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Aspects of the Domestic Arrangements of the Household of King John, 1199-1216

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Aspects of the Domestic Arrangements of the Household of King John, 1199-1216 Serving the man that ruled: aspects of the domestic arrangements of the household of King John, 1199-1216 Henrietta Kaye A thesis submitted in September 2013 to the School of History at the University of East Anglia in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with the author and that use of any information derived there from must be in accordance with current UK Copyright Law. In addition, any quotation or extract must include full attribution. Abstract King John played a direct role in the domestic arrangements of his household. He shifted the function of officials, moulded the structure of household offices and took personal control over the purveyance of food, wine and luxuries. During his reign, John adapted his household to suit his circumstances and personal method of ruling. These findings reveal that a medieval king could be directly involved in the minutiae of his domestic establishment; this is an aspect of kingship not previously noticed by historians. It is upon these findings that this thesis makes its greatest original contribution to our understanding of the period. To reach these conclusions, this thesis examines the officials at court and in the localities who enabled the domestic side of the household to function effectively. Hitherto, the medieval royal household of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries has been studied as part of the wider system of Angevin government. The political, administrative and financial elements of court are, however, entirely outside my remit. This thesis interrogates the evidence of the household ordinances from the twelfth to fourteenth centuries, by using a corpus of record sources extant from 1199 onwards, which break through the façade of departmentalism to reveal the complexity of the royal household. The king’s chamber and his stewards are the focus of the first two chapters. These chapters show the changing nature of the household; they reveal the expansion of the chamber’s sphere of function and the decline of the stewards’ domestic role. The purveyance of household victuals is the focus of the final three chapters. These chapters demonstrate how the peripatetic nature of John’s household was enabled through a network of local and court officials. By serving King John in his domestic needs, these officials were a vital tool in the facilitation of his rule. 2 Table of Contents Abstract page ii Table of Contents iii Acknowledgements iv List of Abbreviations v 1. Introduction 9 2. Sources and methodologies 21 3. The Chamber 37 4. The Stewards 67 5. The Purveyance of Food 114 6. The Buttery: the Purveyance of Wine 156 7. The Purveyance of Luxuries: the Role of the Cornhill Family 189 8. Conclusion 221 Bibliography 226 3 Acknowledgements There are many people to whom I am indebted to and without whom this thesis would not have been possible. I would especially like to thank my supervisor, Stephen Church. His support and enthusiasm for this project has been a constant source of reassurance and inspiration. Without our regular meetings and lively discussions it would have been a great deal harder to bring the ideas in this thesis to fruition. Thank you to the many other staff at the University of East Anglia, in particular Julie Barrau, who has read drafts of a number of chapters and given me a useful, different perspective on my work. And to Nick Vincent, who has allowed me access to his extensive charter collection. Great thanks go to my Mum, Dad and Dave. To my Mum for always providing me with someone to talk to when I needed a break from the long silence of the library days. To Dave for making home such a lovely place to be during the times when I needed to relax. And to both my Dad and Grandma for all their support and interest; and, especially, for making the last year of study financially possible. Thank you also to all my friends who also have an interest in medieval history, sharing the PhD experience with you has made it all the more enjoyable. For my friends who don’t wholly share that interest, thank you for listening to me! Also, thank you for providing the necessary distractions and holidays from my work that have kept me happy and sane. Finally, great thanks go to the Arts and Humanities Research Council for funding this PhD. 4 Abbreviations BIHR Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research Book of Fees Liber Feodorum. The Book of Fees Commonly Called Testa de Neville, 3 vols (London, 1920-31) CFR Calendar of the Fine Rolls of the Reign of Henry III 1216-1234 (available both on the Henry III Fine Rolls Project's website (http://www.finerollshenry3.org.uk) and within Calendar of the Fine Rolls of the Reign of Henry III 1216–1234, ed. by P. Dryburgh and B. Hartland, technical ed. by A. Ciula and J. M. Vieira, 2 vols (Woodbridge, 2007) Church, Household Knights S. D. Church, The Household Knights of King John (Cambridge, 1999) Chron. Maj. Mattaei Parisiensis, Monachi Sancti Albani, Chronica Majora, ed. by H. R. Luard, Rolls Series, 7 vols (London, 1872-83) Dialogus and Constitutio Dialogus de Scaccario, and Constitutio Domus Regis: The Dialogue of the Exchequer, and The Establishment of the Royal Household, ed. by E. Amt and S. D. Church (Oxford, 2007) Docs. of English History Documents Illustrative of English History in the Thirteenth and 5 Fourteenth Centuries, ed. by H. Cole, Record Commission (London, 1844) EHR English Historical Review Fleta, ii Fleta, Vol II, ed. by H. Richardson and G. O. Sayles (London, 1955) Given-Wilson, King’s Affinity C. Given-Wilson, The Royal Household and the King’s Affinity: Service, Politics and Finance in England 1360- 1413 (London, 1986) Green, Government J. A. Green, The Government of England under Henry I (Cambridge, 1986) Jolliffe, Angevin Kingship J. E. A. Jolliffe, Angevin Kingship, 2nd edn (London, 1963) Kanter, ‘Itineraries’ J. E. Kanter, ‘Peripatetic and Sedentary Kingship: The Itineraries of the Thirteenth-Century English Kings’ (unpublished doctoral thesis, King’s College London, 2011) Map, De Nugis Walter Map: De Nugis Curialium, ed. by M. R. James, rev. by C. N. L. Brooke and R. A. B. Mynors (Oxford, 1983) Memoranda Roll 1 John The Memoranda Roll for the Michaelmas Term of the First Year of the Reign of King John, 1199-1200, ed. by H. G. Richardson, Pipe Roll Society, New Series, 21 (London, 1943) 6 Memoranda Roll 10 John The Memoranda Roll for the Tenth Year of King John (1207-8), ed. by R. Allen Brown, Pipe Roll Society, New Series, 31 (London, 1955) ODNB Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, online edition 2004 Pipe Rolls Pipe Rolls: citations to Pipe Rolls are to the regnal years of the reigning kings and published by the Pipe Roll Society, London Round, King’s Serjeants J. H. Round, The King’s Serjeants and the Great Officers of State: With their Coronation Services, (London, 1911) Red Book Red Book of the Exchequer, ed. H. Hall, Record Commission, 3 vols (London, 1986) Rot. Chart. Rotuli Chartarum in Turri Londinensi Asservati, ed. by T. Duffus Hardy, Record Commission (London, 1837) Rot. Fin. Rotuli de Oblatis et Finibus in Turri Londinensi Asservati, ed. by T. Duffus Hardy, Record Commission (London, 1835) Rot. Lib. John. Rotuli de Liberate ac de Misis et Praestitis Regnante Johanne, ed. by T. Duffus Hardy, Record Commission (London, 1844) Rot. Litt. Claus. Rotuli Litterarum Clausarum in Turri Londinensi Asservati, ed. by T. Duffus 7 Hardy, Record Commission, 2 vols (London, 1835, 1844) Rot. Litt. Pat. Rotuli Litterarum Patentium in Turri Londinensi Asservati, ed. by T. Duffus Hardy, Record Commission (London, 1835) Rot. Norm. Rotuli Normanniae in Turri Londinensi Asservati, ed. by T. Duffus Hardy, Record Commission (London, 1835) TCE Thirteenth Century England Conference TNA The National Archives Tout, Chapters T. F. Tout, Chapters in the Administrative History of Medieval England: the Wardrobe, the Chamber and the Small Seals, 6 vols (Manchester, 1920-33) Tout, Edward II T. F. Tout, The Place of Edward II in English History (Manchester, 1914) TRHS Transactions of the Royal Historical Society Vale, Princely Court M. Vale, The Princely Court: Medieval Courts and Culture in North-West Europe, 1270-1380 (Oxford, 2001) VCH Victoria History of the Counties of England, ed. by H. A. Doubleday, W. Page, L. Salzman, R. B. Pugh and C. R. Elrington (Oxford, 1900- ) Warren, King John W. L. Warren, King John (London, 1961) 8 Chapter 1: Introduction ‘The value of this historical document is inestimable’.1 So wrote Hubert Hall, the nineteenth-century archivist and editor of the earliest extant depiction of the English medieval royal household, the Constitutio Domus Regis. Scarcely has a decade passed in the century since Hall wrote these words in which there has been no significant contribution to our interpretation of this document. The study of the Constitutio has defined much of our understanding of the medieval royal household from the end of the eleventh century until the reign of Edward I, which produced its own household ordinance in 1279.2 Having survived in three thirteenth-century copies, the Constitutio has consistently inspired rigorous debate.3 The dating of the original has, in particular, given rise to varying suggestions. Initially, Hall put forward a date in the reign of Henry II. Six years later, however, in his The Red Book of the Exchequer, Hall adjusted his assessment to agree with the dating given by the scribe of the Red Book to the reign of Henry I.4 Yet, within the document lies indications of that king’s death - Henry I died on 1 December 1135 - which shifted the dating of the Constitutio to c.1136, prompting the suggestion by G.H.
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