White Paper | March 2017

Evolution of RAN Architectures for Narrow Band IoT (NB-IoT) Services

Introduction CONTENTS

According to the International Data Corporation (IDC) [1], the Internet of (IoT) Use Cases pg. 2 Things (IoT) market is expected to grow from $655.8 billion in 2014 to $1.7 trillion in 2020. LTE is the only wide area technology that can reliably NB IoT Overview pg. 3 support this massive number of connected devices due to its scalability, Radisys NB IoT Solution Scope pg. 4 security, reliability, longevity, standards protection and proven commercial deployments across the globe. Today, LTE supports IoT with Cat-1 devices, Summary pg. 4 while LTE-Advanced extends device battery life to ten years with power References pg. 4 saving mode. LTE-Advanced Pro (3GPP Release 13/14) further optimizes coverage, device battery life, cost and capacity for connected devices with the introduction of two new technologies: • eMTC (Cat-M) • Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT)

Radisys develops high performance and integrated systems focused on key growth markets in the telecommunications industry, including SDN/NFV and cloud architectures, LTE networks and IMS service delivery. Radisys is working with industry-leading players that are actively involved in supporting NB-IoT solutions with communication service providers. Radisys’ CellEngine™ RAN software has been enhanced with NB-IoT functionality, supporting the new protocol layer interfaces / physical channels / scheduling techniques for a strong product portfolio.

This whitepaper presents key considerations for developing 3GPP NB-IoT solutions using Radisys’ CellEngine 5G RAN software frameworks. Narrow Band IoT (NB-IoT): KeyDeploying Business LTE Drivers over and Unlicensed Radisys SpectrumSolutions | Radisys White Paper 2

Forcasted Growth in IoT Connected Devices While connectivity growth in fixed phones, and even mobile phones and laptop/tablet devices is orecastedf to diminish to single digit figures, it is growth in IoT devices that will make up the majority of new connected device additions over the coming years.

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Cellular IoT

Non-cellular IoT

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Internet of Things – Connected Devices (Billion) (Source: 3GPP)

Internet of Things (IoT) Use Cases In order to respond to the forecasted growth in IoT devices, the 3GPP has defined new IoT capabilities and technologies to address a diversity of IoT applications and services, with a wide variety of service requirements, data throughput, latency and connectivity requirements. Some of the Cellular IoT Use Cases are listed include the following: • Vehicle Telematics • Smart Home • Smart Grid • Health Care • Smart Metering • Environment and Industrial • Smart City • Agriculture

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utomation Health and onitoring onitoring

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IoT Cellular Use Cases (Source: Americas IoT Whitepaper³) Narrow Band IoT (NB-IoT): Key Business Drivers and Radisys Solutions | Radisys White Paper 3

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The differentiators of CAT-M and NB-IoT are “mobility” and throughput. (Source: Ericsson IoT Whitepaper ²)

Narrow Band IoT (NB-IoT) is a 3GPP standardized Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technology developed to enable a wide range of devices and services to be connected using cellular telecommunications bands. The NB-IoT specification was frozen at Release 13 of the 3GPP specification (LTE-Advanced Pro) in June 2016.

NB-IoT Overview NB-IoT is a 3GPP Rel-13 standardized, narrow band (180 KHz) radio access technology for massive devices GS Standalone (IoT). NB-IoT devices are much cheaper and much more power efficient compared to Cat-M devices. H NB-IoT’s key design objectives include: Guard and T T • NB-IoT devices shall be Ultra-low cost, even lower H than eMTC/Cat-M. NB-IoT In-and T • NB-IoT network should provide extended coverage, H 164 dB maximum coupling loss. • NB-IoT devices shall be Ultra-power efficient. Their (Source: Ericsson IoT Whitepaper ²) battery life is expected to be at least 10 years at 5 Watt hour. • NB-IoT shall support a massive number of devices, at least 50,000 per NB Cell. NB-IoT technology can either be deployed “in-band” in spectrum allocated to Long Term Evolution (LTE)— utilizing resource blocks within a normal LTE carrier, or in the unused resource blocks within an LTE carrier’s guard-band—or “standalone” for deployments in dedicated spectrum.

NB-IoT’s key technology aspects include the following: • Narrow band support of 180 kHz ˸˸ To lower the hardware costs, NB devices will only operate on a very narrow 180 KHz spectrum. • Single tone with 15 kHz and/or 3.75 kHz and Multi tone with 15 kHz subcarriers ˸˸ Power efficiency is extremely important for NB devices. To aid longer battery life, UL transmissions are in units of sub-carriers instead of Resource Blocks. • New Physical channels: NPSS, NSSS, NPBCH, NPDCCH, NPDSCH, NPUSCH, NPRACH ˸˸ Completely new set of Physical channels optimized for NB radio transmissions. Narrow Band IoT (NB-IoT): Key Business Drivers and Radisys Solutions | Radisys White Paper 4

• Cross sub-frame scheduling ˸˸ NB devices are latency insensitive and are limited in terms of bandwidth. Hence one NPDSCH/NPUSCH transmission can span across multiple sub-frames and NPDCCH and the corresponding NPDSCH/NPUSCH are transmitted in different sub-frames.

LTE Cat 1 LTE Cat 0 LTE Cat M1 (eMTC) LTE Cat NB1 (NB-IoT) 3GPP Release Release 8 Release 12 Release 13 Release 13

Downlink Peak Rate 10 Mbps 1 Mbps 1 Mbps 250 kbps 250 kbps (multi-tone) Uplink Peak Rate 5 Mbps 1 Mbps 1 Mbps 20 kbps (single-tone) Number of Antennas 2 1 1 1

Duplex Mode Full Duplex Full or Half Duplex Full or Half Duplex Half Duplex

Device Receive Bandwidth 1.08 - 18 MHz 1.08 - 18 MHz 1.08 MHz 180 kHz

Receiver Chains 2 (MIMO) 1 (SISO) 1 (SISO) 1 (SISO)

Device Transmit Power 23 dBm 23 dBm 20 / 23 dBm 20 / 23 dBm

(Source: 3GPP)

• Repetitions for coverage enhancement ˸˸ Unlike traditional LTE networks, cellular IoT has higher coverage requirements. Transmissions with repetitions (up to 2048) enhances network coverage to NB devices located deep indoors. • Mandatory Control Plane CIoT optimization ˸˸ Data is directly sent over NAS without AS security/Header Comp. Limited RRC procedures. • Optional User Plane CIoT optimization ˸˸ RRC Suspend/Resume procedures to reduce signaling overhead for Idle-Connected state transitions.

Radisys’ NB-IoT Solution Scope Radisys’ NB-IoT solution has completed some of the fundamental level requirements for NB-IoT and Radisys is proceeding with interop testing with its ecosystem partners, including device manufacturers, Infrastructure side silicon vendors and mobile operators.

Radisys’ solution includes the following features today: • Stand-alone mode of deployment • NPRACH for 1 CE level only • NPSS and NSSS • NPRACH Procedure (till MSG4) • MIB-NB • UL 3.75 KHz numerology • SIB1-NB and SIB2-NB • Paging • NPRACH Repetition These features are currently work in progress: • In-band/Guard-band mode of deployment • NPDSCH Repetitions • CP-based CIoT optimization • NPUSCH Repetitions • UL 15 KHz numerology • eDRX • IP based data transfer • Scale UE attached numbers • NPDCCH Repetitions Narrow Band IoT (NB-IoT): Key Business Drivers and Radisys Solutions | Radisys White Paper 5

Summary The Internet of Things (IoT) is heading for a major revolution in enabling a smarter world for all of us. Smart Home, Smart City, Smart Grid Networks, Connected Car, eHealthcare, City Traffic Management, Ecology Protection and Intelligent Transport Systems are some of the many vertical markets embracing this new technology. The based on LTE technologies – and combined with the latest enhancements such as Cat-M and NB-IoT – is gearing up to manage the massive number of connected devices.

Radisys as an industry leader is actively evolving its CellEngine™ 5G RAN software with NB-IoT functionality by working in close association with industry forums, undertaking interoperability testing with device manufacturers and ensuring the solution meets operators’ objectives. Radisys’ Professional Services team delivers Custom Development Services that can help customize CellEngine software products and deliver integration services to accelerate the introduction of next-generation communication services in the network.

References 1. International Data Corporation (IDC): http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerid=prUS25658015 2. Ericsson IoT Whitepaper: https://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/whitepapers/wp_iot.pdf 3. 4G Americas IoT Whitepaper: http://www.4gamericas.org/files/6014/4683/4670/4G_Americas_Cellular_ Technologies_Enabling_the_IoT_White_Paper_-_November_2015.pdf 4. Nokia IoT Whitepaper: http://resources.alcatel-lucent.com/asset/200178 5. Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Overall description; (3GPP TS 36.300 Release 13.5.0) 6. LTE Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol specification (3GPP TS 36.321 Release 13 Release 13.4.0) 7. Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); (RRC); Protocol specification (3GPP TS 36.331 Release 13 Release 13.4.0) 8. Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); PHY Layer Specifications; Protocol specifications (3GPP TS 36.211, 36.212, 36.213 Release 13.4.0) 9. Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); S1AP; Protocol specification (3GPP TS 36.413 Release 13.4.0) 10. Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); X2AP; Protocol specification (3GPP TS 36.423 Release 13.5.0)

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