Index

1 The E.N.a.T. project 63 2 Who and How. The participants and the execution of the project 69 3 The transferability of the art. 18 from the Consolidated Act on Immigration, in connection with the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings 75 4 The methodology, the schedule to collect data and their transferability 80 5 The Co-operation Protocol of Venice 88 6 The guidelines 91 7 The choice of Albanian, Slovenian and Spanish provisions 95

1 The E.N.a.T project

The rising of the project

Since the end of the 80ies, the area of the province of Lecce is the place of obligato- ry passage from Romania, Moldavia, Bulgaria, ex Jugoslavia and in general from south balkanic area, through the main junction of Albania-Italy route. “Welcome uti- lities” and territorial structures have been established to face the continous migration waves in which are inserted criminal circuits of human trafficking as well as drug and arms. To face this phenomenon the Province of Lecce, in its policy of intervention towards illegal immigration, has realized, since march 2000, through “Libera Project”, programs of social assistance and integration of women victims of traffic- king for the purpose of sexual exploitation, financed by the Presidence of Ministries Council -Department of Equal Opportunities and the Province of Lecce. During this six years many relationships have been established between private and public organisms: The Province of Brindisi, the Prefecture of Lecce and Brindisi, the Police of Lecce, Brindisi and Taranto, the Attorney of Lecce-Anti-mafia Direction, the Province of Foggia (Project “Roxana 6”), the Municipality of Venice (Project “Foreign prostitution and trafficking: integrated interventions in protection and social integrations programs in favour of women and minors, victims of trafficking and sexual exploitation”), the Municipality of Naples (Project “La Gatta”, Interventions on the road on migrant prostitution, through information activities, prevention and health care activities, to support women towards autonomy), On the Road Association (Project “Including: from trafficking to inclusion”).

Since 1995 the Municipality of Venice, because of the social emergency caused by migrant prostitution and trafficking, has established a Service operating through dif- ferent interventions, from health care to the support of victims of trafficking and exploitation for the purpose of sex to the mediation of conflicts between the persons who prostitutes themselves and the citizens. The Municipality of Venice is the leader subject of programs of social protection for what concern the support to victims of trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation and it is responsible too of the Toll Free Number on Trafficking of the regions of Friuli Venezia Giulia, Veneto and Trentino Alto Adige; besides, since 1996 has developed a collaboration with the

The E.N.a.T project 63 Police of Venice promoting an integrated model of intervention in the sphere of the collection of complaint, security and safety of victim during the trial, regularization. This model has been realized through a common training, exchange of data of every observers and use of a common cultural-linguistic mediation. The E.N.a.T. Project (European Network against Trafficking), Communitarian AGIS Programme (Programme for Police and judicial co-operation in criminal matter), of which the Province of Lecce is the local promoter authority, was born from the collabo- ration between the Province of Lecce (Project “Libera”) and the Municipality of Venice (Project “Foreign Prostitution and Trafficking”), with the participation, during the plan- ning phase, of the Attorney of Lecce, Anti-Mafia Direction and of the Police of Venice.

The presentation of the project. Action: European Network of Co-ope- ration in favour of women and minors victims of trafficking and sexual exploitation.

Introduction The struggle against human trafficking and the assistance of the victims require an integrated approach with the institutions charged of the accomplishment of the cur- rent regulations and oriented towards the organization of the interventions in the area of security, support, protection of victims. Different models and local activities often may cause a delay of times and a suffering situation for victims during the different phases towards deliverance from the condi- tion of exploitation: accommodation in shelter houses, regularization, complaint, trials , social and working insertion, ecc. Moreover, trafficked persons suffer of a social discrimination that paradoxically becomes stronger when the collaboration with the Magistracy makes them more exposed. The formalization of collaboration between the Bench, the Police and public and private subjects who assist the victims, is diffi- cult and has heavy repercussions as regards to the prevention and fight against crime. Victims are the most efficacious subjects for the knowing and contrasting of crimes. All this situation is favourable for organized criminal groups which operate in an inter-

64 The E.N.a.T project national field and are able to diversify investments, to change structure, strategies and organization in order to enter in new and more profitable markets. In Italy, thanks to the Article 18 of the Legislative Decree 286/98, victims can take part to assistance and social integration programs, whereas in Europe there is not any protocol useful to identify victims of trafficking and to give them assistance which, through safety of rights, organization of security and social and working integration, permit to people working in social and legal area to seek for the best praxis in gatherings depositions and successive investigations; in the field of assistance and protection, during judi- cial proceedings in which victims of trafficking and sexual exploitation are involved. Italy, Slovenia, Albania, Spain are countries strongly wounded by criminal groups involved in human trafficking because they are countries of origin, transit and arrival of women and minors trafficked for the purpose of sexual exploitation.

Brief description of the project

The project aim is to promote and strengthen the cooperation among all the authori- ties charged of the application of law, the Magistracy and the Police, private and public agencies which operate in the field of prevention and struggle against criminality invol- ved in trafficking of human beings and in sexual exploitation of women and minors. The persons to whom the project is addressed are 150; among them the Magistracy, the Police, private and public agencies of assistance to victims, university teachers. The action turns the attention to the development and the creation of networks and partnerships between two members countries, an acceding country and a third country and aims to:

1. the individuation of best praxis in the following areas: - the individuation of the victims of trafficking; - the gathering of depositions and successive investigations; - security and protection of victims who collaborate with the Magistracy during the trials; - assistance and social protection of victims; 2. elaboration of protocols of cooperation between the network's members on the guidelines application.

The E.N.a.T project 65 The programme

- 1° TWO-DAY MEETING in which 44 experts of trafficking will take part (the Bench, police high officials, experts of public services and of NGO's who work in the field of victims assistance, research workers: 6 Spain, 6 Slovenia, 5 Albania, 27 Italy); - CONFERENCE in LECCE, 150 participants: the Bench, the police, public and priva- te social workers; - 2° TWO - DAY MEETING in which 44 trafficking experts will take part (the Bench, police high officials, experts of public services and NGOs of victims assistance, research workers); - CLOSING CONFERENCE - Venice, the 16th of December 2005; 150 participants: magi- strates, police officers, public and private social workers. Presentation of the reached goals. - A final report on the concerted guidelines will be written in Italian and English and will be handed by e-mail, internet and by mail over to the authorities of the Members States involved in the project, to the Acceding Countries.

The aims of the action

The aim of the project is to create and to experiment an integrated network model of cooperation between experts partners who are combating the trafficking in the Adriatic and European area in order to find out the best praxis for what concerns identification, security, protection and social and working integration of trafficking victims for the purpose of sexual exploitation. This process should give birth to the guidelines to propose to the Members States and to the Acceding Countries.

The methodology

The aim of the action is to provide the instruments to face trafficking phenomenon through the principle of concerted planning. Starting from the analisys of the interventions already realized and those in progress,

66 The E.N.a.T project we will try to explain and understand the preambles and the diagrams on which the operative models are based. Afterwards we will face the theme of the realization of the project showing and evaluating the local collaborations.

The philosophy of network will give the theoretic foundations and the operative tools to activate and support the co-operation both in the elaboration and in the realiza- tion of best praxis. The tools and the conditions to create partnerships between the different actors interested in the phenomenon will be particularly emphasised.

It will be employed a general methodology that will give centrality to the experience, the process, the environment, the cooperation. For what concerns learning (know- how) il will be used the methodology of Participated Research/Action Workshop.

Activities and instruments

Planning and organization of start up activities and in itinere. Exchange of informations through meetings on specific themes according to a metho- dology based on a “work according objectives”. Individuation of the best praxis and realization of guidelines. Redaction of cooperation protocols through “comparative analysis” an integrated and systemic approach between local and international partners. Final report on the best praxis. Distribution of the results in a closing meeting during which the final report concer- ning the guidelines will be handed over. Distribution of the report to the States Members' Authorities and to the Acceding Countries.

Calendar

1. A preliminary meeting on starting executive project and elaboration of the schedule

The E.N.a.T project 67 2. 1° TWO-DAY MEETING - LECCE , the 20th - 21th of may 2005 3. MEETING - LECCE, the 13th of october 2005 4. 2° TWO-DAY MEETING - LECCE, the 14th -15th of october 2005 5. CLOSING MEETING - VENEZIA, the 16th of december 2005 6. Distribution of the final report through mail, e-mail, internet, Authorities of E.U. invol- ved in the phenomenon.

Partners

ITALIA Province of Lecce (requesting local gouvernment) Municipality of Venice Police of Venice The Attorney of Lecce - Anti-Mafia Direction The Attorney of Trieste - Anti-Mafia Direction Chair of Criminal Law - University of Bologna - Faculty of Law Chair of Criminal Law - University of Lecce - Faculty of Law “GIUdIT” - Women Jurists of Italy - ONLUS (lawyers and magistrates women's association).

SLOVENIA The General Prosecution of Slovenia

SPAIN Chair of Criminal Law - Independent University of Barcelona

ALBANIA The General Prosecution of Albania Q.A.G. Association - Quendra Avokatore per Grate - (Lawyers Women's Association).

68 The E.N.a.T project 2 Who and How The participants and the execution of the project

The participants

Territorial Magistracy Police Services/ONG Research TOTAL Groups ALBANIA Visha ARDIAN Dolores PUROVA Aurela ANASTASI 9 General Prosecution Ministry of C.L.C.I. – Center for Public Order Legal Civic Initiatives Viollca MECAJ Anticrime Direction Vera LESKAJ Constitutional Court Qendra “Vatra” Valona

Erion YMERAJ Merita MUCO General Prosecution Qendra “Vatra” Valona Mirela GJONI Woman Centre “Luna Nuova” of Elbasan

Ada TRIFIRÒ C.I.E.S.

SLOVENIA Harij FURLAN Tomas PERSOLJA Tinkara PAVSIC MREVLJE 4 General Prosecution Criminal Police KLJUC CENTER Direction of Andrej BARAGA General Police General Prosecution

SPAGNA Carlos GONZÁLEZ Luis GÓMEZ Mercè MEROÑO Ana Isabel PEREZ 5 ZORRILLA GONZÁLEZ NGO - Ambitdona - CEPEDA Court of Appeal Criminal Police Ambitprevencio University of La Rioja of Barcellona Joan BAUCELLS University Rovira i Virgili Tarragona

TRIESTE Federico FREZZA Leonardo BOIDO Carla CORSO 4 Attorney – DDA Police Flying Squad Commettee for the Civil Rights Isabella MASSA of Prostitutes Police Manager of Immigration Department

VENEZIA Michele DALLA COSTA Roberto DELLA ROCCA Claudio DONADEL 5 Attorney – DDA Police Flying Squad Municipality of Venice Pina DI BARI Municipality of Venice Elisa BEDIN Municipality of Venice

BOLOGNA Maria VIRGILIO 1 University of Bologna

ROMA Maria Grazia 1 GIAMMARINARO Court of Rome President of GIUdIT Association

Who and How. The participants and the execution of the project 69 PUGLIA Cataldo MOTTA Emma IVAGNES Carmelo CALAMIA Giulio 33 Attorney - DDA Lecce Police of Lecce Project Manager – Province of Lecce DE SIMONE Flying Squad University of Lecce Teresa ASTRO Elsa Valeria MIGNONE Community policy – Province of Lecce Attorney - DDA Lecce Rocco CARROZZO Police of Lecce Marilena SERGI Flying Squad Prefecture of Lecce – Immigration Area

Luisa CAVALLO Michele LA STELLA Police of Lecce Prefecture of Brindisi – Immigration Area Immigration Office Ada SPINA Social Policy Councillor - Province of Brindisi Paola LUPINACCI Police of Lecce Maria RUSSO Immigration Office Project “Libera” – Province of Lecce

Francesco BARNABA Diana DOCI Project “Libera” – Province of Lecce Police of Brindisi Flying Squad Lucia SERGIO Project “Libera” – Province of Lecce Stefania OCCHIONI Police of Brindisi Ines RIELLI Immigration Office Project “Libera” – Province of Lecce Monia DE NITTO Alberto SCALINCI Project “Libera” – Province of Lecce Police of Brindisi Immigration Office M.R. CIULLO Project “Libera” – Province of Lecce A. M. PETRACHI Project “Libera” – Province of Lecce Tina ABBONDANZA GIRAFFAH Association – Bari Enrica STORELLI GIRAFFAH Association – Bari Angela DI LISO GIRAFFAH Association – Bari Giuliana PLACENTINO Project Roxana – Foggia Cristina PALMA Project Roxana – Foggia Concetta VENA Project Roxana – Foggia Vincenzo DISTASO Project Roxana – Foggia Giovanna CAPOCCIA Law Operators Area Legal Office – Province of Lecce Maurizio SCARDIA Law Operators Area Francesca TESTI Law Operators Area Legal Office – Province of Lecce

Francesca GIGANTE TZICHI Association – Lecce TOTALE 11 13 34 4 62

70 Who and How. The participants and the execution of the project

The execution of the project

From the methodological point of view we consider the cooperation as a common goal. The network model in this co-constructive logic, has given the theoretic foun- dations and the operative tools to activate and support actions of cooperation in the elaboration of best praxis. Above all, we have given result to the tools and the con- ditions we used to create a concrete partnership between the different subjects inte- rested in the phenomenon.

The methodology has given centrality to the experience, the process, the environ- ment, the co-operation. As regard to the “know-how”, we used the Participated Research/Action Workshop. Starting from the analysis of the interventions already realized and those in progress, we tried to explain and understand the preambles and the diagrams on which the operative models are founded.

The project has been realized according to the following steps: a) Preliminary stage A group of 44 experts in the field of human trafficking has been established before the beginning of the 1° two-day meeting. Each of the partners has taken part or has contributed to the training of territorial groups in which there were representants of: • Social area (services or NGOs of assistance to the victims), • The Magistracy (above all the Prosecutions Offices) • The Police (above all high officials experts of the administrative divisions and the Flying Squads).

The result has given birth to 6 territorial groups: Puglia, Venezia, Trieste, Barcellona, Albania, Slovenia.

Who and How. The participants and the execution of the project 71 b) First stage After this preliminary work, 47 trafficking experts (6 magistrates, 10 police officials, 27 experts of public services and NGOs of assistance to the victims, 4 research wor- kers) have taken part to the 1° TWO-DAY MEETING - LECCE, the 20th and the 21th of may 2005. During the meeting the 47 experts belonging to the six territorial groups (magistracy, police, social area)have compared the actual different territorial co-operation praxis discussing on those in progress, according to the schedule arranged, with reference to: • identification of the victims • interventions of assistance and support to the victims • protection and promotion of rights of the victims during the trials.

It has been: • a moment in which the magistracy, police and social workers of each single working area have shared their own work and exchanged informations; • a preliminary moment of know-how to use with the workers from different territorial areas.

The result of this first step is shown in the schedules referring the territorial praxis in course written by the different groups. The schedules have been distributed to the participants during the Conference held the 13th of October 2005 in Lecce.

c) Second stage The Conference of the 13th of October 2005 in Lecce has been an intermediate moment between the 1° Two Day Meeting and the 2° Two Day Meeting. It has been an important moment not only for the start up and promotion of the pro- ject, but also for the feedback and the analyisis of the 1° Two-Day Meeting works within a wide audience composed by police, magistrates, laywers, social services workers, institution's and academic's representants. Each two-day meeting is followed by a conference. The Conference of Lecce has followed the first two-day meeting and the Conference of Venice has followed the second two-day meeting.

72 Who and How. The participants and the execution of the project The aim of this subdivision is the diffusion of the results joined from the group of experts to a larger public composed of representants of the social area, of the Police, of the Magistracy, of the Laywers, of Services and NGOs and University workers. The documents of the conference are available on the ENAT web-site: www.agis-enat.it. d) Third stage The 2° TWO-DAY MEETING was held in Lecce the 14th and 15th of October 2005. 44 experts on trafficking have taken part in (High Official Police, Magistrates, Public Services Workers, NGO's of assistance of victims, research workers). In that occasion, there has been a confrontation between the different areas of com- petence with the task of looking for praxis and tools to strengthen and widen the co- operation among the Police, the Magistracy, Social Workers, to stay on the line with the standard of European, international and U.N. guidelines. During the 2° Two-Day Meeting the confrontation has taken part between homoge- nous groups composed by Police, the Magistracy, Social Workers. The meeting has given birth to the first indications for the redaction of the guidelines. e) Fourth stage The 16th of December 2005, the Closing Conference of the project was held in Venice.

Outlooks and results

The expected results of the project were the following: • increase of the know-how and competences of the involved experts; • improvement of actions against criminality, of support and promotion of the rights of persons and of verification of the damage; • creation of an efficacious action model able to connect the different involved areas; • transferability of the model; • greater safety of the victims of trafficking for what concern protection, rights and social inclusion.

Who and How. The participants and the execution of the project 73 The given contribution, during the different steps, to reach all mentioned above is the following: we start planning the project with a little network composed by 4 subjects (Province of Lecce, Municipality of Venice, Anti-mafia Direction of Lecce, Police of Venice); during its development the network of the involved partners has joined 13 partners and then has been increased of 19 organizations (1 Attorney and 1 Court of Appeal), 6 Police Headquarters (Lecce, Brindisi, Trieste, Slovenia, Albania, Barcellona), 2 Prefectures (Lecce, Brindisi), 9 Social Organizations (NGOs and Services of assistan- ce to the victims); it has also been created a group of 62 experts (12 magistrates, 13 police experts, 33 social workers, 4 research workers). The results of the works have been distributed, during the meetings, to an audience of 300 persons, representants of institutions, services and NGOs.

The following outlooks have been found: • reinforcement, widening and formalization of the network; • development of the project on the best praxis, with the aim of formalizing some territorial protocols of co-operation; • joined, multidisciplinary and transnational training.

74 Who and How. The participants and the execution of the project 3 The transferability of the art.18 from the Consolidated Act on Immigration, in connection with the Council of Europe Convention on action against Trafficking in Human Beings

Till now we discussed about the sharing of best praxis, but the article 18 of D.lgs. 286/98 (C.A. on Immigration), after 5 years of its enforcement, starts to be recognized as a model of action against the trafficking in human beings at an international level. Infact, unlike the other struggle actions against trafficking, it proposes a particular “philosophy”, with a specific model of action.

In general, the article 18 is inspired on the protection of human rights of the traffic- ked victim. We must underline that the art. 18 uses a different approach from the international one, in which it is important the collaboration of the victim during the criminal proceedings. National legislations in general subordinate the accordance of a residence permit to the complaint or to the victim's witness. The same approach characterizes the recent European directive of the 29th of april 2004 on the possibi- lity for victims of trafficking to obtain a residence permit if they collaborate with the competent authorities and on actions to face illegal migration.

Two aspects derive from the general structure of the art. 18. Its aim is to support the trafficked person in her autonomy, giving her the chance of obtaining the residence permit very easily and the assistance during her integration, with the opportunity of doing an education training and have a job even if she does not decide to complaint or witness. It is very important also the possibility, as provided in art. 18, of regulari- zing the trafficked person turning her residence-permit for reasons of human protec- tion into a residence permit for work.

To support the trafficked person according to a respectful approach towards her rights means first of all to support her choices, her life's processes and relationships. It is important, then, to remember that the victim is always distrustful towards the institu- tions, and so she can easily establish trust relationship with social workers, often through cultural mediators. For this it has been created a social and judicial double pattern, regarded as the most innovative aspect of the art. 18, because it permits the

The transferability of the art.18 from the Consolidated Act of Immigration 75 organizations to formalize the request for the permit to stay of the trafficked victim without following the judicial pattern.

The data collected by the National Anti-Mafia Direction demonstrate that the appli- cation of the art. 18 has had a positive effect on criminal trials. In the majority of the cases women not only have denounced and witnessed against traffickers, but have demonstrate a strong and open will of punishing their exploiters. This means that their depositions then have been exhaustive, reliable and they have often caused the capture of the traffickers. The criminal trials in the first stage have often concluded with law sentences. This is due to the fact that trafficked women have faced the pro- cess when they were already in a shelter house. The particular model established by the action of organizations, police and public prosecutors departments, has permit- ted to act very quickly, at least in putting immediately the victim into a safe place.

Unfortunately the application of the art. 18 in these last years has been put into force in a very restrictive way for the part of many Police Stations. The judicial authorities often do not consider the social procedure operating an assimilation with the judicial one so that they subordinate the allowance of the permit to stay to the beginning of the criminal proceeding and the Public Prosecutor's opinion. As a consequence in many offices the permit to stay is allowed after many months. Nevertheless the origi- nal structure of art. 18, that implicates the recognition of the organizations' central role, has till now let to find the right mediations and assure the good functioning of the overall system. So, although there are difficulties in the application of art. 18, it is considered the best praxis to contrast trafficking of human beings, because of the great number of victims protection programmes, of the results of criminal procee- dings, of the working integration and of the regularization of the documents. So, if we take into consideration the possibility of considering the art. 18 a good pro- cedure, we should recommend three essential aspects of the Italian model: to give unconditionally the permit to stay to the victim at the first stage of the procee- dings, independently from their willing to complaint or to witness against traffickers; to support the victim who decide to rebel against traffickers entering social assistan- ce and integration's programmes;

76 The transferability of the art.18 from the Consolidated Act of Immigration to regularize her citizenship in Italy, independently from the result of the criminal proceedings; even if the proceedings is dismissed or finishes with an acquittal - (it can happen for reasons which are not related to the honesty of the victim’s witness) - this must not prevent from regularizing the injured part.

The European Council Convention approved in Varsavia the 16th of May 2005 constitu- tes a first confirmation of the transferability of the Italian pattern, with reference to the three factors mentioned above. In this sense, the Convention detaches itself from the European Directive both for what concern approach and action process, establishing a more elevated and suitable standard in the sense of the armonization with national legi- slation. We must underline that the Italian legislation assures in many aspects the best protection to the trafficked person, as provided for by the Directive and by the Convention.

The Convention validates and adopts the Italian approach with reference to the three factors mentioned above, even if in a less binding term. The art. 14 foresees the permit to stay in two different situations: when the competent authority considers the staying necessary for personal reasons; when the competent authority considers the staying necessary for the collaboration during the investigations or the criminal proceedings.

The double pattern approach is confirmed then, with the allowance of the residence permit not only in the case of collaboration during the proceedings, but also with reference to the victim's personal conditions.

This orientation is even represented by the recovery and reflection period for a mini- mum period of 30 days (art.13), related not only to the decision of collaboration (as in the Directive system) but also to the beginning of the trauma rehabilitation, both from a physical and psychological point of view.

The explanatory memorandum shows that the personal conditions that would allow to obtain the residence permit are those that would make it unreasonable to oblige

The transferability of the art.18 from the Consolidated Act of Immigration 77 to leave the Country (§ 183). Besides, it underlines that the personal conditions can refer to the victim's protection, health, family situation or other factors which are essential to consider in the concrete case (§ 184). These measures are coherent with the European Court Human Rights laws, according to which the expulsion is not legal if the person is exposed in her country to a risk for her own life, or to behaviours - (even caused by privates) - comparable to the torture or inhuman and degrading treatments (Cruz Varas c. Svezia of the 20.3.91; Chahal c. UK of the 15.11.96; H.R.L. c. France of the 29.4.97). The same Court has recently decided another criterion, that is that the expulsion is not legal when the person - if minor - has strong parental relationships in the destination Country, which would be interrupted by expulsion (Jacupovic c. Austria of the 6.5.03). From a critical point of view, with reference to the art.14 of the Convention, we should pay attention to the opportunity given to the Countries of deciding whether adopting at the same time the two different approaches or just one of the two. This would allow the Countries the possibility to allow the residence permit only in case of judicial process. The double circuit approach then would be cancelled. Therefore we hope that the national law of approval will include both the opportunities. One more critical aspect is the one concerning the extreme discretion that such a vague criterion, as the one about the personal conditions, should be left to the decision of the Police. With reference to this aspect it would be desirable that the national laws decide more detailed judicial criterions, shaped on the ones selec- ted by the explanatory memorandum, on which to recur when the residence per- mit must be allowed. From this point of view the art. 18 agrees with the appro- ach that considers the permit residence as a right for the trafficked person, and must not be just a discretional allowance. In this sense the art. 18 is a better stan- dard as regards to the Convention. However it could be more improved putting together the risk criterion with other particular ones related to the victim personal and familiar conditions. With reference to the second aspect mentioned above, concerning the activities of social assistance and social integration, the Convention is a great step compared with the European Directive and the ONU Protocol, because makes these activities an obligation. This aspect is the true adding value of the Convention. Nevertheless, it

78 The transferability of the art.18 from the Consolidated Act of Immigration must be underlined that the Convention has minimum standards, inferior to the ones ensured by the Italian experience (art. 12). The third aspect, concerning regularization, is even perceived by the Convention, although in a less binding way and strongly depending from the competent authori- ty's discretion. The art. 14 § 4 of the Convention foresees, in fact, that the competent authority, when must decide on the allowance of the residence permit for a different reason, it should take into consideration the fact that the person has already a resi- dence permit as trafficked person. It is then a regulation that encourages the Countries to predict form of successive regularization.

Even in this occasion the system of the art.18 offers a model available for putting into effect the Convention, because it ensures the right to convert the residence permit into “work reasons”.

The transferability of the art.18 from the Consolidated Act of Immigration 79 4 The methodology, the schedule to collect data and their transferability

The building project of an European network of co-operation in favour of women and minors victims of trafficking and sexual exploitation has different aims: 1. to facilitate the exchange of the experiences, data and informations collected by social and research workers 2. to promote a common training of police and judicial officials, but also of priva- te and public social workers.

Our work aim is to formalize three different instruments to develop the project and to improve the network. The guidelines based on the best praxis and the Co-operation Protocol are the first result of this project. But, since the beginning, the research of a Methodology has been very important, because it has been considered as guarantor of a good develop- ment and enhancement of the project, and of his extension to other Countries. The model has been experimented and its profitability has been successful. In addition to the best praxis guidelines and the Cooperation Protocol, we propose the Methodology used in the project as a model available for other Countries. The objective is to create a concrete co-operation between the experts involved in the project. The co-operation is double because it operates both inside the different territorial groups (Puglia, Venezia, Trieste, Barcellona, Albania, Slovenia) and outside them, crossing the different areas of competence of the experts. We have invited the experts who actively work in the field, identifying the different competences: Police, Magistracy, University and Organizations, realizing a dimen- sion strongly referred to social component. Italy and Spain have been the first Countries selected; subsequently we have compa- red them with Albania and Slovenia. The purpose was to gather different experien- ces: countries of origin, transit and destination of trafficking. The idea of enlarging the network arouses at this point: the Protocol in fact, has to be considered the groun- dwork that gives the opportunity to other territorial areas to be involving in it. The suggestions and the ideas aroused from the different groups, pointed out a Mediterranean enlargement and a direction towards other East European Countries. Our aim, then, is to extend our European network to other Countries.

80 The methodology, the schedule to collect data and their transferability

Besides, we took into consideration the possibility of including in the network the local experiences in which the organizations work in social area (such as in Trieste) and the social services of the official local agencies (such as in Venezia and Lecce). Lecce, Venezia and Trieste, in fact, use particular strategies to face sexual exploita- tion which are not related to their different geographical position (Trieste, for instan- ce, is the meeting point of the trafficking land route, instead Venezia and Lecce repre- sent the meeting point of the maritime route). The interesting thing is that social organizations and “non governative” organizations in Trieste have a central rule in the combating crime. Instead in Lecce and Venezia the institutions have a central role because they directly control the action.

We used a methodology based on territorial and sectorial phases, preceeded by a preliminary step in which we elaborated some schedules to collect data with the pur- pose of individuating the best praxis in the different territories and to stimulate the exchange of informations and experiences. The schedules can be read on the web- site: http://www.agis-enat.it/pratiche_territoriali.php.

The methodology, the schedule to collect data and their transferability 81 SCHEDULE for collecting data This schedule has the aim to find praxis, procedures and codes of behaviours applied in each territorial area about assistance and protection of trafficked victims. For each sphere there are a series of questions that help to describe the scenario in which are set the actions on which we want to investigate. Each sphere has been divided in subgroup for modify or integrate informations from other territorial groups. Each subgroup is a process with a lot of praxis and it is difficult to describe it in a linear way and, since praxis of different subgroups can be realized together, we think it would be better that the working groups could find the praxis and not simply describe an index of the actual praxis. The term Procedure was referred to the complex of rules adopted in a judicial or administrative procedure. Code of behavior was referred to the way with which we have a contact with the vic- tims, for examples interviews. Outcomes expected are the final results that we expect from the application of the praxis and of the procedures.

SLAVE TRADE WOMEN IDENTIFICATIONS Identification is a process that can be divided into different moment: • The emersions (for examples from the first contact to the witness); • The witness; • Verification and control of witness.

Describe the actions and way with which, in your area, you have contact with slave trade victims ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… How are organised and coordinated these actions? ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………

82 The methodology, the schedule to collect data and their transferability What are the most important praxis applied in your country for victims’ identifications?

Victims’ Praxis applied Adopted laws to pro- Outcomes expected identifications tect the rights of vic- tims, security of vic- tims and anti slave trade provisions

Emersion

Witness

Verification and control of witness

ASSISTANCE AND SUPPORT OF THE VICTIMS

Describe the models for assistance and support of the victims applied in your country ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………

The methodology, the schedule to collect data and their transferability 83 What are the most important praxis applied in your country about assistance and support of the victims?

Victims’ Praxis applied Adopted laws to pro- Outcomes expected identifications tect the rights of vic- tims, security of vic- tims and anti slave trade provisions

Regularisations

Welcome, reception

Social integration

84 The methodology, the schedule to collect data and their transferability VICTIMS’ PROTECTION, SAVE OF RIGHTS AND SECURITY IN JUDICIAL MOMENT

1. What are in your country the help for victims of trafficking in judicial moment? ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………

What are the most important praxis applied in your country for Victims’ protection, save of Rights and security in judicial moment?

Victims’ Praxis applied Adopted laws to pro- Outcomes expected identifications tect the rights of vic- tims, security of vic- tims and anti slave trade provisions

Notifications

Trial as victim during the proceeding

Trial as accused

The methodology, the schedule to collect data and their transferability 85 I°. In the first two-day-meeting of the 20th and 21th of may 2005, all the experts from the partners Countries have taken part to a meeting. In this first territorial phase we have analysed and examined the different Italian (Trieste, Venezia, Lecce, Bari, Foggia) and Spanish, Albanese and Slovenia situations. For each area we have organized meetings with the Police, the Magistracy, public and private social agencies, university. The different groups have discussed and exchanged opinions and, finally, have realized the schedule. It has been an impor- tant moment of sharing of different experiences and exchanging of information bet- ween magistracy, police and social workers, but it has even been a propedeutic moment to develop know-how and skills to use in the approach with the other areas. Nevertheless, the Countries involved have different judicial systems, therefore we gave importance to the different human trafficking legislations. To gather the trafficking and sexual exploitation legislations means to understand what are the different criminal behaviours that are prosecuted in the different Countries. The inquiry includes even the human trafficking for forced labour, or at least the different forms of exploitations predicted in every judicial systems. This is a first step to find the different kind of crime used to face the organized crimi- nal groups. We pay attention also to the different measures, specific and general, used to protect victims in every judicial system. This means to range among all the national laws. For example the art. 18, that is the residence permit for social protection which does not belong to the criminal code, but to the immigration judicial code. In some judicial systems the criminal code is taken into consideration and in others the administrati- ve tools are central. Besides the immigration laws, we took into consideration even the different judicial systems on prostitution. The framework of our studies has included different areas: the organized criminal groups, the different systems of victims protection and the regulations on immi- gration and prostitution. They are different areas, but strictly related one to ano- thers. Finally, we made a feed-back on single works that allowed the compilation of the schedules and the gathering of documents in view of the Intermediate Conference.

86 The methodology, the schedule to collect data and their transferability The Intermediate Conference, held in Lecce the 13th of october 2005 has not only launched the project, but it has even been considered an important moment for feed- backs of works, spreading them to a wide public (social workers and NGOs workers, the Magistracy, the Police, research workers and professionals). The schedules filled in by the different territorial groups have been distributed to all the Conference’s participants to discuss about them (the schedules of the eight groups can be consulted on the web-site: Conferenza intermedia/Pratiche territoriali).

II°. The 2° Two-day meeting held in Lecce the 14th and 15th of october 2005. In the second phase we have indicated the specific areas of competence: the experts have worked together starting from their specifities: the magistrates of the different areas formed their work group, as well as the police and the social workers. The gathering of different regulations has been enriched with new documents ( on the web-site: Documenti utilizzati). The Co-operation Protocol has been elaborated and undersigned during the Closing Conference, held in Venezia the 16th december 2005, at the end of the sectorial and territorial works. During the Closing Conference it has been outlined the future perspective. Unanimously it has been decided that the Co-operation Protocol and the Guidelines elaborated at the end of the meetings could comprend both the standard of best pra- xis and also an assimilation between different regulations systems. Proposing a stronger co-operation, we have taken into consideration the differences between the different regulation systems for the purpose of approaching the European systems. We all believe that the best conclusion of our project is its own relaunching. The present Final Report, integrated with the documents and acts of the works on the web-site (www.agis-enat.it), is the instrument which can favour the future course. The realization of the web-site www.agis-enat.it gives the opportunity of consulting the works at each step and all data collected.

The methodology, the schedule to collect data and their transferability 87 5 The Co-operation Protocol of Venice

All the partners (Province of Lecce; Municipality of Venezia; Police Station of Venezia, Attorney of Lecce - Anti-mafia Direction, Attorney of Trieste - Anti-mafia Direction, Bologna University - Faculty of Law - University Chair of Criminal Law, University of Lecce - Faculty of Law - University Chair of Criminal Law, Association “GIUdIT”-Italian Women Jurists ONLUS, General Prosecution of Slovenia, Independent University of Barcellona (University Chair of Criminal Law), General Prosecution of Albania, Association Q.A.G.-Quendra Avokatore per Grate, have met during the Closing Conference held in Venice last December 16 - 2005, in the cour- se of the AGIS program -E.N.a.T. Project (European Network against Trafficking). During this meeting the following protocol has been undersigned.

At the end of the common road, the participants in the conference have agreed the following: Trafficking is a complex transnational phenomenon, related with different field and interests such as migrations, prostitution, black work, the imbalance of international economical relationships, globalization process, gender relationships and women and minors condition, always in transformation as regards to the directions, the cri- minal networks, the exploitation forms and surroundings, countries involved as recruitment areas, transit or victims’ destination.

Given that: - the aim of trafficking is the exploitation of persons considered as contraband or pro- perty goods realized through forms of violence, subjection, coercion, in opened vio- lation of human rights. - the Additional Protocol of the United Nations Convention against the organized criminal groups to prevent, repress and punish human trafficking, especially of women and children (Palermo Protocol, 2000), the Bruxelles Declaration (2002) of the European Conference on prevention and struggle against human trafficking, and other international and europe- an documents, describe trafficking as a heavy violation of human rights, and consider that the fight against it, considered the XXI global challenge, must be carried out through con- crete strategies of cooperation between the subjects involved in the struggle and preven- tion to criminal networks, and in social assistance and protection to the victims.

88 The Co-operation Protocol of Venice As came out from the preceding Two-Day Meeting, the contact actions and identification of the victims, support, assistance and social integration of trafficked persons, promotion of the victims' human rights during the proceedings, must contain forms of co-operation between magistracy, police and social workers both to avoid that the exploited persons would be cri- minalized, revictimized and shocked again, and to make these actions have a relapse on the actions against the criminal networks and on the judicial action of repression of crimes. Considered that the social protection and the victim's security, the investigations and the persecution of crimes, the condemnation of traffickers, represent the strategies measures to contrast trafficking and, in order to be effective, it must be multidiscipli- nary, integrated and based on the promotion of human rights of the trafficked persons.

The partners and the participants to the experts group of the ENaT project want to promote the constitution of an European network against trafficking with the aim:

1. to strengthen the mechanism of cooperation and coordination between local, national, international Magistracy, Police and Social Workers differently involved in the victims support and struggle against criminal networks;

2. to facilitate the contacts and exchange of experiences and informations among the Magistracy, the Police, Public and Private Social Agencies on the possible co-operation during the victims’ identification, the protection and support of the trafficked persons, the witnesses' protection and the safety of victims rights during proceedings;

3. to promote a specifical and permanent common training in order to bring up to date the workers of each sector about trafficking phenomenon: permanent factors and elements of discontinuity, praxis and territorial operating systems used during vic- tims' identification, protection and support of them, protection of witnesses and safe- ty of their rights and security during proceedings;

4. to do researches and compared studies on the application of specific territorial praxis, to look for, to promote and to diffuse the operative models according to uni- versality and efficiency principles;

The Co-operation Protocol of Venice 89 5. to enlarge, to promote and to extend the network and its activities through com- mon projects to stimulate the cooperation among the action of the Magistracy, the Police, and social workers based on safety of human rights of trafficked persons.

Venezia, 16 december 2005.

90 The Co-operation Protocol of Venice

6 The guidelines

The promotion of the human being regarded as the central point of the actions and interventions in favour of women and minors victims of trafficking and sexual exploi- tation, is the criterion to be used to solve the conflicts between the different areas. The victim's condition considered as a passive subject must be changed, we should reject the reductive and absolute mark, and give value to the autonomy of the per- son, through a freedom process to state a plain citizenship. We have used this con- cept as a key to interpret the phenomenon taking into consideration both the concept of dignity stated by the European legislation, the European Union and the European Council and that of human rights contained in the International legislation. The adoption of this principle implies consciousness and respect of cultural differences. Best praxis can be based on these foundations and can be divided as follows:

a) Identification of victims of trafficking and sexual exploitation. The first approach is very significant to identify the victim. The first contact must be conduct with care also through the competences of an interpreter/cultural mediator, if possible a female one. The presence -since the beginning- of foreign social workers belonging to the same cultural-linguistic area should favour a good relationship. To give as soon as possible a prompt information to the victim (even if potential) about the opportunity of coming out from the sexual exploitation, is a moment of personal reflection in which to choose her future perspectives. She must know that there is an alternative way of life and she has to decides autonomously whether to accept or not this new course starting the social protection programme. The absence of selfperception as a victim must not be regarded as significant to the first approach, it is irrelevant for the beginning of the relationship. The typology of the crime is irrelevant to promote the first approach. In fact even in the case of a minor offence, it can start an interpersonal relationship able of stimula- ting a course in which the person can be identified as a victim and so give important elements useful for the investigations and the knowing of criminal organized groups and their trafficking routes. First of all must be used the investigation strategies which do not directly involve the victim. In fact the investigation can start through telephonic interceptions, tailings,

The guidelines 91 detective penetrations, use of infiltrates, not being connected with the victim colla- boration and his complaint. The intervention strategy through collective indiscriminate police operations (cd. street roundup), even if it has contrasting characteristics with a “soft” approach in favour of the victim emersion (the roundup is functional to the expulsion and not to have a relationship of comprehension), can be reduced from the contestual use of telephonic interceptions to find informations about the criminal network, indepen- dently from the victim cooperation and her dangerous exposure.

b) Intervention of assistance and support to the victim. The intervention of assistance and support to the victims must be of different forms • street intervention • desk assistance • individual actions.

Previously, it must be formed a mixed group of intervention, interdisciplinary and intersectorial, including different professional workers and also a linguistic-cultural mediator. Organizations, Public Agencies, Judicial Police and Magistracy must co-operate in network, stimulating the integration between the judicial and social intervention (including both the public and non-governative and private social area organiza- tions). The multi-professional group is respectful towards the different competences and roles; it acts in synergy, but independently, gathering informations and spreading them immediately inside. The group is regarded as the main instrument to guarantee the respect of the princi- ple based on the central role of human person. It will ensure coordinate interventions for the welcoming of the victim and also an immediate exchange of informations given from the victim, that can: • constitute complaints • provide elements of offence proof to the detriment of other victims • offer useful elements to the acquaintance of the organized criminality with the aim of hinding it.

92 The guidelines The promptness of the actions mentioned above contributes to define the levels of risk and of danger for what concern the emersion of the victim, that can be independent from the typology and seriousness of the offences, complainted by those women or anyway hypothesized in the particular situation. At this purpose it has been observed how the danger is not abstract to be valued on the basis of the offence, but it is a real danger to be valued in each different situation, not being connected with formal judi- cial categories, but on the basis of the subjectiviness, recognizing the specifical victim vulnerability and her realistic possibilities of autonomy. And this is possible only with an immediate exchanges of informations. This is a valid beginning to prosecute cri- mes, to organize the proceedings and judicial procedures with positive results, defea- ting the impunity which characterizes and strengthen the organized criminal groups.

To consider the relationship with the origin family, is not only important for the rea- lization of inclusive programmes, but it can favour the rejoining and the supporting of assisted repatriations in the origin country, that must be considered overriding if the victim requires it. c) Protection and safety of victims human rights and of the victim during the proceedings.

The woman, during the proceeding, should be accompanied by a female social wor- ker that she already knows, to make her believe in the relationship: the social wor- ker must be present during the institutional moments but especially during the access in the judicial and police offices. During the proceeding it must be ensured a judicial assistance to the women, using, where possible, a free patronage (of public costs or something else). If possible it would be suitable to take part in the criminal proceeding through the exercise of civil action to obtain the compensation for the damage (in the Italian system through the “sue for damages in a criminal prosecution”). One more form of solidarity and support can be offered by other associations and organizations with a formal intervention during the criminal proceeding. The interpreter (if possible a female social worker) must be always insured, even outside the proceedings.

The guidelines 93 The depositions can be gathered through the lawyer in case she does not feel ready for the deposition. These all different sort of technical assistance give credibility and authoritativeness to the witness because grant them precise, circumstantiated and constant declarations without denials or contradictions, during the investigation or afterwards during the proceeding. The preventive detention of traffickers can be an instrument of protection of the vic- tim, reassuring her. In this case the deposition can be formally gathered after the pre- ventive detention, when the woman feels supported and legitimated. The already signalled overriding use of the all investigation techniques that do not involve directly the victim finds in the probative strategy the system to make the woman avoiding of being source of oral proof, and then being called as a witness during the proceeding. In this case the contact -even visual- should be avoided between the suspected or accused traffickers and the victim during the proceeding. At this purpose it should be important to use every sort of means offered by the regulations: screening, voice distortion technique (slovenian best praxis), teleconference witnesses. The length of a process phase is a burden for the victim. Then must be carefully con- sidered all trial strategies that give the chance of shortening the judicial period, using the accelerate proceeding with the aim of anticipating the witness assumption (abbreviate proceeding without witness' audition, bargaining with non suspended sentence, probative accident, etc.). The attention and support to the victim must be always present and not just at the moment of deposition. During all the criminal proceeding, risk and danger lie always in ambush. In particular the risk increases during the witness during the proceeding, when the victim can suffer a blackmail, intimidations, violence or threats so that she does not witness or is forced to give false witness. To the victim must be ensured the anonymity for example not declaring her residen- ce or the address of the organizations in which she is housing for her serenity and safety, (this same strategy must be used for the social worker who are calling to give formal declarations). This can be valid even for communications and judicial notices from judicial authority.

94 The guidelines 7 The choice of Albanian, Slovenian and Spanish provisions

ALBANIA Albanian Penal Code (text translated in english)

Article 114 Exploitation of prostitution Inducing prostitution, mediating or gaining from it is punishable by a fine or up to five years of imprisonment.

Article 114/a Exploitation of prostitution with aggravated circumstances When exploitation of prostitution is committed: with minors; against some persons; with persons within close consanguinity, in-laws or custodial relations or by taking advantage of an official rapport; with deception, coercion, violence or by taking advantage of the physical or mental incapability of the person; against a person that has been forced or coerced to exercise prostitution out of the territory of the Republic of Albania; It is committed with accomplices or more than once or by persons who have state and public functions/duties; is punished from 7 up to 15 years imprisonment.

Article 114/b Trafficking of Women The recruitment, transport, transfer, hiding or reception of women through threat or use of force or other forms of compulsion, kidnapping, fraud, abuse of office or taking advantage of social, physical or psychological condition or the giving or receipt of payments or benefits, in order to get the consent of a person who controls another person, with the purpose of exploitation of prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced services or work, slavery or forms similar to slavery, put- ting to use or transplanting organs, as well as other forms of exploitation, are puni-

The choice of Albanian, Slovenian and Spanish provisions 95 shed with imprisonment of from seven to 15 years and with a fine of from three mil- lion to six million lek.

The organization, management and financing of the trafficking of woman is punished with imprisonment of from ten to 15 years and with a fine of from five million to seven million lek.

When this offence is committed in collaboration or more than once, or is accompa- nied by mistreatment and making the victim commit various actions through the use of physical or psychological force, or brings serious consequences to health, it is punished with imprisonment of no less than 15 years and with a fine of from six million to eight million lek.

When the offence has brought about the death of the victim as a consequence, it is puni- shed with imprisonment of no less than 20 years or with life imprisonment, as well as with a fine of from seven million to 10 million lek.

When the criminal offence is committed through the utilization of a state function or public service, the punishment of imprisonment and the fines are increased by one fourth of the punishment given.

Article 128/b Trafficking of Minors The recruitment, transport, transfer, hiding or reception of minors with the purpose of exploitation for prostitution or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced services or work, slavery or forms similar to slavery, putting to use or transplanting organs, as well as other forms of exploitation, are punished with imprisonment of from seven to 15 years and with a fine of from four million to six million lek.

The organization, management and financing of the trafficking of minors is punished with imprisonment of from 10 to 20 years and with a fine of from six million to eight million lek. When this offence is committed in collaboration or more than once, or is accompanied

96 The choice of Albanian, Slovenian and Spanish provisions by mistreatment and making the victim commit various actions through physical or psy- chological force, or brings serious consequences to health, it is punished with imprison- ment of no less than 15 years and with a fine of from six million to eight million lek.

When the offence has brought about the death of the victim as a consequence it is puni- shed with imprisonment of no less than 20 years or with life imprisonment, as well as with a fine of from eight million to 10 million lek.

When the criminal offence is committed through the utilization of a state function or public service, the punishment of imprisonment and the fines are increased by one fourth of the punishment given.

Criminal acts committed by an armed gang or criminal organization

Article 333 Criminal organizations The creation, the organization or the guidance of the criminal organizations is senten- ced with imprisonment of 5 to 15 years.

Participation only in the armed gang is punished with imprisonment for a term of from four to eight years.

If the criminal organization is armed and its members possess weapons, explosive mate- rials for the purpose of fulfilling its criminal activity, even if they are hidden or kept in special places, the imprisonment sentence is increased with one third.

If the economic activity which the members of the criminal organization aim to undertake or to keep under control, is financed in whole or part with proceeds of cri- minal offences, the measure of sentence according to the paragraphs above-mentio- ned in this article is increased by one third to one half of that.

The choice of Albanian, Slovenian and Spanish provisions 97 Article 333/a The structured criminal group The establishment, the organization or the leading of a structured criminal group with the purpose of committing crimes, is sentenced with imprisonment for a term of from three to eight years.

Participation in the structured criminal group is punished with imprisonment for a term of from two to five years.

Article 334 Commission of criminal offences by the criminal organisation and the structured criminal gang I. Commission of criminal offences by the members of the criminal organization and of the structured criminal gang is sentenced according to the respective criminal pro- visions by augmenting the sentence for the crime committed with five years of impri- sonment, as well as the fine in the measure of 1/3 but without exceeding the maxi- mum limit of the imprisonment sentence. II. When the respective criminal provision contains imprisonment or life imprison- ment, it is punishable by twenty-five years of imprisonment or to life imprisonment. III. When the respective criminal provision contains life imprisonment, it is punisha- ble by life imprisonment.

Article 334/1 Regardless of article 278, are excluded from the penal prosecution for illegal wea- pon and munitions carrying , persons who, in accordance with the legislation in power, will voluntarily hand over the weapons till 31.5.2005.

In any case are not excluded from penal prosecution for arm bearing without permis- sion, persons that have committed a criminal offence, using as a tool for this purpo- se army weapons and munitions. Persons, who, after this law comes into power, declare that they do not bear weapons or army munitions and from controls exercised in accordance with the respective

98 The choice of Albanian, Slovenian and Spanish provisions dispositions of the Criminal Procedure Code, there were found hidden weapons and munitions, are not excluded from penal prosecution.

SLOVENIA Slovenian Penal Code (text translated in english)

Illegal Crossing of the State border or of the territory (art. 311) (1) People crossing Slovenia State Border using violence or armed to enter illegally in their territory will be punished with term of imprisonment from 3 months to 3 years or with a fine. (2) The foreign citizen without residence permit will be punished with the same penalty if he is in the Slovenia territory with the procedures described above or refu- ses the legal expulsion from his territory. (3) People developing a business that favour the clandestine entrance in the territo- ry of foreign citizens who do not have the permit to enter in the Slovenia country, or giving them a domicile, or carrying them through the territory, or helping them to hide themselves, or operating inside an illegal organized group to favour the border crossing or the national territory, will be punished with term of imprisonment till 5 years and with the fine. (4) With the same term of imprisonment of the previous paragraph will be punished the official public who favour the clandestine entrance abusing his own authority. (5) People behaving according to the paragraph 3 and 4, obtaining for themselves or for other people an unfair profit, or supplying irregular workers, or putting in dan- ger other people’s life or health, or encouraging the terrorist activities or operating in a criminal organized group, will be punished with prison sentence from 1 to 8 years and with a fine. (6) The predictions of the previous paragraphs are applied even for offences com- mitted abroad if the Country where they have been committed has ratified interna- tional conventions that oblige it to pursue this sort of offences wherever it has been done and even if they are predicted as offences in its own regulations. If the offence

The choice of Albanian, Slovenian and Spanish provisions 99 has been committed in the U.E., its citizens are not considered foreigners in order to apply the predicted punishments of the paragraphs 2, 3, 4 and 5 of this article.

People Traffic (art. 387,a) (1) Who, for prostitution aim, sexual exploitation, obliged works, slavery, or for human beings organs traffic, or blood traffic, buys an immigrate, gives him accom- modation, transports him, trades him, offers him or uses him in a different way or favour these actions will be punished with prison sentence from 1 to 10 years; (2) if the described action to the previous paragraph is committed against a younger or using violence, threat or deception, or kidnap, or taking advantage of the subordi- nation position or dependence in order to oblige to the pregnancy or artificial inse- mination, will be punished with prison sentence not inferior to 3 years; (3) with the same penalty of the previous paragraph will be punished who commits the fact predicted to the previous paragraph 1 and 2 inside an organized group in order to commit the offences or get money form the fact.

SPAGNA3 (text in original language)

I. PROSTITUCION 1.Declaracion de ilicitud (no penal) del ejercicio de la prostitución 2.Normas del Código Penal sobre delitos relativos a la prostitucion y corrupción de menores (Incluye el tráfico transnacional de personas con fines de prostitución)

II. EXPLOTACION SEXUAL III. EXPLOTACION LABORAL 1.Artículo 35 de la Constitución 2.Normas del Código Penal: delitos contra los derechos de los trabajadores

3 Compilazione predisposta da: Mercedes García Arán (Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona); Joan Baucells Llados (Universidad Rovira i Virgili Tarragona); Luis Gómez González (Policía); Carlos González Zorrilla (Magistrado); Mercé Meroño (ONG); Ana Isabel Pérez Cepeda (Universidad de La Rioja)

100 The choice of Albanian, Slovenian and Spanish provisions 3.Normas administrativo-laborales 4.La situación en relación a los extranjeros IV. TRAFICO DE CIUDADANOS EXTRANJEROS 1.Normas del Código Penal 2.Normas administrativas V. LOS DELITOS CONTRA LA INTEGRIDAD MORAL COMO TIPOS SUBSIDIARIOS VI. EL PRINCIPIO DE JUSTICIA UNIVERSAL

I. PROSTITUCION

1. Declaracion de ilicitud (no penal) del ejercicio de la prostitución Decreto-ley de 3 de marzo de 1956 de abolición de centros de tolerancia y otras medidas relativas a la prostitución. Art. 1. Velando por la dignidad de la mujer, y en interés de la moral social, se decla- ra tráfico ilícito la prostitución. Art. 2. Quedan prohibidas en todo el territorio nacional las mancebías y casas de tolerancia, cualesquiera que fuesen su denominación y los fines aparentemente líci- tos a que declaren dedicarse para encubrir su verdadero objeto. 2. Normas del Código Penal sobre delitos relativos a la prostitucion y corrupción de menores. Art. 187. 1. El que induzca, promueva, favorezca o facilite la prostitución de una per- sona menor de edad o incapaz, será castigado con las penas de prisión de uno a cua- tro años y multa de doce a veinticuatro meses. 2. Incurrirán en la pena de prisión indicada, en su mitad superior, y además en la de inhabilitación absoluta de seis a doce años, los que realicen los hechos prevaliéndo- se de su condición de autoridad, agente de ésta o funcionario público. 3. Se impondrán las penas superiores en grado a las previstas en los apartados anteriores, en sus respectivos casos, cuando el culpable perteneciere a una organización o asocia- ción, incluso de carácter transitorio, que se dedicare a la realización de tales actividades. Artículo 188. 1. El que determine, empleando violencia, intimidación o engaño, o abusando de una situación de superioridad o de necesidad o vulnerabilidad de la víctima, a persona mayor de edad a ejercer la prostitución o a mantenerse en ella,

The choice of Albanian, Slovenian and Spanish provisions 101 será castigado con las penas de prisión de dos a cuatro años y multa de doce a vein- ticuatro meses. En la misma pena incurrirá el que se lucre explotando la prostitución de otra persona, aun con el consentimiento de la misma. 2. Se impondrán las penas correspondientes en su mitad superior, y además la pena de inhabilitación absoluta de seis a doce años, a los que realicen las conductas descritas en los apartados anteriores, en sus respectivos casos, prevaliéndose de su condición de autoridad, agente de ésta o funcionario público. 3. Si las mencionadas conductas se realizaren sobre persona menor de edad o incapaz, para iniciarla o mantenerla en una situación de prostitución, se impondrá al responsa- ble la pena superior en grado a la que corresponda según los apartados anteriores. 4. Las penas señaladas se impondrán en sus respectivos casos sin perjuicio de las que correspondan por las agresiones o abusos sexuales cometidos sobre la persona prostituida. Artículo 189. 1. Será castigado con la pena de prisión de uno a cuatro años: a) El que utilizare a menores de edad o a incapaces con fines o en espectáculos exhi- bicionistas o pornográficos, tanto públicos como privados, o para elaborar cualquier clase de material pornográfico, cualquiera que sea su soporte, o financiare cualquie- ra de estas actividades. b) El que produjere, vendiere, distribuyere, exhiboere o facilitare la producción, venta, difusión o exhibición por cualquier medio de material pornográfico en cuya elabora- ción hayan sido utilizados menores de edad o incapaces, o lo poseyere para estos fines,aunque el material tuviere su origen en el extranjero o fuere desconocido. 2. El que para su propio uso posea material pornográfico en cuya elaboración se hubieran utilizado menores de edad o incapaces, será castigado con la pena de tres meses a un año de prisión o con multa de seis meses a dos años. 3. Serán castigados con la pena de prisión de cuatro a ocho años los que realicen los actos previstos en el apartado 1 de este artículo cuando concurra alguna de las circun- stancias siguientes: a) Cuando se utilicen a niños menores de 13 años. b) Cuando los hechos revistan un carácter particularmente degradante o vejatorio. c) Cuando los hechos revistan especial gravedad atendiendo al valor económico del material pornográfico.

102 The choice of Albanian, Slovenian and Spanish provisions d) Cuando el material pornográfico represente a niños o a incapaces que son víctimas de violencia física o sexual. e) Cuando el culpable perteneciere a una organización o asociación, incluso de carác- ter transitorio, que se dedicare a la realización de tales actividades. f) Cuando el responsable sea ascendiente, tutor, curador, guardador, maestro o cual- quier otra persona encargada, de hecho o de derecho, del menor o incapaz. 4. El que haga participar a un menor o incapaz en un comportamiento de naturaleza sexual que perjudique la evolución o desarrollo de la personalidad de éste, será casti- gado con la pena de prisión de seis meses a un año o multa de seis a doce meses. 5. El que tuviere bajo su potestad, tutela, guarda o acogimiento, a un menor de edad o incapaz y que, con conocimiento de su estado de prostitución o corrupción, no haga lo posible para impedir su continuación en tal estado o no acuda a la autoridad com- petente para el mismo fin si carece de medios para la custodia del menor o incapaz, será castigado con la pena de multa de seis a doce meses. 6. El Ministerio Fiscal promoverá las acciones pertinentes con objeto de privar de la patria potestad, tutela, guarda o acogimiento familiar, en su caso, a la persona que incurra en alguna de las conductas del apartado anterior. 7. Será castigado con la pena de prisión de tres meses a un año o multa de seis meses a dos años el que produjere, vendiere, distribuyere, exhibiere o facilitare por cualquier medio material pornográfico en el que no habiendo sido utilizados directamente menores o incapaces, se emplee su voz o imagen alterada o modificada. 8. En los casos previstos en los apartados anteriores, se podrán imponer las medidas previstas en el artículo 129 de este Código cuando el culpable perteneciere a una sociedad, organización o asociación, incluso de carácter transitorio, que se dedica- re a la realización de tales actividades.»

II. EXPLOTACION SEXUAL

TÍTULO VIII DEL LIBRO II DEL CODIGO PENAL. DELITOS CONTRA LA LIBERTAD E INDEMNIDAD SEXUAL

CAPÍTULO I. De las agresiones sexuales

The choice of Albanian, Slovenian and Spanish provisions 103 Artículo 178. El que atentare contra la libertad sexual de otra persona, con violencia o intimidación, será castigado como responsable de agresión sexual con la pena de prisión de uno a cuatro años. Artículo 179. Cuando la agresión sexual consista en acceso carnal por vía vaginal, anal o bucal, o introducción o introducción de miembros corporales u objetos por alguna de las dos primeras vías, el responsable será castigado, como reo de viola- ción, con la pena de prisión de seis a doce años. Artículo 180. 1. Las anteriores conductas serán castigadas con las penas de prisión de cuatro a diez años para las agresiones del artículo 178, y de doce a quince años para las del artículo 179, cuando concurra alguna de las siguientes circunstancias: 1ª En todos los casos del artículo anterior, cuando el abuso sexual consista en acce- so carnal por vía vaginal, anal o bucal, o introducción de miembros corporales u objetos por alguna de las dos primeras vías, el responsable será castigado con la pena de prisión de cuatro a 10 años.» 2ª Cuando los hechos se cometan por la actuación conjunta de dos o más personas. 3ª Cuando la víctima sea especialmente vulnerable, por razón de su edad, enferme- dad o situación, y, en todo caso, cuando sea menor de trece años. 4ª Cuando, para la ejecución del delito, el responsable se haya prevalido de una rela- ción de superioridad o parentesco, por ser ascendiente, descendiente o hermano, por naturaleza o adopción, o afines, con la víctima. 5ª Cuando el autor haga uso de armas u otros medios igualmente peligrosos, suscep- tibles de producir la muerte o algunas de las lesiones previstas en los artículos 149 y 150 de este Código, sin perjuicio de la pena que pudiera corresponder por la muer- te o lesiones causadas. 2. Si concurrieren dos o más de las anteriores circunstancias, las penas previstas en este artículo se impondrán en su mitad superior.”

CAPÍTULO II. De los abusos sexuales Artículo 181. 1. El que, sin violencia o intimidación y sin que medie consentimien- to, realizare actos que atenten contra la libertad o indemnidad sexual de otra perso- na, será castigado, como responsable de abuso sexual, con la pena de prisión de uno a tres años o multa de dieciocho a veinticuatro meses.

104 The choice of Albanian, Slovenian and Spanish provisions 2. A los efectos del apartado anterior, se consideran abusos sexuales no consenti- dos los que se ejecuten sobre menores de trece años, sobre personas que se hallen privadas de sentido o de cuyo transtorno mental se abusare. 3. La misma pena se impondrá cuando el consentimiento se obtenga prevaliéndose el responsable de una situación de superioridad manifiesta que coarte la libertad de la víctima. 4. Las penas señaladas en este artículo se impondrán en su mitad superior si concur- riere la circunstancia 3ª o la 4ª, de las previstas en el apartado 1 del artículo 180 de este Código. Artículo 182. 1. En todos los casos del artículo anterior, cuando el abuso sexual con- sista en acceso carnal por vía vaginal, anal o bucal, o introducción de objetos por alguna de las dos primeras vías el responsable será castigado con la pena de prisión de cuatro a diez años. 2. La pena señalada en el apartado anterior se impondrá en su mitad superior cuan- do concurra la circunstancia 3ª o la 4ª, de las previstas en el artículo 180.1 de este Código. Artículo 183. 1. El que, interviniendo engaño, cometiere abuso sexual con persona mayor de trece años y menor de dieciséis, será castigado con la pena de prisión de uno a dos años, o multa de doce a veinticuatro meses. 2. Cuando el abuso consista en acceso carnal por vía vaginal, anal o bucal, o intro- ducción de miembros corporales u objetos por alguna de las dos primeras vías, la pena será de prisión de dos a seis años. La pena se impondrá en su mitad superior si concurriera la circunstancia 3ª o la 4ª de las previstas en el artículo 180.1 de este Código.”

III. EXPLOTACION LABORAL

1. Artículo 35 de la Constitución 1. Todos los españoles tienen en deber de trabajar y el derecho al trabajo, a la libre elección de profesión u oficio, a la promoción a través del trabajo y a una remune- ración suficiente para satisfacer sus necesidades y las de su familia, sin que en nin- gun caso pueda hacerse discriminación por razón de sexo”. 2. La ley regulará un estatuto de los trabajadores”.

The choice of Albanian, Slovenian and Spanish provisions 105 2. Normas del Código Penal: delitos contra los derechos de los trabajadores TÍTULO XV DEL LIBRO II DEL CODIGO PENAL. DE LOS DELITOS CONTRA LOS DERECHOS DE LOS TRABAJADORES Artículo 311. Serán castigados con las penas de prisión de seis meses a tres años y multa de seis a doce meses: 1º Los que, mediante engaño o abuso de situación de necesidad impongan a los tra- bajadores a su servicio condiciones laborales o de Seguridad Social que perjudiquen, supriman o restrinjan los derechos que tengan reconocidos por disposiciones lega- les, convenios colectivos o contrato individual. 2º Los que en el supuesto de transmisión de empresas, con conocimiento de los pro- cedimientos descritos en el apartado anterior, mantengan las referidas condiciones impuestas por otro. 3º Si las conductas reseñadas en los apartados anteriores se llevaren a cabo con vio- lencia o intimidación se impondrán las penas superiores en grado. Artículo 312. 1. Serán castigados con las penas de prisión de dos a cinco años y multa de seis a doce meses, los que trafiquen de manera ilegal con mano de obra. 2. En la misma pena incurrirán quienes recluten personas o las determinen a aban- donar su puesto de trabajo ofreciendo empleo o condiciones de trabajo engañosas o falsas, y quienes empleen a súbditos extranjeros sin permiso de trabajo en condicio- nes que perjudiquen, supriman o restrinjan los derechos que tuviesen reconocidos por disposiciones legales, convenios colectivos o contrato individual. Artículo 313. 1. El que promoviere o favoreciere por cualquier medio la inmigración clandestina de trabajadores a España, será castigado con la pena prevista en el artí- culo anterior. 2. Con la misma pena será castigado el que, simulando contrato o colocación, o usando de otro engaño semejante, determinare o favoreciere la emigración de algu- na persona a otro país. Artículo 314. Los que produzcan una grave discriminación en el empleo, público o privado, contra alguna persona por razón de su ideología, religión o creencias, su pertenencia a una etnia, raza o nación, su sexo, orientación sexual, situación fami- liar, enfermedad o minusvalía, por ostentar la representación legal o sindical de los trabajadores, por el parentesco con otros trabajadores de la empresa o por el uso de

106 The choice of Albanian, Slovenian and Spanish provisions alguna de las lenguas oficiales dentro del Estado español, y no restablezcan la situa- ción de igualdad ante la ley tras requerimiento o sanción administrativa, reparando los daños económicos que se hayan derivado, serán castigados con la pena de pri- sión de seis meses a dos años o multa de seis a doce meses. Artículo 315. 1. Serán castigados con las penas de prisión de seis meses a tres años y multa de seis a doce meses los que mediante engaño o abuso de situación de nece- sidad, impidieren o limitaren el ejercicio de la libertad sindical o el derecho de huelga. 2. Si las conductas reseñadas en el apartado anterior se llevaren a cabo con fuerza, violencia o intimidación se impondrán las penas superiores en grado. 3. Las mismas penas del apartado segundo se impondrán a los que, actuando en grupo, o individualmente pero de acuerdo con otros, coaccionen a otras personas a iniciar o continuar una huelga. Artículo 316. Los que con infracción de las normas de prevención de riesgos labora- les y estando legalmente obligados, no faciliten los medios necesarios para que los trabajadores desempeñen su actividad con las medidas de seguridad e higiene ade- cuadas, de forma que pongan así en peligro grave su vida, salud o integridad física, serán castigados con las penas de prisión de seis meses a tres años y multa de seis a doce meses. Artículo 317. Cuando el delito a que se refiere el artículo anterior se cometa por imprudencia grave, será castigado con la pena inferior en grado. Artículo 318. Cuando los hechos previstos en los artículos de este título se atribuye- ran a personas jurídicas, se impondrá la pena señalada a los administradores o encar- gados del servicio que hayan sido responsables de los mismos y a quienes, conocién- dolos y pudiendo remediarlo, no hubieran adoptado medidas para ello. En estos supuestos la autoridad judicial podrá decretar, además, alguna o algunas de las medidas previstas en el artículo 129 de este Código.» 3. Normas administrativo-laborales 1. Derechos básicos Estatuto de los trabajadores (Real Decreto Legislativo 1/1995 de 24 de marzo, por el que se aprueba el Texto Refundido de la Ley del Estatuto de los Trabajadores) Art. 1 Ambito de aplicación. 1. La presente ley será de aplicación a los trabajadores que voluntariamente presten sus servicios retribuidos por cuenta ajena y dentro del

The choice of Albanian, Slovenian and Spanish provisions 107 ámbito de organización y dirección de otra persona, física o jurídica, denominada empleador o empresario. Art. 4. Derechos laborales – 1. Los trabajadores tienen como derechos básicos, con el contenido y alcance que para cada uno de los mismos disponga su específica nor- mativa, los de: a) Trabajo y libre elección de profesión u oficio. b) Libre sindicación c) Negociación colectiva d) Adopción de medidas de conflicto colectivo e) Huelga f) Reunión g) Participación en la empresa 2. En la relación de trabajo, los trabajadores tienen derecho: a) A la ocupación efectiva b) A la promoción y formación profesional en el trabajo c) A no ser discriminados para el empleo, o una la vez empleados, por razones de sexo, estado civil, por la edad dentro de los límites marcados por sta Ley, raza, con- dición social, ideas religiosas o políticas, afiliación o no a un sindicato, así como por razón de lengua, dentro del Estado español. Tampoco podrán ser discriminados por razón de disminuciones físicas, psiquicas y sensoriales, siempre que se hallasen en condiciones de aptitud para desempeñar el trabajo o empleo de que se trate. d) A su integridad física y a una adecuada politica de seguridad e higiene. e) Al respeto a su intimidad y a la consideración debida a su dignidad, comprendida la protección frente a ofensas verbales o físicas de naturaleza sexual. f) A la percepción puntual de la remuneración pactada o legalmente establecida. g) Al ejercicio individual de las acciones derivadas de su contrato de trabajo. h) A cuantos otros se deriven específicamente del contrato de trabajo. 2. Cesión de trabajadores Artículo 2 de la Ley 10/1994 de 19 de mayo. La contratación de trabajadores para cederlos temporalmente sólo podrá efectuarse a través de empresas de trabajo tem- poral debidamente autorizadas.

108 The choice of Albanian, Slovenian and Spanish provisions 3. Consecuencias legales del establecimiento de una relación laboral ilícita Estatuto de los trabajadores (Real Decreto Legislativo 1/1995, de 24 de marzo, por el que se aprueba el Texto Refundido de la Ley del Estatuto de los trabajadores) Artículo 9. Validez del contrato – 1. Si resultase nula sólo una parte del contrato de trabajo, éste permanecerá válido en lo restante, y se entenderá completado con los preceptos jurídicos adecuados conforme a lo dispuesto en el número 1 del artículo 3 de esta Ley. (...) 2. En caso de que el contrato resultase nulo, el trabajador podrá exigir, por el traba- jo que ya hubiese prestado, la remuneración consiguiente a un contrato válido. 4. La situación en relación a los extranjeros 1. Ley Orgánica 4/2000 de 11 de enero sobre derechos y libertades de los extranje- ros en España y su integración social, reformada por Ley Orgánica 8/2000 de 22 de diciembre (Conocida como “Ley de extranjería”). Artículo 54. Infracciones muy graves. 1. Son infracciones muy graves: (...) d) La contratación de trabajadores extranjeros sin haber obtenido con carácter pre- vio el correspondiente permiso de trabajo, incurriéndose en una infracción por cada uno de los trabajadores extranjeros ocupados. 2. Real Decreto 5/2000 de 4 de agosto por el que se aprueba el texto refundido de la Ley sobre Infracciones y Sanciones en el Orden Social (BOE de 8 de agosto de 2000) – en vigor desde el 1 de enero de 2001. Artículo 37. Infracciones. Serán consideradas conductas constitutivas de infracción muy grave las de: 1. Los empresarios que utilicen trabajadores extranjeros sin haber obtenido con carácter previo el preceptivo permiso de trabajo, o su renovación, incurriendo en una infracción por cada uno de los trabajadores extranjeros que hayan ocupado. 2. Los extranjeros que ejerzan en España cualquier actividad lucrativa, laboral o pro- fesional, por cuenta propia, sin haber obtenido el preceptivo permiso de trabajo, o no haberlo renovado. 3. Las de las personas físicas o jurídicas que promuevan, medien o amparen el tra- bajo de los extranjeros en España sin el preceptivo permiso de trabajo.

The choice of Albanian, Slovenian and Spanish provisions 109 IV. TRAFICO DE CIUDADANOS EXTRANJEROS

1. Normas del Código Penal TITULO XV BIS DEL CODIGO PENAL. DELITOS CONTRA LOS DERECHOS DE LOS CIUDADANOS EXTRANJEROS Artículo 318 bis 1. Los que promuevan, favorezcan o faciliten el tráfico ilegal o la inmigración clan- destina de personas desde, en tránsito o con destino a España serán castigados con las penas de prisión de seis meses a tres años y multa de seis a doce meses. 2. Si el propósito del tráfico ilegal o la inmigración clandestina fuera la explotación sexual de las personas, serán castigados con la pena de cinco a 10 años de prisión. 3. Los que realicen las conductas descritas en cualquiera de los dos apartados ante- riores con ánimo de lucro o empleando violencia, intimidación, engaño, o abusan- do de una situación de superioridad o de especial vulnerabilidad de la víctima, o siendo la víctima menor de edad o incapaz o poniendo en peligro la vida, la salud o la integridad de las personas, serán castigados con las penas en su mitad superior. 4. En las mismas penas del apartado anterior y además en la inhabilitación absoluta de seis a doce años incurrirán los que realicen los hechos prevaliéndose de su con- dición de autoridad, agente de ésta o funcionario público. 5. Se impondrán las penas superiores en grado a las previstas en los apartados 1 a 4 de este artículo, en sus respectivos casos, e inhabilitación especial para profesión, oficio, industria o comercio por el tiempo de la condena, cuando el culpable perte- neciera a una organización o asociación, incluso de carácter transitorio, que se dedi- case a la realización de tales actividades. Cuando se trate de los jefes, administrado- res o encargados de dichas organizaciones o asociaciones, se les aplicará la pena en su mitad superior, que podrá elevarse a la inmediatamente superior en grado. En los supuestos previstos en este apartado la autoridad judicial podrá decretar, ade- más, alguna o algunas de las medidas previstas en el artículo 129 de este Código. 6. Los tribunales, teniendo en cuenta la gravedad del hecho y sus circunstancias, las condiciones del culpable y la finalidad perseguida por éste, podrán imponer la pena inferior en un grado a la respectivamente señalada.»

110 The choice of Albanian, Slovenian and Spanish provisions ACTUALMENTE, EL TRÁFICO CON EL FIN DE LA EXPLOCIÓN SEXUAL (Artículo 318bis.2) ES UN TIPO AGRAVADO DEL DE DELITO DEL TRÁFICO DE SERES HUMANOS 2. Normas administrativas Ley Orgánica 4/2000 de 11 de enero de extranjería sobre derechos y libertades de los extranjeros en España y su integración social reformada por Ley Orgánica 8/2000, de 22 de diciembre (Conocida como “Ley de extranjería”), posteriormente, también reformada por LO14/2003 de 20 noviembre Artículo 54. Infracciones muy graves. 1. Son infracciones muy graves: (...) c) Inducir, promover, favorecer o facilitar con ánimo de lucro, individualmente o fomando parte de una organización, la inmigración clandestina de personas en trán- sito o con destino al territorio español o su permanencia en el mismo, siempre que el hecho no constituya delito. Artículo 59. Colaboración contra redes organizadas. 1. El extranjero que haya cruza- do la frontera española fuera de los pasos establecidos al efecto o no haya cumplido con su obligación de declarar la entrada y se encuentre irregularmente en España o trabajando sin permiso, sin documentación o documentación irregular, por haber sido víctima, perjudicado o testigo de un acto de tráfico ilícito de seres humanos, inmigra- ción ilegal, o de tráfico ilícito de mano de obra o de explotación en la prostitución abusando de su situación de necesidad, podrá quedar exento de responsabilidad administrativa y no será expulsado si denuncia a las autoridades competentes a los autores o cooperadores de dicho tráfico, o coopera y colabora con los funcionarios policiales competentes en materia de extranjería, proporcionando datos esenciales o testificando, en su caso, en el proceso correspondiente contra aquellos autores. 2. Los órganos administrativos competentes encargados de la instrucción del expe- diente sancionador harán la propuesta oportuna a la autoridad que deba resolver. 3. A los extranjeros que hayan quedado exentos de responsabilidad administrativa se les podrá facilitar a su elección, el retorno a su país de procedencia o la estancia y residencia en España, así como permiso de trabajo y facilidades para su integración social, de acuerdo con lo establecido en la presente Ley. 4. Cuando el Ministerio Fiscal tenga conocimiento de que un extranjero, contra el

The choice of Albanian, Slovenian and Spanish provisions 111 que se ha dictado una resolución de expulsión, aparezca en un procedimiento penal como víctima, perjudicado o testigo y considere imprescindible su presencia para la práctica de diligencias judiciales, lo pondrá de manifiesto a la autoridad gubernati- va competente a los efectos de que se valore la inejecución de su expulsión y, en el supuesto de que se hubiese ejecutado esta última, se procederá de igual forma a los efectos de que autorice su regreso a España durante el tiempo necesario para poder practicar las diligencias precisas, sin perjuicio de que se puedan adoptar algunas de las medidas previstas en la Ley Orgánica 19/1994, de 23 de Diciembre, de protec- ción a testigos y peritos en causas criminales. Art.31.3. La Administración podrá conceder una autorización de residencia tempo- ral por situación de arraigo, así como por razones humanitarias, de colaboración con la Justicia u otras circunstancias excepcionales que se determinen reglamentariamen- te. (Este permiso es de 90 días a 5 años) El art. 59 de la Ley Orgánica 4/2000, en su modificación por la Ley Orgánica 8/2000 y en su desarrollo reglamentario por Real Decreto 2393/2004, establece cauces para obtener un visado de residencia temporal. Tales cauces son: Artículo 45. Autorizaciones de residencia temporal por circunstancias excepciona- les.(Permiso de un año, renovable) 4. Se podrá conceder una autorización por razones humanitarias, en los siguientes supuestos: a)A los extranjeros víctimas de los delitos tipificados en los artículos 311 a 314 del Código Penal, de delitos en los que haya concurrido la circunstancia agravante de comisión por motivos racistas, antisemitas o de otra clase de discriminación, tipifica- da en el artículo 22.4.ª, del Código Penal, o de delitos por conductas violentas ejer- cidas en el entorno familiar, en los términos previstos por la Ley 27/2003, de 31 de julio, reguladora de la Orden de protección de las víctimas de violencia doméstica, siempre que haya recaído sentencia por tales delitos. NOTA: Sorprende que se establezca la posibilidad de que puedan obtener un permi- so de residencia temporal por motivos humanitario las víctimas de los delitos de trá- fico con el fin de la explotación laboral y no las víctimas del tráfico con el fin de la explotación sexual, que si podrán cuando se den las circunstancias del apartado b) o c). Esto se subsanará cuando la prostitución sea una actividad laboral.

112 The choice of Albanian, Slovenian and Spanish provisions b) A los extranjeros que acrediten sufrir una enfermedad sobrevenida de carácter grave que requiera asistencia sanitaria especializada, de imposible acceso en su país de origen, y que el hecho de ser interrumpida o de no recibirla suponga un grave rie- sgo para la salud o la vida. A los efectos de acreditar la necesidad, será preciso un informe clínico expedido por la autoridad sanitaria correspondiente. c) A los extranjeros que acrediten que su traslado al país del que son originarios o proceden, a efectos de solicitar el visado que corresponda, implica un peligro para su seguridad o la de su familia, y que reúnen los demás requisitos para obtener una autorización temporal de residencia o de residencia y trabajo. 5. Sin perjuicio de lo establecido en los apartados anteriores, se podrá conceder una autorización a las personas que colaboren con las autoridades administrativas, poli- ciales, fiscales o judiciales, o cuando concurran razones de interés público o seguri- dad nacional que justifiquen la necesidad de autorizar su residencia en España. A estos efectos, dichas autoridades podrán instar a los organismos competentes la con- cesión de la autorización de residencia o de residencia y trabajo a la persona que se encuentre en alguno de estos supuestos.

V. LOS DELITOS CONTRA LA INTEGRIDAD MORAL COMO TIPOS SUBSIDIARIOS TITULO VII DEL LIBRO II DEL CODIGO PENAL. DE LAS TORTURAS Y OTROS DELITOS CONTRA LA INTEGRIDAD MORAL

Artículo 173. El que infligiere a otra persona un trato degradante, menoscabando gra- vemente su integridad moral, será castigado con la pena de prisión de seis meses a dos años. 2. El que habitualmente ejerza violencia física o psíquica sobre quien sea o haya sido su cónyuge o sobre persona que esté o haya estado ligada a él por una análoga rela- ción de afectividad aun sin convivencia, o sobre los descendientes, ascendientes o hermanos por naturaleza, adopción o afinidad, propios o del cónyuge o convivien- te, o sobre los menores o incapaces que con él convivan o que se hallen sujetos a la potestad, tutela, curatela, acogimiento o guarda de hecho del cónyuge o convivien- te, o sobre persona amparada en cualquier otra relación por la que se encuentre inte- grada en el núcleo de su convivencia familiar, así como sobre las personas que por

The choice of Albanian, Slovenian and Spanish provisions 113 su especial vulnerabilidad se encuentran sometidas a custodia o guarda en centros públicos o privados, será castigado con la pena de prisión de seis meses a tres años, privación del derecho a la tenencia y porte de armas de dos a cinco años y, en su caso, cuando el juez o tribunal lo estime adecuado al interés del menor o incapaz, inhabilitación especial para el ejercicio de la patria potestad, tutela, curatela, guar- da o acogimiento por tiempo de uno a cinco años, sin perjuicio de las penas que pudieran corresponder a los delitos o faltas en que se hubieran concretado los actos de violencia física o psíquica. Se impondrán las penas en su mitad superior cuando alguno o algunos de los actos de violencia se perpetren en presencia de menores, o utilizando armas, o tengan lugar en el domicilio común o en el domicilio de la víctima, o se realicen quebran- tando una pena de las contempladas en el artículo 48 de este Código o una medida cautelar o de seguridad o prohibición de la misma naturaleza. 3. Para apreciar la habitualidad a que se refiere el apartado anterior, se atenderá al número de actos de violencia que resulten acreditados, así como a la proximidad tem- poral de los mismos, con independencia de que dicha violencia se haya ejercido sobre la misma o diferentes víctimas de las comprendidas en este artículo, y de que los actos violentos hayan sido o no objeto de enjuiciamiento en procesos anteriores.» Artículo 177. Si en los delios descritos en los artículos precedentes, además del aten- tado a la integridad moral, se produjere lesión o daño a la vida, integridad física, salud, libertad sexual o bienes de la víctima o de un tercero, se castigarán los hechos separadamente con la pena que les corresponda por los delitos o faltas cometidos, excepto cuando aquél ya se halle especialmente castigado por la ley.

VI. EL PRINCIPIO DE JUSTICIA UNIVERSAL

Ley Orgánica 6/1985 de 1 de julio de 1985 del Poder Judicial Artículo 23. 1. En el orden penal corresponderá a la jurisdicción española el cono- cimiento de las causas por delitos y faltas cometidos en territorio español o cometi- dos a bordo de buques o aeronaves españoles, sin perjuicio de lo previsto en los tra- tados internacionales en los que España sea parte. 2. Asimismo, conocerá de los hechos previstos en las leyes penales españolas como

114 The choice of Albanian, Slovenian and Spanish provisions delitos, aunque hayan sido cometidos fuera del territorio nacional, siempre que los criminalmente responsables fueren españoles o extranjeros que hubieren adquirido la nacionalidad española con posterioridad a la comisión del hecho y concurrieren los siguientes requisitos: a) Que el hecho sea punible en el lugar de ejecución, salvo que, en virtud de un tra- tado internacional o de un acto normativo de una Organización internacional de la que España sea parte, no resulte necesario dicho requisito. b) Que el agraviado o el Ministerio Fiscal denuncien o interpongan querella ante los Tribunales españoles. c) Que el delincuente no haya sido absuelto, indultado o penado en el extranjero, o, en este último caso, no haya cumplido la condena. Si sólo la hubiere cumplido en parte, se le tendrá en cuenta para rebajarle proporcionalmente la que le correspon- da. (...) 4. Igualmente será competente la jurisdicción española para conocer de los hechos cometidos por españoles o extranjeros fuera del territorio nacional susceptibles de tipificarse, según la ley penal española, como alguno de los siguientes delitos: (...) e) Los delitos relativos a la prostitución y los de corrupción de menores o incapaces. (...) g) Y cualquier otro que, según los tratados o convenios internacionales, deba ser per- seguido en España. 5. En los supuestos de los apartados 3 y 4 será de aplicación lo dispuesto en la letra c) del apartado 2 de este artículo.

The choice of Albanian, Slovenian and Spanish provisions 115 Stampato nel mese di novembre 2006

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