittle and S. Andrew Inkpen 4057 Multiscale mixing patterns in networks Leto Peel, Jean-Charles Delvenne, and Renaud Lambiotte

CLIMATE CHANGE, POLICY, AND CARBON APPLIED PHYSICAL SCIENCES SEQUESTRATION IN CHINA SPECIAL FEATURE E3609 Thermodynamic limits of energy harvesting from outgoing thermal radiation INTRODUCTION Siddharth Buddhiraju, Parthiban Santhanam, and Shanhui Fan 4015 Climate change, human impacts, and carbon 4063 Dramatic pressure-sensitive ion conduction in sequestration in China conical nanopores Jingyun Fang, Guirui Yu, Lingli Liu, Shuijin Hu, Laetitia Jubin, Anthony Poggioli, Alessandro Siria, and F. Stuart Chapin III and Lyde´ric Bocquet

BIOPHYSICS AND COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY RESEARCH ARTICLES 4021 Carbon pools in China’s terrestrial ecosystems: New E3616 Roll maneuvers are essential for active reorientation estimates based on an intensive field survey of Caenorhabditis elegans in 3D media Alejandro Bilbao, Amar K. Patel, Mizanur Rahman, Siva A. Xuli Tang, Xia Zhao, Yongfei Bai, Zhiyao Tang, Wantong Wang, Vanapalli, and Jerzy Blawzdziewicz Yongcun Zhao, Hongwei Wan, Zongqiang Xie, Xuezheng Shi, Bingfang Wu, Gengxu Wang, Junhua Yan, Keping Ma, Sheng E3692 Accurate and sensitive quantification of protein-DNA Du, Shenggong Li, Shijie Han, Youxin Ma, Huifeng Hu, binding affinity Nianpeng He, Yuanhe Yang, Wenxuan Han, Hongling He, Chaitanya Rastogi, H. Tomas Rube, Judith F. Kribelbauer, Guirui Yu, Jingyun Fang, and Guoyi Zhou Justin Crocker, Ryan E. Loker, Gabriella D. Martini, Oleg 4027 Plant diversity enhances productivity and soil Laptenko, William A. Freed-Pastor, Carol Prives, David L. carbon storage Stern, Richard S. Mann, and Harmen J. Bussemaker Shiping Chen, Wantong Wang, Wenting Xu, Yang Wang, E3702 Comprehensive, high-resolution binding energy Hongwei Wan, Dima Chen, Zhiyao Tang, Xuli Tang, Guoyi landscapes reveal context dependencies of Zhou, Zongqiang Xie, Daowei Zhou, Zhouping Shangguan, transcription factor binding Jianhui Huang, Jin-Sheng He, Yanfen Wang, Jiandong Sheng, Daniel D. Le, Tyler C. Shimko, Arjun K. Aditham, Allison M. Lisong Tang, Xinrong Li, Ming Dong, Yan Wu, Qiufeng Wang, Keys, Scott A. Longwell, Yaron Orenstein, and Polly M. Fordyce Zhiheng Wang, Jianguo Wu, F. Stuart Chapin III, and Yongfei Bai 4069 Robust, linear correlations between growth rates and β-lactam–mediated lysis rates 4033 Patterns of plant carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus Anna J. Lee, Shangying Wang, Hannah R. Meredith, Bihan concentration in relation to productivity in China’s Zhuang, Zhuojun Dai, and Lingchong You terrestrial ecosystems Zhiyao Tang, Wenting Xu, Guoyi Zhou, Yongfei Bai, Jiaxiang 4075 Cell contraction induces long-ranged stress stiffening Li, Xuli Tang, Dima Chen, Qing Liu, Wenhong Ma, Gaoming in the extracellular matrix Xiong, Honglin He, Nianpeng He, Yanpei Guo, Qiang Guo, Yu Long Han, Pierre Ronceray, Guoqiang Xu, Andrea Jiangling Zhu, Wenxuan Han, Huifeng Hu, Jingyun Fang, Malandrino, Roger D. Kamm, Martin Lenz, Chase P. and Zongqiang Xie Broedersz, and Ming Guo 4039 Effects of national ecological restoration projects on 4164 Structural dynamics is a determinant of the functional carbon sequestration in China from 2001 to 2010 significance of missense variants Fei Lu, Huifeng Hu, Wenjuan Sun, Jiaojun Zhu, Guobin Liu, Luca Ponzoni and Ivet Bahar Wangming Zhou, Quanfa Zhang, Peili Shi, Xiuping Liu, Xing Wu, Lu Zhang, Xiaohua Wei, Limin Dai, Kerong Zhang, Yirong CHEMISTRY Sun, Sha Xue, Wanjun Zhang, Dingpeng Xiong, Lei Deng, Bojie E3626 Molecular excitonic seesaws Liu, Li Zhou, Chao Zhang, Xiao Zheng, Jiansheng Cao, Yao Philipp Wilhelm, Jakob Schedlbauer, Florian Hinderer, Daniel Huang, Nianpeng He, Guoyi Zhou, Yongfei Bai, Zongqiang Hennen, Sigurd Ho¨ger, Jan Vogelsang, and John M. Lupton Xie, Zhiyao Tang, Bingfang Wu, Jingyun Fang, Guohua Liu, and Guirui Yu 4081 Label-free and charge-sensitive dynamic imaging of 4045 Economics- and policy-driven organic carbon input lipid membrane hydration on millisecond time scales enhancement dominates soil organic carbon Orly B. Tarun, Christof Hannesschla¨ger, Peter Pohl, and Sylvie Roke accumulation in Chinese croplands Yongcun Zhao, Meiyan Wang, Shuijin Hu, Xudong Zhang, Zhu 4087 Direct electrochemical observation of glucosidase Ouyang, Ganlin Zhang, Biao Huang, Shiwei Zhao, Jinshui Wu, activity in isolated single lysosomes from a living cell Deti Xie, Bo Zhu, Dongsheng Yu, Xianzhang Pan, Shengxiang Rongrong Pan, Mingchen Xu, James D. Burgess, Dechen Xu, and Xuezheng Shi Jiang, and Hong-Yuan Chen 4051 Shifting plant species composition in response 4140 Precise characterization of KRAS4b proteoforms in to climate change stabilizes grassland human colorectal cells and tumors reveals primary production mutation/modification cross-talk Huiying Liu, Zhaorong Mi, Li Lin, Yonghui Wang, Zhenhua Ioanna Ntai, Luca Fornelli, Caroline J. DeHart, Josiah E. Hutton, Zhang, Fawei Zhang, Hao Wang, Lingli Liu, Biao Zhu, Peter F. Doubleday, Richard D. LeDuc, Alexandra J. Guangmin Cao, Xinquan Zhao, Nathan J. Sanders, Aime´e T. van Nispen, Ryan T. Fellers, Gordon Whiteley, Emily S. Boja, Classen, Peter B. Reich, and Jin-Sheng He Henry Rodriguez, and Neil L. Kelleher

iv u www.pnas.org Contents Downloaded by guest on October 1, 2021 COMPUTER SCIENCES 4051 Shifting plant species composition in response E3635 Word embeddings quantify 100 years of gender and to climate change stabilizes grassland ethnic stereotypes primary production Nikhil Garg, Londa Schiebinger, Dan Jurafsky, and James Zou Huiying Liu, Zhaorong Mi, Li Lin, Yonghui Wang, Zhenhua Zhang, Fawei Zhang, Hao Wang, Lingli Liu, Biao Zhu, 4252 Characterizing the human hippocampus in aging and ’ Guangmin Cao, Xinquan Zhao, Nathan J. Sanders, Aime´e T. Alzheimer s disease using a computational atlas Classen, Peter B. Reich, and Jin-Sheng He derived from ex vivo MRI and histology 4111 China, the United States, and competition for Daniel H. Adler, Laura E. M. Wisse, Ranjit Ittyerah, John B. Pluta, Song-Lin Ding, Long Xie, Jiancong Wang, Salmon resources that enable emerging technologies Kadivar, John L. Robinson, Theresa Schuck, John Q. Andrew L. Gulley, Nedal T. Nassar, and Sean Xun Trojanowski, Murray Grossman, John A. Detre, Mark A. Elliott, Jon B. Toledo, Weixia Liu, Stephen Pickup, Michael I. Miller, Sandhitsu R. Das, David A. Wolk, and Paul A. Yushkevich SOCIAL SCIENCES

ANTHROPOLOGY EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES 4116 Origins and spread of fluted-point technology in the 4093 Critical impact of vegetation physiology on the Canadian Ice-Free Corridor and eastern Beringia continental hydrologic cycle in response to Heather L. Smith and Ted Goebel increasing CO2 Le´o Lemordant, Pierre Gentine, Abigail S. Swann, Benjamin I. PSYCHOLOGICAL AND COGNITIVE SCIENCES Cook, and Jacob Scheff 4122 The computational form of craving is a selective 4099 Effects of iron on the lattice thermal conductivity multiplication of economic value of Earth’s deep mantle and implications for Anna B. Konova, Kenway Louie, and Paul W. Glimcher mantle dynamics Wen-Pin Hsieh, Fre´de´ric Deschamps, Takuo Okuchi, and Jung-Fu Lin SOCIAL SCIENCES E3635 Word embeddings quantify 100 years of gender and 4105 Constraining the climate and ocean pH of the early ethnic stereotypes Earth with a geological carbon cycle model Nikhil Garg, Londa Schiebinger, Dan Jurafsky, and James Zou Joshua Krissansen-Totton, Giada N. Arney, and David C. Catling SUSTAINABILITY SCIENCE 4194 Energetic tradeoffs control the size distribution of aquatic mammals 4111 China, the United States, and competition for William Gearty, Craig R. McClain, and Jonathan L. Payne resources that enable emerging technologies Andrew L. Gulley, Nedal T. Nassar, and Sean Xun See Commentary on page 3995

PHYSICS BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES E3645 Fluctuations uncover a distinct class of traveling waves Gabriel Birzu, Oskar Hallatschek, and Kirill S. Korolev ANTHROPOLOGY 4128 Human bony labyrinth is an indicator of population E3655 Soft self-assembly of Weyl materials for light history and dispersal from Africa and sound Marcia S. Ponce de Leo´n, Toetik Koesbardiati, John David Michel Fruchart, Seung-Yeol Jeon, Kahyun Hur, Vadim Weissmann, Marco Milella, Carlos S. Reyna-Blanco, Gen Cheianov, Ulrich Wiesner, and Vincenzo Vitelli Suwa, Osamu Kondo, Anna-Sapfo Malaspinas, Tim D. E3665 Topological order in the pseudogap metal White, and Christoph P. E. Zollikofer Mathias S. Scheurer, Shubhayu Chatterjee, Wei Wu, Michel See Commentary on page 3992 Ferrero, Antoine Georges, and Subir Sachdev 4134 Hip extensor mechanics and the evolution of walking E3682 Mechanosensitivity of Jagged–Notch signaling can and climbing capabilities in humans, apes, and induce a switch-type behavior in vascular homeostasis fossil hominins Sandra Loerakker, Oscar M. J. A. Stassen, Fleur M. ter Huurne, Elaine E. Kozma, Nicole M. Webb, William E. H. Harcourt-Smith, Marcelo Boareto, Carlijn V. C. Bouten, and Cecilia M. Sahlgren David A. Raichlen, Kristiaan D’Aouˆt, Mary H. Brown, Emma M. Finestone, Stephen R. Ross, Peter Aerts, SUSTAINABILITY SCIENCE and Herman Pontzer 4021 Carbon pools in China’s terrestrial ecosystems: New estimates based on an intensive field survey BIOCHEMISTRY Xuli Tang, Xia Zhao, Yongfei Bai, Zhiyao Tang, Wantong Wang, E3673 Pharmacological activation of estrogen receptor beta Yongcun Zhao, Hongwei Wan, Zongqiang Xie, Xuezheng Shi, augments innate immunity to suppress cancer metastasis Bingfang Wu, Gengxu Wang, Junhua Yan, Keping Ma, Sheng Linjie Zhao, Shuang Huang, Shenglin Mei, Zhengnan Yang, Lian Du, Shenggong Li, Shijie Han, Youxin Ma, Huifeng Hu, Xu, Nianxin Zhou, Qilian Yang, Qiuhong Shen, Wei Wang, Nianpeng He, Yuanhe Yang, Wenxuan Han, Hongling He, Xiaobing Le, Wayne Bond Lau, Bonnie Lau, Xin Wang, Tao Yi, Guirui Yu, Jingyun Fang, and Guoyi Zhou Xia Zhao, Yuquan Wei, Margaret Warner, Jan-A˚ke Gustafsson, 4033 Patterns of plant carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus and Shengtao Zhou concentration in relation to productivity in China’s 4140 Precise characterization of KRAS4b proteoforms in terrestrial ecosystems human colorectal cells and tumors reveals Zhiyao Tang, Wenting Xu, Guoyi Zhou, Yongfei Bai, Jiaxiang mutation/modification cross-talk Li, Xuli Tang, Dima Chen, Qing Liu, Wenhong Ma, Gaoming Ioanna Ntai, Luca Fornelli, Caroline J. DeHart, Josiah E. Hutton, Xiong, Honglin He, Nianpeng He, Yanpei Guo, Qiang Guo, Peter F. Doubleday, Richard D. LeDuc, Alexandra J. Jiangling Zhu, Wenxuan Han, Huifeng Hu, Jingyun Fang, van Nispen, Ryan T. Fellers, Gordon Whiteley, Emily S. Boja, and Zongqiang Xie Henry Rodriguez, and Neil L. Kelleher

Contents PNAS u April 17, 2018 u vol. 115 u no. 16 u v Downloaded by guest on October 1, 2021 4146 Oversized galactosides as a probe for conformational 4087 Direct electrochemical observation of glucosidase dynamics in LacY activity in isolated single lysosomes from a living cell Irina Smirnova, Vladimir Kasho, Xiaoxu Jiang, Hong-Ming Rongrong Pan, Mingchen Xu, James D. Burgess, Dechen Chen, Stephen G. Withers, and H. Ronald Kaback Jiang, and Hong-Yuan Chen 4152 Observation of acetyl phosphate formation in 4176 Increased autophagy blocks HER2-mediated mammalian mitochondria using real-time breast tumorigenesis in-organelle NMR metabolomics Silvia Vega-Rubı´n-de-Celis, Zhongju Zou, A´lvaro F. Ferna´ndez, Wen Jun Xu, He Wen, Han Sun Kim, Yoon-Joo Ko, Seung-Mo Bo Ci, Min Kim, Guanghua Xiao, Yang Xie, and Beth Levine Dong, In-Sun Park, Jong In Yook, and Sunghyouk Park 4182 TWEAK and RIPK1 mediate a second wave of cell 4158 Molecular structural diversity of death during AKI mitochondrial cardiolipins Diego Martin-Sanchez, Miguel Fontecha-Barriuso, Susana Gregor Oemer, Katharina Lackner, Katharina Muigg, Gerhard Carrasco, Maria Dolores Sanchez-Nin˜o, Anne von Krumschnabel, Katrin Watschinger, Sabrina Sailer, Herbert Ma¨ssenhausen, Andreas Linkermann, Pablo Cannata-Ortiz, Lindner, Erich Gnaiger, Saskia B. Wortmann, Ernst R. Werner, Marta Ruiz-Ortega, Jesus Egido, Alberto Ortiz, Johannes Zschocke, and Markus A. Keller and Ana Belen Sanz

BIOPHYSICS AND COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY E3616 Roll maneuvers are essential for active reorientation E3731 Evolutionary emergence of the rac3b/rfng/sgca of Caenorhabditis elegans in 3D media regulatory cluster refined mechanisms for hindbrain Alejandro Bilbao, Amar K. Patel, Mizanur Rahman, Siva A. boundaries formation Vanapalli, and Jerzy Blawzdziewicz Joaquı´n Letelier, Javier Terriente, Ivan Belzunce, Adria Voltes, E3682 Mechanosensitivity of Jagged–Notch signaling can Cristian Alberto Undurraga, Rocio Polvillo, Lucie Devos, induce a switch-type behavior in vascular homeostasis Juan J. Tena, Ignacio Maeso, Sylvie Retaux, Jose´ Luis Sandra Loerakker, Oscar M. J. A. Stassen, Fleur M. ter Huurne, Gomez-Skarmeta, Juan R. Martı´nez-Morales, Marcelo Boareto, Carlijn V. C. Bouten, and Cecilia M. Sahlgren and Cristina Pujades E3692 Accurate and sensitive quantification of protein-DNA 4188 Transient fibrosis resolves via fibroblast inactivation binding affinity in the regenerating zebrafish heart Chaitanya Rastogi, H. Tomas Rube, Judith F. Kribelbauer, He´ctor Sa´nchez-Iranzo, Marı´a Galardi-Castilla, Andre´s Justin Crocker, Ryan E. Loker, Gabriella D. Martini, Oleg Sanz-Morejo´n, Juan Manuel Gonza´lez-Rosa, Ricardo Laptenko, William A. Freed-Pastor, Carol Prives, David L. Costa, Alexander Ernst, Julio Sainz de Aja, Xavier Stern, Richard S. Mann, and Harmen J. Bussemaker Langa, and Nadia Mercader E3702 Comprehensive, high-resolution binding energy landscapes reveal context dependencies of ECOLOGY transcription factor binding 4021 Carbon pools in China’s terrestrial ecosystems: New Daniel D. Le, Tyler C. Shimko, Arjun K. Aditham, Allison M. Keys, estimates based on an intensive field survey Scott A. Longwell, Yaron Orenstein, and Polly M. Fordyce Xuli Tang, Xia Zhao, Yongfei Bai, Zhiyao Tang, Wantong Wang, E3712 Spatial organization and dynamics of RNase E and Yongcun Zhao, Hongwei Wan, Zongqiang Xie, Xuezheng Shi, ribosomes in Caulobacter crescentus Bingfang Wu, Gengxu Wang, Junhua Yan, Keping Ma, Sheng Du, Shenggong Li, Shijie Han, Youxin Ma, Huifeng Hu, Camille A. Bayas, Jiarui Wang, Marissa K. Lee, Jared M. Nianpeng He, Yuanhe Yang, Wenxuan Han, Hongling He, Schrader, Lucy Shapiro, and W. E. Moerner Guirui Yu, Jingyun Fang, and Guoyi Zhou 4075 Cell contraction induces long-ranged stress stiffening 4027 Plant diversity enhances productivity and soil in the extracellular matrix carbon storage Yu Long Han, Pierre Ronceray, Guoqiang Xu, Andrea Shiping Chen, Wantong Wang, Wenting Xu, Yang Wang, Malandrino, Roger D. Kamm, Martin Lenz, Chase P. Hongwei Wan, Dima Chen, Zhiyao Tang, Xuli Tang, Guoyi Broedersz, and Ming Guo Zhou, Zongqiang Xie, Daowei Zhou, Zhouping Shangguan, 4081 Label-free and charge-sensitive dynamic imaging of Jianhui Huang, Jin-Sheng He, Yanfen Wang, Jiandong Sheng, lipid membrane hydration on millisecond time scales Lisong Tang, Xinrong Li, Ming Dong, Yan Wu, Qiufeng Wang, Orly B. Tarun, Christof Hannesschla¨ger, Peter Pohl, Zhiheng Wang, Jianguo Wu, F. Stuart Chapin III, and Sylvie Roke and Yongfei Bai 4164 Structural dynamics is a determinant of the functional 4033 Patterns of plant carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus significance of missense variants concentration in relation to productivity in China’s Luca Ponzoni and Ivet Bahar terrestrial ecosystems Zhiyao Tang, Wenting Xu, Guoyi Zhou, Yongfei Bai, Jiaxiang 4170 Microbes vs. chemistry in the origin of the anaerobic Li, Xuli Tang, Dima Chen, Qing Liu, Wenhong Ma, Gaoming gut lumen Xiong, Honglin He, Nianpeng He, Yanpei Guo, Qiang Guo, Elliot S. Friedman, Kyle Bittinger, Tatiana V. Esipova, Likai Hou, Jiangling Zhu, Wenxuan Han, Huifeng Hu, Jingyun Fang, Lillian Chau, Jack Jiang, Clementina Mesaros, Peder J. Lund, and Zongqiang Xie Xue Liang, Garret A. FitzGerald, Mark Goulian, Daeyeon Lee, Benjamin A. Garcia, Ian A. Blair, Sergei A. Vinogradov, 4039 Effects of national ecological restoration projects on and Gary D. Wu carbon sequestration in China from 2001 to 2010 Fei Lu, Huifeng Hu, Wenjuan Sun, Jiaojun Zhu, Guobin Liu, CELL BIOLOGY Wangming Zhou, Quanfa Zhang, Peili Shi, Xiuping Liu, Xing Wu, Lu Zhang, Xiaohua Wei, Limin Dai, Kerong Zhang, Yirong E3722 Insight from the maximal activation of the signal Sun, Sha Xue, Wanjun Zhang, Dingpeng Xiong, Lei Deng, Bojie transduction excitable network in Liu, Li Zhou, Chao Zhang, Xiao Zheng, Jiansheng Cao, Yao Dictyostelium discoideum Huang, Nianpeng He, Guoyi Zhou, Yongfei Bai, Zongqiang Marc Edwards, Huaqing Cai, Bedri Abubaker-Sharif, Yu Long, Xie, Zhiyao Tang, Bingfang Wu, Jingyun Fang, Guohua Thomas J. Lampert, and Peter N. Devreotes Liu, and Guirui Yu

vi u www.pnas.org Contents Downloaded by guest on October 1, 2021 4045 Economics- and policy-driven organic carbon input E3759 FAM210A is a novel determinant of bone and muscle enhancement dominates soil organic carbon structure and strength accumulation in Chinese croplands Ken-ichiro Tanaka, Yingben Xue, Loan Nguyen-Yamamoto, Yongcun Zhao, Meiyan Wang, Shuijin Hu, Xudong Zhang, Zhu John A. Morris, Ippei Kanazawa, Toshitsugu Sugimoto, Ouyang, Ganlin Zhang, Biao Huang, Shiwei Zhao, Jinshui Wu, Simon S. Wing, J. Brent Richards, and David Goltzman Deti Xie, Bo Zhu, Dongsheng Yu, Xianzhang Pan, Shengxiang E3769 Targeting galectin-1 inhibits pancreatic cancer Xu, and Xuezheng Shi progression by modulating tumor–stroma crosstalk 4051 Shifting plant species composition in response Carlos A. Orozco, Neus Martinez-Bosch, Pedro E. Guerrero, to climate change stabilizes grassland Judith Vinaixa, Toma´s Dalotto-Moreno, Mar Iglesias, Mireia primary production Moreno, Magdolna Djurec, Franc¸oise Poirier, Hans-Joachim Huiying Liu, Zhaorong Mi, Li Lin, Yonghui Wang, Zhenhua Gabius, Martin E. Fernandez-Zapico, Rosa F. Hwang, Carmen Zhang, Fawei Zhang, Hao Wang, Lingli Liu, Biao Zhu, Guerra, Gabriel A. Rabinovich, and Pilar Navarro Guangmin Cao, Xinquan Zhao, Nathan J. Sanders, Aime´e T. 4223 Learned immunosuppressive placebo responses in Classen, Peter B. Reich, and Jin-Sheng He renal transplant patients Julia Kirchhof, Liubov Petrakova, Alexandra Brinkhoff, Sven EVOLUTION Benson, Justine Schmidt, Maike Unteroberdo¨rster, E3645 Fluctuations uncover a distinct class of traveling waves Benjamin Wilde, Ted J. Kaptchuk, Oliver Witzke, Gabriel Birzu, Oskar Hallatschek, and Kirill S. Korolev and Manfred Schedlowski 4228 Ablation of insulin receptor substrates 1 and 2 4194 Energetic tradeoffs control the size distribution of suppresses Kras-driven lung tumorigenesis aquatic mammals He Xu, Min-Sik Lee, Pei-Yun Tsai, Ashley S. Adler, Natasha L. William Gearty, Craig R. McClain, and Jonathan L. Payne Curry, Saketh Challa, Elizaveta Freinkman, Daniel S. Hitchcock, See Commentary on page 3995 Kyle D. Copps, Morris F. White, Roderick T. Bronson, 4200 Impact of the tree prior on estimating clock rates Michael Marcotrigiano, Yaotang Wu, Clary B. Clish, during epidemic outbreaks and Nada Y. Kalaany Simon Mo¨ller, Louis du Plessis, and Tanja Stadler 4234 Intron retention induced by microsatellite expansions as a disease biomarker GENETICS Łukasz J. Sznajder, James D. Thomas, Ellie M. Carrell, Tammy E3741 Autochthonous tumors driven by Rb1 loss have Reid, Karen N. McFarland, John D. Cleary, Ruan Oliveira, an ongoing requirement for the RBP2 Curtis A. Nutter, Kirti Bhatt, Krzysztof Sobczak, Tetsuo histone demethylase Ashizawa, Charles A. Thornton, Laura P. W. Ranum, and Maurice S. Swanson Samuel K. McBrayer, Benjamin A. Olenchock, Gabriel J. DiNatale, Diana D. Shi, Januka Khanal, Rebecca B. Jennings, Jesse S. Novak, Matthew G. Oser, Alissa K. Robbins, Rebecca MICROBIOLOGY Modiste, Dennis Bonal, Javid Moslehi, Roderick T. Bronson, E3779 The Vibrio cholerae type VI secretion system can Donna Neuberg, Quang-De Nguyen, Sabina Signoretti, modulate host intestinal mechanics to displace Julie-Aurore Losman, and William G. Kaelin Jr. gut bacterial symbionts 4206 Everolimus rescues multiple cellular defects in Savannah L. Logan, Jacob Thomas, Jinyuan Yan, Ryan P. Baker, laminopathy-patient fibroblasts Drew S. Shields, Joao B. Xavier, Brian K. Hammer, Amanda J. DuBose, Stephen T. Lichtenstein, Noreen M. and Raghuveer Parthasarathy Petrash, Michael R. Erdos, Leslie B. Gordon, and Francis S. Collins E3788 Plasticity in early immune evasion strategies of a bacterial pathogen 4212 High-accuracy lagging-strand DNA replication Quentin Bernard, Alexis A. Smith, Xiuli Yang, Juraj Koci, mediated by DNA polymerase dissociation Shelby D. Foor, Sarah D. Cramer, Xuran Zhuang, Jennifer E. Katarzyna H. Maslowska, Karolina Makiela-Dzbenska, Jin-Yao Dwyer, Yi-Pin Lin, Emmanuel F. Mongodin, Adriana Marques, Mo, Iwona J. Fijalkowska, and Roel M. Schaaper John M. Leong, Juan Anguita, and Utpal Pal 4218 Transcriptional mutagenesis mediated by 8-oxoG E3798 SAMHD1 suppresses innate immune responses to induces translational errors in mammalian cells viral infections and inflammatory stimuli by inhibiting Da-Peng Dai, Wei Gan, Hiroshi Hayakawa, Jia-Lou Zhu, the NF-κB and interferon pathways Xiu-Qing Zhang, Guo-Xin Hu, Tao Xu, Zhe-Li Jiang, Li-Qun Shuliang Chen, Serena Bonifati, Zhihua Qin, Corine St. Gelais, Zhang, Xue-Da Hu, Ben Nie, Yue Zhou, Jin Li, Xiao-Yang Zhou, Karthik M. Kodigepalli, Bradley S. Barrett, Sun Hee Kim, Jian Li, Tie-Mei Zhang, Qing He, Dong-Ge Liu, Hai-Bo Chen, Jenna M. Antonucci, Katherine J. Ladner, Olga Buzovetsky, Nan Yang, Ping-Ping Zuo, Zhi-Xin Zhang, Huan-Ming Yang, Kirsten M. Knecht, Yong Xiong, Jacob S. Yount, Denis C. Yao Wang, Samuel H. Wilson, Yi-Xin Zeng, Jian-Ye Wang, Guttridge, Mario L. Santiago, and Li Wu Mutsuo Sekiguchi, and Jian-Ping Cai E3808 Multiple nuclear-replicating viruses require the MEDICAL SCIENCES stress-induced protein ZC3H11A for efficient growth E3749 Interrelated role of Klotho and calcium-sensing Shady Younis, Wael Kamel, Tina Falkeborn, Hao Wang, Di Yu, Robert Daniels, Magnus Essand, Jorma Hinkula, Go¨ran receptor in parathyroid hormone synthesis and Akusja¨rvi, and Leif Andersson parathyroid hyperplasia Yi Fan, Weiqing Liu, Ruiye Bi, Michael J. Densmore, Tadatoshi 4240 A small-molecule fragment that emulates binding of Sato, Michael Mannstadt, Quan Yuan, Xuedong Zhou, Hannes receptor and broadly neutralizing antibodies to Olauson, Tobias E. Larsson, Hakan R. Toka, Martin R. Pollak, influenza A hemagglutinin Edward M. Brown, and Beate Lanske Rameshwar U. Kadam and Ian A. Wilson

Contents PNAS u April 17, 2018 u vol. 115 u no. 16 u vii Downloaded by guest on October 1, 2021 4246 Flavivirus internalization is regulated by SUSTAINABILITY SCIENCE a size-dependent endocytic pathway 4039 Effects of national ecological restoration projects on Brent A. Hackett and Sara Cherry carbon sequestration in China from 2001 to 2010 Fei Lu, Huifeng Hu, Wenjuan Sun, Jiaojun Zhu, Guobin Liu, NEUROSCIENCE Wangming Zhou, Quanfa Zhang, Peili Shi, Xiuping Liu, Xing E3817 Spatial eye–hand coordination during bimanual Wu, Lu Zhang, Xiaohua Wei, Limin Dai, Kerong Zhang, Yirong reaching is not systematically coded in either LIP or PRR Sun, Sha Xue, Wanjun Zhang, Dingpeng Xiong, Lei Deng, Bojie Liu, Li Zhou, Chao Zhang, Xiao Zheng, Jiansheng Cao, Yao Eric Mooshagian and Lawrence H. Snyder Huang, Nianpeng He, Guoyi Zhou, Yongfei Bai, Zongqiang E3827 Identification of long-lived synaptic proteins by Xie, Zhiyao Tang, Bingfang Wu, Jingyun Fang, Guohua proteomic analysis of synaptosome protein turnover Liu, and Guirui Yu Seok Heo, Graham H. Diering, Chan Hyun Na, Raja Sekhar Nirujogi, Julia L. Bachman, Akhilesh Pandey, and Richard L. Huganir SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 4252 Characterizing the human hippocampus in aging and 4069 Robust, linear correlations between growth rates and Alzheimer’s disease using a computational atlas β-lactam–mediated lysis rates derived from ex vivo MRI and histology Anna J. Lee, Shangying Wang, Hannah R. Meredith, Bihan Daniel H. Adler, Laura E. M. Wisse, Ranjit Ittyerah, John B. Zhuang, Zhuojun Dai, and Lingchong You Pluta, Song-Lin Ding, Long Xie, Jiancong Wang, Salmon 4288 Role of metabolic spatiotemporal dynamics in Kadivar, John L. Robinson, Theresa Schuck, John Q. Trojanowski, Murray Grossman, John A. Detre, Mark A. Elliott, regulating biofilm colony expansion Jon B. Toledo, Weixia Liu, Stephen Pickup, Michael I. Miller, Federico Bocci, Yoko Suzuki, Mingyang Lu, Sandhitsu R. Das, David A. Wolk, and Paul A. Yushkevich and Jose´ N. Onuchic 4258 Second-order spinal cord pathway contributes to cortical responses after long recoveries from dorsal column injury in squirrel monkeys CORRECTIONS (ONLINE ONLY) Chia-Chi Liao, Jamie L. Reed, Hui-Xin Qi, Eva K. Sawyer, ECOLOGY, SUSTAINABILITY SCIENCE and Jon H. Kaas E3856 An invasive foundation species enhances 4264 Psychophysical evidence for auditory motion parallax multifunctionality in a coastal ecosystem Daria Genzel, Michael Schutte, W. Owen Brimijoin, Paul R. Aaron P. Ramus, Brian R. Silliman, Mads S. Thomsen, MacNeilage, and Lutz Wiegrebe and Zachary T. Long See Commentary on page 3998

4270 Ectopic neurogenesis induced by prenatal IMMUNOLOGY AND INFLAMMATION antiepileptic drug exposure augments E3857 B7-H1 maintains the polyclonal T cell response by seizure susceptibility in adult mice protecting dendritic cells from cytotoxic T Atsuhiko Sakai, Taito Matsuda, Hiroyoshi Doi, Yukiko Nagaishi, lymphocyte destruction Kiyoko Kato, and Kinichi Nakashima Ling Chen, Takeshi Azuma, Weiwei Yu, Xu Zheng, Liqun Luo, 4276 Long-term in vivo recording of circadian rhythms in and Lieping Chen brains of freely moving mice 梅龙 范艳艳 Long Mei ( ), Yanyan Fan ( ), Xiaohua MEDICAL SCIENCES Lv (吕晓华), David K. Welsh, Cheng Zhan (占成), and Eric Erquan Zhang (张二荃) E3858 Regulator of G protein signaling 5 protects against cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis during PHARMACOLOGY biomechanical stress of pressure overload 4282 Activation of AMPK by metformin improves Hongliang Li, Chengwei He, Jinhua Feng, Yan Zhang, Qizhu Tang, Zhouyan Bian, Xue Bai, Heng Zhou, Hong Jiang, withdrawal signs precipitated by nicotine withdrawal ScottP.Heximer,MuQin,HeHuang,Peter.P.Liu, Julia K. Brynildsen, Bridgin G. Lee, Isaac J. Perron, Sunghee and Congxin Huang Jin, Sangwon F. Kim, and Julie A. Blendy

PLANT BIOLOGY PLANT BIOLOGY E3837 Negative regulator of E2F transcription factors links E3862 The biosynthetic pathway of the nonsugar, cell cycle checkpoint and DNA damage repair high-intensity sweetener mogroside V from Lili Wang, Hanchen Chen, Chongyang Wang, Zhenjie Hu, Siraitia grosvenorii and Shunping Yan Maxim Itkin, Rachel Davidovich-Rikanati, Shahar Cohen, Vitaly Portnoy, Adi Doron-Faigenboim, Elad Oren, Shiri E3846 Phytophthora palmivora establishes tissue-specific Freilich, Galil Tzuri, Nadine Baranes, Shmuel Shen, Marina intracellular infection structures in the earliest Petreikov, Rotem Sertchook, Shifra Ben-Dor, Hugo Gottlieb, divergent land plant lineage Alvaro Hernandez, David R. Nelson, Harry S. Paris, Yaakov Philip Carella, Anna Gogleva, Marta Tomaselli, Carolin Alfs, Tadmor, Yosef Burger, Efraim Lewinsohn, Nurit Katzir, and Sebastian Schornack and Arthur Schaffer

viii u www.pnas.org Contents Downloaded by guest on October 1, 2021