'Ii

REPORT

COLONEL CHARLES BARRY,

ON THR

PRELIMINARY SURVEY, COST OF CONSTRUCTION. AND ESTIMATED REVENUE OF A BRANCH

I OF

V ROM3

MARTSYILLE, CALIFORNIA, TO THE COLUMBIA RIVER IN OREGON; TOGETHER WITH

A REPORT

ON THE WEALTH AND RESOURCES

OF THE STATE OF OREGON.

SALEM, OREGON: STATESMAN POWER PRESS. I 1864.

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I I11 I t' I" To the Directors of lh

GENTLEMBEN: I h and explorations for Willamette, Umpqu therewith connected This report. being description of rontA non-professional lam

In passing from I three routes are p wav of the Grave t leys and the Canyo ,by the party undet tr~ansit bengn appl maximum of gradE The country betw( leys is made upo hills, and necesai railroad line throq of the Canyon, ae nearly 100, feet pe .the whqle route, ,tlii part of the lin struction on the prop*ed by 1Ric I

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To the Directors of the C4iforniaand Columbia River Railroad Comnpany: GENTLEMEN: I herewith submit my report of surveys and explorations for an eligible railroad route through the Willamette, Umpqua and Rogue river yalleys, and matters therewith connected. This report being intended for general circulation, the description of route, &c., will be made in common and, non-professional language. .ROUTS. In passing from the Rogue river to the Umpqua valley, three routes are proposed. The first, is the one by the way of the Grave creek, Wolf creek and Cow creek val- leys and the Canyon. This route was examined last year . by the party under the charge of Mr. Elliot, the level and transit being applied to every, part of the line, and the maximum of grades found to be about 80 feet per mile.- The country between the Rogue .river and Umpqua v*- leys is made up of low aid irregular ridges and broken hillsand necessarily requires many curves to "1work",,a, railroad line through them. The grade from the summit of the Canyon, aonorth course, for eight miles would be nearly 100' feet per mile, and this is the highest grade on the whqle route. The cost of constructing arniload. on this part of the line will be fully equal to the, cost of con- struction on she Siskiyou mountains. AAn. other . route Proposed by whuish to; pass &om the Rogu. rjiver, t the WI I I 4 Umpqiua valley fro I Applegate and I Uimpqua valley, is that leaving the Rogue river near the mountains. mouth of Big Butte creek and passing up Trail creek on the general line of the old Kearney trail, and over the di- I. PASSES IN > vide and down a branch of the south fork of the Umpqua In September, ivercoming into the main valley at the mouth of Myrtle railroad engineer creek. For want of time I could not examine this route the rePass creek'' with the instruments, but members of the engineer's party from the Umpqtd who had been over the route, report the grade very easy, valley. The leve the route almost'destitute of rock cuttings, and plenty of its length, 80 the good timber. I believe this route will make a saving of rately determine( nearly twenty miles in distance over the other route, and in this pass is no if equally favorable for the construction of the road would somewhat crook save not less than $1,500,000 in the cost of construction. V from the gorge-i Another aoute from Rogue liver valley, is to leave Rogue cannot be reme river at Minersville, passing up Evans 'creek about four r one, and in all r miles, thence tip Ditch creek, following the general line of and sharp curve 4 the Eliff trail through to the upper Cow creek valley near I' It is amply supi the south end of the Canyon. This route would avoid the vations would i Cow creek hills almost entirely. Once in the Umpqua entering the I valley ando further trouble, as to grade, is encountered would be a ver until we reach the Calapopia mountains. This seems im- duous freshets probable to those who have only seen the Umpqua valley Spring. from the top of the stage coach, or in passing along' the In January stage road. The Umpqua valley appears to the traveler the then. newl: as a succession of many' small valleys' separated by low pooias being a hills, and this is partially the case'; but all these small Pass creek psi 'valleys, upon'examination, are found to connect with each on a, straight other on the same plane;. This being the case, the engin-. JUmpqua to tl eer has no more trouble in working a line of railroad P valley.: CThi passing through any other II 'through this valley than in distinguished level country. What is kiiown as the "Robert's niir'll the observadi ,I the valley can be crossed east of the present stage road, gate pass Wa followed around. -9it a moderate'grade, or the river can be *1 of * railroad on the level. There is but little grade, but few curves. and not many side hill cuttings. in passing 'through tht

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I' 6 UJmpqua valley from Canyonville to the entrances to the the Rogue river near thV 4 Applegate and Pass creek passes in the Calapooia passing up Trail creek on mountains. ney trail, and over the di- south fork of the Umpqua PASSES IN THE CALAAPOOIA MOUNTAINS. ,y at the mouth of Myrtle In September, 1863, in company with Mr. Pollay, a ld not examine this route railroad engineer of large experience, I carefully examined 'ers of the engineer's party the "Pass creek" pass through the Calapooias, leading .Port the grade very easy, from the Umpqua valley to the head of the Willamette k cuttings, and plenty of valley. The level and transit was applfid to every foot of ite will make a saving of its length, so that both curves and grade could be accu- over the other route, and rately determined. The lowest grade that can be obtained ruction of the road would in this pass is not less than 80 fbet per mile. The pass is the cost of construction. somewhat crooked compelling several sharp curves, and valley, is to leave Rogue from the gorge-like character of the pass the curvature Evans 'creek about four cannot be remedied. The pass is comparatively a low owing the general line of one, and in all respects, except the high grade in part of St ,r Cow creek valley near and sharp curves ih another part, it' is an excellent one.- hiis route would avoid the It is amply supplied with timber and stone, and the exca- Once in the Ulmpqua vations would not be great. It possesses the advantage of o grade, is encountered entering the Willamette valley at its very head, which ntains. This [ seems im- ti: would be a very material one, were it not for the' tremen- een the Umpqua I valley duous freshets that flood that part of the Iflley evey )r in passing along the Spring. appears to the traveler In January of this year I made a personal exploration of bleYsseparated I by low the then. newly discovered "Applegate Pass" in the Cala. e; but all these small pooias being a pass located to the West of the stage road (the Id to I , connect with each Pass creek pass being east of tho riad) add riunning almost ng the case, the engin. on a straight line from one valley to the othek-.from the 'ing a line of railroad Umpqua to the Siuslaw, or part of the great Willamette ig through any i other ( .valley.' (This pass was discovered. by the old pioneer and the "Robert's inr- i^ I distinguished explorer, the Ilonu.Jewe Applegate.) From be present stage road, the observations then made I was satisfied thttithe Apple- an be followed atound gate pass was superior in every rspcets for the purposes grade, but few curves. of a railroad to 'the Pass, creek pan ; adId nJuie- of this I passitg through the 0111- 1. , /- M "I I1 '6 the 'Willamette th, 41 in *year, when the surveying party comm'elned operations all the field notes 1 4 the -field, they commenced at Oakland in the Umpqua vali- i sion, I could hav i pasw, and soon determined I ley and passed through this neW I . I ground again, esp( survey the correctness of my former ob- by an actu~al werechamoring fo I servations. City can not be c I Inleaving Pass creek to go through, the Applegate pass deciqion, especial1 t~he -hne pursues the little valley of Rock creek to the lation to one pass summit of the pass, on nearly a straight line, running a Jlittle east of norW, and the deseent from the summit to ROUTE THROT the ,Siuslaw on the north side of 'the, mountains, is in tlae Thefirst prelin 1same direction and about the same grade, Which will not entirely throtigh A .cxcee 5 feet to the mile, on the constructed line, on I North end of thi4 t ,either slope.. The grade on both slopes is regular and the easterly course: t( I -excavation will be slight-,-timber abundnt and of an ex- I M~L; thence not ,cellent quality, Ass,.railroad pass it is superior to the thience, on a curi mountains, Pass creek passiu kaving less distance in the I 80 feet; thence ;and in being destitute- of curves and )uaving fifteen ifeet below the forks- i less grade,. which is a very- great advantage when 1the On eat~h side; t h I .grade gets above sixty feet' to, the mile, It has not only eligible ground ,.these advantags btiedevring to I-each, say the city k Hemingway's; I

i valley, thin new pass present% .of Salem, from the Umpqua valley, striking ,Ashorter iand much straighter line--saving about fifteen thence west ofI Mniles. With these unmistakable advantages the -Apple- I Long Tom, nea; ,gate pass recommends itself.n i banks good; ti k It is olaimed by Asome of the citizens of Eugene City, marsh easily cr -that by surveying a9-line throu~gh the Applegate pass, I three culverts; 'have avoided their tows., and the, whole' of the upper end creek, near Fez of the Willaniette wafley, all of which they claim -resulted roe; thence ou from getting into thes wrong pass. Whatever may have lUs, over a level I1;i been the effect -of doing so, I certainly had no such ~object -bridge, 60 ft II in view. It was'neith~r my'desire nor purpose t'o run to -bridge 150 ft i ,or avoid any 'Particular town, but to discover the nearest 75 feet; theue last year, -and best route for the -projected road. Having, I' small creek ii .surveyed ~the line~througb the Pass creek ,base, and down the South Yai i It L', __ M I III t II I 7 I by commenced operations in Z the Willamette through Eugene to Corvallis, and having Oakland in the Umpqua val- I all the field notes and maps of that survey in my posses- 3W pass, and soon determined sion, I could have no object I in going over the same rrectness of my former T ob- ground again, especially when the friends of a new route I wereoclamoring i for an examination of its claims. Eugene through the Applegate pas City can not be overrooked by any company in the final Llley of Rock creek to the decision, especially as it is about as favorably located in re- r a straight line, running a lation to one pass as the other. escert from the summit to of the, mountains, is in the ROUTE THROUGH THE WILLAMETTE VALLEY. same grade, which will not Thefirst preliminary line, run, with level and transit, in the constructed line, on entirely through the Willamette valley, commences at the. ,th slopes is regular and the North end of the Applegate Paws; from -thence a north- er abundant, and of an ex- easterly course: to the crossing of iuselaw creek-culvert pass it is superior to the 12 ft; thence north to Stony Point-grade, alrostnothing; distance in the mountains, Q thence, on a curve west of north, tao Cayote creek-bridge es and having fifteen feet *1~ 80 feet;. thence north to a crossing of Coyote creek, just ,reat advantage when the below the forks-bridge' 50 feet, with light embankments the mile., It has not oily !I in eatch side; thence west of north, following the most. oring to reach, say the city I eligible ground ulong the creek, crossing again near Dr. Hey, thio new paws presents Hemingway's; thence east of north to the main Willamette line-saving about fifteen valley, striking it above the mouth of Spencer creek;, )le advantages the Apple- thence west of North over level grounds to the crossing of Long Tom, near Duckworth'sbridge -about 70 feet, and citizens of Eugene City, t banks good; thence north to Bear creek, passing over a Sh the Applegate pass, I marsh easily crossed with light embankcments, and two or wWhole of the upper end three culverts; sam3 course to the crossing of a small which they claim 'resulted I creek, near Ferguson's; thence north to the town of Mon- as. Whatever may have roe; thence on a north-east course to the town of Corval- rtainly had no suchobject lis, over a level country; thence north-east to Soap creek wire nor purpose to run to -bridge, 50 feet;, thence north to the Luckiamute river t to discover the nearest -bridge 150 feet; thence north to the La Creole-bridge road. Bating, last year, 75 feet; thence north, through ,thes.Fkison, Gap to- a ass creek and'ass, down small creek near Amity; thence north, bearing west, to the South Yamhill river-bridge 200 feet; thenco. on a

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i 8 Washington, Yaml without the benefi' north course to the Wapatoo lake; thence north-east across made to run on bot' Tualatin Plains, crossing the forks -of the Tualatin river expect that; and b( with a bridge of 50 feet span at each crossing, to the Cor- nelius pass in the Scappoose Mnountains; thence south across the Willame boat navigation wil throqgh said paes with a grade of about 40 feet per wile, vation and examine while in the mountain pass, six miles in length,,-to the and its depots of Columbia river slough; thence north, crossing Scappoose the west side of tb creek to St. Helens, on the Columbia river. From Applegate Pass to the foot of the Scappoose ten to accommoda travel of the valle: line is nearly straight, and for the whole mountains, the ary survey made a distance of 120 miles between these two points, there is although a little 1( not a single mile with a grade exceeding fifteen feet. This actly straight, is a is, I think, the shortest, and as far as cost of construction, This matte safety of the road and 'trains thereon when the road is con- able. somewhat on the structed, and the economical working of it, is concerned, where the differei the best route through the Willamette valley. I do not the company, its desire to be understood that this is the shortest route to a by the aid offered steamship landing, because it is not-'A line can be located I For a terminue from the head of the valley to the City of Portland which from the valley would be at least twenty miles the shortest line, but it west bank of the would be of no account to a large portion af Yambill and 2nd-By the wa, the whole of Washington counties. And neither would the river below 4 the line first described be of much use to either Linn or Pass and the we: Marion counties, and of no use to Clackamas. It follows, I personally exami .j then, that, in order to as perfectly accommodate and com- available for the i1 pletely control the local trade of the Willamette valley as X cost of construd A possible, a deviation must be made from the first line. I I in Mr. Elliott recommended the line passing through the cost per mile i Pass creek pass (and at that time he was unaware of the IE C5 existence of the Applegate pass) down the Willamette PxiI 4 In making ul i1 river, through Eugene city, crossing' the Willamette river at Corvallis, then in nearly a direct line through Ii for the lesser di Albany, Salem, Oregon City, and on to Portland. This e orned somewha route, however, is open to the same objections as others- of the country it, too, fails to accommodate the whole valley-leaving I V I''j i1yx N WUp I £

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Washington, Yamhill and a large i lake; thence north-east across part of Polk county. without the benefits of the road. The road ie forks of the Tualatin river cannot be made to run on both sides of the river, ri at each crossing, to the Cor. and people will not expect that; and besides that, a substantial se tMountains; thence south railroad bridge across the Willamette, that will Jde of about 40 feet per mile, not interfere with steam- boat navigation will cost fully $300,000. From my i six miles in length,Ao the obser-. vation and examination of the topography ice north, crossing Scappoose of the valley, and its depots of trade, )olumbia river. I think a line can be located on. the west side of the river, and touching the foot of the Scappoose it sufficiently of- ten to accommodate the great majority of straight, and for the whole the trade and travel of the valley; and k.ith that view I had ,n these two points, there is a prelimin- ary survey made of such line, and exceeding fifteen feet. This find that the route, although a little longer (tvo Ls far as cost of constructionI miles and a halt) and not ex- actly straight, is otherwise advantageous hereon when the road is con- and unobjection- able.' This matter, however, ought working of it, is concerned, to be made to depend somewhat on the subscriptions to the capital Tillamette valley. I do not stock; for where the difference in rival routes is not very material his is the shortest route to a to the company, its location ought, to some extent be is not-a line can be .Zcated decided by the aid offered to the enterprise on the different routes. the City of Portland which fA I% For a terminus, the city of Portland may be approached es the shortest line, but it from the valley by three F different routes: Ist-By the rge portion af Yamhill and west bank of the Willamette river crossing at the. Falls.- ntics. And neither would 2nd-By the way of Bucker Lake and the west bank of much use to either Linn or the river below Oswego. 3d-By the way of the Cornelius to Clackamas. It follows, Pass and the west bank of the river below Portland. tly accommodate and comn I bave personally examined all of these routes, and know them to be )f the Willamette ralley as available for the uses of a railroad'; but by either ade from the first line. route-the: cost of construction is greatly increased over that of the a line passing through the cost per mile in the valley. ne he was unaware of the 3S) down the Willanette COST OF CONSTRUCTION. crossing the Willamette In making up the estimate of the rly a direct line through cost of construction for the lesser difficult portion d on to Portland. This of the line, I have been gov- orned somewhat by the cost of railroads me objections as others- in other portions of the country over similar favorable ,e whole valley-leaving ground, and the

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10 A railroad fron the summit of tl present ruling .prices of railroad iron and material, and deed be a profityl the cost, of locomotives, oars, shops and equipments. , In I Central Pacific I making the estimateo I have been aided by gentlemen of river and Puget I large experience in the construction of railroads in Cali- light only do I pi fornia and believe that the estimates may be relied upon. of Members of From the summit of the Siskiyou mountains (where it is terprise. proposed to connect with the enterprise of the California and Oregon railroad company) to Ashland, a distance of Such an enterl twenty-six miles,, at an average cost.of $80,000 per mile.- 1st. It runs thy From Ashland to Hunter's Ferry, a distance ot thirty-eight the Pacific ocean a miles, at an average cost of $40,000 per mile. From Hun- growing distrets o ter'm Ferry to head of Canyon, a distance of 38 miles, at 2nd. I is local an average cost of 860,000 per mile. From the head of trade and travel t Canyon to Canyonville,a distance of twelve miles, at an aver- 3d. IL will be age cost of $80,000 per mile. From Canyonville to Rose- road, safe from 1/ burg, a distance of thirty-oue miles, at an average cost of the American con $40,000 per mile. From Roseburg to the head of the Wil- speedy transporta lamette valley, a distance of fifty miles, at an average cost of an invasion by of $40,000 per mile. From the head of. Willamette valley 4th. When con to navigable waters of Columbia river, a distance of 130 Idaho, Washingi miles, at an average cost of $85,000 per mile. The total cost of this projected enterprise, in the State Island on the nort the Atlantic SLate. J of Oregon, would be in round numbers about 815,000,000. II Al the great majority '1 I iI ' TRAFFIC AND EARNINGS OF THE ROAD. 5th. It would I * l IIA .This enterprise appears so entirely visionary to some try in the worldci peqple of sense and discrimination, that they will pot give great agricultural i it a fair hearing; and others oppose it from motives of factures, and gr supposed personal interest. Of the first class I only ask a mines of the usfe fair hearing that they may be convinced; and to the sec- dlth. In all the. ond, I reply that a man's interests must be extremely local of the country, c( if they will be damaged by the construction of a railroad NOR mTSBUsINEsi in any direction-railroads always enhance the value of But, to be m( real estate, no matter where situatea-they never depre- ciate it.

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11 A railroad from Portland or the Columbia river south to iroad iron a4d material, and the summit of the Siskiyous, and there to stop, would -in- , shops and equipments. . In deed be a profitless concern. But a road connecting the been aided by gentlemen of Central Pacific Railroad in California with the Columbia truction of railroads in Cali- river and Puget Bound is quite another affair, und in this timates may be relied upon. l light only do I propose to call the attention of the public, iyou mountains (where it is of Members of Congress, and of capitalhsts to this eT!- ) enterprise of the California terprise. y) to Ashland, a distance of Such an enterprise has the following advantages: ,e cost-of $80,000 per mile.- 1st. It runs through and connects with each other and with )rry, a distance o0thirty-eight the Pacific ocean at either end, all the great zvalleys and grain- 40,000 per mile. From Hun- I growing districts o? the Pacific coast. n, a distance of 88 miles, at 2nd. It it located on the direct line of the great er mile. From the head of coast-wise trade and travel that is now rapidigspringing into existence. ice of twelve miles, at an aver- From Canyonville to Rose- 3d. It will be the only internal mountain-defended, military road, miles, at an average cost of safe from the raids of an enemy, on which the nation and Dburg to the head of the Wil- the American communities on the Pact/ic, could rely for the ifty miles, at an average cost speedy transportationof troops and munitions of war, in case ie head of Willamette valley of an invasion by foreign nations. bia river, a distance of 130 4th When constructed, it would connect the States of Oregon 65,000 per mile. Idaho, Washington, and British Columbia and Vancourer Dted enterprise, in the State Island on the north, with th4 States of California, Nevada and numbers about $15,000,000. the Atlantic States on the South, and transport all the travel and the great majority of the freight between these States. NGS OF THE ROAD. 5th. It would be the only line running through the only coun- entirely visionary to some I' try in the world combining the three great resources of wealth- tion, thaf they will pot give great agricultural resources, unlimited water power for manu- oppose it from motives of factures, and great forests of good timber with nexhaustible f the first class I only ask a mines of the useful and precious metals. convinced; and to the sec- .II Xsts must be extremely local lth. In all these advatages, this enterprise, from the nature I D construction of a railroad of the country, COULD NEVFR HAVE A RIVAL LINE COMPETING rays enhance the value of FOR ITS BUSINESS. tuatea-they never depre- But, to be more particular, what would be the probable . 2 P ,Ii-, - :X T: - I / 'U 12 ocean steamers are traffic and, earnings of the'whole line of 650 miles from lars per ton, for ca Marysville, California, to the Columbia river? . Portland, and that It has boon estimnated by eminent and unquestionably, cisco and Portland good railroad authority in the United States, thatfor every posed road, it costs acre of good agricultural land, the exports of which, to dred and sixty dolli and from, were controlled by the construction of a railroad,' location. At ten (' obe ton of freight per annum for the railroad, .might be freight would prod depended upon. In order that no one can quarrel with on agricultural fix our figures or estimates, I will, ini the present instance, essarily connected, estimate it at only one-fourth of a ton per acre, per aiinum. be, added those ~ Now this proje~cted enterprise ivill control-absolutely silver, copper, lead, control-the freight to an from not an acre leas than 6,000,- of the road. Of tJi 000 acres of good land, and probably nearer sixteen million approximate'estimna than si'x. It-would cointrol the freight of a large portion appear on evena of the Sacramento' valley, which valley alone contains fornia, there are aim 20,000,000 acrds arable land; the freight of Scotts' valley, coptper now shippin~ Shasta valley; pasb*nelarenoug~h to control 1,000,000 acres' Sacramento river, I in the ]Klamath basin (good land); all of Rogue river val- when constructed. ley, Illinois valley, Umpqua"valley, and the great Willam- 'beds of the best ir( etto valley, with all the smaller vall eys; atdoining. And thhi road. In Sisk ,what is very remarkable, all these valleys named lie on an. valuable mines of c alm~ost straight line with each other., Applying our esti- hauling a lonb,- disti IIII I4k m1ate to six. million acres, only, Vud 'I we have. for our road, uponi its constrtictic

I as freight forom agricultural population and resources only, ties, Oregon, there I II (with the usual inte~rmixture of mechanics, manufactures, uable mines of cop] Li towns, &c.), 1,500,000 tonrs per annum. In order to equal- of the finest marbl4 ize the traffic, and make a calculation upon freigjit jassing :1 awaiting and must I over the whole line, it would be proper to divide the last sea-coast. One of t] figures by two, but to be generous to the doubting, we, will in Josephine countj divide by three, and make thi;s item of freight average "1The Wealth. and -] 500,000 tons to the entire line-or call it through freight, furnisl4 500 totms ol i although part of it ,only would be such in point of fact. twenty five dollarhper i For this 500,000 tonis of freiglitit would seem that ten iti pouthern Oregon

ii (lollars per ton for carrying the same would be a low price by this projected rog -at least a reasonable price-when we reflect that the

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13 ocean steamers are now charging from seven to ten dol- hole line of 650 miles from lars per ton, for carrying freight from Ban Francisco to Dolumbia river.? Portland, and that fo; delivering freight from San 'Fran- i minent and unquestionably, cisco and Portland to the different points along the pro- United States, that for every posed road, it costs all the way from ten dollars to one hun- l, the exports of which, to dred and sixty dollars. per ton, owing to the distance and he construction of a railroad,' location. At ten dollars per ton, this 500,000 tons of L for the railroad,.might be freight would produce an' annual income of $5,000,000, : kat no one can quarrel with on agricultural freights, and freights therewith nec- rill, in the present instance, essarily connected. To this class of freights must )f a ton per acre, per annum. be added those derived from' the various mines of rise will control-absolutely silver, copper, lead, iron and coal, existing along the line not an acre less than 6,000,- of the road. Of this there can be at this tihie only an' . Dbably nearer sixteen million approximate' estimate. That it will be very large. must | xe freight of a large portion appear on even a cursory view. Iu Shastacohnty, Cali- xvhich valley alone contains fornia, there are already many good mine, of silver and . : the freight of Scotts' valley, copper now shipping ore by hauling a long distance to the ,h to control 1,000,000 acres' Sacramento river, but which would go to this railroad, nd); all of Rogue river val- when constructed. There is also in Shasta county immense alley, and the great Willam- beds of the best iron ore, which would be developed by , ler valleys atljoining. And this road. In Siskiyou county, Calidetit, there are also hese valleys named lie on an. valuable mines of copper which are now shipping ore by' i other. Applying our esti- hauling a long- distance, but which would go to this road y, bud we have for our road, upon its construction. In Jackson and Josephine coun- opulation and resources only, ties, Oregon, there have been discovered already many val- of mechanics, manufactures, uable mines of copper, and'extensive ledges and quarries r annum. In order to equal- of the finest marble, which, for proper development are *ulation upon freight passing awaiting and must wait for railroad transportation to the, be proper to divide the last sea-coast. One of these mines-(the " Queen of Bronze," rous to the doubting, we will in Josephine' county, and which is noticed more fully in this item of freight average "1The Wealth and Resuarces of Oregon ") has offered to e-or call it through freight, furnish 600 tots of freight per month, to' a railroad at ild be such in point of fact. ltcenty five dollar# per ton. When we consider that there is ghtit would seem that ten iu southern Oregon amcessible to the facilities to be afforded te same would be a low price by this projected road, many' such mines as the "Queenl of *-when we reflect that the ,00# I r- - a ffmmr

Ti 14 the Columbia AN bia, California ain Brppze " their freight patronage mounts up to, qnormous and many other jj -lgures. eThere are also in'J'ackson county extensive veins I San Francisco', -NV of coal, and another mountain of iron ore now worthless I Portation; and ti for ,9 the watof railroad tran ortatibn, but which would gers and delays ( become, of inmmpnoe',value when such transportation is road. This item ti afforded. Some idea of the value of good copper and iron develOPment of mines is afforded bya statement, lately made in au article tons. Ten dolla published in the American Railroad Journal, where its $500,00o. To ti author, in discussing th~e value of the ujines of iron ini the faires~mail: and e Lake Superior region, makes the statement, that the the travel on the *freights of on'; good iron miiie willepay a handsome diaudend local travel, and s *on the cost ofconstrveting fiftjy miles of railroad, in&order to through paosenge -tievelop the mine., There are also extensive veins of coal the conside ra'tion in the Cal poamutains, directly on the line of this the Pttcific States road, which would be developed by its construction. In vaeven or eight yea summing up the prospective freights from all these mines been completed, a 'it would not be overestimating it to say that they will pro- that no people in* duce as much freight as the tarms and -towns; .but to add cans on the Pacif something on their account we will say that they will only Committee on co] produce one fifth as much, or! 100,000 tons, which, at ten this year, in consi dollars per ton Noqld mak e 81,000,000 more revenue., To hundred miles of]i thi must bq added the freights on lumber, as it a notorious )7 [See Report] estinr !1 fact that the Sacramento valley is destitute of lumbering annum. this is timber; and the Willamette valley is so in many places, travel only betwec I I the wants of which, in both places, would be fully sup- 'i I I intermediate point if plied by this road. As lup bor, freights are always lower I t of tie 'Central Pac than ~otiher freights,'and:vaotl& -greater in amount, propor- A , the income on loca AI , tionably,, II est~ipnate the amount to be carried by this road II I6 tiie of that road at 50,000 tons annually, at five dollars per ton, makes ra V~el originated $250,000. The above items maly all be classed as local I I controlled by it.,1i 4 I ; *freights, as they are all originated on and, along the line . I linie, would not be of the road, and exclusively, controlled by it. To those on through travel, must be added what is known, and designated as "through the, 'Califorftal 'Su -I fast freights." On this road this item would i be made up I 1 of dry goods purehased in San Francisco, and destined for

6NL_ I*'- M X I 15 the Columbia river, Idaho, Washington and British Colum. bia, California and tropical fruits destined for the "North," articles from the metropolitan stores of wge mounts up to enormous and many other which' would prefer speedy and safe trans. bkson county extensive veins San Francisco, portation; and to secure that, save insurance and the dan- a of iron ore now worthless would take the railb 1portatibn, but which would gers and delays of ocean navigation, rapid Ahen such transportation is road. This item. is low at 50,000 tons, and by the 100,000 'Mue of good copper and iron development of the country would: soon reach ent lately made in an article tons. Ten dollars per ton'on 50,O000 tons would make Railroad Journal, where its $500,000. 'To the freights we must add the passenger e of the mtines of iron in the fares, mail' and express earnings. To properly estimate yes the statement that the the travel on the road, we must consider first what wili be O e tils pay a handsome dividend local travel, and second, WhAt amount will be received from y miles of railroad, in order to through passenger travel; and this second item involves also extensive veins of coal the consideration of tfie development' and population of Columbia. directly on the line of this the Pacific States and Territries, and British have aped by its construction. In veven or eight years hence, whenA the. whole line shall freights from all these mines been completed, and this may be prefaced with the remark ng it to say that they will pro- that no people in the world travel so much as the Ameri- farms and .towns ; but to add cans on the Pacific coast' 'As to local travel, the Senate we will say that they will only Committee on Corporations in the Oregon' Legislature, for or 100,000 tons, which, at ten this'year, in considering the question of a division of, one $1,000,000 more revenue. To hundred miles of railroad 'through the Willamette valley, its on lumber, as it a notorious [See Report] estimated the travel thereon at $150,000 per alley is destitute of lumbering annum. This is of course local, and contemplates e valley is so in many places, travel only between 'the termini of this division, and the ;h places, would be fully sup- intermediate points. ' T. D. Judah, Esq.' Chief Engineer, nber, freights are always lower of the 'Central Pacific railroad, [he is now dead] estimated 6tl& greater in amount, propor- the income on local passenger fares on the first twenty-five road at over $100,000; and I think that for Dunt to be carried by this road Tniles of that of this road and at five dollars per ton, makes travel originated 'on and along the line $650,000 for the whole as may all be classed as local co4trolled 'by it, $1,000 per mile, or For an estimate iginated on and along the line line, 'would not be ah unsafe estimate. as data the facts that fly. controlled by it. To those on through travel, we aleady have transport over this line own and designated as "through. the 'California - tage Company ad this item would be made up San Francisco, and destined ?or

1W, NIq-, -VI _M ---- ... -_ I Fr * * ..1C -- r I- A

16 From this dedi Running expend( about one hundred, through passengers per mouth, and Annual repairs... that the ocean steamers and sailing vessels plying between San Francisco and 'the Columbia river transport about 7 1,000 Total cxpeus passengers per month, which, would all go over this Nett earnings. line, when a road is built.. In the course of eight yeari, as soon8 prvbably, as this road could be Completed through, which is 18) per c the TPacific Stateo and Territories will have, at the present estimated cost of rate of growth and influx of population, trebled their pop- not 80 flattering a ulation, and. quadrupled their wealth and their travelers. roads. It is not Rapidly accumulating evidence of the vait mineral wealth showing as was mn1 railroad, of this coast, its unequalled climate; war, trouble, and con- and while i~ fusion in the Atlantic States,-and continued peace here', sustain bis estimate and many fer other matters combine to justify the above state- them to sflppol o wuent. Placing,, then, the through passengers at 4,400 per just as muany reasoi mnontlN, or, in round numbers, 50,0(0 for the first year, and cent. net profits, al the passenger fare at only, thirty. dollars, we have $1,500,- made. We have cl 000 pessenger travel; and to this may be added $300,000 so that wvhen the i for mails and express. thereon would be d profits on thirty nui RECAPITVLATION. will not generally b Estimated earnings of the C04forniaand Oregon Railroadfrom country whero mono Aitarysville, California, to -1 the Columbia river, Oregon: to private borrower e To 600,000 tons local freight (exclusive of bonds or stocks,wlhe freight 1 from mines) @ $10 per ton...-...$5,000,000 ered in the New Yo ,, 10,0000 tons of freight from mines ® +10 as a very fine invest lI per toll ...... , ...... 1,Q00, 00 ought to be consider, 650,000 tons of freight on lumber ® $5 per whose real estate-m ton ...... -*...... 50 0j be enhanIced in valut " ,000 tons through fast freight,~ 610 per land, not worth Ave ton ...... I I " .500000 twe,.tyV-five and fifty " local passengers fares ...... 650,000 Il order that all th 50,000 through passengers @ $30...... 1,500,060 posed Aoad, may hav "mails and express...... -L 300,000 railroads,and be satisi we add the followinj Total earnings perannum...... $9,200,000

o ~~V I 17 From this deduct: Running expenses 650 miles@$4,000 per mile.. .$2,600,000 passengers per mooth, and Annual repairs ...... 1,000,000 ailing vessels plying between Imbia river transport about Total expenses ...... $3,600,000 whieh ,would all go over this Nett earnings ...... $5,600,000 inthe course of eight years, which is '88 per centum on thirty millions of dollars-the 1 could be cOmpleted through, estimated cost of construction of the whole line. This is wries will have, at the present not so flattering a showing as is generally made for. new population,.trebled their pop- roads. It is not intended to be. - It is not near so good a ir wealth and their travelers. showing as was made by Mr. Judah for the Central Pacific ice of the vast mineral wealth railroad, and while he had good, and sufficient reasons to ,limate; war, trouble, and con- sustain his estimate, we have equally good reasons, and of- as, and continued peace here, fer them to support a much lower, estimate. Ther3 are Ibine to justify the above state- just as many reasons to sustain an estimate paying 25 per hrough passengers at 4,400 per cent. net profits, as there is to sustain the one we have ns,50,000 for the first year, and made. We have cut down our figures in every direction, ,hirty dollars, we have $1,500,- so that when the result was ascertained, no one acting to this may be added $300,000 thereon would be deceived. High pa This rate per cent. profits on thirty millions may appear to sorne people, it will not generally be esteemed a paying investment in a ITU5LATIOW.. country where money commands two per cent. per month l dlforniaandOreyo.n Rairoadfroi to private borrowers. Yet even five per cent. paying river, Oregon: othe (olrnbua bonds or stocks,when the security is unidoubted, is conisid- Freight (exclusive of ered in the Newr York, London and Paris money markets, A$10 per ton...... I.$>,000,000 as a very fine investment; and 18 per cent. paying stock It from mines ® $10 ought to be considered a good investment by the persons 1,000,009 whose real estate-much of it now worth nothing-would on lumber $$5 per or four hundred per cent.- 23O%000@ be enhanced in value three land, not worth five dollars per acre now, brought up to ast freight.@ $10 per twetity-five and fifty dollars per acre. 500,000 ...... In order that all the friends ana supporters of this pro- ...... 650,000 .. posed rioad, may have a better idea about the earnings of Igerg @ $30 ...... 1,500,000 railroads, and be satisfied that our estimates are nottoo high ...... ;300,00 we add the following statement of earnings of different

...... a $920,000 -ill- - I I - -ZI

....I ....------v I IF I lowu 0 18 7,~roads as taken from the official reports of the different companies, and monthly -statements made to the American Railroad Joural,and published by that -journal for the benefit of Eastern bondholders: The Sacramento Valley (Cal.) road-a little short ItN PtlGSIDtimr '1 line 22} miles' in length running from Sac- I;I$. .V,.-. I t. et1.thflI,:, mento City out to the foothills of El Dorado Il nlr ezt-llmilfec tmid county, earned in 1863 ...... $ 852,000 uWjIrim ilt' l iei lime r*i ij -The Illinois Cenitral-with a line something nut thle Ifti Cr, * ifwtiul over hlliti-e ti4 pire. *rre ti 600 miles in length, having to compete fimmadl: wlntrefijre tiley with UtIm iLerevitlj ff n 11mli, I .11! the Mississippi and Illinois rivers, and Eli- flolowiliL re71soiin il of 'irle Tf ie!i *;a of at jij nois canal, and several'lines of railroad, drmlle..Himtri.lmlctil e dig. a -l l~iL ; 1 earned in the month of August last ...... 585,484 .ilimfi rfuum4ialmlirlmmllljn I-lel~fmlatre wtll n6f.pti The Michigau Central (Michigan)' with a line of Plere.antv tl .av file ii 'I iaMgopt t, emmlerriz,,? 829 miles, and running between and 'com- diretted il& laimrs. Trlht ;l it itlrnof4110r peting with the Milwaukie and Detroit road aifullellimrpcer, fsamn,. I~e . of at fev l..-Cts 1 in atioajmf and the Michigan. Southern road, and the 11hilHuftlit terv Jeal); I ",fhel. thle eveWeuq Ill navigation on the lakes, earned in the month 6lIMfel, il11a t-k ini it.I gainz dlividll,.-. It Rill fIl of August last..%...... 846,781 6imthilei ieamt v flietI o.i;.slmu. ol I- lu:a Frl The Michigan Southern, mentioned above, earn- Of hmitIfelf, ieanizaul. pjevet~i ill tle .441C1r r ,j ed in same time ...... 855,264 u° It-Jg a1: fite lilretatl I or amy *titer ifIt ilie gtr The Cleveland, Painesville and Asbtubula efit-r 1 l road hAlul it in ui.1 1 I 6ifyv- IlfleA, iar 31vii Lit, II b.J (Ohio) operating only 96 miles of road, and * lilt- ever, f.mgot IIa depending on local business exclusively, t lnve hisl wfueal. (IeCfil I11 I nitllly 01*fuaae.$. Ir it i earned in 1868 ...... 2,066,623 tiemi le ral-ilei red t.. I J Ii'l afmifipi-4lil I I. segiw Cat toNim iallmauei.cof; uat . I might add hundreds more to the list, if it were neces- Or either hAneign sun, ke dine wvfcil tfins 1IMpu I Jeary. bJuaildiimg &r.; rad Ltb I I here *tMhICt . Ihe O(lego fr. i insert the able and valnable report made by the fanmily. he lioutherni (I I11 §Seuate Committee on Corporations, duict. nre no grrtu ad tIo I, through the Hon. Jas. tilile fite ctuldietieoaof & firiner's Inblour idtconcer J M. Pyle, their (Chairman, to the late session of the 4 Oregon to Pwortbnd or 8an Fret coanmetitioll to tile peupl i Legislature, on this subject. 4 ifillubiftilltt of Jotwepljdi frCigiht I Ii silitey on IW I I lhe Substitnte Bill pi aIil pr ierty in the 5ag I I P t ",: -**, . '* W. ,: PRY 13e111,of buteteA *a alaw. S , . 'k' GAW--4*

M . _ ------ EN _%N S

aofficial reports of the different statements made to the American mublished by that -journal for the Pt 1.P)1' '1'. holders: 0 3Alt rittr.stoDitr: The Sr-aatcC rwIiittee twit Corpol'ati mi, to whaim wvet referred (Cal.) road-a little short K. It Ni.. Is. Palva -ledA Bill I-o.rv.Igtilethe ihispsia h.4 iftile praredald .tf 0L jaI I laiaII:lM cloiliteil t. iid lititie tar i iterisal aiupiroveiileuate, &a,", wkiaiI.I respect. n gthrunning from Bac- yili iiiiiiiil tie l,,.l.l.iaj rejai l: 1 ,iir aiaiuiiiilec urilli.ler tilmai tiie pr.lvpusi i-ut to liveri eidier Lhe prorced ..r t!.i4 he foothills of El Dorado W1t,ttil iscres mr tifilld. * ti le lie .. tile sai l ler. etsls frokii tile el-Mailail lsCii Di rfiltIA n4 forrii ided in ihe riiai.nti' ilil Inr tie St.ate af tO.e4,. viull I visal.at.. tile dllrt. if 1863 ...... $ 52,000 limit tile letiler, ..r nid 4imiustillifom. An I lheV ii P.t.st.Iir it t) Ili ti I I v fit t.i ld -.- itlme ie tl pIe-- *rve tile ilitereit ir llse of a.f l r II nit i iiate fir util CI II is 4I 'I * 4 'ith a line something over folilei: w lerefon tihey recoianiveii-l tiLItL S.- titsle Ž .. I*. t. utl..,l 1A ii el ' p Iiti p leal, ailtiherewVithl dtiilaiit atsutmiattiv1e baill, a-I I r.We iti 1a11lt 1 I. toI bill 1 Wi, odl'1115 tho L, having to compete with li lowvill:r r.etasioum il1iqi sto art It tile q:% iIJ: 'rie 1 wiil ia of it r.mlroa L tI ro t. tI Ilij Wil.k-ntte U isi L& a i l It ,l3 river IllinoisI rivers, and 1li- vAlleVs. alk C,11acia 1itl: tLike L i f 'd5 ).i d I aI hbl' :ija.i I &4 i, a *j1kite frdl railroad, dn5 I ni.ia,, 1 I.et V~l' tlI 04221 'oIli1 '1" II lla l~lt; .41 n1151is , ltI 11%'19 eterailines of jaii p riltal jtwitmiat imia ltmes beeit g-,thered reltill aa t Iie rsiaject ; ant I b tord t iid 585,484 le-aliatitre will wllimlit me t' legtisn lton bleariiii iil iii till: qiletili-.l it will I..iiiiialess i6i th of August last ...... lVt a-"al li t- laI ailie ii paret dial ;1teIialittnerial altcts liec. s.Alry ti ;L jiriber miil lerstaatal- (Michigan) with a line of ilg lt f eielilemrlimiti.u,belly before tbe Sei.ttet an tlidtotat end tlt.co.11ui-iLtee last di rected it 6 l.ibi ni d ining between and com- Thait ;a1t-aaarintel-4tough tbe atlove stained valleve is bitally neeleatby tile farmer unil proiiter. inilat. Ie tt'l il ai to tile imidt, (LAMieletobslt ver; a i I Lelt' hare ia.iitioa ilwaukie and Detroit road ol a teWv l IS id aiiaitllV tMitelllet lhi iMa it lirtl Ill tile Ijigt.ltgest. IIi rillti lile lewv iiiiitiis ls. tt while %vile.Lt %vass scilt f la Slittia Lalitcsrii Itt S! per Southern. road, and the I mUile. tIe averit!.iw pl1ice Il tile ididlijts alalve 8.lai-le.d to wad al- *nt 70 ee.lts ptr I'lsael. Hills Takiiei 1a.1$1 235Itilui tnle vitlIae .. a i.si-l if*. %Iieat its Sta F'ratiaicats akes, earned in the month Iutsl da iviill ItL til liet %e.,Ila tle leadtiiders. tcaltilth amt maili ittaaiiiap11icaaiitlip licit, Ilial.tle Ialli waailellcimific liell, *hpeaiiatiii im& HtIMol gatillag te jasoui-Aer ltnk three 346,781 a al.i lasta1 ii e .un Er.aait-to patv' m.t 't.emitir the L utof i laund, al tble labor of iilaiself,Ieriliis i, t I m . aiii. M 1.i Msli4te iiejI-alily if priced still Lae iMIiaIl Lat 'n, mentioned above, earn- prevati itlite..alcair all a-lter arliltedt .I' pa iiie. Aitit it cadll tieCer be lttieriv e 355,264 al li-leg Itt tile liles talt etale iii alli.tllrs rilataaies. Tate laa-.aeir Ini ouit-iia, t.atnu. Limii ...... Or ait' *itauer *a Ilse gie.aL atrieitiarti c.ii. tIle, tlwast. ill oaier to adell iiis plr licue eailairliaiil ati Pm.ball iii II disitLaic aar) Iag trwut tveiay-Ii e to one Ia taa.lte'l, il i iville and Ashtubula road fif, V- iaile , or aI vaiit tlan I.1dis ut Lit-' tvzt ii1--r.a.il ttehat% dalv it tiaroiiiia the inaAl Lit ile river, tli g lt saeaaimt. Anad it ad e.xtretielv intelesliiig Lit a fiaraier to )nly 96 miles of road, and tiiae biis" 'ta;al . heila-il lli tile E;aAt intlimii air Eirii-liaita tiiaketkt. i-roulgh its niatiloy cianiiae. If it is Shilied at tiaailia, t gues by Slettalbosit to tciatelaiiili ; it id pcal business exclusively, tice tiraaiiieared th fI.e raLdroi aiomiad tie Fall. ; panteiiig over tif a road it is 2,066,623 aithip l nit (Iaegmta (ity It4r I'i tliadil ; tt IPiitlaald it id tvatreaoaiaed and rehiaipliel I to NA1 Fritaila:i.co s tt. aet 'ralaicvibu, it Ii wartacai&iaideal aaaal relmippced to LiUverpool or othea taiieign ati ket ; mitid ia exclimigte for this whetie, coaiaedaa eok thae iuereiaat- ds more to the list, if it were neces- dise wvhicht has to hiatts throtipg all Ulesie Philipings retilatipilige, wilrelioltasiltsgs, btrnllingia &r.; aid tht great woalder is Lhiat aigaaldt all tliere idverte circula- etantacrm, the tUsegoaa fastimer has been tatel to huli hbid own, amid rItise ia eadlteate hitt 1ainly. lI Souhitlr Oregon, tLie obstacles to the expoitatiouo of atgriciltaratd pro- b1e and valnable report made by the ducttiare do great na ti a1iatatialt to a coamplete eiabargi,; anud sicit unititl forever Cite- titihie the camdition oaftbat etiuatry. at Io Ut so fairai thela aist profitable mntn of the Corporationg, through the Hon. JaE. fartimer't labor tit concettaeJ, Until Lie Coutitr, ii taligead toy a railroal leaditg either to Portlatad mr Satie Imraiviseia. As felrtlier liasItrAting thae taecedsity of a rAilrnsid t ian, to the -latesession of the Oregon coutileti llt to the people ofr Southter Oregon, wVe atuaymenttont the [act that tho inalabitahtts of Jacthelahume mad J.tck-ont ciaiatimes have iii a sitigle year pail out as abject. freighlt imonley on I.WU torff iii traerhauniflsi,iiiported the Statla St79,7W0, This a The Sutistitnte Bill prrvidems for the levyiug of attax of oue will ot the dolhhr OR all promperty in the State, the proaaeds of wlthih ate to be epplied excilsiviely to the piyneau.t of interest ou the construction bouind of the Railroaid Vaanipamtw.. It bat becomte A law. (a~w-4*

-- F' - - F W I

20

large expenditare would doubtlensa be reduced fully tlaree-foamth uspon ihe ecr 'itihnthe lnintry tOrsini *tretiogi of a railrotd to tibe Rongue liver valley frusu Portland. p ire I. IPlce t;.e enlire These are some of tile burdeans that the alrureeras t regou are now mtrugglinag tOOnliies 't'rminghl tilc V' nider for the Want of tile proper eulnausof trnaallurtliag their prodictis to a eiet-on) $13.500d11t0tafur the lirst Ili uarket. That auailroud throungb tibe districlns mimed would etatircly rewuove thesis Thin nlivi,ijal ot Irift taa 'I burdens there cu- be nu doubt. Itailruands luruila nante, rpeedv. centuitu und ecoa. :riletinimno ti lhetaxahe i 'aninnil tansporltation, at all ti-ies. 'hley depend ou antiflanr /Iouda or tidsn. t all tile VIalae of reanl eastans' i stations ou tile line. tincre ie nlwatys a laige althd coutueonticus watrehoinpe belojigilig lUFre,to enPanothinag of t .4.tbe railroad compa ay und at whiach free istonage for u rearountble length ciot 00 Y'rnrre"ive tealdenacies a 1s always fnurnlishell to Ieun saner, aud fromt Which his wheat. ftour. or I acol, d&c baisiraese life anndenergy tbloaded t into tine freigit carts withuit hlaturge aund ant tile teriniinus ugazatinut ti:e rjlSa. personas linnhiantial ahir landing or dock, the pante freight is speedily Lrauslealed tv the;tranou enagius ntra'i an,and pat itt run to tie eliplper ship liee of elhare, all of v laichnwould I-ediee tale tnann-u'pouajtaiu rndast 'Vs'sitl i-' httite aal: .Iiargeffully alhie oni tins from the plehe ut ritlan. alod simnl i:einl idea n.r ;in 'rae direct peclln;ary advanitages uf a nailioand tianougli Oregoan iay be brivfly ject, ial:1sn1:Iy diipe- all ni T.at na-ec cleanly set forth hsya little ca!culamuni. Siull'tjed Carefully pielsured Ly banibness m.n I areifaill P:r I * liablo uaeinehoinw that Panik couniny has this cear lurlirtnced one nanilinosl bhuminelnlot' n'nP.nmald (clhnun ' osffi'sr -- at Leat. h ulppope thint nota, /ttJ bubhiels of tilas ro-p could be spaned to tile Snu i'run- , analdtroan I' rti.:ndl are siptenaLet. At tile prices ievetotbau prevnuilig Siiei ualveslt, tiniwIitvs ltIn inn netnrer lOQtttt tonot tlnnoi 'olk county. anonat 7 centes l1r btnshel. or $ lnl.tIl)tl. Ii tien lhad beean a ruilioad intanaeal ainmonnt ittine data kIrough Polk couminy to aieanamaailo landinng. thies WneaLt ouid have old a 1I'ul. At lsrement the va' r: ing Anilaty. reu'ildy, insr$1 50 per piuahnnetior $Uta,(J4fAI. wutking a 'leer g4innoRt $V~JbtU tI, ile fraariner shel incia h 'anIr 1lolk oounty. ailn a tingle crop nII waea, ind Ieavinag a manugill oliAj enliatl icr r nanad immn *t l1,W0I00. bitnal.el to talaiU'lnort the wbeat its ,all 'ulleracisn-anild alnl tunadtirnee- jesult of a n triad W'honleof tin nleighlt nan Irnulportalatiion. This conInanlnatiolil naught be aplnpied to wvool buonei, OatsI. ualoint. tinrs :'v ia 'a tin :..paeiallyo .iad, Uandl t he articleeof ilhay. tinetniat caIn ) ainginohuy Jol, Aulit on tOifttpolataol samniof$ .5itttt natnaaiI ,elaiL ate hnave thue ibilitv taiadcall prodanne tlie bestilani ali tie wol hat,aulnd Il a Xer) Toisllis $S t(0,nfj( *nfra Iurge jnrofit, if it Conald bheCheliy araa1 a441o1tedtu-Io ortlniad. inan (lIws(l't aisr.str), am tiwanw g to tianse buadn'nin on Oregon turmitig, in as u nOatOniouz feet thinat (linorijiem f rosad. (A (corintiattive aniaw ,a ianportitng g-IUiln lon tetd In Low tae Atnalitic SIntagn, Cheanp.r tlanll FbreCiam ALL wsntslal ins.ke aanlulagstile .c fr'rm the gnvn:naiei of her Dnightbmnr (regon. Soaoe ptrsoas arfe diblonssed to bersato 'rai11ey ranilroni. omly 2.m1v4a s:ad helittle Ortgsin fa liersa Ior tLieir wial of enengy Ial tlat anInplaialig tilas &Lnq t)f the lttlGt1earie klatucif-eo deamnand ait nwla bnandistnae lignan-e, ilnadoun patnceas lake uVI aid eciho nile expeenwe, aid lia lier eit. ry. *'No energy, Pno imnliastrvi," &c. auad wlnte itIt in incL uI t t)Leg.sin tanrannerrasat i nditaa tihe esnta*to n:ibn an.better tlaht.ahey mlnana t tne,it is canl,tiu that, they Will bhjtouui lackilia eantlegy jthee-itaiatesi n'stt ..f eon, ;naidindurtry to *ijpply San liannias'o air naly oatiner gonad muarik ,c wl -:uta t s nnnen, or 'moc nf; thlanrualnd t. it I 'an doing hO uthratinded thenn, hi thVV nl olllle Oal :11il n1 1anlutoting vatil tio Itlt la.e btr-neinn maim Nro:ers of tCulisatnina nnrtie Eatastet inl. 'ne. ryanti tradle olt healleyIv 'elne 'cr(bmii coaenad tiat Jad r a*llma. neialLt ftnrO:nc'un pml due. altlndattut inaloa i('! e an rualn.d n i'id nsca no estiinmare i. nmanle ntatpq b-eipthe o)nywjeg talaIn'r, insit , oINild Illt binag i.nlin ItU t1nnr reaIwonial priilnice. amid ir!rt thin lie now hill. [taddis eubil olln.i atoa e annel ron, tar, anl aatinn 5 tUo e-,.t'nniad in '4 1lman ar'llntlt . good tiomne nihetna tilpnt vanids l.-ie's ,aaa milytlnii ailts ani' lunrg'ninnansn .nan-n Zas ub n!)ant will tlalnw entianate, tinn, hiSs iersnaIlo I) tile courtilletlia n *t an tanlinned, tL.ee iss1awv aillneadi a vely 'sinagie pics' nsf nimnler.o b, -sg Ieigiuto detmamd for tile tnpritli uitul prindutnI nsll1 line Paific (-touts ; ImumIII J.epropsasel roadi, vonuhl anpidlly.inicreaaniag. anlndia tite (Chiad1, JUPannan,buaunni i ica ILOn aill,nnall A ustaislian nndia F'rmnatheme eoianuideratiss It w-i~i hae't.mne inllielme. Va e ropy Iroun the - Mu) Let keview, of tur, -anll F'lna itsco Iu llrnin, UUta.Iratsle nsf J aI 1,t ItNA tauttebintimisns Isnting elil.s 'I Vzpnortg of JIhstnnt aiz Pr/oufr S ifn l',atinmacnv, Jroin Ja~nNiai lit, ir NI 'StIitdl. I Skti. nlheat. 13lias. 1snir. To FlrIglmn.d ...... 2tinn 1 - ..liU ! Pactltht 1ponsfitioan nst Tl Cliat ...... 2...... t, ultjectina, Flobag i.Ptilen ni upslltie lalnoVi'kialan nsf a;,, 'rO jaatui...... u:' aolde tlhnirl railro6idit ineir I'o Ain-tUit,...... to8' the,af >inte.Tihe Suite o 4 Orvintaol i, V. I .. d...... 9ai. TO Sand~wichl sluns i t 1;?l i,!9l rnliral iaonislat St tateto II r Mexico ...... 1. 5 7!n $I,0O(N,000to thrten'npnap, 'I'v other rOltrioe ...... I.Its; P.; 7 ilnannanintant' jl~tn&! # ,Zr(;lt 1 t usl:- r'ana alm iandin' onts 41 arethe expuutn ottihe antitle.. w lent aud Hour, fi'aii StanFnAninii no fnOr- nijn nle: lot. fr inuo $.a00WOon 0afthhe celit I Inh'e tinnttix nnnsnialae of t the prewint itnar. low tnnce of th:i; ia Lnou pdane v.r-Anefile u lIa'" no tTell annein tinetia Fu ntaucsensexpnrtis ano'asdit. nt and it annnenarvi. Inn ciananal The [pillinrteWitin rsport 6mnen to Oregonuf!nr aii) tiing. I'ut ats anitiag nlt it is all Ctalhloanhinpria n e.'AV nae thI o'tsrlaoitioIi N, to p-uin. fnr argunn Utinst tat is. lttinonigithe mid is in'M 1 1 a list m ill fa' an tCilla Rhine 4tan;t erw fiIllio Jan' a*nOitjrcin fiN tlaer,wlicia .e is funuishedequal oppntnlanriinen Whileit prolsastteit ttL tnp. 'A. totIne aJoot unnI inr-d r lat'riitln tine v'lleys ahovenanitined. theln narndiffer- lux esnaltke laenleil nnatlI H Cn.t t*ltenatee; anhit the'rtett ieliulna.eid Ir t'lworaia tnreundaimltitedly nIaol plna Inthe tiant" ,,Intinn get, 'utstd by wein tfusiliar witbIhtle nairtrss anundlernoint;lly :.td inr'nainteiv tax Is levied the en mtittmr- {I1 atqtunnhid l

" 01 ... - moomp-- - __ WWWA ",

20 21 with the t-onntry thcnmgim vwhich the roatd is propored. Careful estimates so pre. lemmtoe reduced fully three-flowitl upon the eat, p ore 1.Illnee tEL,cntire cip:. or co:litrtirtism amd e(uipme it of the li.et diviciau of .uemiver valley fruo Portlauid. mOOmiles ,Vhrmimgite IVillaimettc -alley), at not exceeding $ithOO per umile. or i that tihe farmuers of OregntU are now nitrugglium SJ.rm00tmWOufur the lirst ijvjijimn. mnetus of trlbuiprtitig ahair prtdurtm lbua cetairi, Thmis divivt i.tmi Itfe liilict, waitied wlmen constrmcle[,nmint only add tile roat or ilts con tibe i diitricia ueaimed wuuld eutirely reuuove these, oureactiim lo time txaullt ptoperty nitile Athtuesoers' list, but it. wrilld certmimily incfremn e limilrouhdi turuirb rafea, imeemvl. cestaitiu stood ecou. tie valime of real estati iil thie WVmillamettc valley nut e1mmthan fourteen miliwot dol s. They depiend on meitimer tiouds or tidem . t all t10rt, ts)Pay nothimmg of timeincreamed value or time lannal crmps, the educaiting amid LIt u large Hold co uuodtiius %iirehltniii baelovgimmg i'romreseive tem-ideticies and hatsirs it woommddi...emmminate. smud time uew and active vlmicll hue tuorage for a reasonable letgtim ot thiGl btsimess life amldenergy it wismlid give to the wholc r, aud from which State. huiwheat. dour, or tlaton, &o umditipersonls insist tilmt time rVid would i.t earn ihtereist.on tile cost, of its con- thunt clharge amuduit tile terminitUm autam, at th:e ntrn, ;i m, tandrpiy itS rumninimig expetiates, amd thimerore simy ie8ie1mdiitm we mnieLt -eight its mpemdily Lirmiusteri ed lay till wtram emigila ndismt. IVst, In ';tileim anim acc-t-omlilishm nsitinmumg Tlcsqo Wvilmo titlink so i I've htlt. m limt go, ull of tbicbh would i duceithe thiLau)potai,,l nod anmmnimcnl idea oir ;lie resiurcep tsr our State. Stalistics prepmredl(pit this sub- LIle piesemit 1titted. ject, inttal:lv digpel Ii mitmcisnotiomme An averiage esnilatte fumrnisheld liy intellige g eh of is railmload througm m Orieioi tany be brii-. y boiiineles; tim-mfooinu -ill parts of time Willanmiette vitllev--tetaimsters, metrh.tmts. imill- 1t1le cma!cu!0IKuo.hilullatjcd earefully plaeiared 1y a-s. muiedeomen ulyiffer e-- shmow that the preuemmt expr;tri andm importl mmfthimb valley ily httsiitdin Lear plgmiliced one imilimoim busmielmait ti niunl fromn iPortim.md ,ielr of tihil crop could are tam-sly mot le sm thai m t1t0i0 tong iper tmmimiummmm.alid prlvaimivtulv bie mSpatredto ti; .8,Lu lFrfn- nearer lOq,tUIII tonA tlam time tir-t ligureet ; lint, to be safe, we will adopt tile firkt totc-e prevailing amlite hiarvesit, tlii WViu,wil tim its naiomeil amumonnt risR lIe data of oulr iticulhation. .mmmhel. or $IMIi.00i0ii. It tlheme had beeu a raiuioad At piresent the ips lmndiig. tiis wheait 'aouidl mibsebuld iua Puli cat rving of thins costa in actital money for in time timme untimtilor of tile ftraimer whlcn line imimmimit hilimself), amout $2t1Nper tont. or tomthe wlhole valley tile it-, or $Ul~itm,iJ4m. Clear gmaul tumaking a o $oft mIt runimd sumin(if $1,606h,000. A division ,I wvheat, uid leaving a musaigim ol ;bb cc-ibis pi r if i0tl immile%of rmiiomld wosimmdtr nimimrp>tthe wiimile of tima ieiimht, lint etiolii do it fir $:) tIer ton mar l.Oui9t04 tile ,'uii Frainicia-mi-aid mi tutu imiedirctLeilt ol malird $ for wIole memasunt.tirits nvimg 1mtime iteolle aomIthe pretmeit betsinena Of time valley, tim round taight bc applied lo Kitoul,calebucti, Iud. urit*. neid reymioll call uItll) li0 buy for walimt ot tratl.1I'otIatiom^, amm°.°f tl .I(iti 1 almmlmmallv. To mhis ltO,(o ionmmfreigmte,, add m preodm0liee bett buy Initime wemmid, mld no a Vtry $151,O00 for pasnenzer fmires. ammzl$'m,tDoo for transluoirtcd iulPortlam d. mailes (low emimr.mmt-sj aind we have $lO00,i00 itnnial e- rmmimugAonl the first Imtil milen of road. egonl tmamlmlg, it la u utommUioumfact that Calitoruiit jA conmmlamative ttrtiflm te ofr tie businoes done liv tile tmlifilrmnii rmmilsamde, Ii the Atmiitltic Sl:utic, cltiapemll tallamasle iat At Wmutld manakmime i armimgns of tile mhmve 10 miniles fmilv $1ti0 n000 Thme Sm-aineuto btir Oregoi.'Some perzioms armadialsosed to ber.atmm *alley rmilroad.nol .mlhv 21 inmleto in lenkth. :ariitei ILhntyiar $t31>.ttOO. tieir waiti of euergm i11 not Supp9llg ilum Sant tOf tile $:itiICt eaimied, nbumt 40 per cent. woildl bet expediled in rimnming mliemfigilei, usid out papeil titke upi auid eclho tEl experuie., ammiiIn imer enit. on immlimtalrepalint, lh vi ni $ 10,1100 to pay inteenst or dliv- & c. anld vwhileit iai tiic Lua tt-egoui t.irmmmcrs arm., iiemidm sim time coim of'cittrinetion*t Whimh wioul juvt lbvy A per

22

completed. will add taxes In the'treattury in amountlgreaily exceeding Misat we w.yL it aiialdntioi tgothid, the returu of the uwwtey Iwaned with uix per ceut. iiterest adeldecl. id secured. T'a pirarieaular koatwiian and extent of tiIe road is not defliked, ald we jlmink this Pliuslihl Ito lIello t4ilc£ol~luMi tisit will iii,deriatLe Itacevutimn uhe road. Tk % a ill ivavr ti Ilrititih the great aimijraty of tbe uaptilal. eal heaving tlie jrreater iolere ,adi~ 'te Imemlt,ian assof knottiljg ihe prolier I ealimio, will amsdotihbOli ly lsiulte it tiar the blmt iniremls gihu*f trdeiaitud smeel of tIe eatiairv It will be coustriutell thie bul- dremil ijailes and ausmuchda fmrthler an it a ill lle irostiiale to do mo. No legialationu tu itdire miies lit lamii it naril wimere it wi!I moatpity. OBJE Weo liik tiae bill sahould rerceive the ai-iport'of everv person deviring thn devel. Oalueut of thu reaouoces of the State, muid thu ProsperiLy of tile wiole pmeople. But we are told JASI ES . Ill 1. Chiscismak; Comsmilleecon Corporm4ionsa. Oregaon and Northe to support a railroac adniittcd, and that t3 ease nitil a railroad equally truc,and the containi only a spar railroad transportatf cur to such objector out ani( lncatc(l in I Alihnhlc-ota, Wiscon Country as largre aru V. Northern California such locition. Tue strtctiot comm-trence '.U and forests, the actu nent liwon3, in adva faith of his coming I other, the railroad Ii S' ttci, with a r.tpidi . history of the worl sooner or later pass atS ern Cilifornia, and an8(asettle in all thle th-, roal is finished, p:)uul.tio:1. Lt an

I,, je2t, c):n,)rc t013 av of tOis prapo ted ron roid; in the New Ei Ii1

- - , - - - - M M 0 M MFIN

22 meteasnrv in emount grevaly exceeding wl~at we be retutr of the tuoney lomwod with msxpur ceut. xtent of tbe road is not deflned, and we ilmilk thbis Iat will imm,derlaiLe tin tullt 1tilttleroad. Tl-v% i%ill ty or tlie *a pilul.ammdi lvingihe t h reater ipmtnreo4 :wlk I propr I 'Ctiumll, %Vill mmmmiliimmtlemlblylinc.CMit t..r the xvel of time emiimmtrv 11 wvill lbe coumitrnmcmed tie Imima- ms it will he prfimiable to do so. Nu legialatito tuan re it Wi!l 11ml.piarm. OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. ive timeoulppurt, of erery person desiring tili devel. &LUte, amidLio prospermity *f time whole jioplo. But we are told that the country JAUIES I. P1 LI.h. through Southern Clhaim ma; Coauitlceon Corporations. Oregnon and Northern California is too sparsely populated to sulport a railroad. Thiat such is tie cascniow is realily admitted, and that such wvill alwatys continue to hc the casc ilitil a railroad is projected through these sectiolns, is e'qually truc,and the very reason that theac sections itow do contain only a sparse population, is for the want of the railroad transportation we are advocating. Did it ever oc- cur to such objectors, that many railroads have been laid out and located in the States of Illinois, Iowa, Mfiehigan, Alinnciota, Wisconsin and Texas, through districts op country as large and extcisive as Southern Oregonl and 0 Northern California, where niobody at all lired, at the time of such loettion. These roads were located, and their con- strulcti(ol commenced, and as they penetrated the prairies and forests, the aetual seftler followed, took uI) his perima nent lho.n3, in advanc3 of the iron horse, but upion the faith of his coming; and thus each depending Jon the other, the railroad has created towns and cities and great S .ttei, with a rntpidity aa-l pr;)3p2rity unexampled ill the history of the world. Make it sure that a vailroad will . S sooner or later pass through Southern Oregon aind North- ern C difornia, and thiousnnds of emigrants will crowd into and settie in all the many valleys there, and by the timo th s road is finialhed, there can be no complaint of a sparse poi'nl.ttioa. Let any one desiring to investigate the suh- je.-, c):n-tire t!6o aviililde rcoarces for traffic on the line of this prapoied road, and those on the lines of the rail- ro id; in thre New England States. Take the six States of

m j

24 than Linn couu Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhodo 751 miles in ope Island and Connecticut-count their grable acres and To say that th their miles of railway, and then compare with Oregon and I to Simply expose Califirnia. These States have had hundreds of years to ventures such an improve every acre susceptible of cultivation-they have jmL gric and the I done it; and not only done that, but they have peopled single d.ty, or a- other States with hundreds of thousands of intelligent and Sea, it enterprising citizens. Of the whole area of New England is very pr first year would -the whole six States above-only 12,118,902 acres have IA as yet been brought within the catcgory of improved build a railroad, lands-only three and-five tenths per cent. of its surface. commencement Th}e clinkate alnd soil along the line of our road is fitr su- bnt surely addi £ICsi of the conu I perior to any portiolt of Newv England, while tlhe facilities for manfltictures and commerce 4ominodates isc ! is fuIly equal to theirs.- Your railroad when constructed will have thle exclnbive 8wxds ways whi control of the resources and productions of about as many last rail is laid, acres of arable land as their is in all New England, while and every car 6 Ii it will develop an incalculable amount of mineral wealth In the case 1)4 never dreamed of in those States.* On the line of your meonurae nd(eui( road, or the country wvhose weall and productions it IMl'l would control, there is not now aumile of railway, while in A two years' New England there is in operation now scventy railroads, ,I all the other lea making an aggregate raileage of four thousand, six hundred ' with a careful e: I . and sixty-fire, costing one hundred and forty-scratn million, tuo of the same, ha, hundred and fifty thousand, three hundred and eightty-scrn dol- the value of thii lars, and nearly all of them paying dividends, from five to and I sincerely j, I seventeen per cent. These roads, from the rugged ehar- with the leadinq acter of the surfaco of those States, have cost far more per ,4 road I knoj 01 mile than the one under consideration. The little State of than any other, Connecticut, having but few more acres of arable land . , and connects all Slle opeuking of the nwhies almung the ollio, the gohel miilmes -Aere inad~ertniaIy cific coast. It et ou. Gold mlimiva ef great vLulue exiat along umd et'l-lignonio to about 4b) mailks ,i of the route, amid lhundreds of gofJ bearing qlmultz Veihs exibL uloispIlke ims.te, ef coastwise trade .01 uy owu kntowledge. las, for imtmunue, iii Jaeksimom eomal% ) nmutatow %vormLel, but wlicll, wbenm machlinery amid the necessurive of life have beemi cbeajmelaed by rail- the'Pacific; an( I 1 4 trod ltawuaportatiumm1 will be worked aud yield uilious uf dollars. rival line-

I iIII I iI\

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24 26 Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode than Linn county, Oregon, boasts its ten railroads, witb t-count their prable acres and 751 mile3 in operation. id then compare with Oregon and To say that this country will not support a railroad, i6. a have had hundreds of years to to simuply expose th man's ignorance of the subject, who eptible of cultivation-they have ventures such an assertion. ,If the road could be built lV )ne that, but they have peopled in-Agic and the locomotives and cars placed thereon, in It Is of thousands of intelligent and single d.ty, or as Mosei nmade the hig,-hway over the Redi r the wbole area of New England Sea, it is very probable that the running of the trains thc, )ovc-only 12,118,902 acres have first year would prove a losing business. It takes years to thin the cate-ory of improved build a railroad, and as these years pass away after the 'e tenths per cent. of its surface. commencement of the road, and as the iron horse slowly g the line of our road is fiir Eu- bnt surely addi mile after mile to his pathway, the busi, !\ew England, while the facilities siIC3 of the country improves, increases, extendls and ac- interCe is filly equal to theirs.- 4:oinnodates itself to the new order of things in a thou- itructed will have the exclubive Saands ways which cannot be explained here; and cre the rid productions of about as many inst rail is laid, every train goes crowded with paaseigcrs. air is in all New England, while and every car laden with freight. lable amount of mineral wealth In the case before us, there is nothing lacking but the c States.* On the line of your courage andlenergy nieocssary to inaugurate the enterprise. ose wealth and productions it IMPORTANCE OF THE ROAD. t now a'nile of railway, while in A two years' operation now seen/ty railroads, study of this line, and a comparison witlh lgo of four thousand, six hundred all the other leading lines of railway in the United States, undred and forty-scrcn million, two with a careful examination of the official reports of many of the three hundred and(eighty-scrn dol- sarne, has given me some opportunity to judge of the value paying dividends, from five to of this proposed road and its available resources, c roads, from the rugged chiar- and I sincerely believe that it will compare more favorably e States, have cost fir more per with the leading lines of the United States, than any other road I knovi mnsideratioii. The little State of of. It has a national importance greater than ew more acres of' arabale kind any other, save the Central Pacific. It runs through and connects all the rich agricultural districts on the Pa- e rouie, the jiold 'wihies %tre inadverinaily .cific coast. It is located on the Kirt along aiid r.le-ig itjIm t.o atlvilt 4b0 aail. direct line of the great tlIilg q tultz veills exikt aluol I Ia 04l.tt, tf coastwise trade and travel, connecting the . ii Jucekwon etomi% ) 14t, IkowV os44Lttl. Iujti great ports on saariets of li la ve l't hee

------I ------, -- I 1. I'll -/ a 26 ft' hlive cmplete On this subject I insert the following extract fronm a very the Solithlerit I able article wiitten by tbe Pon. F; A. Chenoweth, fomin. (johlinmbia riv erly seventy miles. Associate Justice of the United States courts in actor, a.id wit Washington Territory, and now a leading citizen of and irrciistalul Oregon: 6 Another rioad "I have ererbeen of the opinion that it is the inlerest of ter iin~ttinht, Si thlis detense at th State to tiuit forth etibits ior a railrond connedhizr tile across the lpla BaY of Soan 1rancisco with Pluget Soun0d, and will hblifly infinitely mnor state y) reasonis ior it. This iOtic would reeci e the I - the lincs acra troiiarc of the Generll Gooveimnnh(nt. All tlic rearions lor across tihe jila! giVing aid to thle road across the pliains exist iii foice fior fill and eflicie aiding this r od. If troos Could at all tinies be sent to bctween their this coast by sea, or the istlimus, thie would be no iuffi- ii ient reason for the goveri.nient lending its aid to lbuild a road ae-oss the continent. It must be ulliarcilt that if troops are sent aeress til continent fir lmipuses (it de- Portland, Al fence, the)y would be useless, except at one point wifhouit derived fron a continuation of the rosd up the ccast, i.d tl:ut this iead not be very al wourd be absolutely nemesfliy to the (fliei niev of tmI s stato of afifir il repellinaatackMs of lideigzn cumies, which a1sn onl v I C the depot foi imade bTy sea. Again tiete are resonrces ull along ibis Btut yet she It route, and the aid requird(lwould uitt beasnitu Ih,ICeilIil s, suflivictit to 8 by half as tlih:t givti b)y the goveri ment to I llildlthlie rc;d not be arrcsi i', sci-mis the plains. 'qe Iortioai of ibis to. d li-vvig tl:o Portlanid has lenst resources along th1e rouIte, is that Olitin finic 11(d occan, for all ,i~..4 Bluffs to thc valley of Rogue river, at disttince cf 170 able terinlinn mniles, and y t all along tlhis portion 1here is 1ntown to Le likely to mceC . 1 mineral mealth-gold, silver, Le. The cutihe etlier I oV- land than the tiolrs of thiis (.tle lies Ihigil fis riu! a Ceunti tl ivf 'li- road inercly t culture anid rniumuiaettitrs as any lihe of rcad of tl.e F; lle ate at P'ortlai length, perhirps, mosrFeses on the continicnt. entire countr, *11 Agal ii this rotite covects lhe vast(st intrcstr-thle wealth grow and rcil of ('aliforimia at one euid,'Wasbsington Territoiy ard Brit- cinl emporiu islh Coluibia at tle otler-with the treasu-ms of the Wil- wi'hat the peo I lamette sond Columbia vallies in the micile. give theni Pc Aganin the topegialibh of the entire ronte is, as a whole, no eomnIukii exceeding favorable yviih all the materials (xcep.t ir'.n (if This road mi indeed that is m'antiing) for coustl ticting the rord. towns that sth P - Again. this r(:ute is XcC(xdil'g F.at, (( riu(1irg tic but still will i I gr at I uuguveri lFs, nC utan and private, to I e a.( s nm- farm ing and i plish(d, (mTireccinm, liri(e Statcr, and Ir. pfil g tl.e Xt-:ft IC- now rests p4n 80ICCS of BIifiFh) Colt M:Uia.g l ut arc it, TIhe State of Califotiia L..s ecIc in Iplt, r.l.d ECefl uill

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27 Irive c-mipleted, a roadl to Red Bluffs-then from there to the following extract from a very the Souathern line of Orecgou is only 170 miles. From the le Pon. F; A. Chenowetli, formn Columinbia river to l'ugt Sontid is only about sixty or seventy miles. This ,f the United States courts in work is strictly national ill its char- actor, a.id with these features coniniends itself iui stronfr and now a leading citizen of antd irresistable termi to the patronmage of our governlmelnt. S Another rimad acros thc phunis oil l inore ntortlhernt route, terilliiztigt, at Pu,1get Souliti, would only e opinion that it is Ible intcrest afftiil pr.dlnpt of dotfeise at tile point of lerniniation, so )Its for a railroad(l olinettfil!r the that one road acroms the JIliis, v.lth this road along, our. coast, would Ibe II Puget Sound, andII(will i i fly infinitely nmore ethicient tor govertnlnent pupo.esls, This lonle would re(ch e thle I a- thaan loth the Hlues acro-s the plains, and should both lines 1)0 built overnl(litt. All tIIe reaFi lls or across the lolains, still this is necessary to rentler thicm use- loss thle plains exist ill otoe fior fil and efficient for pronmlpt defetise along the entire coast ls could at all tirnte be sent to between their ternitai. tinius, fliet e would beeno irfli- Iinient lendin- its aid to luild a SOURCES OF OPPOSMrION. t. It must lie uljpliaclit lihat if IC continent fbr linpises(if de- Portland, wlhile sile enjoys so nany advantages, mriuy less, except at one point wiliholit derived fromn tile ruilnos position of thcitterior, oulI I ur ilhe cftst, an.d tl at iltis Ic.-( not ble very amlbitious ftr any railroad, because in thl new Fsaily to the (ffici licy of 1IC I's state ot affitir.s she taigllt not, and probably) would not, 1) eigil C--llies, wlhitdi cn11 oilv I e tile depot for the. WVillatnette as well as ulpper Columbia. eic are resources 11l along 'ibs Butt yet she has aniongr lier citizetis mnany itiiids with light (I would Ilat be its nitUu , Ieihj s, sufficient to gee theat tihe onward tendency of events will ie goveri ieult to I nilil tle rc.-:d not be arrested and. forever stand still, nierely because Ottioll of tIlis lod(I )'.-glg 11:o Portlanid has not deep water and a capacious outlet to tile route, is that Foi0fici 1reni R(d ocean, for all kinds of shipping, so as ti make hier a suit- Rogue river, at (listinlCe Ce I10 able ternmin us of the railroad. A strictly valley load ii iis portitli 1here is h-nown to Lo likelv to nicet with tiore fi:vor witli the citiznsi of Port- 'er, Lc. The entite ctlier I or land than the one above mentioned, for the reasoln that a Clit'll VS 1ith a (c(ulftiv lRr :pli- road merely through t he Wiillanmette valley might terwin- as r!ny li1ne of rcacd of tie El nIlC ate at Portland. In that eveut, no matter howY muinh tlhe on the contincut. cintire country would grow,'Porthind would continue to lhe vast(st interestF-thic wealth grow and rcimuinl relatively Iargt, and the great coniniuer- uashi ugtlon Territory ard Brit- cial emuporiul of tile State. But a vallkyiroad is not -%%ith thle treanullis of the Wil- what the people of the valley need. This ilmd would only ies ini lte mind(kle. give tbeni Portland fior at mnarket. They' still would haive f the eot ire route is, as a whole, no coinniuliicatioin with the outward world of cuninierce. all the materials (xcelot iron (if This road minght not even receive great favor withi otiler coistitletidinr tIhe ruvl. towns that stanid in ftarof the eftects of the road advoeated, (ec(;irg df.vit, (( I.(1 iirg tie but still will any on enay that such a road would Filieve the oltl tcid JIrivate, to le i.( cni- farnrihig and other jorodueing classes from the jressure that titN(, aid If I-il g 1I., xI:ft le- now rests upon them. inl. But are not these fears mainly imaginary. While it L.-.s ecrXe inl .l t, .. d fc(I 10nil W-LI I7. I_ -I *I F ~--' -

28 might change the relative position of sonice of the cities of this valley, it would be hard to really injure thtem. If the and the connce road does not go through them all they can connect them- the great trade selves with the road, antd wihei a single comity shall have on, anud the c 1* five times as much wealth as the entire valley now has, a course, our ci will be the cas, they mutst have towns to do the businCes, Ut th Tccrito:, and if thej' are now well locatel there is no reason to be. terminate at tl lieve that tile ltluiiehies will ever leave them : nor is it like. eminent el ly that the great niational road connecting the bay of San Governior Stcv k ralleisco alnd the waters of Puoct S()UIId woulft destroy land. The of or iujure Portlanl. This woudi dopeudl on lherselt, and should cross tl the probabilities are that she would grow with the coun- river is narroi try. Lct us look at it a ninnient. Ther: can be no prin- able by steaml cipal depot at St. Hleleens or Ranier, beCause the the north side, difliculty of the walit of (loep water is iot tully or nearly would this eff, remendied. The rotd(l cannot be mnade to Astoria beeause passing into tl 'ii after p~a1si4i- over a rou0gh counitry for a distancc as far as age or towage, Puget Sounid, there is notlinbg at Astoria to justify taking, insuranco-frc it were. 'ile C'olumbia har will not adelit the largest that a return ( vesscls, nor would the road at this place (Astoria) terminii- all the ships tl ate in thwe initbat of any great resources to support it rail- from:San Frv road. It' tilis was the only way of reaehing the ocean, this road at fri I,: thiat maiglht he a -rmason for overcoming all these (iffithlties. pass up the But such is not the case,,hccause Puget Sound caH be Portland. rc:lched without travelilng any ftarther their to reach Astoria But instead anMi without passing through a roughr, mountainous coun- moallntaijuous, rry without resources or agriculture. The country fromr to be hopeed ti Monticello to Olyinpia is q1 uite level and rich in everything route I have i ft. necessary to make it wealthy and support a denise popula- Portland, as -1 tion. Onl reaching Pugfet Sound ill the vicinity of Olym- valley, should 3il pia. there is deep water and a broad unobstructed channel satisfactory to eadillng out to the ocean. Here the road can have a ter- cada mauntaii mlinus ill the midst of resdnrces of timber and fisheries Ii that no arithmetic can adequately compute. The com- WHERE merce of the world cal flow hlto this Sound without dan- oer or obstruction, without pilotage or towage, and at the Where is tl lowest rates of insurance. Thcse waters also joill oln to truly an inip KVancouver Isltn(l and British Columbia, the vast 'velth 'Western Stat and resources of which would contribute to sustain this road. ed capital. I Now, nothing is at once arienlted and mnade perfect. It this head, in might be that tlis road through Oregon would at present satisfactorily, terniinate at Portland, while that portion from Puget Sound might for the timec being terminate at Monticello, ers, that the reasonable ijl

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28 29 ative position of soaeo of the cities of bo hard to really injure thlem. If the and the connection be made with )11gh them all they can connect steamers. In tills way them- the great trade of Portland is made greater. Yeats and wIhein a Single Coulty shall hauve roll on, and the counltry rises to grcatness, and with it, of calth as thle entire valley now has, ma course, our citiC3. mu Should a branch firom any part of st hlave towns to do thu business, Utauh Tecrito:v come (down vell ioeaitedl there the Columbia river, it would is no reason to be- terminate at the Sound. This wai conceded s will ever leave tlhem nor is it by the gv likc- ernenwit engineers that surveyed tile llorthernl route under canal road conlIoctim, the bay ot San Governor Stevcnt. ter.s This, if bi)lt, couldi not corne to Port- of Pugot oiAund wvouhl iIcstroy lanm. The oflicial reports This would( delpell just relerred to say tho road onl heiself, and shoulld cross the Colu mbia river at the Caseades ilat 84110 SVO'I(l grow with tile Coun- where tlh river is narrow, full of islands and a portion not traversd a inoiluilent. Thero can be no prin- able by steamboat.s-kcoping Hlelengs down thIc Columbia river on' or lR*anier. b'ecause the the north side, it would cross of deep wvater is not over to Puget Sound. How tully or nlearly would tIlls effect Portland? The trade lcannot be made to AstOria because of San Francisco passing into the Sound at such a elicap rate, without pilot- ullgh country for a distance as fair as age or towage, nothllji in large ships, wit It the very lowest rates of at Astoria to justify taking insuranlce-fr ight rendered hia blar will not adilit the 8till clicaper fron! the fact lar-es. that a return cargo of hIumbbr, spars or coal road at this place (Astoria) torCn"r.- can 1) had for all the ships that enter the Sound. By this route goods y great resources to support ia rail- fro&1 San Francisco * only way would be laildedl at the terinitius of of reaeliiig the ocean, thiS road at fromn two to three dollars for overcoming all these (iifficultie; per ton, and it would pass up the Columbia river without making at call case,,hecauasc LPuzct Sound caR be Portland. on ilng any tarther thain to reach Astoria But instead of building such *roullh a rough, 110o0lltazillous a branch road through a eCon- mounattainous, san(ly coutatry, and a greater or0agriculture. The country fiolrl distatice, it is to be hoped the goverumeiit will adopt the more speitsible is (quite' level amd rich if) everything route I have calthiy an(d indicateed, to promnote which it ScQIl5 to me support a dense popinlua Portland, as *well as get Sound in thle vicinity all otifer portioins of the Willuaette of Olyrm.- valley, should heartily labor, and it would and a broad uutobstrueted chan nel nmost surely be satisltactory to all of Washington territory west of the Cas- n. Here thle road can have a ter- cad. mauntains." .resonres of tinmber and fisheries adequately coinpute. The coni- flow into this Sound without dan- WHERE IS TIlE MONEY TO COMIE FROM? ,out pilotage or towage, and at the Where is the money to come from to build tills road is Ce. These w*aters also join Oil to British Columl)ia, tile vast Wvealth truly an imnportant, question. All the railroads in the would contribute to sustaait this Western States have been built upon Eastern and imnport- ed capital. The first and most important eCillvented and questioll untder (1 made perfect. It this head, in through Oregon wvould at present commencing any railroad, is to determine while that portion fro m Puget satisfactorily, and with such mean9s is will prove it to oth- iCebeing terminate at Monticello, ers, that the road when constructed will certainly pay a reasonable interest on the cost of construction and equip-

U 0.r / 30 prise is Oil I ments. If this cannot be done, thlc cutkr ise is futile, 1 view of tle II speculative, visionary anid should be abandolied at oice.- Ij anl the Tliis we f.iet t I lhave b liefy sitnljated in thef.iiegoivg I SgiF, Lut for wutit of space. Ilot by any means so fully all(d satistiit - thl ! g'tnilr.ll g Ai Wi;hia har b tobrily as we are prepared to show to the calpitalist whlo)hus 1' have, it is cci' nIoi;cy to invest ill railtoad bonds. III luildi ng a r1 ilio2.d i and it iS conf Upiola credit orhborrowid capital, vvc anticilate teic fulmnr by eCilaloyillg valties yet to be produced, and using tli('ni ,, to Li) it :il. uS alreduly exiStilr which are the prospective eartimnx of the road. T1his credit shouild rest alone oi the positive ttiui;nh11 , 11,111itii .5s)S11; values of wvell-tasecrtainied resources and abilities of the a lliu hai o:ite.plrise, aui country to atffrd a payilig railroad traffic. Wheni it has '9 . cxce;it sufHici been ascertained aInd shown to the capitalist thut the inter- tl 1, - i II a p1! cst oun your bonds will certainly be paid, and that if lie in Lero'ts. Tl clhooses to exchnlige his bonds for your stock, that ieason- OtherI.I,c.ln an able dividends will certainly be paid on it, then he will .; thi ro.til up t require as a eondition lrecedecnt to hlis investment, that the peolle along the line of the proposed road hvlio are to g6:i ire equal W.11;t-n,-tte v. bcW, made rich by the expenditure of his money, shazill olo dlollalrs o themnselves subscribe for as niuehl stock as tlb~y ean eton- thr.m-'g vetien tly Ipay f..r, aud beccrnc directly inteerst(d with a ter aa l thdil the "4` hinm, not for the plurpose of dividing withi hini any pi ufits of the enterprise, but for the mbre imnlpbortant Ipurpiose of Ia' ii ~tto v.illa thr.)a.,,h line, becoiiting nn active ever-vigilant agent of the erpitalist YorAk or lore (who may reside thousand-s of oniles distant, and Inlry lie Ta *t across the Atlantic) for the liurplose of eleeting as cficers this ent elI undl agents of the company only such men as are hottest, hive full allnd wo liavo a practical knowledge (.f the business flan of this Ir j, of railroadinig, and ability anid enuse enough to rinirge the ig t'13 last te property ill the best mainer, to see that they l:on(Ftly az:d eIt th-y take econolm(icale,}ly expend tl,e company's funds ; to alvaidi over iab hatdI: ot anid protect the propelrty, and to procure all ncecFcray Tlg? -AIlo:I the islhtion in its behllt (Correswrdeivte wilth cql-illit is, in the cnterpT San F'ranciseo aid the Eastern *ities warra nt me in f; Virg to 1)e ta'cen, prelimmry 8uI wi thlat wlhen tiese two things are acefnilil.cd, 3cur u.ter-

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81

prise is on the way to successful accomiplislhmnent In )e done, the cutcri-risc is futile, view of thle natioll.tl aItId military ilnportLzne of thui road, I hliould be abantlotied at onee.- anl the faettlt:ut. Ore-on has never reeeived any aid front nilited in tl.e f1&iegoihg I a gti:, Lut tit b 'r ni3r.tl rovcruniiet for the plurpuisc of aidilng ralilrl s141. MlyVimans so fully and satisfilt- I- 0 05 wi-hin lier b.-rr, ww'ilo ull the other WXetern States sloiw to to the capitalist Who Ilts hive, it is certainly the duty of Congress to aid thiis road, ald bonds. InI luilding a r; ill t);.d aud( it is confidently believed that such aid will be giveni. capital, we antiell ate the fit llre T.ia 1) .)plc alon• iti line siurld not wait tor Cosare.;s to be produced, almd using them to 4Ldit tl;. Th3y ara able to do, and should do sonie- II are the prospective earninmrs of thii a., l s-).n3mlhin-. they nmu at d,) before others will lel.l ouild rest aloiie positive on the a lh-lshing hand. We must sAlow our confidence in the A resources and abilities ot thc e:ite.prise, aid a willingness to become interested to anl ig railroa(l traffic. When it has cx eiat sufficicut to insure proper care and attention by wva to the capitalist that the inter- thi3.31 in a position bcst suited to care for and lprotect its :ertaiily be paid, and that if lhe ilore4t.s. The citizens of Clitfornlia, ini some shalpe or bonds lor you r stock, that Ieason- other, c.in and will build one laundrcd and fifty nailes of 4idnly e palid oCl it, theal he will thua romd up the Sacramento valley. Theo cilizens of Ore- irecedent to his investment, that g *;1 are equ;aly abul to construct a railroad througlh the of the proposed road who are to W.llarn-ttc valley, an.l to do this, not. more than oneiliil- Expenditure of his money, shall limiu dollars of the stock, payable in installmcnlts runnint :18 muinch stock as tb'y call con- tlrmgi'i a terni of three years, need be taken in Oregtm-- bccicme directly inteiresttd with ant. than thesc "valley" roadAi ill the Sacranento atlid XVil- of dividing Wiith hin any pl (.fits la-II -tte v.tllcyi in ly l).- culni:'idxted with thie g.xd.at ,r the mbre imphiortant lurpose of thr.a 'I line, anad will Form the basis umpomi which tihc New mr-vigilant agent of 11tl erpitalist York' or Iireign capitalists will readily invest their anol)ary. aIIs of miles (1istant, an1111di 1JCe Ta tt this cnt3rpori *cc nl ba carrie l out in the way sugmeist- [lie purpose of electing as filicers ol I hmve full cenfil3:ieo. A g3:1ial. and frea inVigi- any onily such men an are lhonest, tianu of this mittor amnarm, the p3pho alon1 the line, dIr- Ial kntowled e (,f thle business of i.l, t13 last ten months, onal)lei m3 to judge of the inter- and kcnse enough to na.n-grc the eit th-y take in the mitt3r. Already mer, to seC that they L:oa sly la:d hetweon five and six ha:al:od person I-f.ir.n 'r3, me3h':tuic3 ani morchi nts e companiy's fnndR ; to ivaic I over -. xlo:m, the goneral line of th3 road, have subscribe.J to , ande to procure all nIlCCt Iy lTg7, the enterprise an advanco installment on stock Morrcpcdellce wuthi elq ilallit is, in to be taken, in order to defray theo expenses of the Easteru cities wvarrant me in f; yirg prolimmry surveys and the publication and circulation of ngs are acc.nmjli-1.cd, 3cur ctier- 32

'f this report oil an extensive scale. They believe in the en- quadruple A terprise, have tfaith in it, know and feel the tremendous the of all kinds of I and crushing burdens they nre laboring under, for want of ing to secure. it, and any mari would now be greeted with suspicion that would tell them ihat it ie visiouary, imipracticable or useless. No one atn liave. any just idea of the burdens I hlerewit.h1 8 resting o01Oregon irminiig, ftOI wanit of direct. connection Resourre: 'if (i with Saui Francisco and the ('olunbibl river. On this sub- who uilersrM:an ject the Astoria Marine Gazet. justly remiarks: Wljort So, generally, the nearer to his rirm is the unfailing o11 til r market-as a nianuiiuetiiri-r cstablishmeiit, a city, or a it is printed :ill I seaport towin--thie more valuable nIrC his lands and the the tailroad er products thereof, and vit'e rr7-sa, thc further the fitrmer, gencral;v. will IncelUII;CS, miner, or other paroducCr is situated from the market derntanding his pr'oddUCts, the less valuable a-re hlii e-ral amp ot On pro(lucts, tho less valualjle are his lands auid all his 1)ro- fnn ; one o' tii ducts, and the more difficult and tedious is it to 'c(!f-t ez- changes of his surplus products for the conift'rts of life which he doee not produce. ..hrou.wtl (alilbm 4 'TlIus it is dnat we can wvell understandlhow that a bushel Coaliforill.l. ) .e,, O* whe:at at Eugenc City or S-alei is worthi only fifty or of Wilkcs' (1z.'t .;eveutvyfive cents, while at San Francisco it is worth $2- Chart of l'l,0 or flour $4 to $5 per bbl. at. Eagene City anld 89 to $10 in fl'tiI ronads. i San Francisco. The wvhent or flour miust be carted to Portland. or steamboated to Oregon City, then t:akeii over tile portage, then stearnboated to Portland, stored, steam- To tlheI memij K, boated to the Coltumbia, alnl Ilien shipped to San Francisco. thve sienlmii>AI 7utor ,ineif omnni-(Labor conquers all things)-is n La- 'I; ,tiln maxim that can lie applied to thisentterprise. IRegardc ing this roasd in thle light of past experience in similar en- farmers-i. uieeb:m torpriECs, I alnt sui-e that patient, persevering eflbrts i , by ing hand,1, i4 *1in i the peolei interested in tile construetftbu of this road, will 45 Roonl as ttile .J 00on a'Wt 1put it in the way of successflul achievement. ,It I * ought to be commenced at the earliestt. pretieale moment With theaunoumi It takes years to a(compblishI such undertakinigs. mi!d the has bleei expiI-nt1 i il, .. sooner it is commenced the sooner it will be collsuilimmalted. I tl,'iro tO (-XI An enterprise so universally demanded, and to prresingly tile SurveyingL 1: needed, can never go hack wards.. An enterprise that Will -To .J. Gastoi for valuable :IF

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32 33 sivo scale. They beliehv in the en- quadruple the value of Oregon farns, and double tLe price it, know and feel the tremendous of all kinds of angricultural prnoduce, is surely worth labor- they are laboring under, for want of ing to secure. Id now be greeted with suspicion hat it is visiollarv, imipracticable or TO)C UIN IENTS. have ally just idea of the burdens Il herewith sibmit a brief report onl the "Wealth and nii flr we'atit of direct coliuiectioh ltesour' es of Orezon." It has been preparcd i'v a eitizen *1the (kolunibit rivcr. On this sUb- who unders:andss wvell the suljtect matter in hand. This o'GaZe/I jusdtly remarks: yj po n tilh railroad would be iliipertect witl(olt, it, aliil earer to his ftrn is the unfailing cturimr establishment, a city, or a it.is lrinjtedl andl published with it, be!ieving tIh-t an'it *!iily ore viiluable sre his lands and the the tailroad entcrpnriie, but the prosperity of thle Stnte viee m'sa, the farther tlhe titrmer, gencraly'. wvill be promotted by it. I also submit one gen- ither pro(lncer is situated fron the erai] map of Oregon. oile map of the landlsurveyl iin Ore- i productst, the lCss valuable are hlis ualle are his hinds and all his pro j)in ; 0110 ol thw s:nine fir (Calitforuia ; ont,ef' I lie sauiweior iffleult and tedious is it to aflect ex. WashinigYtonI T('trritorv ; otlC inap o1 the ratilroaid suivvys s products for the conlc'rts of life throughe Cahi;lwiain aid Oregona ; one or Preston's inalms of Auce. in well understadtd how that a bushel Onaliforu.l O regotii a:ud W ashi n-ton Territory; one copy ,ity or Salem is worth1 only fifty or of W ilIkes Chz:rt. olfthe ('o(lullmi river; one copy Wilkes' ile at San Francisco it is worth $2- Chart of Ptiglet St'iinnd one map of surveys r.r l1'lvif(u bl. at Eugene City andl 89 to $10 in lRailroa:dis. s whleat or flour must .1e ctirted to ted to Oregon (City, tllei taken over nribontetd to Portland, stored, steam- To the iiieir-nbrs ol tIt PsressI5 throtlhout the State, who i, alln( tI en sllIppsed to San Francisco. have sei'imed nV Oflort. -.it) aronwim,inpulic attention to jLabor conquers all things)-is n La- ,lie imnporamtlI' *.1' tilms enterprise, T return niy grateful applied to thisenterprisc. Rlegard- Icinovicwleugwe:tells. To tdie manay hbu1l(dreds slmnoll the Illt of past. experience in similar en- farmers, mmclmma'itiR alld mnerciantsi, who h):ave lent :1 help- that patient, persevering efforts by ing hanmd, i:4 dtie wy fhmianks ahd Ilhe warriest, gratitude.- Ln the coiitruettbu of fhis roadt, will No soon itS tle crntiil nitors have generally pfiiipul., an(l -ay of successrul achievement. 1t tbhe ;tounIltv have lbeeti closetl, a list of those contributing amnoint.t cotitniLuted motley cd at the earliest praetieal)le moment witih thle hiy eacih, lndhoow tile e Unillish such, un dertaki nsa. atod the has been. eXthqnluetd. Will be pul)lished fnl sent to each1. d the sooner it will be coiillsunn1ted. I desire to * xpre-: toy obligations to :'ll thle members of Drsallhy deniladed, zriid ko preisingly t thle surveyinir jnrty leznerhlly for theirvnhiinnbleassistaiwe. L)acklwards., An enterprise that i-1il To J. Gaston, Fsq., I amn under especial obligations for valual,14!'s.iitlu e. Hls vixteinsivo sn iseTractical * 11 84 knowledgo of the construction, of railroads, his scientific :14fatt;ainiuiotsi, his intimato an:l tliorouw!h knowledge of the plaits of organizing and carrying finwAvard railroad enter- prises, and thieir successful operation, have been of espe- cial value to me. Trusting that the foregoing report may assist in under- standing the general features of this enterprise, imperfect for want of-time and space as it is, and t!hat it may servo to attract grmtter attentiou to the enterprise. I anm, very truly, Your obedient sorv't, CHARtLES BARRY, Sup't of Surveys C. & C. River R. It. SALEM, OREGON Oct. 1st, 1864.

;S.l itit

I.

0-1.4

I I I - Ki

THE

WEALTH AND RESOURCES

OF TEU

STATE OF ORIFGON.W.

BY A CITIZEN OF THE STATE.

0

I I

0

i SALEM, OREGON: I . . i. MT'ATFSMAN POWER PRESI. 1864.

* I fi-

.1~ lnder the above ti * '~~~~This will be but aweoucsoobr time. It will be con k est to the rxan of bus a home for his family Ing real estate; to th * ~il the older States. industrious mechanii careful capitalist, it i 'uninterestiag, inasmc pied and most desira1 * industry, skill and a knowledge searcher, that account, it is; ho able, but more valuat If it shall tn any del unrivalled resources investigate more 'c!os !" IfTJ'arouse in citizens a rivers, and beautiful1 lic spirit in* the dev, State, the object o,

pliehed. The statern the actual observatio tlemen, reported from relied on as cowec& ft I M

i X PREFACE.

U1nder the above title, it is not intended to write a book. This will be but a brksf sketch of the natural advantages and resources of our State, hastily prepared in two weeks' time. It will be confined to those points that are of inter- est to the man of business, to the man who desires to select a home for his family, or invest his money securely in pay- ing real estate; to the enterprising farmer of small capital in the older States. To the sagacious manufacturer, the industrious mechanic, the fever-stricken invalid, and the careful capitalist, it is hoped these pages will not prove uninteresting, inasmuch as they point to a new, unoccu- pied and most desirable field for the application of their industry, skill and capital. To the general reader or mere knowledge searcher, it will doubtless appear dry, but on that accoant, it is hoped, it will be none the less accept- able, but more valuable to those for whom it was written. If it shall In any degree excite a greater interest in the unrivalled resources of our State, or influence any one to investigate more closely the statements herein made, or arouse in citizens a higher appreciation of our majestic rivers, and beautifl- valleys, or a more active pub. lie spirit in' the development and improvement of thc State, the object of the pamphlet will be accomk plished. The statements herein made are based upon the actual observation of reliable and intelligent genw tlemen, reported from all parts of the State, and mady be relied on as correct

A IN WHAT CONSISTS SEC. 1 Tojadgeim *we should have a coi sary to make a State believe that money - ficial observer, nothi that has most money erally true in point If one man in a comi conmmurnity, while all saries of sustaining. * 'othecrmembers of tl

thing in nature as ni human society grow or barter of goods. of nearly all nations,

-,. * -- has been usedby ac bib._

M

a . qI

CHAPTER I. IN WHAT CONSISTS TUB MATERIAL WEALTH OF A STATS. SEC. 1 To judge whether Oregon possesses great wealth, we should have a correct idea of what elements are neces- sary to make a State wealthy andprosperous. Most persons .believe that money is wealth, or capital. To the super- ficial observer, nothing is easier to believe than that he that has most money is the wealthiest. While this is gen- erally true in point Qf fact, it is. in the abstract, an error. If one man in a community possessed al the money in his community, while all the food and clothing, all the neces- . , saries of sustaining life, were so distributed among the other members of the community that they could spare nothing without subtracting from the mnesns of their own maint nance, it is plain that he who had all the money was really the poorest in the community. There is no such S thing in nature as money. It is one of the incidents of human society, growing out of the necessity of exchange or barter of goods. Gold and silver, by the common use of nearly all nations, is mnbney throughout the mercantile world. Iron and copper-less precious, but more useful -has been used by somd nations as money; while " prom- ises to pay," printed on paper, have been, at times, and 9% A It 6 ' similar extent of are yet,. almost exclusively the only money used by the tion of Russiane most prosperous nations. Money is but the medium of to this difterenc transferring wealth or capital from one to another; and; zre not so much this medium, rather than the substance, has taken hold of. resources of the the minds of men, and their ideas are generally governed: The first and by their perception of the medium alone. Nothing is there are great v more erroneous than to assert that the price of gold is-the to the rich botto standard of values. It is no more an index of the wealth able climate is e or resources of a nation, than a yard measure is the value There are countr of a .railway. The actual possession of gold no more for agriculture-1 Ii enriches a country, than the possession of a fortune does maux. There ar the miser. So long as our gold remains in our mountains wheat,. such as it is of no consequence-it wont stupport life. There is wheat can be gi not money enough in the world to purchase the world, if want of sunshine such a thing was proposed. No country's wealth is meas- of Ireland. Nor 11 ured by the amount of gold it contains. It is only as the of climate are ir counters in the game of life with which the players keep durability of all r 'Stj their tallies. exposed to the ai Probably the most remote element of wealth to any massive works of State or nation, would be its natural advantages for granite scarcely r0l ' defense from the aggressions of foreign. nations. Until pieces from the that happy period shall arrive when " the lion and the intense frost. A lamb shall lie down together," all nations will spend consists in lessei largely of their wealth for the means of defense. ments of laborer England's isolated position is worth more to her than a vital forces, wher hundred thousand soldiers. Viewed in this light, Oregcn civilization and p is highly favored. Surrounded on nearly all sidesiby high ical climate and t mountains, impassable by armies moving against the Among natural i means of modern warfare, and having but one grand gate. be classed abund way to her mountain locked valleys, and natural store- situations, and c houses, her position, if thrown entirely upon her own labor; such as mi ability for defense, would be almost impregnable. ries of building With the same population and extent of territory, sonic sate any country: countries produce a much greater amount of the necessa- 'this may be name liih ries of life than others. Compare England with either a

LI,-.- - -_ __1 111- - was .1 'i - ______"Imm 0b. 'A 7 6 ' similar extent of Territory in Russia; or an equal popula- clusively the only money used by the tion of Russians. Some of the causes which contribute iations. Money is but the medium of to this difference of productiveness are obvious; others i or capital from one to another; and -are not so much so. These causes constitute wealth or .r than the substance, has taken hold of resources of the State, and may be specified as follows: and their ideas are generally governed The first and most obvious is fertility of soil. In this In of the medium alone. Nothing is there are great varieties, from the deserts of the Colorado in to assert that the price of gold is the to the rich bottomn lands of the Mississippi. But a favor- It is no more an index of the wealth able climate is even more important than a fertile soil. ation, than a yard measure is the value There are' countries which may be inhabited, yet too cold ie actual possession of gold no more for agriculture-the countries of the Laplander and Esqui- than the possession of a fortune does maux. There are countries where oats will ripen, but not g as our gold remains in our mountains wheat,, such as the North of Scotland; others where ience-it wont stipport life. There is wheat can be grown, but, from excess of moisture and in the world to purchase the world, if wvant of sunshine, affords but a precarious crop, as in parts roposed. No country's wealth is meas- of Ireland. Nor is it in agriculture alone that differences it of gold it contains. It is only as the of climate are important. Their influence is felt in the ne of life with which the players keep durability of all mechanicrl structures, such as houses, &c., exposed to the air. It is said by travelers that the most Dst remote element of wealth to any massive works of masonry at St. Petersburgh, executed in vould be its natural advantages for granite scarcely a generation ago, are now tumbling to kggressions of foreign nations. UJntif pieces from the alternate exposure to summer heat and shall arrive when "ihe lion and the intense frost. Another part of the influence of climate vn together," all nations will spend consists in lessening or increasing the physical require- wealth for the means of defense. ments of laborers; and in enervating or stimulating the position is worth more to her than a vital forces, whereby we account for 'the difference in the Foldiers. Viewed in this light, Oregcii civilization and prosperity of those people native to a trop Surrounded on nearly all sidessby high ical climate and those of the North Temperate Zone. able by armies moving against the Among natural advantages, after soil and climate, must 'arfare, and having but one grand gate. be classed abundance of mineral deposits, in convenient iin locked valleys, and natural store- situations, and capable of being worked with moderate n, if thrown entirely upon her own labor; such as mines of coal, iron, copper, lead, &c., quar- would be almost impregnable. ries of building stone, &c. These do much to compen- sate any )pulation and extent of territory, sonic country for any disadvantages of climate. After this much greater amount of the necessa- may be named the abundance of natural water power, ers. Compare England with either a

. II 8 1P Crwhich is the cheapest and best of all power in aid of II man's power. Forests of good lumbering timber are a I source of great wealth to any country possessing them. Iii I9 But perhaps a greater advantage than all these is a mar- I itime or commercial situation, especially when accom- 1'i' panied with good natural harbors; and, next to that, great GEN navigable rivers. These advantages consist in saving cost SECTIoN 2. 2 in transportation; and but few who have not considered prise within so i i. the subject have any adequate idea how great an extent of marked topogri Btlk economical advantage this comprises; nor, without having steep, barren an' examined the influence exercised on production, by fertile, deserts tl I41. exchanges, can it be fully estimated. So important is this rivers, unparali that it often more than counterbalances sterility of soil prairies and deni and every other natural inferiority. In all the Above gon. It contai mentioned natural advantages, we claim that the State of which, probably, I Oregon stands unequalled. cultivation. Tb and barren des counted as dry sheep. Comme we find Grand I SEc. 13. Gra 400,000 acres of 8,000 are now spurs of the Blu !I entire extent b 3 rounding moui for the Nez Per I. ij2 which they ani " Camas " root, Salmon river at miners ii -that . claimed by in hi established, ta] "I into Union con .1%

a- I_'_ , -7 I WE_ hk

8 ;i )est and best of all power in aid of ests of good lumbering timber are a th to any country possessing then. ater advantage than all these is a mar- CHAPTER II. 1l situation, especially when accom- tural harbors; and, next to that, great GENERAL SURVEY 0 THE STATE. hese advantages consist in saving cost SECTION 2. Topography.-But few other nd but few who have not considered countries com- prise within so small adequate idea how great an extent of a space such various and strongly marked topographical e this comprises; nor, without having features. Mountains the most steep, barren Hence exercised on production, by and rugged, valleys the most beautiful and fertile, deserts fully estimated. So important is this the most sterile, spacious bays, magnificent rivers, unparalleled han counterbalances sterility of soil waterfalls, picturesque lakes, broad prairies and dense ;ural inferiority. In all the Above forests-all these may be found in Ore- gon. lvantages, we claim that the State of It contains about 120,000,000 acres of land, of which, probably ailed. about 10,000,000 acres will prove fit for 1 cultivation. The balance consists of rugged mountains i and barren deserts, of which about four fifths may be counted as dry upland padture-superior grazing land for sheep. Commencing at the north-east corner of the State, II we find Grand Ronde and Powder River valleys. SEC. 8. Grand Ronde Valley-Is reported to contain 400,000 acres of excellent agricultural land, of which only i 8,000 are now under cultivation. It is surrounded by I spurs of the Blue mountains, and is coursed thronghout its i entire extent by limpid streams of water from the sur- rounding mountains. It was formerly the great garden for the Nez Perces and other Indians in that section, from which they annually gathered immense pantities of the " Camas " root, for food. The discovery of gold in the Salmon river and Boise countries having led thoueands of miners it that direction, the whole valley, nearly has been claimed by immigant farmers; and a town is already established, talled La Grand. The valley is organized into Union county. Condideting its bight above the level

I 10 waters ever leavingi It of the sea, and its latitude, its climate is said to be mild. tains, and are lostbj The market for the farmers of the valley is found in the basin is filled with a surrounding mining camps. leys, marshes and la SEC. 4. Powder River Vaft.-This valley and adjoin- over twenty lakes r( ing mining camps, are organized into Baker county, of a few acres up to' which Auburn is the county seat, and center of business. miles wide and thi A very large number of, miners are now in this county, lakes has a saline and all doing well. A very rich and 'extensive vein, of vegetation scanty. copper has been discovered in this county. The valley lakes and marshes t contains about 200,000 acres of arable land, of whch about and in the dense n 10,000 may be said to be under cultivation. The climate hatch their young here is warmer and dryer than in Grand Ronde, being has been in the further south. Powder river is a small, unnavigable Klamath, Modoc, stream, but affording an abundance of water for the use expeditions have, ( of the miners and farmers. In this part of the State are with a view to af several other small valleys, of which we have no particu- ors for mines, and Ai lar account. Their adaptation to agriculture has already respect the prope been tested, and anything may be raised here that can be grants hereafter ] raised in the Northern part of Ohio. Not having been great basin, and i settled but two years, it cannot be told whetheri the fruits ing extract from will succeed. Oreoon Cavalry, i SEC. 5. The Lake (ouniry.-The south-eastern part of editions, dated Hal Oregon may be denominated the " Lake Basin." Com- to Headquarters: 1~.ZI mencing 'at the south-eastern corner of Jackson county, "Ihave been e , , I and running to Diamond Peak, on the east boundary of vicinity, to explo t I convinced there i Hi , Douglas county, and from thence by the heads of the Des '.f any could be 1 Chutes, Malheur and Owyhee iivers, to the east boundary abandoned at leaw of the State, and, from thence south and west, by the east disposed to think J boundary of Oregon and the Oregon and California line, is probable that I families, winter I to the place of beginning, and we have Oregon's portion 14 i summer. I A of a great internal basin, now, to the enterprising Qxplorer The affair bet 1 the most interesting portion of the State. It. may be gen- occurred at the e Il.l 50 miles sonthe t erally called a plateau, and is five thousand feet above the l Capt. :Ctirry:1 p

I oqean level. It is an almost independent basin, few of its 4'i.

I Wok -U

I 10 11 titude, its climate is said to be mild. waters ever leaving it, but flowing into the many lakes it con- rarinmrs of the valley is found in the tains, and are lo3tby evaporation or absorption. The whole ,amps. basin is filled with alternate low hills, arid plains, fertile val- leys, marshes and lakes. In this basin there "Iver Va*y.---This valley and adjoin- are something over twenty lakes reported, varying in size from tre organized into Baker county, of the pond of a few acres up to " Goose Lake," which is said county seat, and center of business. to be ten miles wide and thirty long. The water in many of these of, miners are now in this county, lakes has a saline taste. Most all the land is barren and A very rich and extensive vein, of 0 vegetation scanty. Millions of wild geese inhabit these *overed in this county. The valley lakes and marshes, and here, undisturbed by white men, 0 acres of arable land, of whch about and in the dense marshes distant from the main land, they be under cultivation. The climate hatch their young. The whole basin, until this summer, dryer than in Grand Ronde, being I has been in the possession of wandering bands of the 'der river is a small, unnavigable Klamath, Modoc, and Snake Indians. Three military an abundance of water for the use expeditions have, during the summer, penetrated I mers. In this part of the State are the basin, with a view to afford protection to immigrants, leys, of which we have no particu- prospect- ors for mines, and to chastise .f laptation to agriculture has already and compel these Indians to respect the property and persons of It ling may be raised here that can be travellers and immi- grants hereafter passing through. With regard I n part of Ohio. Not having been to this II great basin, and its present condition, I it cannot be told whether the fruits I make the follow- ing extract from a letter of Capt. John M. Drake, of the Oregon Cavalry, in command of one of the military expe- CauntrY.-The I south-eastern part of ,ditions, dated Harney Valley, July 2d, 1864, and addressed ainated the " Lake Basin." Com. to Headquarters: -eastern corner of Jackson county, "I have been able, during the time employed in this ond Peak, on the east boundary of vicinity, to explore the country thoroughly, and am well rom thence by the heads of the DWs convinced there are no Indians in the vicinity. No signs if any could k )wyhee rivers, to the east boundary be found except a few camps that have been abandoned at least two months. From appearances, I am thence t south and west, by the east disposed to think this valley is not a haunt of theirs. It ad the Oregon and California line, is probable that a fet of them, perhaps twenty or thirty 0 ing, and we have Oregon's portion families, winter here, but they do not live here during the summer. n, now, to the enterprising explorer The affair between Lieut. Waymire and the Indians 'I'tion of the State. It. may be gen- occurred at the eastern base of the Snowr monntaiis about and is five thousaud feet above the 50 miles southeast of Lake Harney, in the vicinity of most independent basin, few of its Capt. Cnrryvi present depot. There is every reason to

F 12 but grazing, and a believe that the Indians abandoned the country immedi. particularly the cast one tenth of which ately after that affair. I am, * From prospectors, immigrants from California, and others, I learn that the Indians are quite numerous in the vicinity of Goose Lake, and have committed some depre- dations recently. A party of prospectors, who fitted out The amount of a at the Dalles in April last, and travelled with the expedi- now be ascertained. tion for some days after starting, came to our camp last night, having two men wounded by Indians somewhere considerable. near Goose Lake. SzC. 6. Rogue 1 * There is a large emigration from Northern California and Southern Oregon through this section of the country Southern Oregon, n to Boise and Owyhee. Quite a number of families are name, as upon Bei reported to be on the road, and au immense quantity of affluents of Rogue stock. Large droves of cattle are seen almost daily cross- discovery of gold ( ing Harney valley. This emigration enters Harney valley by two routes; one, from Shasta, Cal., traverses Pitt river The valley, with valley to Goose Lake, passes along the lake to Lake Abert, organized into Jac thence across a sage desert ninety miles in extent, inter- the county seat, a secting' the military road at Pleasanton's Butte; the other' contains between fo from wYreka, Cal., and Jacksonville, Oregon, via Lower Klamath Lake and Silver Lake, across a sage desert sev- valley is exceedingl enty-two miles in extent, intersects the military road at wheat and oats, an, Spring valley, twenty-five miles south of Camp Maury; a raised in Oregon. branch from this point leads to Canyon City, in a north- east dicretion-I could riot ascertain the distance. These flourish equally thr trails have become great public thoroughfares this sum- the largest and fir mer, but I do not think they can be made available for apricots, nectarinei purposes of transportation, on account of the wide extent met with. It has c of desert to be traversed. I have been informed by some e miners that the route by Goose Lake can be improved by far removed from ir changing its course slightly to the west, thus shortening being surrounded the desert to stretches of about thirty miles each. The cult. The people X Yreka route is not capable of being improved in that respect. wagon road from t i think I am safe in stating that no practicable route North, which, whei can be found in anything like a direct course from favorable competit J, Diamond Peak to Lake Harney, on occount of this immense desert. ley. It ii very fav It' Lieut. Waymire can avoid the desert by making a cir- and manufactnre 4 cuit to the north and intersecting the military road, at Buck will be careless of creek, thirty miles south of Camp Maury. I have found the country over which the expedition has their attention to tl 1 marched, thus far, to be generally unfit for any purposes j 4. I is' ,i 13 12 but grazing, and a large portion na abandoned the country immedi. of it is desert. This is particularly the case with Harney valley, not more than one tenth of which is fit for any useful purpose whatever. immigrants from California, and I am, very respectfully, * Indians are quite numerous in the I our most ob't servant, *,and have committed sonle depre- JNO. M. DRAKE." ,arty of prospectors, who fitted out last, and travelled with the expedi- The amount of agricultural land in this basin cannot *r starting, came to our camp last now be ascertained. The amount of grazing land must be I wounded by Indians somewhere considerable. igration from Northern California SEc. 6. Rogue River VaUey.-This valley is located hrough in this section of the country Southern Oregon, not so much Quite a number upon the river bearing its of families are name, as upon oad, and an immense quantity of Bear creek and Butte creek, two small cattle are seen almost daily cross- affluents of Rogue river. It was settled soon after the is emigration enters Harney valley discovery of gold on Jackson creek, in the year m Shasta, Cal., traverses 1851-2. Pitt river The valley, with the neighboring )sses along the lake to Lake Abert, mining camps, is sert ninety miles in extent, inter- organized into Jackson county, of which Jacksonville is I at Pleasanton's Butte; the other the county seat, and center of trade and business, and Jacksonville, Oregon, via Lower contains between four and five thousand 'er Lake, across inhabitants. The a sage desert sev- valley is exceedingly it, intersects the military road at fertile, producing immense crops of e miles south of Camp Maury; a wheat and oats, and probably the 'finest fruit that can be ends to Canyon City, in a north- raised in Oregon. In addition to t*e common sorts which ot ascertaifi the distance. These flourish equally throughout the'8X'tMthis t public thoroughfares this sum- valley produces they can be made available for the largest and finest flavorea'*ilpes, peaches, plums, n, on account of the wide extent apricots, nectarines and strawberries that we have ever I have been informed by some, met with. It Goose has one serious disadvantage-that of being Lake can be improved by far Ltly to the west, thus shortening removed from navigable rivers and an ocean port; and F about thirty miles each. The being surrounded by mountains, transportation, is diffi- Mble of being improved in that cult. The people are now engaged in making a superior wagon road from tating that no practicable route the valley to the great gold ields of the ing ike a direct course from North, which, when finished, will bring their produce into Hlarney, on occount of this favorable competition with that from the Willamette'val- ; 4 ley. It is very favorably situated Did the desert by making a cir- for the production and ecting the military road, at Buck and manufactnre of wool, and the people of the valley If Camp Maury. will be careless of their best interests if they do not turn r over which the expedition has their attention to this branch of. enerally unfit for any purposes industry. Xt has, during Is . 14 the last two years, furnished immense droves of superior hills, but all connect beef cattle, to the northern mines; and may be said to be hills form the best of well adapted to a very economical production.of all kinds vated. On account o of stock. The climate is very mild, and is the dryest and it has been called the warmest part of the State. The valley contains about sesses an exceedingl 150,000 acres of arable land, of which about one-fifth is everything may be gi uider cultivation. in any of the Northw river and Illinois vanl SEC. 7. Illinois Valley.-This valley is situated on the fection. This valley Illinois River and its branches, in the extreme south-west- which Roseburg is tl eru portion of the State. The valley, with the neighbor- and Scottsburg are l camps, comprise, Josephine county, of which ing mining towns. The outlet 4 Kirbyville is the county seat, and Waldo the principal burg, the head of oc business town. qua river. The pe4 The valley is similar, in every respect, to Rogue river attention largely to valley, and was settled about the same period, buit does annual sales of w not contain more than one fourth as much good' land. immense range of I principal interest, and agriculture only sec- Mining is the and the sheep requii ondarv. On ,the edge of this valley is located the " Queen ing. The proximity of Bronze" copper mine, intrinsically the most valuable it within the range copper mine on the coast.' It will be noticed more at large ders it probably a ur under the head of mines. The Illinois, like Rogue river, any other part of' is a bold,krapid, mountain stream, and Rogue river, only, delightful. The v is navigable for but about thirty miles of its lower por- acres of arable lanc tion, and only for steamboats of light draught. cstimate,-75,000 as See. 8. The UUmpqua Valley.-This valley is bounded Stage Company's cl North by the Calapooia 'Mountains, south by the Rogue this valley daily, as river mountains, east by the Cascade mountains and on the Smc. 9. The 'II west by the brokeu spurs of mountains properly belong- great valley of Or ing to the CoastRange. It is the largest valley in South- Pacific coast, all th ern Oregon,. and is second in importance only to the Wil- as the Sacramento lamette valley. It is most bountifully watered by the ramento valley is di Umpqua river and itsnumerous branches and affluents. only as a parched s Instead of.Being one valley, it is, more properly a series or dofs not fail the gathering of many small ojies, partially separated by low \S._ 14 15 shed immense droves of superior hills, bitt all era mines; and may be said connected on the same plain. These low to be hills monomical proiuction.of all kinds form the best of grazing land, and many are culti- vated. On account s very mild, and is the dryest and of. its beautiful and romantic scenery, it has been called ate. The valley contains the " Switzerland of America." It pos- about sesses an land, of which about exceedingly fertile and varied soil, upon which one-fifth is everything may be grown successfully which can be raised in any of the Northwestern States. Here, as in the Rogue V.-This valley is situated on the river and Illinois valleys, all manner of fruits grow to per- riches, in the extreme soutfi-west- fection. This valley is organized into Douglas county, of The valley, with the neighbor, which Roseburg is the county seat. Cauyonville, Oakland rise, Josephine county, of which and Scottsburg are located in this cobnt'y, and are thriving seat, and Waldo the principal towns. The outlet of the trade of the valley is at Scotts- burg, the head of ocean schooner navigation on the VJip- a every respect, to Rogue river qua river. The people of the valley have turned their bout the same period, hut does attention largely to the raising of sheep, and from the )ne fourth as much good' land. annual sales of wool they are all prospering. The lterest, and' agriculture only sec. immense range of pasture on public lands costs nothing 'his valley is located the " Qu'een and the sheep require but little attention more than herd- intrinsically the most valuable ing. The proximity of the valley to the sea-coast, brings It will be noticed more at large it within the range of the healthful sea-breezes, and ren- The Illinois, like Rogue'river, ders it prlbably a more desirable place for residence than stream, and Rogue river, only, any other part of' Southern Oregon. The climate is thirty miles of its lower por. delightful. The valley is reported to contain 225,000 ats of light draught. acres of arable land, but I think this is far short of a safe azlley.-This valley is bounded estimate,-75,000 acres under cultivation. The Califotnia bountains, Stage south by the Rogue Company's coaches, with daily mails, passes through 3 Cascade mountains and on the this valley daily, as also through Rogue river valley. of mountains properly belong. Swc. 9. The lVdlalrane Valley.-This not only the t is, the largest valley in South- great valley of Oregon, but the greatest valley on the- n importance only to the Wil- Pacific coast, all things considereu. It is not hear so large t bountifully watered by the as the Sacramento valley, in California, but when the Sac- erous branches and affluents. ramento valley is dried up by its extreme heat. and appears it is, more properly a series or only as a parched and barren plain, the Willamette valley aes, partially separated by low does not fail the husbandman, but rewards hini with

. .4,

I 5 16 by majestic mounts golden fields of grain, waving corn and hay, luxuriant may be seen throuk pasturage, and untold thousands of bushels of apples; and equable, and exceedi for the correctness of this statement, we need only to refer and just description to the thousands of California farmers who have, during Q. Thornton's wort this summer, abandoned the Sacramento valley, and with No country I h their flocks and herds have come up to the Willamette valley through whic valley ,for food, and the comforts and necessaries of life- ing the hills suscepi and in this consists the superiority of the Willamette over them, has an averi miles. The scenery the Sacramento. It is always seasonable. No.drouths in tion of the open cc summer nor killing frosts in winter. An old settler nently calcu ated remarks: " I have known the Willamette for twenty years entirely unique. and it has never failed to produce the most abundant crops The surface of th of unequal elevatio -4t is alvays the same." It contains 3,000,000 rich agri- growth of shrubs a] cultural land, superior, in all resipccts, to any land in any the most beautiful ( of the Few England or Mididle Atlantic States, and unsur- into the illusion thm hand of man. Opt passed by. any in the Union. This valley alone contains. having no resemb 'a more arable land than many of the Eastern States. Not ing into hills, and t one tenth of it is now under cultivation. Everything is away in picturesqu( produced here that can be ill Illinois, Ohio, or Pennsyl- The features of n iug valley, are inl vania, and in wheat, oats, fruit, wool and live stock, we peaks and her long can greatly excel those States in quality. The average tiful, but sublime. yield of ihicat in Ohio is sixteen bushels per acre, while hill and valley is co the whole number of acres of wheat in Oregon, would elation, that hightei 1 the translucent wva 1l average above tw~enty bushels, aud of oats not less than character to an ass4 :i thirty. Fifty-five bushels of wheat per acre and seventy- the most beautiful I five bushels of oats per acre, is frequently raised here, and I am persuaded I possessing fine feel good cultivation would make the average of wheat not of nature in all hei less than thirty. The valley contains a very large number without vivid emol of very fine orchards, and over 100,000 boxes of apples most delightful so wilderness, and civ 1 are exported every 4 year to San Francisco and Victoria, 1 . gress, but the min< where they command a premium. It contains ten rivers, the prospect of fut] ICl1 with numerous branches, and is, beyond doubt, the best everlasting snow The Willamette i l,t supplied with living springs of good water, running A) would have peoplei streams, magnificent water powers of any equal extent, on Its waters are tranm I the American continent. It is inclosed on three sides 17 16 in, waving corn and hay, luxuriant by majestic mountains, whose peaks of perpetual snow may be seen throughout I thousands of bushels of apples; and the year. The climate is mild, equable, 'this statement, we need only to refer and exceedingly healthy. The following eloquent and just description California farmers who have, during of this valley I take from the Hon. J. ned the Sacramento valley, and with Q. Thornton's work on Oregon, written several years ago: No country Is have come up to the Willamette I have yet seen equals the beauty of the valley through which this river flows. The valley, includ- he comforts and necessaries of life- ing the hills susceptible of having good farms made upOin le superiority of the Willamette over them, has an average width of, perhaps, sixty or eighty nsalvays seasonable. No drouths in miles. The scenery, which is beheld; from almost any por- tion of the open country, is not only beautiful, and Clei- frosts in winter. An old settler nently calculated to excite the imagination, but it isA tOwn the Willamette for twenty years entirely unique. I to produce the most abundant crops The surface of the earth presents, in many places, swells Le." It contains 8,000,000 rich agri- of unequal elevation, covered with grass, having no under- gr'owth of sbrubs and bushes, and being dotted over with ir, in all respccts, to any land in any the most beautiful oaks, that almost cheat the iniaginatioii )r Middle Atlantic States, and unsur- into the illusion that they wvere planted and tendea by the Union. This valley alone contains. hand of man. Open prairies of inelxhausible fertility, and having no resemblance to our western II many of the Eastern prairies, but swell- States. Not ing into hills, and tlhen again sinking into valleys, stretch w under cultivation. Everything is away in picturesque beauty. ,an be in Illinois, Ohio, or Pensyl- The features of nature as looked upon in this enchant- oats, fruit, wool and live stock, we ing valley, are indeed beautiful; but her snow-covered peaks and her long line of mountains arc not only beau- )se States in quality. The average tiful, but sublime. In the months of may and June every io is sixteen bushels per acre, while hill and valley is covered with the green of abundant veg- f acres of wheat in Oregon, would etation, that hightens the enchantment of a scene to which the translucent waters of the Willamette give a softer F bushels, and of oats not less than character to an assemblage of objects constituting one of 3hels of wheat per acre and seventy- the most beautiful pictures in nature. r acre, is frequently raised here, and I am persuaded that no one of a cultivated taste and possessing Id make the average of wheat not fine feelings, refined and purified by the stud) of nature in all her moods and aspects, can contemplate valley contains a very large number without vivid emotions of pleasure the character of this 1, and over 100,000 boxes of apples most delightful scenery. t is, indeed, comparatively a aar to San Francisco and Victoria, wilderness, and civilization has here made but little pro- gress, but the mind swells, and the spirit is refreshed by a premium. It contains ten rivers, the prospect of future improvements as stupendous as the hes, and is, beyond doubt, the best cver astin snow peaks the beholder looks upon. springs of good water, running The W.l'lamette is a stream which the ancient poets vater powers of any equal extent, on would have peopled with nymphs, and celebrated in E-on,. Its waters are transparent, and upon their bosom a great ent. It is inclosed on three sides I"00/II 18 into the belief that they I, ant village. i variety of ducks, white geese, cranes, swans, pelicans, ill- It will thus be seen t0 omened loons, and a multitude of water fowls, with their variegated vestmeiets, glide gracefully, or patter their tributaries water a most i bills among the reeds and grasses upon the shore, or con- The valley is about 4 gegate in great numbers upon the sand-bars. length by forty miles in ' I he range of mountains that form the weitern limit of several of which are lat Ie the valley presents a great variet of elevations, covered to their summits with the most beautiful forests of ever- States. It contains ah greens, consisting of pines, hemlock, and different varie- varying in population fr( ties of cedar. Portland being the larg Far of in the east, the Cascade Range of mountains of the valley. I bounds the valley in that direction, many of the peaks, covered with the accumulated snows and ices of centuries, SEC. P). Wasco and are in view at the same moment, and from the same point of observation. The warm sun of July shines upon them counties embrace the co and they glitter in dazzling whiteness in mid-air, and in tains and bordering on t] l awful contrast with the dark basaltic rocks, which in sonic : a large amount of good places present pinnacles, and in others huge and confused report of; and but litt] EII massive heaps, and In otlhcrs black and rugged precipices, that arrest the clouds, ahd have, during tign known centu- The rich gold mines of I I ries, defied the power of earthquakes and storms, and still are in Wasco county (1 continue to contrast their threatening and savaenimount The chief importance ol I tain sublimity with the picture of the lovely landscape painted upon the beautiful Willamette. their commercial inters Many of the prairies of the valley are several miles in great river of the Pacific extent. But the smaller ones, especially those known as ing are the two commerc the Tualatin Plaihs, where the woodland and plain alters Late frequently, are the most beautiful, although the pros- ing town. I peCt is more confined. These plains vary fromh a few acres Dalles City is situated 1, Il to several hundred-somnetimes two or three thousand. mountains, and at the ( They are not uniform in their surface, but are broken into overland travel for Oreg wentle and graceful grassy swells. Deep, shaded recesses trade of the extensive mi l along the borders of the timber, remind the traveler of the inlets of some quiet, sylvan sheet of water, Oregon, and must eventi The space between these small prairies is covered with on the Pacific coast. . \.- - an open forest of tall, straight evergreens. Here, even before the silence of the scene was broken by the voice of natural resources, it will, the emigrant and the sound of his axe It was, if not a Tyre, Venice and Const desert, at least a solitude, that blossomed as the rose, and situation." The Oregoi a wilderness that was stripped of everything rude and this point, by det of Coi wild. The clusters of trees are so beautifully arranged, I the openings so gracefully curved, the grounds so open .SEc. 11. N'umbia C and clean, that it seems to be the work of art; and the the Columbia river, belo I beautiful avenues are calculated to cheat the imagination t 19 r; 18 I I into the belief that they lead to some farm house or pleas- ito geese, cranes, swans, pelicans, ill. ant village. multitude of water fowls, with their It will thus be seen that the Willamette river and its. glide gracefully, or patter their tributaries water a most fertile and delightful region." and grasses upon the shore, or con- The valley is about 3ers upon the sand-bars, one hundred and forty miles in itains that form the western limit of length by forty miles in width and contains nine counties, ,reat variety of elevations, covered to several of which are larger than some of the Atlantic he most beautiful forests of ever- States. It contains also thirty-five towns and pines; hemlock, and diffierent varie- villages varying in population from one'hundred to four thousand,. I the Cascade Range of mountains Portland being the largest, and the commercial entrepot that direction, many of the peaks, I of the valley. rnulated shows and ices of centuries, 11 e moment, and from the same point i SEC. D0. Wasco and Umiatil Counties.-These two warm I I sun of July shines upon them I counties embrace the country east of the Cascade mouu- zzlIng whiteness in mid-air, and in tains and bordering on the Columbia river. They contain 3 datk basaltic rocks, which in sonie I 38, and in others huge and confused Ii a large amount of good land, but the amount we have no Dlthers black and rugged precipices, report of; and but little of it is occupied or claimed. ahd have, during tigin kown centu- - The rich gold mines of Canyon City, on John )f earthquakes and storms, and still Day, river, beir threatening and savage inoun. are in Wasco county (lately formed into Grqnt coubq)- ie picture of the lovely landscape The chief importance of these two counties must ever be 4 ;iful Willamette. their commercial interests, situated as they are on the 3 of the valley are several niles in great river of the Pacific. Dalles er ones, especially those known as City and UmatillaLand- ing are the two commercial here the woodland and plain alters points. Canyon City is a min- I most beautiful, although the pros- ing town. These plains vary from a few acres Dalles City is situated immediately Dtlnetimnes east of the Cascade too or three thousand. mountains, n their surface, but are broken into and at the converging point of nearly all the ssy swells. Deep, shaded recesses overland travel for Oregonand Washinton, and of all the he timber, remind the traveler of trade of the extensive mining regions , sylvan sheet of Idaho and Eastern of water. Oregon, and must bese small prairies is covered with eventually become the largest inland city straight evergreens. Here, even on the Pacific coast. Almost entirely destitute of good 3 scene was broken by the voice of natural resources, it will, doubtless, like the cities of sound Athens, of his axe it was, if not a Tyre, Venice and Constantinople, e, that blossomed as make good use of " the the rose, and situation." stripped of everything rude and The Oregon Branch Mint has been located at trees are so beautifully arranged, this point, by det of Congress. oly curved, the grounds so open SSzc. 11. Columbia Cbunty.-This county i to be the work of art; and the is situated on Iculated to cheat the imagination the Columbia river, below the Willamette valley, and sep- wtw-2 AP L _-.004,, m 20 There are some go arated from it by a low range of mountains. It has noth- are not extensively ing of consequence to recommend it, except its commer- vast amount of g( cial situation, on the river, and its forests of the finest tim- droves of cattle, w ber. The population is sparse and there is no town that stocks have been s( amounts to anything. Should its county-seat (St. Helens) of Rogue river, be made the terminus of a railroad running southwardly iii and harbor for sc through the Willamette, it would, doubtless, by the con- fifty tons burthen. centration of capital, become a flourishing city. There is twenty-five said to be a large number of salt springs in the county. miles f there will soon b SEC. 12. 7He Coast Counties.-The counties on the shipping copper o sea coast are Clatsop, Tillamook, Coos and Currw They nication in relatio are all sparsely populated, and have the same general char- G. Mann, Esq. a v acter. Parts of Douglass Lane and Benton counties also Coos County.-T lie upon the coast. The coast counties afford the richest this county are pe and best pasturage in the State, and the inhabitants ai e all other portions 4 principally engaged in grazing stock. The climate coast imparts to th is con- ture. Its mineral sidered the healthiest in the State. nish employment Clatsop. county, at the mouth of the Columbia river, of an extensive 4 contains a great deal of good, agricultural land, and the safe, capacious, al of thirteen farmers are all prospering, being able to sell all their pro- feet. duce for cash, to vessels stopping for supplies at the mouth 1 ,. Its coal fields of the river. Clatsop beach is becoming a celebrated miles, containing watering place. Astoria, the principal town, is in a flour- coal, in the immei 'A) ishing condition. It was founded long ago by the million- Coos bay. The , five feet, and has ' I aire. John Jacob Astor, and it was long thought that it position. The m would become the great commercial city of the Pacific. from three to fiv( It has not fulfilled the anticipations of its friends, but it is Francisco exclusi 'I undoubtedly more prosperous than ever before. Coos bay. The i about the same qi The United States government is now erecting exten- Upon the sea b sive and very formidable fortifications on all the points of found deposits a Band about the mouth of the river. employment, to rogether with tl l,A} Tillamook county is not noted for anything but the ,river, produce an oysters its bay produces, it, and butter sent to market by its dollars people. Curry is in the same fix, except the oysters. Virgin copper 20 21

Inge of mountains. It has noth- There are some gold' mines on the Ocean beach, but they commend are not extensively 'Ii it, except its commer. worked now. The county contains a r, and its forests of the finest tim- vast amount of good grazing land, and many very fine 5parse and there is no town that droves of cattle, which are raised so cheaply that whole iould its county-seat (St. Helens) stocks have been sold at five dollars per head. The mouth a railroad running southwardly of Rogue river, in this county, affords a very good port it would, doubtless, by the con- and' harbor for schooners of not over one hundred and ome a flourishing city. There is fifty tons burthen. If the copper mines on the river some of salt springs in the county. twenty-five miles from its mouth continue to develop well, Younties.-Thc counties on the there will soon be an immense business done there in amook, Coos and Curry They shipping copper ore. The following interesting commu- and have the same general char- nication in relation to Coos county, is from the pen -of S. Lane and Benton counties also G. Mann, Esq. a very reliable gentleman: 'oakt counties afford the richest Coos County.-The resources, climate and productions of this county are peculiar, State, and the inhabitants differing, in many respects, from are all other portions of the State. Its 5ing situation upon the sea stock. The climate is con- coast imparts to the climate a healthful and equal.tempera- e State. ture. Its minerals, lumber, and agricultural products fur- nish employment mouth of the Columbia river, to its population, and afford the basis of an extensive commercial intercourse. )od, agricultural land, and Its harbor is the safe, capacious, and accessible to vessels having a draught being able to sell all their pro- of thirteen feet. pping for supplies at the mouth Minerals. ach is becoming a celebrated Its coal fields extend over an area of twenty square miles, containing ie principal town, is in a flour- an inexhaustible quantity of bituminous coal, in the immediate vicinity of the navigable unded long ago by the waters of million- Coos8 bay. The coal veins have an average thickness of d it was long thought that it five feet, and have a slight inclination from a horizontal )mmercial city of the Pacific. osition. The mines of Messrs. Flanegan & Mann ship Brom three to five thousand tons ipations of its friends, but of coal annually, to San it is Francisco exclusive of a large amount consumed is upon than ever before. Coos bay. The mine of C. M. Perschbacker has shipped 'ment is now erecting exten- about the same quantity, when in working condition. tifications on all the Upon the sea beach, for a distance of twenty miles, are points of found deposits river. of fine gold, affording a remunerative employment, to a number 'of miners. These mines, noted for anything but the rogether with those upon the sources of the Coquille I butter sent to market by its $river, produce an annual yield of about twenty thousand dollars ame fix, except the oysters. Virgin copper and its ore is frequently found upon the p - U EE

I 4 K ( 22

j Coquille river, and indicates the existence of this ore in quantity. The vigorous and systematic efforts now being The facilities a: I prosecuted for its discovery have promise of success. building of vessels sels are built and re Lumber. valued at about Ifl A very large portion of this country is 'eaviljwooded with white cedar, fir, and hemlock. Much of t is being located in the vicinity of navigable streams, bays, and The population 4 their inlets, renders it easy of access. The white cedar Its inhabitants are is found nowhere on this coast except for about fifty miles It has within itself in this part of Oregon. It is a soft, white, durable wood, compare favorabll producing lumber equal to the white pine of the east, commanding the price of sixty dollars per thousand in San Francisco. Two steam sawmills are now in operation, owned by A. M. Simpson, and W. H. Luse, respectively. Another is in process of erection, by Messrs. Winchester and Wasson. About seven millions of feet of lumber 3 have been shipped from these mills during the last years, besides the smaller item of many thousands of laths and broom handles. Agriculture. Though a large portion of Coos county is mountainous it has extensive farming lands upon its river bottoms and bays. These lands are rich and productive, favored by a climate without the extremes of heat and cold. Moist and cooling breezes from the ocean prevent the arid droughts that parch the interior vallies. Grains, fruits, vegetables, grow luxuriantly and yield abundantly. About five thou- sand boxes of apples were shipped from. Coos bay to San Francisco, last season. The young orchards from which these were produced will soon quadruple their amount. Tobacco a nd hops have recently been cultivated by Dr. Hermann, with flattering success in quality and quantity. Tle same gentleman has experimented with bees that had failed to produce in other localities. His hives yielded from fifty to sity pounds of the very best honey, and sent out several swarms of bees from each hive. Commerce. There are two harbors in Coos county, Coos Bay and Coquille river. The. latter ip navigable by vessels of small tonnage, and has now one vessel in regular trade. Coo& j-ij bay has several vessels in regular trade, of the bnrden of about tpree hundred tons, together with a steam tug for the purpose of towage. Al1 I -.

23 22 II, Ship Building. tea the existence of this ore in The facilities afforded by Coos bay have induced the and systematic efforts now being trade. Two ves- y have promise of success. building of vessels suited to the coasting sels are built and rigged at Coos Bay, during each summer, lumber. valued at about fifteen thousand dollars each. f this couutris heavily wooded Popudasn. being hemlock. uch of this The population of this county is less than one thousand. )f navigable streams, bays, .and Its inhabitants are all actively and profitably employed. asy of access. The white cedar It has within itself elements of prosperity. Its resources coast except for about fifty miles with any other portion of the State. It is a soft, white, durable wood, compare favorabll to the white pine of the east, sixty dollars per thousand in San sawmills are now in operation, a, and W. H. Luse, respectively. erection, by Messrs. Winchester ven millions of feet of lumber these mills during the last years, !i of many thousands of laths and .griculture. . a of Coos county is mountainous lands upon its river bottoms and ich and productive, favored by a mes of heat and cold. Moist and ocean prevent the arid droughts allies. Grains, fruits, vegetables, Id abundantly. About five thou- re shipped from. Coos bay to San The young orchards from which 11 soon quadruple their amount, recently been cultivated by Dr. suecess in quality and quantity, experimented with bees that had Ler localities. His hives yielded s of the very best honey, and sent es from each hive. Commerce. s in Coos county, Coos Bay and er ip navigable by vessels of small no vessel in regular trade. Coos, n regular trade, of the bnrden of is, together with a steam tug for No. bushels pea Tons of hay rali Value of horse "9 cattle 99sheep CHAPTER III. 94hogs. OREGON AGRICULTURE. I SzO. 13. S&aiitic.-The following Statistics have been Acres of arable I compiled, with the view of making them as nearly accu- "9 under cul rate as possible. Although they map not be entirely [These two itemrs accurate, yet they are below rather than being above the Bushels of whe true estimate. It is unfortunate that no general system of SC oats procuring a truthful report of our annual productions has 99 barle b~en adopted by the-aasessois throughout the State. Esti- Value of horse mates from all the counties have been procured from the cattle assessors' returns, in the offices of the county clerks, except :C sheep from Marion county and Grand Ronde Valley, and that 99 hogs was furnished by residents. For Lirnn County. Acres arable lat Acres of arable land ...... 600,000 4 .under cultivation ...... 100,000 Bushels wheat: Number of bushels of wheat raised "4 oats ra I IIi tl I, I , in 18638...... 1,ooo,ooo St barlty ,ii i ,,j , 1; 11!!il No. bushels oats raised 1863 .. :...... 600,000 Value of horse i:1 1, lil 14 it barley and rye raised 1868 20,000 49 cattlE I II , Value of horses ...... $300,000 de hogs .j it cattle...... 200,O000 i -1 44 sheep ...... 200,000 Acres arable I I I it hogs...... 50,000 4' under c 4 For Lane County'. Bushels of wh( i1 4 ...... 1 Acres of arable land 450,000 94 oate it under cultivation...... 150,00 99 bar] 1 No. bushels wheat raised ...... 600,000 Value of hors(

i i oats 4...... 800,000 St cattl4 1* it 46 barley and rye raised... 20,000 No. bushels peas raised ...... 40,000 Tons of hay raised ...... 6 00 Value of horses ...... $200,000 " cattle ...... 2U0,000 APTER III. cc sheep ...... 175,000 a hogs ...... GON AGRICULTURE. 50,000 For Marion County. -The following Statistics have been Acres of arable land ...... 400,000 ,w of making them as nearly accu- " under cultivation ...... 80,000 lthough they ma~t not be entirely [These two items estimated by John Minto. below rather than being above the Bushels of wheat raised ...... 600,000 afortunate that no general system of oats raised ...... 800,000 Dport of our annual productions has cc barley and rye raised ...... 20,000 isessoi s throughout the State. Esti- Value of horses ...... $250,000 mnties have been procured from the cattle...... 200,000 .e offices of the county clerks, except " sheep ...... 250,000 Lnd Grand Ronde Valley, and that hogs ...... 60,000 ents. For Clackamas County. wr Linn County. Acres arable land...... 200,000 ad ...... 600,000 "9 c" under cultivation ...... 25,000 ration ...... 100,000 Bushels wheat raised ...... 100,000 I Is of wheat raised II oats raised...... %..... 150,000 ...... 1,000,000 " barlty and rye raised ...... 1,000 wised 1863 ...... 600,000 Value of horses ...... $92,216 and rye raised1863 20,000 "9 cattle ...... 67,446 ...... ,$300,000 it hogs ...... 6170 ...... 200,000 For Multnomah County...... 4.. 200,000 Acres arable land ...... 50,000 ...... 50,000 " under cultivation ...... r Lane County. 2,520 11 Bushels t of wheat raised ...... 7,000 Id ...... 450,000 oats raised ...... 10,000 Ition...... 150,000 I i " barley and rye raised ...... 2,000 raised ...... 600,000 i Value of horses ...... $80,000 800,000 cattle ...... : 50.000 4 and rye raised ... 20,000 t.- I f l , L .a 26 Value of hogs... 6,000 (Tht 64 hogs ...... 8,000 (I think this must be entirely too low) Number of acres rm For Washington County. di" UII I, Acres of arable land ...... 800,000 Bushels of wheat. "1 under cultivation ...... 20,000 a oats. . Bushels of wheat raised ...... 400,000 I 44 barley 44 oats raised ...... 600,000 Tons of hay .... Value of horses ...... $126,000 Vralue of horses.. 64 cattle *....*...... 60,000 46 cattle.. 66 sheep ...... 15,000 49 sheep. . For Yamhill CZounty. 96 .hogs... Acres amble land ...... 400,000 All the above countic of which about 100,000 acres is yet For Douglas county government land. Roseburg, furnishes the Acres under cultivation ...... 60,000 Roll of Douglas counts Bushels of wheat raised ...... 800,000 Acres land .... oats raised ...... 400,000 Horses and mules, barley and rye...... 150,000 Cattle ...... Number tons of hay ...... 80,000 Hops...... 2,000 horses, at P100 per head ..... $200,000 Sheep ...... 73,000 cattle, at $16 6 .... 105,000 Stands of bes.... 24,000 sheep, at $2 60 "4 ... . 60,000 Taxable property, 10,000 hogs, at $2 .... 80,000 indebtedness . For Polk County. Voters ...... Population Acresarable land ...... 400,000 ...... "4 under cultivation...... 60,000 Fo Bushels of wheat...... 1,000,000 Acres of arable la 9 Oats...... 1,000,000 Under cultivation. it barley and rye raised .... 60,000 c 4 Tons of hay...... 6,000 Bushels of wheat'. Value of horses...... $260,000 i I 1 cattle ...... 1 200,000 barley . 1 1 7 1 ~heep ...... I i 100,000

"W"MIMMO- 27 26 Value of hogs ...... $25,000 ...... 6,000 (They farm well in Polk) ...... 8,000 B entirely too low) For Benton COun*. Number of acres ready for VasAington Lbunty. the plow ...... 200,000 44 " under cultivanion ...... and ...... 800,000 40,000 Bushels of wheat ...... ation...... 20,000 400,000 oats ...... 400,000 .aised...... 400,000 "4 barley and rye ...... sed ...... 500,000 6,000 Tons of hay ...... 8125,000 8,000 Vralue of horses ...... $150,000 ...... 50,000 " cattle ...... 90,000 ...... 15,000 sheep ...... 60,000 YamAill untmy. A . hogs ...... 30,000 ...... 400,000 All the above counties are in the Willamette valley. 00,000 acres is yet For Douglas county (Umpqua valley), L. L. Williams, of Roseburg, furnishes the following abstract from the Assessment ition ...... 50,000 Roll of Douglas county: iised...... 800,000 Acres land ...... 233,597 ed ...... 400,000 Horses and mules ...... 5,290 nd rye...... 150,000 Cattle ...... 10,657 Y...... 30,000 Hogs ...... 12,031 )0 per head ...... $200,000 Sheep ...... 40,553 ...... 105,000 Stands of bees ...... 447 50 " .. 60,000 Taxable property, after deducting individ- " ...... 30,000 indebtedness...... $1,410,247 Polk Lounty. Voters ...... 875 ...... 400,000 Population ...... 3,583 0io...... 50,000 ft For Jackson (obura. I ...... 1,000,000 Acres of arable land, (reported) ...... 80,000 ...... 1,000,000 I Under cultivation ...... 6,000 d rye raised R ...... 50,000 t (Entirely too low) ...... 5,000 Bushels of wheat ...... 65,330 ...... $250,000$...... oats...... 79,454 ...... 200,000 barley ...... 8,840 ...... 100,000

U 2.: IMMMIM_

i ft 28 r Value of hay...... $ 15,000

(I it horses...... 220,100 Hay, (no estimate) 64 cattle ...... 114,160 Corn " 9 It sheep...... 7,332 Potatoes * -1 Is hogs...... 20,152 In 1864, Lane county ra For Wasco County. From this statement Value of horses ...... $ 150,000 sixth of the armble land II is cattle...... 100o,000 cultivation, when such is 44 sheep ...... 1os,0oo tities of land reported as .og...... 5,000 fenced for pasturage. ¶1 Population of Dalles city ...... 2,500 tion is -about one-tenth, *1. Gold dust received per mouth ...... $1,000,000 acres. There is also ful For Grand Ronde Valley. ported as arable land, bc Acr~s amble land...... 100,000 really as good agricultui "under cultivation...... 8,000 nia or Ohio. Bushels of wheat...... 15,000 SEC. 14 The above 49 oats ...... 350,000 crease since 1846. In tb it barley...... 4,000 144,863 bushels, and of Tons of hay...... : 10,000 not show so great an kv Value horses ...... $360,000 or other West~rn States it cattle.... :...... 300,000 that Oregon has had nl( Assheep...... 15,000 those States have beenI ithogs ...... 12,000 or' aid its trade. We I Population of the valley ...... 2,000 been situated in the midi No reports from the other counties. of Indians, and nearly Summary for the Willamette Valley. source of emigration, w I Acres of arable land...... 3,000,000 ped mountains, and tribe isunder cultivation...... 516,320 SEc. 16. Production..: "A Bushels of wheat, 1863...... 4,895,000 acre, as shown by the al 4 oats, It...... 4,560,000 to the State, yet the presi 99 barley and rye 1863 ...... 272,000 increased by a proper sj Value of horses...,...... $1,597,216 cultivation in Oregon, fli Is cattle...... 1,162,446 exceedingly bad. Whilt is sheep ...... 820,522 per acre in Ohio, is sixi is hog,,s ...... 243,170 than twenty. Farming a

"h N

-r-r-l"Mm"M w I- - MR-0 11 'Hill, __1 28 29 N) ,...... $ 15,000 ...... 220,100 Hay, (no estimate) * ...... Corn " '; ...... 114,160 7,332 Potatoes ' ...... 20,152 In 1864, Lane county raised 40,000 peas. r Wasco County. From this statement it would appear that about one- ...... sixth of the arable land in the Willamette valley is under I $ 150,000 ...... 100,000 cultivation, when such is not really the case, as large quan- 105,000 tities of land reported as being under cultivation is simply ...... 5,000 fenced for pasturage. The amount under actual cultiva- s city...... 2,500 tion is about one-tenth, or, say three hundred thousand er month...... $1,000,000 acres. There is also fully one million more acres, not re- rand Ronde Valley. ported as arable land, because it is hill land, but which is ...... I 100,000 really as good agricultural land as the hills of Pennsylva- ion ...... 8,000 nia or Ohio. 15,000 SEC. 14. The above statement shows a handsome in-

...... 350,000 crease since 1846. In that year there was raised, of wheat, ...... 4,000 144,863 bushels, and of oats, 129,244 bushels. This does ...... 10,000 not show so great an increase as il the States of Illinois, $360,000 or other Westcrn States; but it must be borne in mind 300,000 that Oregon has had none of the advantages with which 15,000 those States have been favored, to increase its population ...... 2,U0 or aid its trade. We have no railroads here, and have aley...... 2,000 been situated in the midst and surrounded by hostile tribes Ler counties. of Indians, and nearly three thousand miles from the the Willamette Valley. source of emigration, with arid plains, deserts, snow-cap- ...... 3,000,000 ped mountains, and tribes of savage Indians intervening. On ...... 516,320 SEC. 16. Production.-Although the production per ...... 4,895,000 acre, as shown by the above statement, is very creditable ...... 4,560,000 to the State, yet the present productiveness could be vastly rye 1863 ...... 272,000 increased by a proper system of farming. The system of ...... $1,597,216 cultivation in Oregon, like it is in all other new States. is ...... 1,162,446 exceedingly bad. While the average production of wheat ...... 820,522 per acre in Ohio, is sixteen bushels, is in Oregon more ...... 243,170.. than twenty. Farming in Oregon may be very well Mus-

Am 80

1,4I J trated by the following letter from a gentleman in Lane work; and if a farmer cam 1 county: cannot anywhere. FORKS OF THE WILLAMETTE RIVER, Flzx.-This plant grows LANE COUNTY, OREGON, August, 2d, 1864. more seed and more and MR. SECRETARY: I have been engaged in the farming where else in the world. I business for the last ten years, and I have been in almost favorable weather always pri I every county in the State. Take the wheat and oats crop and harvesting of the plan throughout the State, and my opinion is that it will pro- impair or tarnish the fibre. Ii duce forty bushels per acre, when put in good order; when q half cultivated it will produce about twenty-five bushels as 1845, by Jacob Hamm per acre. The most profitable business in Oregon the last present year Mr. Joseph Ws live years, has been making bacon for the Oregon mines. hill county. There is In the year 1862, I fatted 112 head of hogs off from sixty no o acres sowed in peas, and I sold, in the year 1863, $1,600 Atruction of one would be worth of bacon. Sold it in Portland, and received about familiar with the business. 15 cents, all round. rice is increasing rapidly i il The forks of the Willamette is as good soil as any I ever 1 have seen, and will produce a large crop of anything that paying out millions of doll i I can grow in any other country. goods, and the production E , 1 I think this is the greatest country in the world country is dictated by a wii for lazy men to grow rich. He can work about thirty prove remunerative. ; I days in the spring and put in sixty acres of peas, and when they get ripe, turn in his hogs, and he can lay in the SEC. 17. Tobacco.-Orej shade and grow rich. There are about seventy farmers good tobacco as the best Ja in the forks, and I may safely say that they will average fifty acres to the man, and farmers are doing well and are make as good manufacturei bound to grow rich, if they will only work a little. We is not properly cured. Thi mostly raise peas to fatten hogs on. There 'is not much branch of industry. waste about them. We turn our hogs on the peas, and butcher them right out of the field, and we feed from the Hemp.-This plant grows first of July till the first of November. Hogs are the most and its fibre is (for the sam profitable harvesters that I can put into my field. unequalled in quality. I will say to an eastern farmer, if he don't think the above an easy way to make money, just try it and con- SEC. 20. Ilop8.-The hi vince yourself. Peas will yield forty bushels when put in duces abundantly; indee4 - good order. , whether any country has a 4 A If any of the above will be of any benefit to you, use it .1 to it than ours. We have J and welcome. Yours, most respectfullv. J. A.EF. summer to wash off the du ?;We fully cocur with cmr friend from Lane county. The of the flower. The crop is I; j1 | generous soil and gloriions climate of Oregon make it a be safely cured in the opet 1IIt , desirable place for thosse who are not in love with hard 31 etter from a gentleman in Lane work; and if a farmer cannot make money in Oregon he cannot anywhere. HE WILLAMETTE RIVER, LANE COUNTY, OREGON, Fhax.-This plant grows rapidly here, and will produce August, 2d, 1864. umore seed and more and better lint per acre, than any- re been engaged in the farming where else in the world. This is entirely owing to the years, and I have been in almost favorable weather always prevailing here during the growth Take the wheat and oats crop and harvesting of the plant, d my opinion is that it will pro- no rains or dews to soften, c, when put in good order; when impair or tarnish the fibre. Flax was raised here as early Aduce about twenty-five bushels as 1845, by Jacob Hammer, of Benton county. This table business in Oregon the last present year Mr. Joseph Watt raised ng bacon for the Oregon mines. twelve acres, in Yam- 112 head of hogs off from sixty hill county. There is no oil mill in the State. The con. I sold, in the year 1863, $1,600 Atruction of one would be a good investment to any one in Portland, and received about familiar with the business. The consumption of flax fab- rics iette is as good soil as any I ever is increasing rapidly in the United States; we are ce a large crop of anything that paying out millions of dollars annually for foreign linen intry. goods, and the production and manufacture of flax in this rreatest country in the world country is dictated by a wise economy, and will certainly ,h. He can work about thirty put in suxty acres of peas, and prove remunerative. n his hogs, and he can lay in the SEC. 17. Tobacco.-Oregon can and has produced as here are about seventy farmers good tobacco as the best ifely say that they wvil1 average James River Leaf. If it does not I farmers are doing well and are make as good manufactured tobacco it is solely because it ey will only work a little. We is not properly cured. This is destined to be a profitable i hogs on. There 'is not much branch of industry. urn our hogs on the peas, and 'the field, and we feed from the Hemp.-This plant grows here to an unparallelled size, 'November. Hogs are the most and its fibre is (for the same reasons which apply to can put into my field. flax) farmer, if he don't think the uliequalled in quality. ke money, just try it and con- SEC. 20. IIops.-The hop grows luxuriantly and pro. yield forty bushels when put in duces abundantly; indeed, there is reason to doubt be of any benefit to you, use it whether any country has a climate and soil more favorable Ts, most respectfully, to it than ours. We have no heavy dews or showers in J. A. E. summer to wash off the dust which contains the strength friend from Lane county. The of the flower. The crop is always certain, and can always i climate of Oregon make it a be safely cured in the open air. We look forward to the vho are not in love with hard 82 and making money. TE Ir i, day when large quantities will be exported either in bales now being erected at Or( or manufactured into ales and porter. the magnificent water F BEC. 20. Potatoes-The best in any country, three hun- building is fifty-three fez dred bushels per acre, and of a flavor that cannot be ninety feet in length, fou excelled. L on one side, fifty feet I SEC. 21. Kitchen Vegetables.-The vegetables for the run ten complete setts ol kitchen, such as cabbage, cauliflower, beets, parsnips, car kinds of woolen goods, rots, radishes, onions, melons, squashes, pumpkins, green finest De Laines. peas, beans, tomatos, asparagus, celery, cucumburs, &c., On the subject of sbee thrive in Oregon as well as in any other part of the United ing extracts from the pri States. on this subject, read befo SEC. 22. Baits.-Taken as whole the State of Oregon' It is able, conclusive, an( is probably the best fruit growing State in the Union. In Oregon-Its Adap no part of the world do fruit trees grow so rapidly, bear so For the health of sbee early, so regularly, and so abundantly, and produce fruit Taking the whole of OrE State may be pronouncee of such large size. Nor is there any other country where ing of sheep for wool raii so great a variety of fruit can be produced in high excel- and open woodland pasts lence. Fruit trees in Oregon are generally as large at two three-fourths of the surf years old as they are in New York or Ohio at four years. hills and plains yielding tion of it is open woodi This is owing to the climate. even, strong, and fiexibb The export of fruit from Oregon to San Francisco, Vic- mate (with proper feedi toria and the Islands, has become a very large item. We Oregon possesses in a have not climate and natural grasf been able to ascertain the precise amount, but nation of the peculiariti, we have heard the export of green apples estimated at particulars, especially th( 100,00t) boxes, for the last year. The production of fruit The seasons of Orego is profitable and will always continue to be so. the same as those of Sr and dry from April to BEC. 23. Sheep Husbandry and Woolen Mills.-This has temperature between au how become a leading item in Oregon wealth. The England. The former woolen mill at Salem is the oldest and the largest now sheep breeding as the lal Over twenty years al i; running in the State. It has four complete sets of accompanied Commodor machinery, employs about fifty workmen, manufactures gave it as his opinion t A about 300,000 pounds of wool annually, and is said to be famous for its production I " the evenness of the cli making $1,200 per week net profits. There-is another mals found here to carn mauufactory at Jefferson, which is running all the time, f 88 82 and making money. The largest factory in the State is 3 will be exported either in bales now being erected at Oregon City, and will and porter. be driven by the magnificent water power at that point. The main a best in any country, three hun. building is fifty-three feet in width by one hundred and Lnd of a flavor that cannot be ninety feet in length, four stories high, and will have an L on one side, fifty feet square. When finished, it will ,tables.-The vegetables for the run ten complete setts of machinery, and manufacture all , cauliflower, beets, parsnips, car kinds of woolen goods, from army blankets up to the ions, squashes, pumpkins, green finest De Laines. )aragus, celery, cucumburs, &c., On the subject of sheep husbandry, we take the follow- s in any other part of the United ing extracts from the prize essay of of Jbohn Minto, Esq., on this subject, read before the Oregon State Fair for 1863. en as whole the State of Oregoni It is able, conclusive, and perfectly reliable: growing State in the Union. In Oregon-Its Adaptation to Sheep Husbandry. nit trees grow so rapidly, bear so For the health of sheep, dry upland range is necessary. ) abundantly, and produce fruit Taking the whole of Oregon into view, nine-tenths of the a there any other country where State may be pronounced of that character. For the feed- ing of sheep for wool raising purposes, can be produced short, sweet grasses in high excel- and open woodland pasture are deemed the best; and full gon are generally as large at two three-fourths of the surface of the State is composed of [ew York or Ohio at four years. hills and plains yielding such grasses; and a large por- Lte. tion of it is open woodland. For the growth of a long, even, strong, and flexible staple of wool, a mild, even cl- n Oregon to San Francisco, Vic- mate (with proper feeding) is considered best; and that become a very large item. We Oregon possesses in a remarkable degree. Infact, the certain the precise amount, but climate and natural grasses of Oregon seem to be a combi- nation of the peculiarities of England and Spain in those t of green apples estimated at particulars, especially the climate. L year. The production of fruit The seasons of Oregon are divided into wet and dry, ys continue to be so. the same as those of Spain-wet from October to April, and dry from April to October, while the uniformity of dry and Woolen Mills.-This has temperature between summer and winter is like that of item in Oregon wealth. The England. The former country is as celebrated for its the oldest and the largest now sheep breeding as the latter is for its sheep feeding. Over twenty years ago, Mr. It has four complete sets Peale. a naturalist who of accompanied Commodore Wilkes' expedition to this coast t fifty workmen, manufactures gave it as his opinion that "' the country would become wool annually, and is said to be tamous for its production of fine wool," for the reason that net profits. There-is another "the evenness of the climate enables the fur bearing ani- mals found here to carry their fine covering during the which is running all the time, 84

siamnier months, whereas, under greater varitions between de-tiit of another~ Stat the seasons, the same animals usually shed their havec good reason to belie they furs, or become mixed with hair during summer ;" tent with silence in this n the and for further reason, that "1the physical geography and nat. Oregon on California buni ural grasses of the country make it a natural sheep Oreon pasture." ORhe question arises, wh Experience goes far to show Mr. Peale's opinion right in this matter? I In a correct. a, II conversation between the writer and Mr. Henry Per- First, for those interes kins, Chief Wool Stapler in the woolen factory issociation and aot (a at Salem, upon gentleman who has had large and varied experience in before alluded to, to grad the assorting of wool) the latter said that he had never ,of wool, and ship it direet handled the wool from any country, which as a whole, was or Boston. The others is. equal to that of Oregon as combing wool; and that during Agricultural Society parti a term of three years as wool stapler in a De Laime Agriculture furnish tory fae- sampi, in Boston, Mass. he deemed that he did well when he acting either through theI could get from the bulk assorted 30 per cent. of a special cOmmnittee. for wool fit appoi combing and manufacture into that fabric." Of the the agricultural depat~tinei wool he was then recelviing-the crop of 1863, as to be scientifically in it came tested a ,indiscriminately-Mr. P. said he could "get from 50 to the Union, andI the result 60 per cent of good combigg wool." He further vcultiiral Report, "1if said, that Such tei I Oregon wools were properly assorted here, and the Ofour wool, if it is real, ani combing Poto grddadbldad mianufacturer and the to marked according woo] its quality an hpe o wYork or Boston, it may be looking for a fresl would soon drwteatntoLfB aie manufacturers different callings. to this country as a source of supl fo hsmost Tlhe succese kind valur~ble of the WV of Wool," WVe have ot erpatclproof of the ,started under more adv( superiority of Oregon wool in th fatta believed, will papers, an Francisco ever exist ag~ as late as the 29th of July last, quoted Oregon wool that a De Lailie factoq 1 as selling three cents per pound above California wool sold here wher6 such goods tare on the same day. And there is nodob The fact of the superiority of Oregon wool is an encour- the Middle and Western agin g circumstance to those engaged or about to engage debilitating ihfiuences or in the raising of it. But they will never reap new lease of life by benefit the full chan.-ii of it so long as they allow the businiess mien of Cal- ,sheep raiser iAnder the cIea; ifornia to put their crops into Inarket; Oregon. I I so long as tbis is * * the case, the fact will be used only to spread the fame of Oregon lies Ott the weste i California, as a wool-producing country, and so long w~ill Of country..reachmng from I Oregon dwell in the shadow of (Jalifornia, and feel the fronm Kansas to the Paific i,~/1uence. blightwg 111 This the inevitable result, even without any tioii of the belt between th effort on the part of California merchants. ocean, covered their It goes from by parts of port in their shippine mark; the buyer cares no ington Territory, is I more but to fitted fi I I know that he is receiving a good article for )IRS 'ithin her own borden his money, and it would be too much to expect that natural pasture. fornia the Cali- With merchant to inform his customer that it was the by it) she has th-e largs Coln 111I!'? i j II GAW-4 der greater variations ptoaidet of another State. Fronk past tran-actions, we between have s uually good reason to believe that they have not been con- shed their fur, or tent with silence in air during summer ;" and for this matter, but have put the name of Oregon on California burry > physical geography and nat- 0oo0)when there is no burr-in 'y make it a natural sheep Orle question arises, what shall be done to put ourselves w Mr. Peale's opinion correct. right in this matter? I submit two propoeitions: he writer and Mr. Henry Per- First, for those interested to form thetnselves into an the woolen factory at Salem, association and aot upon the setggestio-i of Mr. Perkins. IK urge and varied experience in before alluded to, to grade and bale the next year's crop, 1An latter said that he had never of wool, and ship it directly from Portland to New Y6rk, ountry, which as a whole, was or Boston. The other is, that thlse ntinbers of the *tate 11'>~ mbing wool; and that during Agricultural Society particularly ikiterested in this part of 31 stapler in a IDe Laie fae- Agriculture furnish samples of wool from their flocks,,nud med that he did well when he acting eitherthrough the present officers of the Society or- )rted 30 per cent. of wool fit u special committee appointed for the purpose, send it to re into that fabric." Of the the agricultural department of the IUnited States, in order -the crop of 1863, as it came to be scientifically tested and compared with other parts of said he could "get from 50 to the Unionl, and the result published in the annual Agri- - wool." HIe further said, that vultural Report. Such test will establish the superiority )perly assorted here, and the our wool, if it is real, and draw the attention both of the baled and marked according manufacturer and the wool raisins farmer of the East who- to New York or Boston, it may be looking for a fresh field in which to purstue their an of De Laine manufacturers different callings. 1he success of the Woolen manufactory at Salem, supply for this most valuikble started other practical proof of the under more adverse circumstances than, it is in the fact that San Francisco believed, will ever exist agaih on this coast, showvs plainly July last, quoted Oregon wool that a De Laine factte would be eminently successful ud above California wool sold here where such goods are worn throughout the year. And there is no doubt that there is many a farmer in of Oregon rwool is an encour- the Middle and Western States, who, worn down by the engaged or about to engage debilitating influences or miasmatic climates, woukl get a hey wvill never reap the full ncw lease of life by changing his location and becoming a llov the business men of Cal- sheep raiser linder the cFear skies and pure air of Eastern to market; so long as this is Oregon. * * * * * * * * ed only to spread the fame of Oregon lies on the western edge of an immense extent sing country, of country-reaching from Mexcxo to the British line; and so long will from Kansas California, andjeel the blighting to the Pacific ocean-which, with the excep- le result, even without any tion of the belt between the Cascade mountains and the iia merchants. ocean. covered by parts of California Oregon, and Wash- It goes from ington Territoty, S mark; the buyer is fitted for pastoral pursuits only. She cares no has within her own Ls receiving a good article for borders a large portion of the best of too much to expect the Cali. that natural pasture. Within that, and almostsurrounded his customer that it was the by it) she has the largest compact body of good wheat land

GAW.4 5 I 4P Se on the Pacific slope,; whiichi, surrounded and intermnilgled with never failing water power, makes the Willamette valley adapted by nature for the cheap support of a dense manufacturing population, in a three folIT geater degree than ever was either Old or New Englland. S~he may, if I her citizens will it, do her full share of first supplYin& all the region drained by the waters of the Columb~ia river with stock sheep,'and Own~ manufacture the wool raised SECTION 24, Timbei from them and their increase. She may become Ito the tuany inducements fo, north-west coast of America what England is now to the hess as does Oregon, world,, and what New England is to the United States in the the power of their manufacturing commerce]-follow- ington Territory. Th4 ing the settlements as- they spread to the East and North. firs and cedarm They with her improved, stock and woolen fabrics. Columbia river, and i Besides the large amou and Port I V Orford, in CO( vessels engaged in can river, making thirty-si 4,000,000 feet of sawed Francisco, the Sandwi This business is in its ii ests of timbor on the Co developed to an almost tured lumber sells readii soc. 25. .Psk and Pi bors and inlets of Oreg4 in the world, perhaps, h; and in these it possesses I eonce at a low price, and salmon run twice a year, The largest are taken in size being about twenty PI1, wvith sturgeon, cod, carp, and oysters; while the i: filled with the sportsmnai 1,I tain trout. The product f I; the legislature; and the . AlI etre at Tillamook and .i lich, surrunded and intermingled 3r power, makes the Willamette D for the cheap support of a dense on, in a three fold greater. degree I; I She may, if Id or New England. CHAPTER TV. I ier full share of first supplying all I". the waters of the Columbia river SECTION 24. Timber and Lumberin-No State offers so hlen manufacture the wool raised many inducements for engaging in the lumbering busi- acrease. She may become Ito the icrica what England is now to the ness as does Oregon, and it is only equalled by Washl. Cngland is to the United States in ington Territory. The principl lumbering timber are the manufacturing commerce-follow- firs and cedars, They grow to an enormous size on the hey spread to the East and North L and woolen fabrics. Columbia river, and make the most beautiful lumber. Besides the large amount of lumbering done at Coos Bay and Port Orford, in Coos and Curry counties, there are six vessels engaged in carrying lumber out of the Columbii river, making thirty-six cargoes in the year, or about 4,000,000 feet of sawed lumber, which is exported to San Francisco, the Sandwich Islands, other foreign ports. This business is in its infancy, and from the immense for- ests of timber on the Columbia river, it is capable of being developed to an almost unlimited extent. The manufac- tured lumber sells readily for twenty dollars per M. Szc. 25. Fish and Fisheries.-All the rivers, bays, har- bors and inlets of Oregon abound with fish. No country in the world, perhaps, has so great a number of fisheries, and in these it possesses in itself a sure means of subsist- ence at a low price, and a great source of wealth. The salmon run twice a year, beginning in May and October. The largest are taken in the Columbia river, the average size being about twenty pounds. All the bays abound with sturgeon, cod, carp, flounders, perch, herring, crabs and oysters; while the inland and mountain streams are filled with the sportsman's " speckled beauties "-inoun- tain trout. The production of oysters is edcouraged by the legislature; and the principal oyster beds in Oregon are at Tillamook and Aquina Bays. There are now

L.9- -- __ 'I about 2,600 barrels salmon annually pb it up 'at the little fisheries on the Columbia river, where& servethe wants of ma I there might just as well be 50,000 or 100,000 barrels p ait up every year. have well been expee The Salmon sell readily for ten dollars per barrel. East- Ar. erii people will doubtless wonder why; our lumbering aiid Every day more full fishery interests are not better develope4 ply of erude d. Tlhe answer is turpentih lain: we have had too many mines of ities are that this 'I gold and silver to turn the heads of our people. Met two facts: will desert an old fash- 1st. The forests ioned, steady business, no b4 matter howv Iprofitable, and run those rough mouatai] wild to' "take their chances " on a mine. We need reduce to .tillage. irnmlgratiou alarge 2d. i of laborers and actual settl The trees, whe ply will, like the "1 &I 'p9prings.-Oregon is possess'ed of I salt spring1s snuffi replenishing their st4 cleut to afford salt enough for home c( es," to be onsnmp-tion, and a anus A Targe amount for export. The'largest ai From the above cru rd best springs aro tine, pitch, bright near St. Helens, Columbia county; 1b varn Lut there are also limited time we' have b good springs on Evans creek, in Jacksoin county, and orf 21,600 gallons of crudi Slate creek, in Josephine county. One: tore rill approximate: single spring near bright varnish St. Helens is reported to throw a constan barrels; it stream of wtater f four inclhes in diameter, and of sufficient sfrength to make a fhalf pound of good, piure, fine salt, We claim that the to each glallon ab watcr.' At this rate thatsprfng-vould of any manufactured in o0 ifford ttVwenty-fivo without proof, either. or thirty tmis of salt daily. There is reported uearly a balsam of fir, is as far si f lhundred salt springs on the Columbia ri ical use, iver, near St. HelL as fir balsam is elis, and at only one of them are there * purposes. The Portlai afy means to J rifiactitre salt, and there only in limited man- speak loudly in praise o quantities. Ihere Under date of July 1 is n good opening for business. Cisco, says: "Your turp iSee. 27. Taupeidine, Tar and Rosin.- fornia make, and I obtai -On thks subljectf i,. we insert a communication from Mess Ion, in advance ofprice rs. T. A. Wood l; certainly encouraging." ; 'Co., of Portland, who are largely engag ed in m1anuifactup. The boat Pitch is sup ing these articles from Oregon pitch: coast. Capt. Kellogg sa ator one barrel of State I- PQRTLAXD, OREoo. Mr-The wealth and resouroee x,Sept. 1, 1864. and I would rather than of Oi all Oregon pitch. 3filly developed, will far exceed the most regon, when one;, The z tious of her strongest friends. saniguillne CxpeCtv pitch was worth three of With sttronp faith Though our hidden wealth,, I have sought iii her busines I to' make¢ r]Ver fir forests sulb- have opened A trade wit toria Island, California

r - 89 kon annually plot up at the little servethe wants of mall, and with better success than could a river, whereas there might just have well been expected. ),000 barrels put up every year. .Mr Balsaan-Supply, ic. for ten dollars per barrel. East- Every day more fully demonstrates the fact that the sup- i wonder why; our 1imbering aiid ply of erude turpentine is inexhaustible, and the probabil- I better developed. TIhe answer is ities are that this 'supply will never grow less, from many mines of gold and silver to two facts: 1st. The forests best suited and richest in balsam are )ple. Mets will desert an old fash- those rough mountain sides that the farmer can never o matter how profitable, and run reduce to tillage. I *es" on a mine. We need alarge 2d. The trees, when robbed of their accumulated sup- and actual settlers. . ply will, like the "busy bee," commence the work of replenishing their stores, or refilling the cavities or is possessed of saft sptilng snfll- "shakes," to be annually or semi-annually robbed. gh fir- home consumption, and a From the above crude article, we manufacture turpen- The largest and best springs are tine, pitch, bright varnish, rosin and axle.grease. In the limited time we have been in operation, we have consumed abia county; but there are also 21,600 gallons of crude balsam. From this our mauufac. creek, in Jackson courty, and orn ture wvif approximate: turpentine, 5,000 galls.; pitch, 400 > county. One single spring near barrels; bright varnish, 70 barrels; axle-grease, 25 cases. throw a constant Stream of water Quality. and of sufficient strength to make We claim that the above articles are equal in quality to piure, fine salt, to each gvallon of anyi manufactured in or out of the United States, and not It spring would afford tiventy-five without proof, either. The turpentine being made from balsam of fir, is as far superior to pine turpentine, for med- aily. There is reported nearl) a ical use, as fir balsam is superior to pine pitch, for medical the Columbia river, near St. HelL purposes. The Portland physicians who have tried it them are there any means to man- speak loudly in praise of its medical virtues. Under date of July 16th, Mr. P. C. Dart, of San Fran- only in limite(l quantities. Ifere cisco, says: "Your turpentine is now preferred over Cali- islless. tornia make, and I obtained twenty-five cents on the gal- Tar and Rosin.-On thes subject, lon, in advance of price of California article. This fact is certainly encouraging." ttion from Messrs. T. A, Wood &; The boat Pitch is superior to any ever shipped to this re largely engaged in ninufactup- coast. Capt. Kellogg said, "he used on the steamer Sen- )regoni piteh: ator one barrel of tate pitch, and one of Oregon pitch, and I would rather than one hundred dollars we had ueed ORTLAND, OREGON, Sept. 1, 1864. all Oregon pitch. The calkers said the barrel of Oregon L resoureei of Oregon, when onez' pitch was worth three of the State pitch." exceed the most sauguine expect:*- Though our busines has not been very extensive, we 'riends. With strong faith in her have opened n trade with China, Sandwich Islands, Vie. 0ought to maiek her fir forests suly- toria Island, California, and am now making a shipment I I

40 BEC. 31. Riverrsfor to New York. It is our intention to enlarge our works> and if we do as now designed, we will export from July, in the whole State- 1865, to July, 1866, over 1,200 tons of manufactured arti- Willamette. The Co cles. In fact, the crude turpentine is in such abundance ocean steamers and s as to supply the world, if brought into use. on the 1eII Yours, &C., T. A. WOOD & Co. Willamette, el Messrs. Wood & Co. are the pioneers in this business, summer, or when the and deserve great credit for their energy in adding another several months durin steamers have been c important branch to our industry. They have clearly on lighters, or small l shown the field to be a great one, there being ample room Willamette, on accou for thousands to engage in this business. Recently the enterprii C SEo. 28.- Tanneries and Leather.-There are but few tan. making commendable. neries in Oregon, while the means for making good leather the Willamette and r4 [ are inexhaustible. Hides are plenty and cheap, while the hoped they will succe supply of good oak, fir and hemlock bark for tanning is bia is obstructed by ic1 unlimited. Good tanners with a small amount of capital the lower mouth of th I can do well here. From Portland, fins SEC. 29. Flour Mills and Saw Mills.-.The State is City, on the Willameti 1; only tolerably well supplied with these mills. The bia. The Cascades [ra demand for their use is constantly increasing, and there [other rapids above t are many good openings for more mills. They are all railroad. Steamers p I driven by water power; and good water powers for such Dalles, and also run fr Xnachinery, or any kind of machinery, exists in every por- on up the river to Lev tion of our State. Territory, making the Szc. 30. Building Materials.-In addition to the finest mouth of the Columb / of fine timber in all points of the State, suitable for build- poses of navigation, tl iMg purposes, there is also plenty of stone suitable for to much. At Oregon L masonry; and excellent clay everywhere for the manufac- and the portage of ne ture of good brick. Very recently an immense deposit or railroad. From Cane magnesian limestone has been discovered near Astoria, at steamers make a few tj A the mouth of the Columbia, from which a company is now ing the freshets, a, littl making a superior quality of hydraulic cement. tinue to run to Salem, In Southern Oregon there are numerous fine ledges ot months in the year. I A the best crystalline marble, capable of receiving the very lamette is decreasing 1 Iiin': highest polish, Good limestone is abundant. valley is being openei i qR , k I Y . 41

intention to ealarge our works>, flEC. 31. Rivers for Internal Trade.-There are but two igned, we will, export from July, in the whole State-the Columbia and its affluent, the 1,200 tons of manufactured arti- Willamette. The Columbia is navigable turpentine is in such abundanco for small-sized brought into use. ocean steamers and sailing vessels up as far as Portland, c., T. A. WOOD & Co. on the Willamette, except when the water is low in the re the pioneers in this business, summer, or when-the Willamette is closed with ice. For )r their energy in adding another several months during the summer season, the ocean industry. They have clearly stearmers have been compelled to discharge their freight eat one, there being ample roam on lighters, or small river steamers at the mouth of the i this business. Willarnette, on account of the low water on the bar. Recently Leather.-There are but few tan. the enterprising citizens of Portland have been making e means for making good leather commendable efforts to improve the navigation of the Willamette are plenty and cheap, while the and remove these obstructions, and it is hoped they will succeed. id hemlock bark for tanning is The navigation of the Colum- bia is obstructed with a small amount of capital by ice nearly every winter as far down as the lower mouth of the Willamette. From Portland, fine- river steamers now ply to Oregon and Saw Hills.- The State is City, on the Willamette, and the Cascades, on the )lied with these mills. The Colum- bia. The Cascades [rapids in the river] and the "Dalles," Dnstantly increasing, and there [other rapids above the Cascades] are now passed for more mills. They are all by a railroad. Steamers ply between the Cascades id good water powers for such end the Dalles, and also run from Celilo, at the head of the machiaery, exists in every por. Dalles on up the river to Lewiston, on the Snake river, in Idaho Territory, making the whole navigable distance from the rais.-. addition to the finest mouth of the Columbia about 530 miles. For the pur- of the State, suitable for build- poses of navigation, the Willamette river does not amount ) plenty of stone suitable for to much. At Oregon City boats are stopped by the falls, y everywhere for the manufac- and the portage of nearly two miles is made by a horse ecently an imnense deposit of railroad. From Canemah, at the head of the falls, small ,en discovered near Astoria, at steamers make a few trips np as high as Eugene City, dur- from which a company is now ing the freshets, a little over one hundred miles, and con- f hydraulic cement. tinue to ran to Salem, some thirty-five miles, for about six e are numerous fine ledges ot months in the year. For purposes of navigation, the Wil- capable of receiving the yer) lamette is decreasing in value in the same ratio that the tone is abundant. valley is being opened up, drained, and reduced to culti- 42 vation. This is the experience with all such streams. As the country is cleared, drained and plowed, the rain-fall collects more readily, and runs off more rapidly, and,the stream soon discharges the whole surplus water of the i{ rain-fall. The upper Ohio river affords a striking example C of this truth; and it teaches us that we ought not to rely on this little wet weather stream as a means of transport- SEC. 34.. Mantyaco ation for the Willamette valley, but to look to the con- ; ut poorly supplied struction of a railroad. and no State in the 1 such enterprises, SEc. 32. iVater Powers.-No State in the Union affords an investments. The ir so many, so varied, and so valuable water-powers as are to are confined be found in the Willamette valley alone. The reason of to flouri mills.There this is, the valley being surrounded on three sides by is also on, tanneries, and three mountains, from which come down mountain streams, and i shops. in crossing the valley the mean; ffor creating good water The manufa( been commcneiced power is afforded by the numerous falls, rapids and natural on success. Nearly all descent of the stream. At Oregon City the whole of the3 water in the Willamette river may be used for driving cabinet shops are few I! -iments, wagons, carf iaehinery by cutting a sufficient canal, the falls in the river being about thirty feet in a few hundred yards. mostly imported, ant 1!But this means of wealth abounds in every county in the timber is used. The State, and we need not multiply instances. It is worthy State; none for the ~.i the most earnest attention of manufacturing capitalists. None for an extens! SEC. 33. Springs and Running Streams.-From the clothing; none for foregoing description of Oregon, the reader will be pre- (The woolen factorie pared to credit the statement that no country in the world soap factory in the E is so well watered with living streams of water, and per- or porter, or bottling ennial springs, as the valleys of Oregon. This is so, and skin, morocco, or kid no one that has ever travelled through the State will glass, or paper of AIIR gainsay the statement. The water is pure and cold as the ries or candle-maker, little brooks on the sides of the snow-capped mountains. iron-ore, and no forE For this, among other reasons, Oregon is the healthiest while iron ore equal I place to be found in any country. abundance. We mal ery. All our cutlery

-o - .- ence with all such streams. As "ned and plowed, the rain-fall runs off more rapidly, and,the e whole surplus water of the river affords a striking example Bs us that we ought not to rely CHAPTER V. tream as a means of transport- SEc. 34.. Mantyactures.-The State of Oregon is as yet valley, but to look to the 'con- but'poorly supplied with manufacturing establishments; and no State in the Union offers so many advantages for -No State in the Union affords such enterprises, and so many openings for profitable aluable water-powers as are to investments. The manufacturing establishments proper I valley alone. The reason of are confined to flouring mills, saivmills, and three woolen urrounded on three sides by mills.There is also one turpentine manufactory, a feed small e down mountain streams, and tanneries, and three or four small foundries and machine neans for creating good water shops. The manufacture of earthen vessels from clay, has nerous falls, rapids and natural been commenced on a very small scale, and with good Oregon' City the whole of the success. Nearly all the fine furniture is imported. The ver may.be used for driving cabinet shops are few and small. Our agricultural imple- lufficient canal, the falls in ments, wagons, carriages, omni buses and cdaches are I feet in a few hundred yards. *mostly imported, and when they are made here, imported )ounds in every county in the timber is used.- There is no tub or bucket factory in the tiply instances. It is worthy State; none for the manufacture of brooms or brushes; r manufacturing capitalists. None for an extensive manufacture of boots, shoes, or I ?unning Streams.-From the clothing; none for the manufacture of cotton or flax; BgO9,the reader will be pre- (The woolen factories were noticed above); but a single t that no country in the world soap factory in the State worthy the name; no ale, beer, ig streams of water, and per- or porter, or bottling establishment. We tan no fine calf , of Oregon. This is so, and'. skin, morocco, or kid. We make no gunpowder, window- lied through the State will glass, or paper of any description. We have no oil refine- water is pure and cold as the ries or candle-makers. We have no furnaces for smelting the snow-capped mountains. iron-ore, and no forges to make unwrought iron or steel, ns, Oregon is the healthiest while iron ore equal to the best in the world exists in great itry. abundance. We make 1o, kind of glass-ware or fine crock- ery. All our cutlery, stoves, cast iron, fire arms, cooking I 1' 44 utensIls,, nails, screws, locks, hinges, copper-ware, and copper and lead pipe, lead and I shot, wire, tin, zinc, 4. sheathing metal, ropes, cordage, matches, ink, blank books, hairdware, willow ware, edge tools, yeast powders, ,and numberless other articles, are all imported. CII Manufacturing establishments for the most of the above SHec. 35. Placesof I~ list, wouild find. a profitable trade now, and mountain scenery C' places for our citizens during the summer mo ed to by the citizens ol sop Beach, a short di Columbia, and "'Aqui county. At Clatsop, there is for visitors ; and a goi Aquina. At both p1 9 seeker may indulge his being plenty of game i *in Southern Oregon is

4 Rogue river valley, or valley. The water in t water, and they are vi while at the same tii mountain region, abot g-r~pse to grizzly bear. SEC. 36. .Huwnin.- hunter. Game abound large number of black last few days within a i I The principal game are grizzly, black, broi antelope, hare, rabbit; geese; the canvas bac summer ducks; the

7-77W, 1 co, hinges, copper-ware, and I and shot, wire, tin, zinc, I ordage, matches, ink, blank re, edge tools, yeast powders, a, are all imported. CHAPTER VI, Buts for the most of the above SEC. 35. Places of Public1esort.-The uneqnalled coast rude now. and mountain scenery of Oregon afford many delightful places for our citizens to resort for health and recreation during the summer months. The two places most resort- ed to by the citizens of the Willammette valley, are Clat- sop Beach, a short distance south of the mouth of the Columbia, and "Aquina Bay," on the coast in Benton cou tity. At Clatsop, there is a good hotel and other conveniences for visitors; and a good hotel is about being erected at Aquina. At both places the Bportsman and pleasure 9 seeker may indulge his fancy in fishing or hunting-there being plenty of ganme of all kinds. The popular resort in Southern Oregon is the Soda Springs, at the head of Rogue river valley, or rather on the mountain above the vallev. The water in the Springs is equal to the best soda water, and they are visited for their medical properties; while at the same time the visitor is placed in a cool mountain region, abounding in all kinds of game from f grcmse to grizzly bear. SEC. 36. Hunti7vg.-Oregon is a paradise to the game hunter. Game abounds throughout the whole State. A large number of black tail deer have been shot within the last few days within a mile of the Capital of the State. The principal game quadrupeds and birds of Oregon are grizzly, black, brown and cinnamon bear; elk, deer, antelope, hare, rabbit; the white goose, common wild geese; the canvas back, mallard, sprigtail, spoonbill and summer ducks; the mountain partridge, valley quail, '/ 46. pheasant and grouse. Nobody hunts the grizzly-he is to dangerous, although quite a number are killed every year in Southern Oregon. SEC. 37. Fur-BearingAninuJls.-Of the fur-bearing ann. cli1 imals, there are large numbers of beaver, otter, foxes, Mir persons engaged in trapping minks, &C., and but few SEC. M8. Mfilidlg . them. Over continled to be Of othe[ animals, there are panthers, California lions, State. Its extent 'tA cougars, wvild cats,wolves, coyotes, mountain sheep, cagles, Ihow, and will not be variety of hawks, erane3, squirrels. rattlesnakies, a great of a centute birds. quarter fl'.jA pigeons and other small discovered In all thl ilheii *c look at tihI ij:1 unexplored and li found, and consldet I wVich will becorne i cry and transportat form nd cstithltd of We harve gold, sir that are nowv worket b-ow the principal tn SEC. 39. Gold.- generally. distribut( the whole State. ] §ii k bed-rock of the l)rauchcg putting II but, as Yet, not ih 4 . ItI is foundin Sontl its branches, some quille river in paysi :8,N,-ing quanltit,;tie .aaying quantities; iut paying quantiti payiing oquantitics

I to. dy hunt, ts0grizzly-be is to number are killed every year

nuals.-Of the fur-bearing n, bers of beaver, otter, I. h 0`11APTgR VIL, foxes, I 1, crsonis engaged in trapping MINES ANbD AtlNUG. SEC. A8. Minin77 .isttists.-Mihtng is noiw, and wijnt re panthers, California lions, Oiver continue to be ouC of the legding interests of the 'otes, mountain sheep, cagles, State. Its extent dnd itnportanct! catlnot be calculated anes, squirrels, rattlesnakes, how?, and will not be ptffperly developed during the nelt quarter of a centut*. Valuable uidhcs have already been discovLred In all the inountaib radged in the Stdte; and -vhedi 'c look at thje extent of mountainous country yet imiexplored and lying between the rich mines already found, and consider the mines now patsed by as worth1css which will become' imblensely valuable as labor. machin- cry and transportatidn becomes cheaper, the mind can form nd cstitnhtd of the interests embraced in this chapter. We hbm% gold, sileiCf, copper, iron, lead and coal ahines that are now work-etd. Eastern ahd Sonthetn Oregoh are hvow the principal tnining dlstric't; I ' SEc. 39. Gold.-This precious Inetal Ihas beeh terey generally. distributed by the hand of nature thronuhoutt I * the whole State. It has been fonud in thd sand oh the 6 bed-rock of the Willamette riv'er and nearly till the branclhcg putting into it froti the Cascade inountains - but, as yet, not ih quantities sufficient to pay the mifier.- It is found in Southerh' Oregon, in the lrympqua rivet and its branches, sonic plaas in taying quantities; in the CM quille river in paying quantities; in the sea beach sand in P:8.ing quantitities; on kogguc river and its branches ih piuyig quantities; on the 1tlihois liver and its braneboi3 in paying quantities; in Eastern Oregon it is found ili paying oqpantitics on the 31hn Day, Powder, Croolked,

a.ill 48 tJmatilla, Grand Roude and OWyhee rivers. In all places ed uninterruptedly ever g where it is said to be in paying quantities, miners are now dollars annually. engaged in mining for it. Speaking of gold mines gener- SE. 40. S&ivcr.-Ti (where perm I erally on the Pacific coast, is meant placer mines sidered the most the loose gold dust is found in the sand and earth along the most desirable for the streams.) There is also on the Santiam river, a branch pensive mills and red I of the Willamette, in Southern and in Eastern Oregon from the ore, and on t1 gold bearing quartz veins; and it is generally belived that to large capitalists. I all the gold in the streams has been detached by the action region are so rich as t of the elements from these gold-bearing quartz veins. In subjected to the heat c the Owyhee and on the Santiam, the quartz rock contains so far developed as to 1 both gold and silver, and some of the veins are of fabu- The mines in the Sanl lous richness, some yielding as high as $6,000 per ton of advantageous location rock. There are some silver The Sanutiam mining district has been but lately discov- Oregon, but for the v ered, and its prospecfs are very flattering. It contains not them they are not att( only gold and silver, but also valuable mines of copper No better field for E and lead, and its nearness to the farmers of the Willamette profitable investments ii valley, its excellent water power and unlimited supply of mines n Oregon. TI fine timber, all tend to give its mines more than ordinary of Oregon, and till u value. -It contains already one town, several quartz mills tigated, yet it is nev l¶'JR and about one hundred miners engaged in developing the been overshadowed different mines. The ore in these mines assays from $20 know nothing of the to $10,000 per ton. Some of the mines in Easteirniregon through Californian ih A,have been opened about two years, and are now yielding of golddust from Orel regularly large amounts of dust. The principal. mines not lessthan $1,000,0 .re upon the John Day, Powder and Owyhee rivers. Their nia when it reaches I discovery has led to that part of the Sate a very large and in Nevada Territorj enterprising population-probably not less thah 15,000 the first silver mines persons. Since their discovery, four new counties have sions of the Pacific, ] been organized, and large towns have arisen in the place Eastern capitalists. of the Indian camps. Canyon City, the largest toWn, con- present appearances tains now about 5,000 inhabitants. Owyhee and 4antiau Gold was discovered in Jackson county, Southern Ore- rivals of the far-famn Iti. gon, about the year 1850, and the mines have been work- desire on this questi 48 49 d OWyhee rivers. In all places ying quantities, miners are now ed uninterruptedly ever since, producing aboat d(e million Speaking of gold mines gener- dollars annually. is meant placer mines (where SEC. 40. &ivar.-The silver mines in Oregon are con. d in the sand and earth along sidered the most permanent and reliable, and therefore, on the Santiam river, a branch the most desirable for investment. They also require ex, thern and in Eastern Oregon pensive mills and reduction works to procure the metal and it is generally belived that from the ore, and on this account offer special inducements Las been detached by the action to large capitalists. Some of the mines in the Owyhee gold-bearing quartz veins. In region are so rich as to yield globules of silver freely when tiam, the quartz rock contairns subjected to the heat of a blacksmith's forge; and are now 3me of the veins are of fabu- so far developed as to commence shipping bullion in bars. as high as $6,000 per ton of The mines in the Santiam are not so rich, but from. their' advantageous location are considered equally valuable.- ut has been but lately discov. There are some silver bearing quartz veins in Southern ry flattering. It contains not Oregon, but for the want of capital to properly develop so valuable mines of copper them they are not attended to. the farmers of the Willamette No better field for successful speculations or permanent wer and unlimited supply of profitable investments exists anywhere than in the silver ;s mines more than ordinary mines *nOregon. This statement is not believed outside ec town, several quartz mills of Oregon, and will not be credited until it is fully inves- s engaged in developing thc tigated, yet it is nevertheless true. Oregon has always these mines assays from $20 been overshadowed by California, and Eastern people the mines in EasterilOregon know nothing of the Pacific coast except what they see through tears, and are now yielding Californian interests. Even theimmeuse shipments lust. The principal mines of gold dust from Oregon during the past year, amounting to Br and Owyhee rivers. Their not less than $1,000,000 per monthis all credited to Califor- )f the Sate a very large and nia when it reaches New York. The Washoe silver mines Qably not less thah 15,000 in Nevada Territory, all owned by Californians, being 'y, four new counties have the first silver mines discovered in the American posses- ns have srisen in the place sions of the Pacific, has so far attracted al the attention of City, the largest toWn, con- Eastern capitalists. Yet the writer hazards nothing, from nts. present appearances, in saying that the silver. mines of son county, Southern Ore- Owyhee and Santiam in Oregon will soon be successful he mines have been work- rivals of the far-famed Washoe. All the people of Oregon desire on this question, is a fair investigation, -O/ 86 Douglas county. . SAke. 41. tbpper;-Oregon is undoubtedly rich in valu. discovered on Pow( able copper mines. The Pacific coast can now boast of traced several milef the richest copper mine in the world-proven to be such- has been done, ai the Union tnine at Copperopolis, Californiar The copper needed. range does not stop in California, but like the ptecious SEC. 42. Iron.- metals ttins entirely across Oregon fr-om: south t north. ists in Oregon in The largest and most valuable copper mine yet ditevvercd veins of it are foo in Oregon is doubtless the " Queen of Bronze " in Jo- son, Josephine and sephine county. The vein of ore is fifteen feet wide at it is not considers the outcrop, and at the depth. of thirty feet widemi out to owned by any one nearly fifty fbet. Tlhe 6re mtace about twenty prer cent. owned and held f copper. It is owhed by a coinpany of French ecpitalists, miles from the W whiy propose to 6reef sietlntg works at the Mine. .There now. A small furl nte several other good tnihes ihi Josephine cotahty, but tnud found to be e their value is greatly decreased on aceoliht of the long Some of the ore is distance which the ore and tnetal will have to be trans- into horse shoes w poi'ted to reach the sea coast; ftnd this State of afiirs SEC. 43. Lead.- must alWayrs continue to be the case until a railroad is eon- dance in Jackson, strncted from the Columbia to the Sacramento river.- the Saatmim mini Valuable distoveries of copper have been recently inade with other metals. at "Painfed Rock," on Rogue river, some tenty-five nliles difficulty of worki from the ocean. Should they prove perffianent, t&ey *ill tempt has ever bet provd the most valuable mines, on account of the easy and Szc.. 44. 0a.- cheap transportation Which will be aftotded by ocean ves- several sels runiniig to the month of the riser, and smalt rivet points iu ti at Coos Bay, an( stemtners connecting and running up to the mines. Com- Mann. The same lInaiies are now engaged in developing' thehi. V'eins of Cartwright's nea copper tire nsshying 224 per cent. copper, with thitty4our where the vein dollars in silver per ton of ore, has been discovered and is vein of yery hard are now being developed in the Santiam district. Large of the Siskiyou quantities of native or pure copper, together with rich ore ii been has beett discovered on the Coquille river in Coos county; discovered aI but as yet no regular vein has been identified. Veins of St. HIclens. The tide of prosperity copper have also been found on the IUmpqun river in value. Qew-4 51 a ron is undoubtedly rich in vahlut Douglas county. A very rich vein of copper has been Pacific coast can now boast of discovered on Powder river in Baker county, and has been the worll.-proven to be such- traced several miles. At all of these mines but little work Ppolis, Californiar The copper has been done, and money to devetop them is badly 'lifornia, bNtt like the ptecious needed. ' Oregon fleih: sotith ta north. SiEC. 42. Iron.-This most useful of all the metals ex- tble copper mine yet diat6vered ists in Oregon in great abundance. Immense beds and e " Queen of bronze " in Jo- veins of it are found in Washington, Multnomah, Jack- ' of ore is fifteen feet wide at son, Josephine and Curry counties. In Southern- Oregon )th. of thirtY feet wMdeim out to it is not considered of any value, and is not claimed or owned 08*ay about -twehftY per etnt. by any one. The mine in Washington county is owned ol1pany of French Chpftalists, and held for specnlation. It is located about six niles from Hn works at the Mine. .-Tiere the Willumette river And is really of value now. A hes ili Josephine coMihty,'but small furnace has been erected and the ore tested and found to lased -on aceodlht of the long be equal to the celebrated Swedes iron.- Some of the ore is tnetal will have to be trans- so pure as to be capable of working into horse shoes nat; dnd this State of a1firs without the aid of a reduction furnace. the case until a railroad is con- SEC. 43. Led.-This metal has been found in abun- I to the Sacramento river.- dance in Jackson, Josephine and Curry counties and' in )er bave beeti recently thade the Santiam mining district, but always iln conjunction e river, sohne-t31Tetyflve nliles with other metals. On account of its low price, and the y prove perbinanent, they *ill difficulty of working the ores in which it is found, no at- Ba, on accountof the easy and tempt has ever been made to work any mine forlead. Mill be aftofded by ocean ves- Ssc. 44. (al.-Very good bituminous coal exists at of the riter, and snmall rivet several points in the State., The first discovery was made uing up to the mines. Corn- at Coos Bay, and has already been described by Mr. developing them. Veins of Mann. The same coal formationhas been discovered near 'eut. copper, with thitty fout Cartwright's near the head of Ithe,Willamette valley, are, has been discovered atid where the vein is several feet in thickness. A four foot the Santiam district. Lalrge vein of yery hard coal has beeii discovered in the foothills pper, together with rich ore of the Siskiyou in Jackson county. Good coal has also )quille river in Coos county; been discovered at several points in Columbia county near Mbeen ideutifiedl. Veins of St. Helens. The rush of I immigrationt sad the increasing I l on the ITmpqut river it, tide of prosperity will soon render these coal deposits of value. 00 =.v4

720,000 square miles. 'I plored territory, is by D The Catholic missionarit l It among the Indians at ti CHAPTER VIII. years, raising all the ve ADVANTAGES FOR COMMERCX. their use. Throughout mining SEV. 45., Internal lrade and .7bkwg Teilory.-The settlements,7 spre was two years internal trade of Oregon will always be oorined to the ago a vasi trade between the agricultural cournties in the William- only by wild beasts an ette, Umpqua and Rogue river valleys, and the mining than thirty thousand Ai counties of Eastern Oregon and Idaho Territory, and will towns, saw mills, quartz ,1 consist simply in the transportation of the produce and busy hum of peaceful .44, manufacture of one section to the other, to be there internal, mountain-lock exchanged for the bullion or coin of the mines; and will down the Columbia one be carried on by means of a railroad to be constructed month,-in exchange for chandise sent up. Thi TMii! through the Willamette valley, terminating at some point on the Columbia, from which river steamers will ply as according to the present far up as the center of Idaho. To satisfy the most incred- and a AaLf or three million ,1,,di" ulous that this trade will be rapidly and greatly enlarged, readers an idea of the gia we have only to look at its present rapid growth, the ter- the Cascades is making, ritory to be accommodated, and its resources. Scarcely description of a monster two years ago and not a ton of freight passed up the struction at Celilo, above I Columbia above the Dalles, except to supply government " The dimensions of tl PI5 feet; posts, and now not less extreme bread, than one hundred and forty tons per Ineuces at the low wate day are being carried up for the newly collected population. entire length, thus afferdi The extent of country which is tributary to the agricultu- highest as well as the lot ral resources of Oregon is embraced in all that country structure is substantially from the force of wind and wate summit of the Rocky mountains westward to the against even the worst f Cascade range, and between the head-waters of the north- requires 250,000 feet ol ein and southern branches of the great Columbia, and. The hardware, nails, &c size of this reaching from the head of the Owyhee on the south, warehouse, t away and storin' goods, will s north to the Kootenai river and its lately, discovered rich of the rapidly extendinj mines on the borders of British Amneriea, being an extent pany4 A few years sin, of country about 900 miles long and 800 miles wide, or country was passed over " Cayuse ",teams, and a I

S8 720,000 square miles. This vast and as yet almost lunex- plored territory, is by no means barren or inhospitable. The Catholic missionaries have maintained their missions I rER VIII. among the Indians at the farthest point north for many years, raising all the vegetables and grain necessary' for 3 FOR CONMMRECX. their use. Throughout the whole extent there are now L iand .I2 tirg Tenitory.-The mining settlements, spreading in every direction. What was will always be confined to the two years ago a vast, unbroken wilderness, inhabited tural counties in the William. only by wild beasts and Indians, now contains not less river valleys, and the mining than thirty thousand American citizens, with cities and n and Idaho Territory, and will towns, saw mills, quartz mills, flouring mills, with all the isportation of the produce and busy hum of peaceful industry. And from this great on to the other, to be there internal, mountain-locked basin, is now being shipped or coin of the mines; and will down the Columbia one million dollars of gold dust per )f a railroad to be constructed month,- in exchange for the flour, bacon, beans and mer- illey, terminatingat some point chandise sent up. This handsome yield of gold will, ich river steamers will ply as according to the presenC rate of progr.s, be increased to two lo. To satisfy the most incred- and a half or three millions per mouth in 1865. To give our e rapidly and greatly enlarged, readers an idea of the giant strides that the country east ot ¢ present rapid growth, the ter- the Cascades is making, we copy from the Mountaineer a d, and its resources. Scarcely description of a monster warehouse now incourse of con- ton of freight passed up the struction at Celilo, above the Dalles. The Mountaineersays: 1,except to supply government " The dimensions of the building are as follows: Length 5I5feet; extreme one hundred and forty tons per breadth, 31 feet. This building com- tnences at the low water level, and gradually the newly collected recedes its population. entire length, thus afferding a landing for steamers at the ah is tributary to the agricultu- highest as well as the lowest stages of water. The whole embraced in all that country structure is substantially anchored, so as to withstand the force of wind and water, cky mountains westward to the and is in all respects secure against even the worst freshet. To put up this building l the head-waters of the north. requires 250,000 feet of lumber, and 270,000 shingles. s of the great Columbia, and. The hardware, nails, &c., we have not computed. The he Owyhee on the south, away size of this warehouse, to be used exclusively for receiving and storing oods, will serve to give the reader *and its lately, discovered some idea rich of the rapidly extending business of the 0. 8. N. Com- itishI America, being an extent pany, A few years since all the business of the upper X long and 800 miles wide, or country was passed over the portage by means of a few " Cayuse ",teams, and a single boat-the Colonel Wright 'O./-, /

54 Australia, the Islands c --sufficed to cprr,y all the freight that oftered. Nowv eiglif and the whale fisheries, boatp - the majority of them first-class vessels - are, employed in the trade, and instead of light teams drawrp :are much nearer to the by miniature horses, we have long trains of railroad cars -any of the ports of th( laden down with the products of. all countries and every ,easy access to us and clime. It is in improvements like this that we trace the evidence of our progress, and learn how rapidl'y we arc- should not soon commne are gathering around us the. appliances of the highest~ the year 1860 the Un civilization." named ports domestic Pt W~hen we look forward to the day when busy millioins 619,645,998, and impoi will occupy this territory we have been describing, what change, the prodnce of then ought to be the glorious prosperity of Oregou ? A 551,186. The imporb glorious future awaits us ; shall we not desfrve it, by 413,566,587. But we r. making ~use of the means necessary to command it. In not compete with the .A VI orter to command it, we ought to have a railroad running custom house exhibit el through and connecting the Willamette, TUmpqua, and does compete for this ti Rogue river valleys, with the' Columbia river, and some, also the trade to Liver1 steamboat competition on that river. A railroad tbroug~rh Review" of the &= 1r these valleys is now the greattest want of the Stat&r 11, 1864: -the interest of the farmers positively demand it. Su~ long as we are without this advantage, we will not be ablAe Exports of WheaE anqg. to compete with California, even, for the great provisio n Vest Neir, markets of these ming districts. TO '4' ti 4 SEC. 4G. Foreign Ominteree.--Oregon posseses peculiar England ...... 8 facilities for the creation and maintaining of a large for- CJhina ...... 1 Japan ...... eign commerce. She possesses unlimited means for build- Australia...... ing ships-timber, copper, iron, coal, water power, agri- Victoria, V. I..... cultural productions, a harbor equal to that of New York-, Hawaiian Islands and, a maritime Mexico ...... situation on the direct line of that inm- Peru ...... It mense trade tarried on by the nations of the WVest with N. Y. and Boston the nations of the East. The harbor of the Columbia Other countries.... river looks out upon the ports of Russian America, British Total...... Col umbia and Vrancouver Island, the west coast of Mexico, , Cenitral America, New Granada, Equador, Peru, Chili and Patigonia on. the American Continent; and on the East- ern ports of the Russian Emipire, India, China, Japans,

am __ - - 55 Australia, the Islands of Oceanica, the Sandwich Islands, -eight that offered. Now eight and the whale fisheries. them first-class vessels-are The ports of all these countries a instead of light teams drawn are much nearer to the Columbia river than they are to aye long trains of railroad cars any of the ports of ,the Atlantic States. They are all of icts of. all countries and every easv access to us and there is no reason why Oregon ats like this that we trace the nd learn how rapidly we are should not soon commence competing for their trade. In the ippliances of the highest the year 1860 the United States exported to the above named ports domestic produce amounting to the sum of to the day when busy millions $19,645,998, and imported from the same places, in ex- re have been describimg, what change, the produce of said countries amounting to $19,- DUS prosperity of Oregon ? A 551,186. The imports from China alone amounted to , shall we not deserve it, by $13,566,587. But we are told that the Pacific coast can- necessary to commaind it. Irs not compete with the Atlautic States for this trade. The 1 ght to have a railroad running custom house exhibit shows that the Pacific coast can and he Willamette, Uhmpqua, and does compete for this trade already, and not only this, but tei Columbia river, and some also the trade to Liverpool. We copy from the "Market bat river. A railroad through Review" of the San Farcism Baldtin under date of July greatest want of the Stat& 11, 1864: 3rs positively demand it. So, advantage, we will not be ablke Exports of WAheat ans Flour from Sn Francisoofor Har- 4 even, for the great provision vea*t Year, Ending Jimw a0, 1864. lets. Wheat. Flour. Equal Io To as. bbhL bbla. Flour. 'ee.-Oregon posseses peculiar England ...... 813,553 2,507 273,691 d maintaining of a large for- China ...... 161,574 53,246 107,104 Japan ...... 84 1,236 1,264 ises unlimited means for build- Australia ...... 90,890 62,337 93,634 iron, coal, water power, agri- Victoria, V. I...... 3,809 29,914 28,184 ir equal to that of New York-, Hawaiian Islands 121 4,699 4,739 Mexico...... 15 11,948 11,948 i the direct line of that im- Peru...... 260 87 ;he nations of the WVest with N. Y. and Boston 9 9 The harbor of the Columbia Other countries ...... *986 20,211 20,589 ts of Russian America, British Total land, the west coast of Mexico, ...... 1,071,292 184,102 541,199 ada, Equador, Peru, Chili and Continent; and on the East- 'mpire, India, China, Japars

'FZ - 4k! 56 I FROM JANUARY 1, TO JUN 80, 1864. for the corresponding Whea. Flout. Equa to as follows : Oka. bbla. bbl. Flour. England...... 279,067 286 98,308 Clna...... 62,772 28,696 44,620 New York. Japan...... 924 924 Boston ...... Australia ...... 57,558 i8,259 -87445 England ...... Victoria, V. I...... 930 12,845 13,155 China ...... Hawaiian Islands... 121 1,911 * 1,951 Va"pairaso ...... MexicoMexico ...... 15 5,796 5,801 N. Y. and Boston... 7 7 Total ...... Other countries...... 886 9,779 10,075 I Total ...... 401,349 78,503 207,286 Our exports of hide for the corresponding follows: Rnots of Baley. Harvest Year. Fi'res Half, 1084. First .six months ...... ! sks. ski. These figures show a .4 Victoria ...... 20,645 7,935 NewYork ...... as compared with prev . 10,841 4,768 at 12@121 for dry. Australia ...... 8,082 China ...... 200 100 I Mexico ...... 556 361 Hawaiian Islands ...... 10 10 Other countries ...... Victoria ...... 36 China ...... I Mexico...... Total ...... 40,270 13,174 Hawaiian Islands.- Lb Other countries...... Exports of Oats. Harvest Year. Firs Half, 1864. Total...... ske. eke. Australia ...... 80,849 20,529 FIX, China ...... 4,133 1,239 Victoria ...... 4,698 792 To Hawaiian Islands Boston...... 976 357 New York...... tI3t Japan ...... 313 200 Mexico Victoria...... : ... 96 85 China ...... Other countries ...... 25 14 Japan ...... Peru...... Total ...... 91,090 23,216 Austrailia ...... Mexico;...... Wool. Other countries...... Our exports of wool for the past six months, and also Total ......

"I------, I 57 TO JUNE 80, 1864. I1for the corresponding periods of 1861, 1862 and 1863 were Flour. EqIualto as follows: bbb. bbla. Flour. 1861. 1863. 1864. 286 98,308 Bales. Bales. Bales. Bales. 28,696 44,620 New York ...... 5,074 4,858 2,258 5,052 924 924 Boston ...... 1,547 2,888 3,709 2,237 18,259 - 87,445 Ensland ...... 252 55 52 12,845 13,155 China ...... - 63 1,911 1,951 Vajpairaso ...... - 546 5,796 5,801 7 7 Total ...... 6,873 8,410 6,014 7,289 9,779 10,075 Exports of Hides. 78,503 207,28t; Our exports of hides for the past six months and also for the corresponding periods of 1861, 1863, were as follows: )f arkle3/. 1861. 18eL 1863 1861. Harrest Yar. Fird Half, 1864. First . six months ...... 90,385 178,635 125,561 871,362 sks. These figures show a very marked increase in shipments ...... 20,545 7,985 as compared with previous seasons. At present quotable ..... 10,841 4,768 at 12@121 for dry...... 8,082 ...... 200 100 Exports of Hay...... 556 361 Harvest year. Firt balf. 1861 Bales. Bales...... 10 10 Victori ...... 3 3a,781 1,173 ...... 36 China...... , 644 350 Mexic( ...... 29 27 ..... 40,270 13,174 Hawaiiian Islandsr...... 12 12 Other countries ...... 310 145 'of Oats. Harves Year. Fir Half, 1864. Total ...... 4,776 1,7071 mks. sks...... 80,849 20,529 Exports of Beans. Harvest year. Fint half. 1864 ...... 4,133 1,239 8sacks...... 4,698 792 Bostor 8,640 ...... 8,640 I...... 976 357 New') York ...... # . . 5,755 8,640 ...... 313 200 Victor : 4,352 .ia2,938 ...... 96 85 China ..: .. 2,1-72 *1,893 ...... 25 14 Japan ...... 322...... 251 Peru.. , .. 100 10.0 ...... 91,090 23,216 Austraiilia ...... 26 26 Mexica ...... J69 15 Other countries ...... 208 178 ie past six months, and also Total ...... 21,594 17,642

Al 58 j Rzports of Potatoes. of our trade with Ne PInr Harr 16ar. half. I1M4 est, and is mainly TO Ska. & bxs. o China ...... Ore, and hides, whii 7,096 886 importance. Hawvaiian Islands ...... 4,669 2,270 Anothi M~exico ...... the transhipment of 2,967 I 1,509 from other countries Victoria ...... 1,230 200 Austrailia ...... 1,090 * 240 ,How much of this Japan ...... 104 104 should be credited tc Other countries...... 4,61 2,015 that a large portion c vl'I Total ...... 21,827 6,674 the fact that the between San Franc' Exports. of Bran. return tr Californi : Our receipts of bran durig the harvest year ending June 30, 1864, were 48,965 sacs;,. and du'ring the past six We simply give th' months, 19,809 sack s. Our exports of same duri'ng the been done in for( past six months have been: To Victoria, 4,128 sacks.; to cisco; and even sup] 11 Australia, 598 sack~s; to Hawaiian Islands, 38 sacks; total we know very well I III 4,759 sacks. The price of this article'has ruled high all the season, and has been a source of great profit to our to ship abroad, will i millers; at present worth $85@840 '~ton. advantages. The Bulletin reporter further says: The only matter Our export trade during the period under consideration coast from becoming shows an improvement as compared with the first six months of the preceding year. I the teas, coffee, spii The following shows the destination and value of our rice, Japanese ware, exports, in comparison with like periods in 1862 and 1863: named countries, is, To 1862. ISO. 1864. money to do this but New York and Boston $1,450,820 99 $1,548,698 01 $2,275,495 97 1864, Shanghive, Ch England ...... 377.967 99 709,697 15 512.371 60 worth of cotton; ani Mexico ...... 371.759 03 1.034,742 06 976.032 87 Peru...... 141,115 87 99,663 20 155.657 72 our produce for thig Hawaiian lelanda ... 130.806 42 166,444 49 277,359 32 here in Oregon, and China...... 304.730 09 646.935S 64 697,765 33 Auetralia ...... 93,696 18' 180,988 58 335902 22 * This golden harvi Vtictoria ...... 1.172,447 87 931.064 30 822.771 68 I4 Japn ...... 4.578 00 19,622 16 38,083 32 our Northern Pacifiq Othier countries .... 494,768 61 824,608 84 246.254 28 to Puget sound, it w Total ...... the- case. What we if I $4.542.728 61 $6,183,464 52 $6,337,090 38 It will appear from tile foregroing table that our.cxporti ning, direct from No- have largely increased to doimestic Atlantic ports. Our img out our merchan fhi prients to Australia and Hawaiian Islands, Peru, China, the East Iudi6s, our andt Japan have also improved. The increasing activity are now paying, an ii 59 Pokate I of our trade with Harvea year. Pira baw*. 1864 Now York and Boston is of some inter- 8ka. & bx. est, and is mainly owing to shipments of Wool, Copper ...... 7,096 836 Ore, and hides, which products with us are growing in ...... 4,669 2,270 importance. Another feature in this connection has been ...... 2,967 '1,509 I the transhipmeut of teas, oil, Japan rage, etc., sent hither ...... 1,280 200 from other countries...... 1,090 240 How much of this produce exported from San I...... 104 Francisco 104 should be credited to Oregon, we are not able to ...... 4,681 2,015 say; but that a large portion of it is Oregon produce, we know from ...... ;.Zlrazft. an 6,674 the fact that the steamers and sailing vessels plying Bran. between San Francisco and the Columbia river, always Lthe harvest year ending return to California freighted with Oregon produce. k; and during the past six We simply give this report to show what has already sports of same dunhg the a been done in foreign exportations o Victoria, 4,128 sacks; to from San Fran- ian Islands, 38 sacks; total cisco; and even supposing that it is all California produce l article'has ruled high all we know very well that what will pay a California farmer irce of great profit to our to ship abroad, will also pay an Oregon farmer, with equal 940 w ton. advantages. says: I The only matter that should now prevent the Pacific period under consideration upared with the first six coast from becoming the importers to the United States of the teas, coffee, spices, barks, dye-woods, cotton, sugar, etination and value of our rice, Japanese ware, mattting, gold and silver, of the above periods in 1862 and 1863: named countries, is, that wve have not yet got the ships, or 1863. 1864. money to do this business. For the year ending Junnc st, $1,548,698 01 $2,275.495 97 1864, Shanghae, China, exported more than $25,000,000 709,697 15 512.371 60 1.034,742 06 976.032 87 worth of cotton; and now we should endeavor to exchange 99,663 20 155.657 72 our produce for this cotton of China, and 166.444 49 277,359 32 manufacture it 646,93.5 64 697,765 33 here in Oregon, and build up a Lowell on the Pacific. 180,988 58 335,902 22 lThis golden 931.064 30 822,771 68 harvest of trade is not yet ours, but wvxen ]9,622 16 38,083 32 our Northern Pacific Railroad shall have been completed 824,608 84 246.254 28 to Puget sound, it will become ours from the necessity of *6,183,464 52 $0,337.090 38 thercase. What we want most now is a line of ships run- ing table that our.exports ningr direct from New York to the Columbia liver, bring- stic Atlautic ports. Our ig- out our merchandise, and carrying iiau Islands, Peru, China, back via China and The increasing activity the East Iudies, our produce, lumber, and spars, &c. We are now paying an immense annual tax to California capi-

% I I I 6.0 tat and eifterprise, by ~'eoeiving and shipping everything through the San Francisco ware)houses. All 9i~r wheat,' wool, &c., that reaches a foreign market, except what little direct trade we have with the Sandwich Islands-.is shipped C first to San Francisco, where it has to pay wha rfage, dray- age, storage and commission, before it dan be reshipped. ORO Onr merchandise coming to this tae has to pass through SEC. 47. Constitui the same taxing process at San Francisco, in addition to laws of Oregon are the profits of the importer, before it. It is no wonder that care is taken to proi Oregon is in the shade of California; and it ought to two sections of land remain so as long as we will not make some effort to rem- State University; ni edy this state of affairs. College; and sectio A treaty of reciprocity between'thie United States and ship for the benefit the Sandwich Islands, by which free trade' could be estab- and the proceeds of lished between the two countries, 'as'is now desired by set apart as an irre( those Islands, would be of immense advantage to Oregon. common schools. every neigborhood. naman or mulatto State is prohibited or in any manner (si lion) incur a debt o Counties are prohil any way any corpor, five thousand dollai SEc. 48. Socid1.- ent from that of Ci V a provin:,;alism. '1 der-State style, and Knives and pistols as in California. 9 committee in the E abing. In no plao readly to give a friei Oregon. The acci4

0. g awnd shipping everything relouse.s All oir wheat, market, except what little kndwich Islandsis shipped has to par wharfage, dray. CHAPTERIX. ,fore it dan be reshipped. ORGANIZATION State has to pass through OF SOCIETY. Francisco, inl addition to SEC. 47. Constitution and Laws.-The constitution and 'it. 'It is no wonder that laws of Oregon are very liberal to the citizen. Special ifornia; and it ought to care is taken to promote the cause of education. Seventy- make some effort to rem- two sections of land are set apart for the endowment of a State University; ninety thousand acres for an Agricultural 'n the United States and College; and sections sixteen and thirty-six in every towni- free trade could be estab. ship for the benefit of the common schools of the county; s9, as is now desired by and the proceeds of 500,000 acres of public lands. is also advantage to Oregon. set apart as an irreducible school fund for the benefit of common schools. Good schools and churches exist in every neigborhood. By the Constitution, no negro, Chi- naman or mulatto is allowed the right of suffrage. The State is prohibited from taking stock in any corporation,. or in any manner (save to! repel invasion or suppress rebel- lion) incur a debt of more than fifty thousand dollars.- Counties are prohibited from taking stock or in aiding in any way any corporation, or incurring a debt of more than five thousand I dollars. A SEC. 48. Socicey.-Thc society of Oregon is quite diffcr- ent from that of California. We are not so "fast"-to use a provin:-alism. There is here much of the Western bor- der-State style, and a large portion of Eastern people.- Knives and pistols and bloodshed is not so frequent here . as in California. There has never been a mob or vigilance committee in the State. The people are orderly and law- abing. In no place is society more free and cordial, and I ready to give a friendly reception to the stranger than in I Oregon. The accident of wealth has its influence here as I I

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A elsewhere, but not to such an extent; and as the country mostly founded or is new and rushing ahead, the avenues to wealth are open are inv~olved in en to the poorest, and the poor man of to-day may be wealthy copper, silver, golt $5next year. ive property for in, SEC. 49. Public Debt and Taxes.-The Governor in his try being founded late annual message announced ihat the State was out,' of of wealth, the stooc debt, and had thousands in its t' easury. The taxes are it, will be safe and quite light for the circumstances of the country. The es- Biec. 52. Indians, timated State tax for the next fiscal year is placed at 6145,- in Oregon sonme 000. The taxable property in the State for the year 1863 have all been treat amounted to $20,911,931. eastern corner of t IiSic. 50. Owiculatinig Medium.-The circulating mediurm and under the coi lIt of the State prior to the issue of Treasury notes by the no lon-er anysu Ii General Governnment,was exclusively gold and silver-the nc.se and KanakaRs principal currency in large business transactions being State-i~early all twenty dollar gold pieces. Since the issue of these Treas- Chinese are very ury notes, they have been received into the circulation ati and return to the( so.much per cent. on the dollar, varying according to the In the mining diati premium on gold at Now York at the time. They have for gold-at other thus circulated here as low as forty cents on the dollar.- washernien of the 4 2..Some dishonest debtors have availed tbemselves, of them tivei of the Sandwi to pay their debts contracted on a coin basis, with "1legul American negroes, tenders" at par. Such men are published in the news-. any regular pursuit papers as "lgreenbatk men," and are treated as unworthy SMC 55. WageiA of confidence thereafter, unless he publishes a good excuse common laborers (i I for the transaction. A "Specific Contract Law" has been day; inechanics fot enacted by the late Legislature compelling men who five dollars per (lay agree to pay in gold to do so. Banks for the issue of galesmen, $100 per paper muoney are ii prohibited by the Constitution. 82,000 per year; te SEC. 51. Opportunitiesfor lnvestmnent.-This State offers female house-setrva 4 i. to Eastern and European capitalists many favorable oppor- to the Willamette 4 tunities for desirable investments. The titles to real estate the Cascade rnoilnl are perfect and unquestioned, and in this respect Oregon above rates. 4 has a great advantage over California, where the titles are Well improved fai

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0'$ 8 nt; and as the country l mostly founded on old Mexican and Spanish grants, and nues to wealth are open are involved in endless litigation. In addition to this our of to-day may be wealthy copper, silver, gold and coal mines, offer the most attract- ive property for investment. The prosperity of the counn -The Governor in his try being founded on undonbted great natural resources ,at the State was out of of wealth, the stock in railroads hereafter projected through easury. The taxes are it, will be safe and remunerative. r the country. The es- Szc. 52. Indians, Chinese and Kanakas.-There arc yet I year is placed at S145,- in Oregon some five or 8ix thousand Indians. They State for the year 1863 have all been treated with, except the Snakes in the south. eastern corner of the State, and are now upon reservations lie circulating medium and under thc control of the government; and are now Treasury notes by the no lon-cr any source of annoyance to the people. Of Chi- *ly gold and silver-the nuse and Kanakas there are propably one thousand In the iess transactions being State-isearly all of the thousand being Chinesc. The ie issue of these Treas- Chinese are very industrious, economical, make monc. into the circulation at and return to the Celestial Empire to spend their days.- rying according to the In the mining districts they follow the business of mining the time. They have for gold-at other places they form the cooks, servants and cents on the dollar.- washernien of the community. The "Kanakas" are na- ed themselves of them tives of the Sandwich Island4--vcry closely resemble the coin basis, with "legal American negroes, and are ill-disposed to work or follow lublishod in the news- any regular pursuit. 'e treated as unworthy San. 58. Wagye, Price qf Land, ft.-The wages of iublishes a good excuse common laborers (coin prices) are about two dollars per itract Law" has been day; mechanics four dollars per day; master mechanics .4 'onpelling men who five dollars per day; type setters, 75 cts. per tliousand enm; lanks for the issue of salesmen, $100 per month; book keepers, from $;,000 to 'onstitution. $2,000 per year; teachers, from 850 to $150 per miozth ;- nt.-This State offers female louse-servants, $30 per month. These prices apply many favorable oppor- to the Willamette valley and Southern Oregon-east of "he titles to real estate the Cascadc mountains the wages are about double the a this respect Oregon above rates. a, where the titles are Well improved faitns in the Willamette valley or South- '/ - -

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64 ern Oregon e caML be purchased for frol $8 to $16 pet acre, westward, until it is coiu)-owing (I to location. Good unimproved land for 85 and condensed in per acre, *1;fI; in these valleys. Government land and State describing. Our c land (of which the State has 500,000 acres tolerable good harbors, maritime I 'Iland) 11 can be purchased at $1,25 per acre in Treasury metals, timber, wat4 'ILotes. 1robably the best investment in real estate, unim- essaries of life, shou proved, would p p be in the timber lands on the Columbia State of the Pacific. t.iver. These possess a positive wealth, and can never be Having said this I worth less than the value of the timber standing now in Oregon, there ti4ie solitude of the original forests. is one be lost sight of Bi tages, though never *1 a State or communi GENIERAL SUMMARY. does for an individui V power When we take a survey of the countries lying on the to do for thc Pacific past p ocean, and whose ports age, have nation 1 are now open to our pro. been duce and invite our trade, and consider the capatity of our either the rich State regards I to Monopolize, almost, the trade to such ports, it the mass of tl opehs up a field for the speculations of the statesman and cst. Successful prodi political economist too gigantic for computation. The cess, depends more i; ancient civilization of the East, mid the mighty energies of the human agents, th the Russian Empire, and the civilization of the enterpris- round them; and it is ing and enlightened tiations of the West, and the no less bodily and mental euw mighty energies of the United States, are now meeting and have overrun and con confronting each other from the opposite shores of the great o labor for their benie Pacific. The author of the "Vestiges of Creation" ests of a northern cli expressed the opinion thirty years ago, that the narrow hardships has been SI strip of agricultural country lying on the Pacific coast Romans, by the artific Forth of Mexico, in the course of time would become the rigid military disciplii most densely populated portion of the earth's surface. circumstances of mode; The progress made in the last thirty years, is rapidly prov- tinuance of that die ing the correctness of his prophecy, au opinion then the south has no ion founded on the course of the tides of population, as con- quering nations; and ( trolled by the laws of nature. It will become so. The prosperity, as well a march of empire in the United States has been and will be thought have always b favored North.

. A-- .*6 r frol $8 to $16 pet acre, I %vestward,until it is brought to a halt by the Pacific ocean, I unimproved land for 85 and condensed in the beatiful, valleys we have been 'ernment land and State describing. Our cool climate, northern position, good ,000 acres tolerable good harbors, maritime situation, and unrivalled resources in 5 per acre in Treasury metals, timber, water-power) agriculture, and all the nec, nent in real estate, unim. essaries of life, should make Oregon the great commercial lands on the Columbia State of the Pacific. wealth, and can never be Having said this much for the natural resources of timber standing now in Oregon, there is one other cohsideration that should never be lost sight of. Experience teaches that natural advan- tages, though never to be underrated, scarcely ever do for a State or community, no, more than fortune or station [MARY. does for an individual, anything like what it lies in their e countries iging on the power to do for themselves. Neither niow, nor in any past age, re now open to our pro. have nations possessing the best climate and soil been isider the capacity of our either the richest or the most powerful: but, as regards the e trade to such ports, it mass of the p:ople, generally among the poor- one of the statesman and est. Successful production, like most other kinds of suc- for computation. The cess, depends more upon the abilities and disposition of I nd the mighty energies of the human agents, than on the circumstances which sur- ilization of the enterpris- I round them; and it is dficulie-, not facilities, that nourish he West, and the no less bodily and mental energy. Accordingly, the tribes which tes, are now meeting and have overrun and conquered others, and compelled them posite shores of the great o labor for their benefit, have either been bred in the for. ' Vestiges of Creation" ests of a northern climate, or the deficiency of natural rs ago, that the narrow hardships has been supplied, as among the Greeks and Ing on the Pacific coast Romans, by the artificial ones of well ordained laws and 'time would become the rigid military discipline. And fronm the time Then the of the earth's surface. circumstances of modern society has permitted the discon- rty years, is rapidly prov- tinuance of that discipline, or abolished those laws, phecy, an opinion then the south has no longer produced prosperous or con- es of population, as con- quering nations; and commercial enterprise and industrial t will become so. The prosperity, as well as military vigor and speculative ates has been and will be thought have always had their principal seats in the less favored North. . Al, K I Oregotidan's if you would have g'feat prosperity and great wealth- to our State, see to it;: that you promote it-by good laws, good government, and proper i'ewards to indi- vidual faithfulness integrity and success, I 1 I

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*ACX NOWU1DGEMENTS, Trhe following gentlemen have rendered valuible assist. ance in preparing : MIF Ii this sketch of our State resources: WIn.'

4 ,: ' 11 h1offman and C. C. B3eekman, Esqrs. of Jacksonville; Gustof Wilson, Esq., and Dr. Paul D'Hienry, Josephine W countv; L. t,. Williams, Esq., of Ros eburg; S. G. Mann, t sq., of Empire City li on. J. it. D. 1-endenson, and i 'ii -,of Lane county; Jacob' Hammer, Fsq., and the clerk ot Blenton country; James Elkina, Esq., and B.

Ii. Ramnsay & Co.) Linn county; W. C. Whjtson, Esq., Polk I I county ; lHon. Henry Warren, Joseph Watt, Judge Adams and Jackson Lippincott, Esq., Yamhill county; Hon. J2no. Mfin-to, of Mfarion county; W. C. Johnson, Esq., and Clerk of. the Court of Clackamas; H1. C. Coulson, Esq., and TI. A. W~ood & Co., Portland; Dr. Caples, of Colutn- 1 bia; RV 113. lle'ed, Req., of Wasco; P. C. Suillivan, M. p 11aker, and 13. P. Patterson, of Grand Ilolde valley; M0881r8. flugan1 & Wall, of Crescenit City, Col.