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ORT Vol. 2 V18 9/5/10 01:09 Page 2 ORT Vol ORT vol. 2 v18 9/5/10 01:09 Page 2 ORT vol. 2 v18 9/5/10 01:09 Page 2 ORT vol. 2 v18 9/5/10 01:09 Page 1 Educating for Life ORT vol. 2 v18 9/5/10 01:09 Page 2 ORT vol. 2 v18 9/5/10 01:09 Page 3 Educating for Life New Chapters in the History of ORT Edited by Rachel Bracha Adi Drori-Avraham Geoffrey Yantian ORT vol. 2 v18 9/5/10 01:09 Page 4 Published by World ORT 2010 ORT House, 126 Albert Street, London NW1 7NE Copyright © 2010 World ORT Designed by Jane Havell Associates All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either prior permission in writing from the publishers or a licence permitting restricted copying. In the United Kingdom such licences are issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS Printed and bound in Great Britain by Cpod, a division of Cromwell Press Group, Trowbridge, Wiltshire ORT vol. 2 v18 9/5/10 01:09 Page 5 This book is dedicated to our parents, who fled Eastern Europe for Mexico with little more than their Jewish culture and religion. As we remember them now, we realize how ORT must have touched them in many ways. It must have been that way because they were, at heart, natural ORTists. HELEN AND MAURICIO MERIKANSKAS ORT vol. 2 v18 9/5/10 01:09 Page 6 Contents Archive materials 8 Illustrations 10 Foreword Sir Maurice Hatter 14 Foreword Robert Singer 15 Introduction Gennady Estraikh 17 Note on the archive materials 24 I. HISTORY 1. A Quest for Integration: Nikolai Bakst and ‘his’ ORT, 1880–1904 26 Gennady Estraikh FROM THE ARCHIVE 41 2. Building a Jewish Economy: the last decade of the Russian Empire 51 Gennady Estraikh FROM THE ARCHIVE 66 3. From Foreign Delegation to World ORT Union 76 Gennady Estraikh FROM THE ARCHIVE 95 4. From Berlin to Paris and Beyond: the 1930s and 1940s 110 Gennady Estraikh FROM THE ARCHIVE 128 5. ORT in the Soviet State, 1917–1938 134 Alexander Ivanov FROM THE ARCHIVE 154 6. ORT and the Rehabilitation of Holocaust Survivors: from the DP camps to Israel 164 Sarah Kavanaugh FROM THE ARCHIVE 181 7. ORT in Post-Holocaust Poland 196 Gennady Estraikh FROM THE ARCHIVE 212 ORT vol. 2 v18 9/5/10 01:09 Page 7 Contents 7 II. RECENT TIMES 8. ORT’s Return to the Former Soviet Union: 1989–2008 226 Vyacheslav Leshchiner 9. World ORT 238 Judah Harstein and Geoffrey Yantian 10. The American Anchor Revisited: recent decades 257 Lynn Leeb 11. ORT and Fundraising: challenges and achievements in recent years 272 Judah Harstein and Harry Nadler 12. Renewal and Growth: an update on ORT’s work around the world 291 Adi Drori-Avraham World ORT leadership 327 Notes on contributors 332 Index 337 ORT vol. 2 v18 9/5/10 01:09 Page 8 Archive materials 1. A Quest for Integration: Nikolai Bakst and ‘his’ ORT, 1880–1904 Gregory Aronson, ‘The Genesis of ORT: pages from the history of Russian-Jewish intelligentsia’, in 80 Years of ORT: Historical Materials, Documents and Reports (Geneva: ORT, 1960), pp. 19–21. World ORT Archive, ref. d04a016. 2. Building a Jewish Economy: the last decade of the Russian Empire Jacob Frumkin, ‘Stages of ORT Activities’, in Materials and Memoirs: Chapters for the History of ORT (Geneva: ORT, 1955), pp. 65–67. World ORT Archive, ref. d07a008. L. V. Frenkiel, ‘Souvenirs: from the diary of L. V. Frenkiel’, in Materials and Memoirs: Chapters for the History of ORT (Geneva: ORT, 1955), pp. 45–50. World ORT Archive, ref. d07a008. Abraham C. Litton, ‘My First Steps in ORT’, in Materials and Memoirs: Chapters for the History of ORT (Geneva: ORT, 1955), pp. 55–58. World ORT Archive, ref. d07a008 [full title as included in other references from this book: My First Steps in ORT: A. C. Litton, New York]. 3. From Foreign Delegation to World ORT Union Sussia Goldman, Moshe Zilberfarb and Aron Syngalowski, ‘Is ORT a Society or a Movement?’, three essays in Sussia Goldman (ed.), In Memoriam: Dr Aron Syngalowski. After Ten Years, 1956–1966 (Geneva: ORT, 1966), pp. 13–30. World ORT Archive, ref. d07a009. 4. From Berlin to Paris and Beyond: the 1930s and 1940s Sussia Goldman, ‘Three Men – Three Dreams’, undated essay. World ORT Archive, ref. d07a260. ORT vol. 2 v18 9/5/10 01:09 Page 9 Archive materials 9 5. ORT in the Soviet State, 1917–1938 ‘The Interview of Mr. Smidovitch with Lord Marley, Moscow, 23rd August, 1932’ (English version). The Russian State Archive of Economics (RGAE), f. 5244, op. 1, d. 567, ll. 15–20. ‘Some Notes on Biro Bidgan [Birobidzhan] by Lord Marley’, typescript, October 1933 (English version), State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF), f. P–7541, op. 1, d. 567, ll. 15–20. 6. ORT and the Rehabilitation of Holocaust Survivors: from the DP camps to Israel Franklin J. Keller, ‘The Miracle of ORT among the DPs’, ORT Economic Review, 7/4–5 (June–September 1948), pp. 3–15. World ORT Archive, ref. d05a093. A. C. Glassgold, ‘The Spirit will Rise: the miracle of Landsberg’, ORT Economic Review, 7/3 (March 1947), pp. 12–18. World ORT Archive, ref. d05a092. 7. ORT in Post-Holocaust Poland Joseph Chorin and Vladimir Halperin, ‘Report on Mr J. Chorin’s and Mr V. Halperin’s Mission to Poland, 10th–25th September, 1957’, 23 October 1957. World ORT Archive, ref. d07a264. ORT vol. 2 v18 9/5/10 01:09 Page 10 Illustrations I. HISTORY Title page of book, published in St Petersburg, 1884, listing the donations made in aid of the creation of The Society for Trades and Agriculture Among the Jews in Russia [ORT] between 1880 and 1883 41 Hat making at an ORT Union workshop, Odessa, Ukraine, 1935 67 Farmers supported by ORT in the village of Pervomaisk, Odessa district, Ukraine, 1920s–1930s 78 Early ORT France meeting in Paris, 1923. Dr Syngalowski (standing) with Leo Glaser, president of ORT France 79 Delegates at the 1923 World ORT Union Congress in Danzig. Dr Syngalowski is seated second from the left. Next to him are Jacob Tsegelnitski, Dr Leon Bramson and Dr David Lvovitch 83 Departure to the field at Friling colony, Odessa region, 1930 85 A blacksmith’s shop in Sholem Aleichem agricultural collective near Odessa, Ukraine, 1930 87 An ORT stand at an agricultural exhibition in Kishinev, 1925 88 Poster advertising a charity concert held in London in aid of the ORT Vilna (Vilnius) Technicum. The star of the concert, Isa Kremer, was internationally renowned as a performer of Yiddish and Russian folk songs during the 1920s and 1930s 95 German Jewish refugees during an ORT vocational course in Lithuania, 1933–34 111 At the ORT Berlin school, November 1938. Meal time and student blacksmith Bernard Joseph 112 ORT fashion design course in Paris, 1939 114 Electricity workshop at the ORT Kovno (Kaunas) school, Lithuania, 1939 118 Working with cement at ORT Vilna (Vilnius), 1936 118 Dr and Mrs Syngalowski arrive in South Africa, 1936 119 An ORT student band, The Rhythm Teddies, performing at the school which was transferred from Berlin to Leeds, c. 1940 122 Dr Syngalowski during a visit to Poland in 1938 123 The archive at the ORT Vilna (Vilnius) Technicum in Poland (now Lithuania), 1930s 128 Using a new American washing machine at a home worker’s laundry in southern Odessa district, autumn 1930. The machine was supplied by ORT and paid for by relatives abroad 136 Workshop in Kopir-Kabluk co-operative, Odessa, Ukraine, 1930. Profiling machines were paid for by relatives abroad and supplied by World ORT Union 138 Construction work in Birobidzhan 139 Delivery of equipment purchased by World ORT Union and sent to Jacob Tsegelnitski in the USSR. New York, 1930s 141 Fitting wheels to carts in Birobidzhan, 1930s 143 ORT vol. 2 v18 9/5/10 01:09 Page 11 Illustrations 11 Basket-weaving courses for women organized by ORT Union in Birobidzhan, 1936 144 Comrade Torchik, a worker of the lime plant at Londoko, a re-settler from Palestine (undated) 146 Session of the communist cell at Friling colony, Odessa region, Ukraine (undated) 148 A small grocery shop in a shtetl, Belorussia, 1927 154 ORT course in the Warsaw Ghetto, 14 March 1941 165 ORT sewing course at the Bergen-Belsen DP camp, in the British Zone of Germany, 1947 169 Mechanics’ workshop at the Bergen-Belsen DP camp, in the British Zone of Germany, 1947 170 Electrical engineering course at the Exodus camp ORT school in Emden in the British Zone of Germany, January 1948 172 ORT pilot training course, Italy, 1948. Graduates of the course joined the newly established Israeli Air Force 174 ORT students in Ben Shemen, Israel, unloading machinery shipped from World ORT Union’s DP programme in Italy, c. 1950 176 ORT school for rug-making in Ramla, Israel, c. 1950 177 Pamphlet cover: ORT Vocational School in Bergen-Belsen 1945–1947. The illustration shows the ORT school arch, erected in the camp’s Freedom Square, by ORT’s carpentry and electro-technicians course participants 181 ORT school for radio technicians, Dzierzoniow, Poland, 1948 198 Students at the ORT school for weaving in Bielsko-Biala, Poland, c. 1948–49 199 A student at the ORT training workshop for leather processing in Cracow, Poland, c.
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