Final Report for Design, Development And

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To cite this publication: GIC/ESRI Canada (2011). Spatial Data Infrastructure for Monitoring Development Outcomes in Uganda. Washington, D.C.: infoDev / World Bank. Available at http://www.infodev.org/publications.

Table Of Contents

LIST OF TABLES ...... V LIST OF FIGURES ...... V LIST OF BOXES ...... V LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...... V EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... VIII CHAPTER ONE ...... 1 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND ...... 1 1.1.1 Background ...... 1 1.1.2 Objectives ...... 1 1.1.3 Scope of Services ...... 1 1.2 UGANDA COUNTRY PROFILE ...... 1 1.2.1 Geography ...... 1 1.2.2 Conventions ...... 2 1.3 METHODOLOGY AND APPROACH...... 2 1.3.1 Approach ...... 2 1.3.2 Methodology ...... 2 1.4 ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS ...... 4 1.4.1 Assumptions...... 4 1.4.2 Limitations ...... 4 CHAPTER TWO ...... 5 2 SDI HISTORICAL TRENDS IN UGANDA ...... 5 2.1 LEGAL AND POLICY REVIEW ...... 5 2.1.1 Policy and Legislative Environment ...... 5 2.1.2 The National Environment Act 1995 ...... 5 2.1.3 The Uganda Constitution, 1995 ...... 5 2.1.4 The National Water Policy 1999 ...... 6 2.1.5 The Information and Communication Technology Policy 2003...... 6 2.1.6 The National Land Policy 2009 ...... 7 2.2 SDI INITIATIVES AND INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT ...... 8 2.2.1 Institutional Review ...... 8 2.2.2 Blom Consortium Study, 2001 ...... 9 2.2.3 Karamoja Data Centre (KDC) ...... 12 2.2.4 The Uganda Spatial Data Infrastructure (USDI) ...... 14 2.2.5 Environmental Information Network (EIN) ...... 14 2.2.6 National Integrated Management and Evaluation Strategy (NIMES) ...... 16 2.2.7 Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) ...... 16 2.2.8 Land Information System Project (LIS) ...... 18 2.2.9 GEO-IM Working Group ...... 19 2.2.10 The National Planning Authority ...... 19 2.2.11 Other Findings ...... 20 2.3 FINDINGS OF GI RESOURCE INVENTORY ...... 22 2.3.1 Approach and Methodology ...... 22 2.3.2 Findings ...... 24 2.3.3 Data/Information Management Activities ...... 25 2.3.4 Software Inventory ...... 26 2.3.5 Data Standards ...... 28 2.3.6 Coordinate Systems ...... 28 2.3.7 Metadata ...... 29 2.3.8 Geo Spatial Data ...... 30 2.3.9 Data Access and Sharing ...... 32 2.3.10 Human Resource Capacity ...... 34 2.3.11 ICT Framework ...... 35

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2.3.12 Survey of Internet Service Providers (ISP) ...... 37 2.3.13 Situational Analysis ...... 40 CHAPTER THREE ...... 43 3.1 AFRICAN INITIATIVES ...... 43 3.1.1 Ethiopia ...... 43 3.1.2 Sierra Leone...... 44 3.1.3 South Africa ...... 46 3.1.4 Zambia ...... 47 2.3.5 Final Comment on African Trends ...... 48 3.2 INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVES ...... 48 3.2.1 Australia and New Zealand ...... 49 3.2.2 Canada ...... 50 3.2.3 Croatia ...... 51 3.2.4 EU INSPIRE ...... 53 3.2.5 The Netherlands ...... 54 3.2.6 Singapore ...... 55 3.2.7 Sweden ...... 56 3.2.8 United States of America ...... 58 3.3 DRIVERS AND TRENDS IN SDI ...... 59 3.3.1 Institutional and Commercial Matters ...... 59 3.3.2 SDI Technology Trends ...... 62 2.3.3 SDI for Monitoring Development Outcomes ...... 64 CHAPTER FOUR ...... 73 4 GOOD SDI PRACTICES AND LESSONS LEARNT...... 73 4.1 EXAMPLES OF GOOD SDI PRACTICES ...... 73 4.1.1 Good Practical Examples of Using GIS and SDI Tools ...... 73 4.1.2 A Good Practice example of SDI Network for Developing Geodata sets ...... 73 4.1.3 Mapping for a Better Future: Spatial Analysis and Pro-Poor Livestock Management ...... 75 4.1.4 Challenges in Implementation of Good SDI Practices ...... 75 4.2 LESSONS LEARNT AND INSIGHT GAINED ...... 79 4.2.1 Lessons from Uganda ...... 79 4.2.2 Lessons and Guiding Principles ...... 80 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 82 5.1 CONCLUSIONS ...... 82 5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 82 6 REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………………………...... 81 7 ANNEXES ...... 85 7.1 ANNEX 1: LIST OF STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTED ...... 85 7.2 ANNEX 2: PROJECTS RELEVANT TO SDI ...... 87 7.3 ANNEX 3: GI USES BY SECTOR ...... 88 7.4 ANNEX 4: CROATIA SDI LAW PROVISIONS ...... 89 7.5 ANNEX 5: LAND AGENCIES: GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE ...... 95 7.6 ANNEX 6: LIST OF MDA’S AND DATA TYPES PRODUCED ...... 96 7.8 ANNEX 8: INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVES DETAILS ...... 107 7.8.1 Australia and New Zealand ...... 107 7.8.2 Canada ...... 111 7.8.3 Croatia ...... 117 7.8.4 EU INSPIRE ...... 119 7.8.5 The Netherlands ...... 126 7.8.6 Singapore ...... 128 7.8.7 Sweden ...... 133 7.8.8 United States of America ...... 138 7.8.9 South Africa ...... 142

List of Tables Table 2-1: Institutions of the horizontal EIN and their data responsibilities ...... 15 Table 2-2: Respondents according to production of core data sets ...... 23 Table 2-3: Stakeholder Categories ...... 23 Table 2-4: Stakeholders categorized based on Geographic coverage ...... 25 Table 2-5: Percentages of Data Access Types ...... 26 Table 2-6: Hardware Inventory by Ministries and Agencies ...... 27 Table 2-7: Adopted Parameters of Reference Systems ...... 29 Table 2-8: List of Thematic datasets ...... 29 Table 2-9: Data format and geographic coverage ...... 30 Table 2-10: Number of Organizations that produce/use geospatial data ...... 31 Table 2-11: Types of data storage media ...... 32 Table 2-12: Access policies by respondent ...... 33 Table 2-13: Pricing policy ...... 33 Table 2-14: Qualification among staff ...... 34 Table 2-15: Number of staff per qualification versus skill types ...... 35 Table 2-16: UTL Internet Service Products ...... 37 Table 2-17: Products of Afsat Communications Uganda Limited ...... 38 Table 3-1: Millenium Development Goals ...... 67 Table 4-1: ICT and LIS in the National Development Plan 2010-2014 ...... 76

List Of Figures Figure 2.1: Possible Sources of Funds for NSDI ...... 21 Figure 2.2: Stakeholder Categories ...... 24 Figure 2.3: Stakeholder Categories ...... 25 Figure 2.4: Percentages of Data Access by Organization ...... 26 Figure 2.5: Databases used by Respondents ...... 28 Figure 2.6: Data use according to storage media ...... 31 Figure 2.7: Number of Respondents producing datasets ...... 32 Figure 2.8: Number of respondents according to data formats ...... 33 Figure 2.9: Percentage of staff with IT skills ...... 35 Figure 2.10: Availability of Networks among respondents ...... 36 Figure 4.1: Uganda Map - Poverty Density by Sub-county in High Milk Surplus Areas ...... 74

List Of Boxes Box 1: Institutional Framework ...... 10 Box 2: Characteristics of the EIN ...... 16

List Of Abbreviations CAA Civil Aviation Authority CFI Computer Frontiers International DWD Directorate of Water Development EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIN Environmental Information Network ERA Electricity Regulatory Authority ESRI Environmental Systems Research Institute

EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation FGDs Focus Group Discussions FTP File Transfer Protocol GCU GIS Coordination Unit Geo-IM Geo Information Management, Uganda GI Geographic Information GIC Geo-Information Communication GIS Geographic Information System GoU Government of Uganda GSDI Global Spatial Data Infrastructure GTZ German Technical Corporation IASC Inter-Agency Standing Committee ICT Information Communication Technology ILRI International Livestock Research Institute ILS International Land Systems IPR Intellectual Property Rights KNSDI Kenya National Spatial Data Infrastructure LSSP Land Sector Strategy Plan MAAIF Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries MDA Ministries, Departments and Agencies MDGs Millennium Development Goals MEMD Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development MoES Ministry of Education and Sports MoFPED Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development MoGLSD Ministry of Gender Labour Social Development MoH Ministry of Health MoLG Ministry of Local Government MoLHUD Ministry of Lands Housing and Urban Development MoTTI Ministry of Trade Tourism and Industry MoU Memorandum of Understanding MoW Ministry of Works MoWE Ministry of Water and Environment MTN Mobile Telephone Network NAADS National Agricultural Advisory Services NARO National Agricultural Research Organization NDP National Development Plan NEA National Environment Act NEMA National Environment Management Authority NFA National Forestry Authority NGOs Non Governmental Organizations NIMES National Integrated Monitoring and Evaluation Strategy NISDIC National Interagency Spatial Data Infrastructure Committee NITA-U National Information Technology Authority- Uganda NPA National Planning Authority NSIF National Spatial Information Framework NWSC National Water and Sewerage Corporation NUDC Northern Uganda Data Centre OCHA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs OGC Open GIS Consortium OPM Office of the Prime Minister PEAP Poverty Eradication Action Plan PEPD Petroleum Exploration and Production Department PMA Plan for Modernization of Agriculture PNSD Plan for National Statistics Development PSCP Private Sector Competitiveness Project

PSFU Private Sector Foundation Uganda REA Rural Electrification Agency RCMRD Regional Centre for Mapping of Resources for Development SDI Spatial Data Infrastructure SLA Service Level Agreement TA Technical Assistance ToR Terms of Reference TTLs Task Team Leaders UBOS Uganda Bureau of Statistics UEGCL Uganda Electricity Generation Company Limited UETCL Uganda Electricity Transmission Company Limited UEDCL Uganda Electricity Distribution Company Limited UGSDI Uganda Spatial Data Infrastructure (current initiative) UN United Nations UNCED United Nations Convention on Environment and Development UNCST Uganda National Council of Science and Technology UNECA United Nations Economic Commission for Africa URA Uganda Revenue Authority UIA Uganda Investment Authority UMA Uganda manufactures Association USA United States of America USDI Uganda Society for Spatial Data Infrastructure (previous initiative - now defunct) UTL Uganda Telecom Limited UWA Uganda Wildlife Authority VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol WDR World Development Report, World Bank WG Working Group

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Executive Summary Spatial Data Infrastructure is a framework of analysis and visualisation. Most of these MDAs spatial data, metadata, users and tools that are offer un-restricted access to their data except for interactively connected in order to use spatial sensitive datasets. They also use commercial data in an efficient and flexible way. It and open source software in data analysis and encompasses the technology, policies, standards Image processing. and institutional arrangements that facilitate the availability and access of spatial data. It Data standards used by the stakeholders indicate promotes Geo-Information sharing which is an shifts from analogue data to digital datasets with essential resource in addressing challenges specified coordinate systems. Use of Metadata pertaining to poverty, disease, environmental has been limited since most institutions have not degradation and poor infrastructure among participated actively in carrying out the practice others. Since SDI enhances the availability and as revealed by the study. Geo-spatial data use, use of Geographic Information for decision access and sharing, human resource capacity and makers, it increases the prospects for better ICT frameworks were also examined with decision making, hence improved management, various internet service providers like MTN, development of national resources and UTL Afsat, Infocom, SpaceNet, Broad Band monitoring development outcomes. Company, BushNet, Uganda online, Africa Online - Uganda among others, as the leading In Uganda, the use of GIS can be characterised internet service providers. as being user or project-driven rather than due to any deliberate government policy. Until Various International trends were examined August 2010, there was no government body from both developed and developing charged with implementation or mandate to co- countries,especially those from whom lessons ordinate GIS or SDI activities. However, can be drawn. This elaborated the drivers and government made attempts in the past to create trends from which Ugandans can learn in order institutions to spearhead the development of to come up with an NSDI. SDI in the country. These included: the GIS Task Force established by the Ministry of SDI has also been identified as an effective tool Finance, Planning and Economic Development for monitoring development outcomes, in 2000; the Karamoja Data Centre; the National including MDGs, in Uganda, this can be best Integrated Monitoring and Evaluation Strategy applied by the Land Information Systems, (NIMES) and the Uganda Society for Spatial National cadastres, environmental management, Data Infrastructure (USDI). The Uganda the electoral process, education, healthcare, e- Constitution, 1995, and various policies and government services and transportation legislation stress the use and relevance of planning . Common to programme planning GI/GIS/SDI. These include the National across many of these services is the setting of Environment management Statute, 1995, the quantitative and qualitative objectives and Information and Communication Technology regularly measuring progress towards them. Policy 2003, the Draft National Land Policy There are a number of isolated activities and 2011 and the National Water Policy 1999. initiatives in Uganda that are directed to the realization of SDI objectives. These include During the survey, it was established that most using GIS tools to collect, analyze and publish MDAs participate in primary and secondary data data as well as setting up programs. collection, processing and publication, data warehousing, dissemination, data interpretation,

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The study found that most of these SDI related existing policies regarding security and projects are donor funded, therefore, making it restrictions and lack of national laws regarding important for the government to set up a body to SDI. that oversees SDI related activities such as Challenges related to unclear mandates of monitoring and evaluation of development various MDAs and lack of annual budgets for funds, leadership, legal framework, technology, key Data Sets, lack of Incentives for policy and legislations regarding spatial data in Cooperation also reverse the efforts of a NSDI the country. in Uganda.

Challenges and Bottlenecks were identified in all Therefore, there are some principles and the countries practicing SDI and there are insights relating to SDI to follow as a result of growing pressures to improve geospatial the lessons learnt. There is particular need to information and to make it available to public remain sensitive to momentum and ensure SDI sector authorities and civil society. However, implementation sustainability through these bottlenecks and barriers impede successive, smaller, “quick win” deliverables. As development and introduce obstacles in such far as possible, leverage and build on the areas as GIS and spatial and environmental existing efforts, structures, and institutional research, public and commercial innovative arrangements. There is need to be sensitive and services, and strategy creation. have a mitigation plan for technological challenges during the early phases of SDI The specific challenges include: technical implementation activities. challenges related to fragmented and diffused reference spatial data across cities, regions, the While the longer-term architecture and country and neighbouring countries; different application areas of an SDI will be generic and formats of reference data i.e. coordinate system, cross-disciplinary, focus initially on specific grid system, map projection, files and data base application areas that address well-articulated formats; different classification systems and needs. When concrete application areas are definitions of objects like roads, cities, rivers, absent, SDI initiatives tend to lose traction. A administrative borders; complications in Mitigation plan for technological challenges cartographic representations and symbols; lack during the early phases of SDI implementation of common rules for edge matching between activities should also be taken care of with data bases in different cities, rural areas, regions, legislation as a powerful SDI enabler. All especially between countries; lack of one stakeholders therefore, need to be engaged and common data model format, data bases; limited encouraged to remain at the NSDI table. common access points and metadata; non

Chapter One promising and highly interested developing 1 INTRODUCTION countries which will participate in the overall 1.1 Project Background project.

1.1.1 Background 1.1.3 Scope of Services Geo-Information Communication (GIC) The scope of the assignment included provision of the following services: Limited and ESRI Canada were jointly awarded a contract to provide consulting services for the a). Production of Inception, Interim, Final, Republic of Uganda’s Spatial Data Infrastructure and Assignment Completion Reports, (SDI) project. As part of a World Bank initiative as well as monthly progress reports; under the infoDev Program, the project will help b). Carrying out research in the current Uganda develop a framework for broader and state of GI/GIS/SDI in the Uganda; more effective use of spatial data and geographic c). Carrying out research in historical information systems (GIS) to monitor the trends in the use and development of country’s progress in achieving its development GI/GIS/SDI; goals. d). Identifying and documenting examples of best practices in the use of The Information for Development Program GI/GIS/SDI in addressing (infoDev) is a donor-funded agency of the World development challenges; Bank that helps developing countries and their e). Specifying lessons learned and insights international partners maximize the impact of gained; information and communication technology f). Developing a strategy for improving the (ICT) on development and poverty reduction, use of GI and GIS and advancing the with a particular focus on increasing access to development of Ugandan SDI(s); and information infrastructure, applications and g). Establishing close collaboration with services, and supporting private sector ICT key potential SDI stakeholders. innovators and entrepreneurs. The project is focused, in particular, on one 1.2 Uganda Country Profile specific application of GI/GIS/SDI, namely, monitoring development outcomes and the 1.2.1 Geography achievement of the Millennium Development Uganda is a constitutional republic of 112 Goals (MDGs) which is in line with Uganda’s districts and a unicameral National Assembly of National Development Plan 2010. The Uganda 332 seats and 13 ex-officio members who serve SDI project is being undertaken through funds five-year terms. It is a land-locked country lying from the Korean Trust Fund on ICT4D on the equator in eastern Africa. It shares administered by infoDev. The project, which borders with Sudan, Democratic Republic of commenced on 2nd August 2010, is expected to Congo, Rwanda, Tanzania and Kenya. The total be completed in February 2011. area is 241,038 square kilometres of which 197,100 square kilometres is covered by land 1.1.2 Objectives and the remaining 43,938 square kilometres is The specific objective of the assignment as covered by water. 20% of the country is covered stated in the Terms of Reference (ToR) was to by inland lakes. The rest ranges through tropical design and advice in the implementation of a rain forest to savannah with mountains on the Technical Assistance (TA) component on western border. The climate is tropical. The Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) in Uganda. population was 33.3 million estimate 2010, with The ToR noted that Uganda is one of two

1 a population growth rate of 3.5% (2009) and the (TTLs) in order to discuss and agree on the GDP/capita was USD1, 220 (World Bank, work plan, logistics, assignment co- 2009). ordination and presentation of the Inception report in the first Stakeholder 1.2.2 Conventions Workshop.

Uganda is party to many international b) Project Orientation: – The findings of the agreements such as Biodiversity, Climate scoping study and the findings of the other Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, components of the overall project was used Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of for orientation of the project by outlining the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer action program for the remaining stages of Protection and Wetlands. the project. The program clearly identified and set the tasks to be performed, timelines Geo-information is an essential resource in and benchmarks. addressing poverty, health issues, environmental degradation and poor infrastructure. The need While the above tasks were of importance and for spatial information was clearly recognized at needed to be undertaken in a thorough and the United Nations Convention on professional manner, strong emphasis was be Environment and Development (UNCED) put in the project to developing the strategy conference in Rio de Janiero in 1992, where it mentioned in task 6 of the ToR, particularly in a was stated that geographic data is fundamental manner which helps to create local ‘buy-in’ and in addressing global environmental issues ownership and which, as far as possible, creates (Clarke et al., 1999). a sustainable basis for expanded relevant use of GI and GIS and for the development of a Nowadays, it is increasingly being realized that Ugandan SDI. easy access to spatial information by policy makers and administrators is important for the 1.3.2 Methodology sustainable socio-economic development of a The methodology sets out a proposed approach nation. This is reflected in the growing interest on how the study was executed. The section also in the concept of Spatial Data Infrastructure provides a detailed description of the (SDI) at the national and global levels. Since methodology and approach as follows: SDI helps provide geographic information to a). Scoping Study - The project started with decision makers, it offers the prospect of better scoping study that took a brief overview decision-making in the management and of the state of play regarding GI, GIS development of resources and, hence, improved and SDI in Uganda. This study was socio-economic growth and environmental geared towards qualitative data through quality. which perceptions and in-depth 1.3 Methodology and Approach understanding of the situation of GI, GIS and SDI was solicited. With the 1.3.1 Approach help of the Task Team Leaders and literature review of previous studies, a In order to implement the project successfully, list of key project stakeholders and the assignment was sub-divided into two stages, contributors was developed and namely Inception and Project Orientation as prioritised for use in the key discussed below: information interview. a) Project Inception: - The Inception stage was b). Stakeholder Workshops – Stakeholder the general scoping study which involved Workshops were held to present the holding consultative meetings with local Inception and the two Interim reports stakeholders and the Task Team Leaders

for discussions. About 50 participants and in the specializations related from government agencies, NGOs, SDI application. Universities, UN agencies and World iv. Hardware/software: - This looked at Bank attended each workshop. the hardware facilities owned by the Presentations were made by lead identified MDAs, the specific consultants and comments as well as software, the telecommunication suggestions were made in the plenary and internet services. sessions. Proposals made by the participants formed the basis for d). Telephone Interview: - It was realized revising the draft reports. during the scoping study that the telecommunication as well as the c). Structured Interviews – Interviews were Internet Service Providers had a unique carried out using structured and important contribution to make in questionnaire and targeted priority terms of service provision to the SDI Ministries, Departments and Agencies development in Uganda. The structured including those recommended by questionnaire had to be supplemented Swedish Consortium 2001 report for to capture information on this category support. The interviews broadly sought of stakeholders. Telephone interviews to investigate issues pertaining to SDI were conducted with the internet development in Uganda, monitoring service providers to identify the services and evaluation of development projects, provided by each of them. human and technological capacity issues as well as opportunities for SDI e). Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) – Several development. The questionnaire was focus group discussions plus formal divided into the following four main meetings of potential SDI stakeholders, categories: GIS/SDI associations, NGOs and members of the statistical community i. Institutional description: - this covered the were conducted which aimed at the level of operation, ownership of the contribution of ideas, comments and organization, the national plans and suggestions. The most important strategies such as economic groups met several times during this development land use and natural study were the Geo-IM Working recourses use and development. Group, the National Interagency Spatial Data Committee as well as the SDI ii. Datasets produced and used: - this Board members of National Planning identified the core data Authority. management activities of the various key stakeholder f). Document Review – This involved the organization especially data review of documents (including collection activities, the major users programme reports and policies) related of the data produced and metadata to GI, GIS and SDI development both development issues. It also aimed at locally and globally for monitoring identifying the various data formats development outcomes and the generated and stored by the various Millennium Development Goals as well stakeholders. as other applications. The review iii. Human capacity: - The inventory was assisted in creating an understanding of basically to understand the existing the baseline issues with respect to SDI, human capacity in terms of formal as well as in gathering already and on-the-job skills/qualifications documented evidence around the subject matter for the project. The

methodology further involved a detailed 1.4.2 Limitations review of the existing initiatives and A wide range of Stakeholders were consulted at programs that support or manage GI, Stakeholder Workshops and interviews, with the GIS and SDI efforts for monitoring inventory of SDI resources owned and development outcomes. This included stakeholders targeted organizations depending analysis of the activities of the Geo-IM on the Swedish Consortium report of 2001. The Working Group in terms of policy analyses of the findings were, therefore, limited support, legislation, organizational/ to respondents from the above category. institutional arrangements as well as other aspects provided in the scope of There was reluctance by some of the key MDAs services. to respond to the questionnaires administered. The most common reasons cited were lack of 1.4 Assumptions and Limitations authority to give information on behalf of the organization, absence of key persons during the 1.4.1 Assumptions period of the interviews and lack of understanding of the questions. It was not necessary, as earlier planned, to impress upon our clients and Uganda the Most key MDAs do not have GIS facilities and importance of high ministerial involvement in therefore did not fill in some sections of the this SDI business especially NSDI. This was questionnaire which were irrelevant to them. because the National Planning Authority who The incomplete questionnaires were left out of had been given the mandate of spearheading the analysis. SDI development at the start of the present study in mid-2010 fully embraced the program Some respondents cited the failure of previous and was already in advanced stages of SDI SDI initiatives as the reason for their lack of implementation. The Chairman of NPA has a enthusiasm and desire to participate in this cabinet level mandate and responsibilities and is, exercise. therefore, in a position to champion the development of SDI at all levels of government. The project was formulated in agreement with Uganda Bureau of Statistics as the main SDI It was noted that the project focus is partly on implementing agency. However, the creation of SDI including for monitoring development NISDIC under the auspices of National outcomes in relation to MDGs in Uganda and Planning Authority changed that original that this SDI TA project has a limited scope reporting arrangement. This process took about and budget and does not cover all aspects of a four months to formalize therefore causing national SDI. This was made clear (in the some delays in decision making and reporting Stakeholder Workshop) in order to avoid arrangements. reducing or widening the scope of the implementation strategy which will be produced within this project.

Chapter Two of general legislation that have had a big impact 2 SDI HISTORICAL TRENDS IN on GI in Uganda are discussed in the following UGANDA subsections. 2.1 Legal and Policy Review 2.1.2 The National Environment Act 1995 2.1.1 Policy and Legislative Environment The National Environment Act Cap 153 articles 85–87 provide for access, management and The use of GIS in Uganda can be characterised regular dissemination of environmental as user- or project-driven and not due to any information. These principles and commitments deliberate government policy. Until August confirm that access to environmental 2010, there was no government body charged information, effective participation in with implementation or mandate to co-ordinate environmental decision making and access to GIS or SDI activities. However, in the past justice provide critical opportunities to the government made attempts to create institutions public to influence both their living conditions to spearhead the development of SDI in the and the broader environment. Access to country. These included the GIS Task Force environmental information is, therefore, not established by Ministry of Finance, Planning and only a theoretical achievement or philosophical Economic Development in 2000, the Karamoja entitlement but a practical vehicle for realizing Data Centre, the National Integrated sustainable development (Kiss and Ewing, Monitoring and Evaluation Strategy (NIMES) undated). and the Uganda Society for Spatial Data Infrastructure (USDI). Section 4 of the Act establishes and defines functions of the National Environment Up to now there is no policy or Memorandum Management Authority (NEMA) as a body of Understanding (MOU) for spatial data access responsible for management, monitoring and or exchange in the country. However, some supervision of all environmental conservation MOUs exist among various institutions for joint activities. data collection and sharing activities. The UGSDI meeting of March 22nd, 2006, held in Other relevant pieces of general legislation that Makerere University, emphasized the dire need have potentially a big effect on GI in Uganda for a GI policy and also to put mechanisms in include; the Uganda Forestry Policy, 2001; the place to oversee a GI policy formulation. In one Environment Statute, 1995; The Land Act, of the resolutions passed by the meeting, a 1998; Town and Country Planning Act, 1964; number of working groups were proposed to be Registration of Titles Act, 1964; Environmental set up and one of them being the GI policy Impact Assessment (EIA) Guidelines and working group. The meeting also resolved to Regulations, 1998. request other institutions such as UNECA, GSDI, Geo-Connections and others to support 2.1.3 The Uganda Constitution, 1995 the drafting of policy (Lwasa, 2006a). In pursuance of Article 41 of the Uganda Constitution which states that every citizen has a The Uganda National ICT policy framework of right of access to information in the possession May 2002 recognises that ICT has a big role in of the state, Parliament was obliged to make a the stimulation of national development and law that prescribes the classes of information globalization of the economy. However, referred to and the procedure for obtaining Uganda’s ICT policy does not yet recognise the access to that information. This resulted in the role of geo-information. Other relevant pieces passage of the Access to Information Act, 2005,

5 which came into effect in April 2006. Article 3  Promote the provision of safe water of this Act reiterates that public access to supply for domestic use. information is a matter of good governance. It  Promote the orderly development and applies to all information and records in use of water resources for purposes possession of government Ministries, other than domestic, such as agriculture, departments, Local Governments, statutory industry, mining, hydroelectric energy, corporations and bodies, Commissions and navigation fishing, conservation and other government organizations and agencies, recreation. unless specifically exempted by the Act.  Control pollution and promote the safe storage, treatment and disposal of waste Section 7 (1) of the above Act provides that that pollutes water and harms health. within six months after the commencement of the Act, an Information Officer of the public It should be noted that this policy does not body will be charged with the compilation of a provide for ‘geographic information systems’ manual (guide) containing information about use even though many water issues involve that public body and the nature of information geospatial data. the body can provide or has in stock. The Act stipulates that the Information Officer and Deputy Information Officers have the following 2.1.5 The Information and roles/responsibilities: Communication Technology Policy 2003 i. Responsible for ensuring those records of that public body are accessible under The Information and Communications the Act; Technology (ICT) sector is now regarded as a ii. Compiling information about the body/ vital pillar for the social economic development organization into a manual; of the country as indicated in the current iii. Be a central contact point to promote National Development Plan (2010). The ICT the law within the organization; sector is divided into three areas namely; Policy, iv. Receiving and processing applications Regulatory and Operational with the Ministry of for information from the public (users); ICT as the lead agency. v. Reference point in case of questions regarding the law. It has been established that information is a key factor for any development process. In light of the catalytic role that information plays in 2.1.4 The National Water Policy 1999 national development, government has set up a policy framework to ensure optimum utilization The National Water Policy for Uganda was of this resource towards socio-economic prepared in 1999. The policy objective is to development. For government to implement manage and develop the water resources of the long term national development Uganda in an integrated and sustainable manner, programmes like the Poverty Eradication Action so as to secure and provide water of adequate Plan (PEAP), the Plan for Modernization of quantity and quality for all social and economic Agriculture (PMA), and others, timely and needs, with the full participation of all relevant information must be available at all stakeholders, and so as not to leave the future levels of implementation. Developments in generations any worse off than the current Information and Communication Technology population. (ICT) have dramatically changed the way This policy was adopted in 1999 to: information is collected, stored, processed, disseminated and used, thus making it the most  Promote the rational use of water. powerful tool for modernization and development.

There are three areas of focus in the ICT Policy launched the relevant legislation will be put in 2003 that are relevant to SDI development in place to ensure a secure and conducive Uganda. These are: environment for the policy to work.  Information as a resource for development, When the policy (which is still under review) is  Mechanisms for accessing information, successfully implemented, it will stimulate more participation in the socio-economic, governance  ICT as an industry, including e- and other developmental activities, which business, software development and should ultimately underpin sustainable national manufacturing. development and lead to improved standards of The policy recognizes that the three areas are living for the majority of Ugandans. not mutually exclusive. Rather, the new ICT 2.1.6 The National Land Policy 2009 have led to convergence between the media and telecommunications. For instance, on a multi- Uganda has never had a clearly defined and/or media computer system, one can read online consolidated National Land Policy since the newspapers and other publications, watch advent of colonialism in the nineteenth century. television stations and listen to various radio The National Land Policy of 2009, therefore, stations as well as getting a wide variety of consolidates a number of scattered policies, information from different websites. which exist on various aspects of the land question, but are diverse, sectoral and Although the majority of the population is still inconclusive in many respects. The key policy dependent on the conventional and traditional issues focus on: historical injustices and colonial information delivery systems, especially radio, legacies, contemporary issues mainly arising from new ICT can greatly enhance the efficiency of such legacies and land use and land management these systems in delivering development issues. information.

ICT has been identified as one of the rapidly In the current era, Uganda is facing the challenge growing areas that have the potential to ‘leap- of a rapidly growing population with scarce land frog’ Uganda to benefit from the globalised resources. Due to lack of policy, land resources economy. E-commerce and ICT-based services have been under-utilized and inefficiently have been earmarked among the eight priority managed. There is no clear government policy on areas for export development, particularly the management of government land, public land through the Smart Strategic Partnership and public trust natural resources, leading to programme between government, private inefficiency and abuse. In addition, there are investors and development partners. The tendencies of corruption and fraud in the system. mandate to oversee media and information management falls under the Directorate of To address this problem, the Government of Information, President’s Office, and that of Uganda prepared a National Land Policy overseeing telecommunications is under the resulting from a widely consultative and highly Ministry of Works, Housing and interactive process. The vision of the policy is: Communications. However, since information ‘Sustainable and optimal use of land and land based and communication cut across many sectors, the resources for transformation of Ugandan society and the implementation of the policy involves various economy’. Its goal is: ‘to ensure efficient, equitable and ministries, local authorities, development sustainable utilization and management of Uganda’s land partners, NGOs, as well as the private sector. and land-based resources for poverty eradication, wealth The opportunities brought about by creation and overall socio-economic development’. developments in ICT require a new legal and regulatory framework. Once the policy is

This National Land Policy, 2009, among other good for national development. Measures to be taken things, seeks to re-orient the land sector in will include: national development by articulating, i. Developing data standards for geo- management co-ordination between the land information comprising feature sector and other productive sectors in the definitions, data content, spatial economy, to enhance the contribution of the referencing, and accuracy; sector to the social and economic development ii. Preparing and implementing national of the country. It identifies lack of clarity and guidelines, to improve the quality and certainty of land rights in all the tenure regimes to quantity of land information; be critical issues and in this regard, measures are iii. Amending all relevant laws to enable proposed to disentangle the multiple, overlapping application of modern technology; and conflicting rights over registered land. It also iv. Procuring technological infrastructure overhauls the existing institutional framework for needed for the establishment of a land administration and land management to decentralized system; facilitate the delivery of efficient, cost-effective v. rehabilitating, re-organizing, upgrading, and equitable services. Finally, this policy affirms authenticating, and digitizing existing that the ministry responsible for lands will land records in readiness for the continue to perform residual roles including establishment of a computerized land policy formulation and implementation, resource information system; mobilization, standard setting and quality control, vi. computerizing existing land records to and monitoring and evaluation. support the Land information System; and The 4th draft of the National land policy for vii. Decentralizing and presenting the Uganda provides for an important function of proposed land information system in a the land rights administration systems to ensure language understood by community- that accurate land information is available on land level land managers and users. sizes, location and proprietary characteristics, substantive and anticipated values, and land use Following the development of the Land Policy, quality. It is also important that information the Government of Uganda has embarked on should be available on utilities, infrastructure, land administration improvements including the topographic details, geodetic controls, socio- computerization of the land registry through the economic and demographic parameters and World Bank financed Land Information System environmental media. This is important for land Project (2010-2013) which is currently being use planning and the design of a fiscal cadastre. implemented in five pilot districts of Uganda.

Currently, land information is mostly held in 2.2 SDI Initiatives and Institutional paper form, manually managed, and not optimally Development utilized. Absence of technological infrastructure (including equipment) to guarantee access to 2.2.1 Institutional Review accurate land information is one of the problems In recent years there have been a growing haunting land information management in number of significant SDI initiatives in Uganda Uganda. Additionally, such information system that can and will act as a stimulus to UGSDI needs to be operated with due regard to social, development. Some of these initiatives are cultural, and intellectual property considerations. highlighted below. These initiatives are documented below in several ways and they In the Policy Statement: The Government shall provide a valuable resource for proponents of establish and maintain a reliable, technology driven, and the UGSDI. user-friendly Land Information Systems (LIS) as a public

2.2.2 Blom Consortium Study, 2001 - Directorate of Water In February 2001 the government of Uganda Development, · Sector Planning through the Ministry of Finance, Planning and and Quality Assurance, Economic Development commissioned a study MIS/GIS-lab by the Swedish Consortium (with Blom - Directorate of Water International Sweden as the Lead Company). Development, Water Resources The study focused on the design and Management Department development of Geographic Information - National Water and Sewerage System under the Economic and Financial Corporation (NWSC). Management Project Phase two (EFMP II/PHRD/00/05-GIS). b). Supporting Institutions. These were institutions that had functions and mandates This study considered two aspects of the to supply information that are essential to Swedish Consortium, 2001 study which are GIS functions within the main focus deemed relevant to the current study in order to institutions. The institutions investigated assess and compare trends of SDI development under this category were the following: processes in Uganda since the study was carried i) Ministry of Finance, Planning and out 10 years ago. These two aspects are: the Economic Development grouping of the stakeholders into three - categories and the recommendations made for Uganda Bureau of Statistic implementation. ii) Ministry of Water, Lands and Environment As noted above the Swedish Consortium 2001 - Lands and Surveys Department, study considered and grouped the potential Directorate of Lands and GIS/SDI stakeholders into three categories Environment according to the type of relevance to the theme - National Biomass Study Forest of the study. The three groups were: Department iii) Ministry of Local Government a). Main Focus Institutions. Consisted of iv) Ministry of Works, Works, institutions within the Water, Health and Housing and Communication Education sectors. These sectors are the targeted areas for improvement of operation c). Peripheral Institutions. These were using Geographic Information System and institutions which had no direct impact on are given attention accordingly in the fact- the operations within the Main Focus finding. The organizations reviewed under Institutions such as NEMA. They were this category were: considered relevant to the study, either because they contribute to the central policy i) Ministry of Education and Sports within the area of GI/SDI or because they - Education Planning Department are essential users in a Spatial Data ii) Ministry of Health Infrastructure. The institutions investigated - Community Health Department as Peripheral Institutions were: - Health Planning Department i) Ministry of Education and Sports - Health Infrastructure Division - Remote Sensing and GIS Lab at - National Disease Control Makerere University Institute Department of Environment and Natural iii) Ministry of Water, Lands and Resources (MUIENR) Environment - National Biodiversity Data Bank at Makerere University Institute

of Environment and Natural Infrastructure to all Future Donor Funded Resource (MUIENR) Projects: It is strongly recommended that all future - Geography Department Faculty data also will be collected and displayed in a manner that of Arts, Makerere University meets all relevant standards adopted through the Ugandan National Spatial Data Infrastructure in all ii) Ministry of Water, Lands and future donor funded projects that include any collecting or Environment production of spatial data. This shall be valid for all - Information and Monitoring activities that include spatial data in any form, Unit, NEMA domestically funded and implemented activities as well as

- Natural Resources Management donor-funded activities. and Conservation Project, Forest Department Comments: The Geo-IM Working Group - Department of Physical Planning developed a metadata structure for the free exchange of data and information. In addition, The Swedish Consortium 2001 study made a the Devtrac project (funded by UNICEF) wide range of recommendations which started in October 2009 as a result of the need influenced the development of GIS/SDI in to harmonize and share data. This was intended many of the key sectors of government listed to help reduce the duplication of efforts by above. The study singled out education, health organizations working in the various sectors. and water sectors for primary support by the Devtrac was designed to be used as a tool to public and private sector applications of geo- help discover data that has been updated based spatial data in the context of Uganda National on contact person and/or organization. Spatial Data Infrastructure. The following is a review of some of the Devtrac contains a template that a user can recommendations and assessment of changes so utilize to update geo-information data. This far made in relation to each recommendation data/information can then be viewed by other from the 2001 study. These recommendations Devtrac users. Geo information can be tagged were considered as a base for establishing a with additional information by the person future National Policy for Spatial Data providing the geo-information (Gender, Infrastructure. population, photo) as well as information about the data provider. a). Recommendations on the SDI Institutional Framework c). Recommendation on Indicator Monitoring System: To monitor the overall Comments: National Planning Authority has performance and effects of measures within the different set up the NISDIC which is discussed in Section sectors, it is recommended that the Ministry of Finance 2.2.2 (c) above. establish a system for monitoring the indicators b). Recommendation on Rules and established for the different sectors. This system should Conditions of Ugandan Spatial Data have GIS facilities and can be placed in the co-ordinating

Box 1: Institutional Framework

 Establish a Spatial Data Infrastructure Committee.  Establish sub-committees to support the Spatial Data Infrastructure Committee on:  Standardisation.  Co-financing.  GIS Education.  Establish a Permanent Spatial Data Infrastructure Co-ordination Unit.

10 unit. education resources. AED is a project within the Ministry of Education and Sports (MOES) that Comments: The Office of the Prime Minister supports the ministry in the implementation of set up the National Integrated Monitoring and the Education Management Information System Evaluation Strategy in 2004. The objectives and (EMIS). functions of this initiative are described fully in the section under 2.2.5. f). Recommendation to establish a GIS Unit within the Ministry of Health – It is d). Recommendation on Land Information recommended to establish a GIS unit within Ministry of System: We recommend launching a feasibility study Health to co-ordinate all GIS related activities, and to and pilot area test in rural and urban areas that shall be build capacity to handle GIS operations. The unit shall carried out to develop and evaluate the most appropriate primarily have a service function towards the other units land information system for Uganda. This will enable the providing data competence and GIS services. The unit start of an implementation of a National Land shall be kept small and the GIS applications in the Information System from year three of this initiated ministry shall not be centralised to this unit. process. Comments: The Ministry of Health has Comments: The Government of Uganda established the Health Management Information conducted a study with financing from the System but not much literature is available on World Bank toward the cost of the Private the functions and outputs of the system. Sector Competitiveness Project (PSCP11) in 2007 for Securing and Upgrading the Land g). Recommendation to establish a GIS Unit Registry and Implementation of a Land within the Ministry of Water and Information System in Uganda. The report Environment – Directorate of Water Development produced by Geo-Information Communication should actively participate in the specifications and work (GIC) Limited in 2007 recommended a five-year of improving the central data sets for hydrography and implementation plan for development of Land elevation to ensure that these data meets the requirements Information System in 5 pilot districts of for use within the division. Uganda. It also produced the preliminary design and Terms of Reference for the detailed design Comments – The Department of Water and implementation of the LIS in 5 pilot Development has continued to collect data on districts. A consortium of consulting firms led water resources including boreholes and dams. by IGN France International was contracted It also continued to train the staff in data and is currently implementing the pilot project management and analysis techniques. (2010-2013). Refer to 2.2.9 for more information. h). Recommendation for Uganda Bureau of e). Recommendation for Ministry of Statistics: The Uganda Bureau of Statistics will play Education – It is recommended that such a data set is a major role in adding value to the Key Spatial Data. It defined in conjunction with the GIS Dissemination is therefore of importance for the general development that Seminars in the ministry. Such definition can be a case they are facilitated to build their GIS competence and study during the seminars. The Location of Educational capacity. Since this is not critical for the establishment of Institutions should be determined to the accuracy of the the Key Spatial Data, no recommendation is included Key Data Set. This activity should be started here. immediately. Comments: UBOS is mapping Uganda for the Comments: The Ministry of Education is 2012 Uganda National Population census using conducting an annual education census exercise QuickBird and IKONOS satellite images and to collect information for better national handheld GPS instruments. This exercise is strategy planning and to properly allocate scarce expected to be completed by the end of 2011 in order to support the census effort. UBOS will

11 make the digitalized maps available to the public institutions. It also aimed to serve and support once they are ready. operations and management with the information required for policy formulation, i). Recommendation for Ministry of Local implementation and monitoring of cross-cutting Government – It is recommended that a GIS unit is issues in the sub-sector. The GoU also established within the Ministry of Local Government established by an Act of Parliament Uganda and capacity be built within the dataset with the National Roads Authority (UNRA) Act, No. 15 administrative units. of 2006 which became operational on 1st July Comments – The Ministry of Local 2008. The mandate of UNRA is to develop and Government established the Local Government maintain the national roads network, advise Information Communication System (LoGICS) Government on general roads policy and which contains data about facilities (such as contribute to addressing of transport concerns, schools and health centres); LC3s (such as among others. It has since established a GIS Agricultural Extension areas); projects (such as section to manage information on national school construction or road maintenance); and roads. the results of district or municipal compliance k). Recommendation to institutionalise the inspections of Local Council level 3 (LC3s). In National Biomass Study, Forest 2005, the Economic Policy Research Centre Department: – It is recommended to form a (EPRC), through grant from The Rockefeller permanent unit within the Forest Department to Foundation, funded a study to enhance the maintain these data on a permanent basis. Most of the Local Government Information competence and equipment for this is already available Communication System (LoGICS) under the within the department. The unit shall have the mandate LoGICS Enhancement Program (LEP). This and future responsibility of maintaining the datasets of grant was made available to strengthen Protected Areas and Land Cover/Land Use. data/information management for improved decentralized development planning in Uganda Comments: GoU decided to set up a new and was specifically applied to address the institutional arrangement from the Forest identified gaps within LoGICS. LEP aimed to Department by creating the Forestry Inspection enhance the capacity of LoGICS by introducing Division, the National Forestry Authority and a Geographic Information System (GIS) the District Forestry Services in 2003 under interface and linkage capabilities to other sector section 52 of The National Forestry and Tree Management Information Systems (MIS) such Planting Act. National Forest Authority was as education, health, water and roads. then launched on the 26th April 2004 and j). Recommendations on Ministry of Works, National Biomass Study which existed under the Transport and Communication: – As an Forest Department was absorbed as a owner of the transport network dataset, it is permanent GIS section. The section made recommended that a GIS unit be built up within the efforts to standardize, modernize and update the Ministry of Works, Transport and Communication. available data sets to meet the increasing user needs. In this effort, 11 scenes of Land-sat Comments – A number of GIS units were satellite images were purchased. The section also established within the Ministry of Works, trained some staff in the use of GeoVis software Transport and Communications after the 2001 and ArcGIS in an effort to building capacity. Swedish Consortium report was published. The Ministry established a Management Information 2.2.3 Karamoja Data Centre (KDC) System under the Environmental Liaison Unit a). Project Framework: - The original project was (ELU) in 2007 aimed at integrating relevant data designed to support Karamoja, which is the on cross-cutting issues from various least developed region of Uganda and in the Departments within the Ministry of Works and effort to develop this region, the Government Transport as well as other government

of Uganda received financial assistance from systems with databases to aid the the Italian Government in establishing a unit district planning process. These within the Office of the Prime Minister to included equipping the districts with collect, process, disseminate and manage data hardware and software, capacity and information relevant for the development building through extensive training in planning of the region. The Project Northern data collection, analysis, and the Uganda Data Centre (NUDC) - September coordination and updating of sector 2005/December 2006 - is the extension of a datasets; former project Master Plan for the iii. KDC (later NUDC) became a One- Development of Karamoja (KDC) from Stop Information Centre for most of 0ctober 2000 to September 2005. For the the information regarding Karamoja. moment the extension has been limited to the Users included potential investors, West Nile sub-region, but the Ugandan researchers, aid agencies, human rights Government plan is to extend it to the whole organizations, Members of Parliament, of Northern Uganda. The approach and the planners, civil society in general, media methodology applied at NUDC are those personnel, local government leaders and designed and tested for KDC. university students. b). Project Objectives: - The overall objective was iv. The KDC had established a fully to provide the original three Karamoja districts functional Geographical Information (Moroto, Kotido and Nakapiripirit) with all the System (GIS) in the Office of the Prime relevant data necessary for planning through a Minister. The GIS was composed of Geographical Information System (GIS) and data covering over 20 thematic areas to build the capacity of the district technical such as education, water and sanitation, staff in managing the various components of health, conflict, demography, agriculture the information system created by KDC. among others. Though limited to Likewise, in West Nile the same objective Karamoja, KDC had become a national applies to 5 districts of Yumbe, Adjumani, reference point for ‘geographical Moyo, Nebbi and Arua. information.’ v. All the information generated during c). Key Project Results: - The information system the implementation of the project was has been built according to the Sector Wide summarized and published in the Approach and the Poverty Reduction Action Karamoja Development Atlas (First Plan both adopted by the Ugandan edition, March 2004). Government. In the developing the GIS databases, KDC devised a multi-sector vi. Over 700 copies of district Information approach by collaborating with key Guides were published and distributed government departments, international to the various stakeholders in the agencies, NGOs, the Local governments of Karamoja Development Process. Kotido, Moroto and Nakapiripirit in order to vii. More than 70 local government staff in obtain the necessary data. The following are the districts of Kotido, Moroto and some of the key project results: Nakapiripirit were trained in information management techniques. i. The project carried out frequent campaigns of data collection in viii. A website to link the region with Karamoja for the integration of missing stakeholders and disseminate data and their geo-referencing; information has been developed and could be accessed at ii. The districts of Karamoja were assisted www.karamojadata.org which since the to establish their own information

beginning of 2006 changed to  Noted the need to form a work group www.northernuganda.org. under the NIMES structure and ix. In West Nile region, the various propose to the coordinator of NIMES, activities of data collection followed the and same pattern adopted in Karamoja. In  Requested to keep up the spirit and particular, a series of field missions has cooperation. gathered geo-referenced data for mapping all service delivery facilities This same initiative attempted to form the Geo- within the districts of Adjumani, Arua Information Society of Uganda (GISU) with and Yumbe. Over 900 social service membership of the Society open to any person facilities were mapped and a databank interested in GI or its related activities. th established. These included schools, According to the draft constitution dated 8 health units, markets, trading centres, March 2006, its mission was to represent the GI fish ponds and water sources among community in Uganda as a national, unified, others. representative body in order to promote and protect the interests of its members on all 2.2.4 The Uganda Spatial Data forums. Its aims were to unify Ugandans with an Infrastructure (USDI) interest in Geo-Information Science and to act The Uganda Spatial Data Infrastructure (USDI), as an umbrella body for individuals, formed by the Geo-Information Society of organizations and Special Interest Groups. Uganda (GISU) was an informal organization which attempted to carry on the efforts of the 2.2.5 Environmental Information Network (EIN) previous initiatives described above. Very little literature is available on the activities of the a). The Program organization apart from the minutes of committee meetings which were recorded and This networking program was initiated in 1995 passed to members via email. What was evident by National Environment Management was that some funding was secured from the Authority (NEMA) with funding from the Rockefeller Foundation to support the member World Bank. The objective of the initiative was activities including convening of a stakeholder to collect/collate information from different Workshop. The Department of Geography, stakeholders with regards to natural resources Makerere University, became the institution and environment management. Functions through which the funds were channelled and carried out by EIN that promoted the building Office of the Prime Minister (OPM) was chosen of SDI included the promotion of data as the contact point for GoU. The minutes standards, capacity building and the creation of show the following resolutions passed during awareness of information needs. The six one of the meetings: institutions that participated in the pilot phase are listed in table 2-1 below:  The need for wide consultation on the

issues of SDI in Uganda led to convergence of individuals at OPM,  A series of meetings followed and a joint proposal written which was successful  Hinted on several institutions which were tipped to be the hosts to the SDI such as UBOS, OPM, NEMA but OPM under the NIMES which had been approved by Cabinet,

Table 2-1: Institutions of the horizontal EIN and their data responsibilities

S/No Institution Data/information provided

1 Department of Surveys and Topographic data and rehabilitation and Mapping expansion of the geodetic network 2 Department of Statistics Socio-economic data 3 Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Farming systems Industry and Fisheries 4 National Agricultural Research Soil data Organisation, Kawanda 5 Department of Meteorology Climate data and rehabilitation of weather stations 6 Makerere University Institute of Biodiversity data Environment and Natural Resources 7 Department of Forestry (currently Vegetation National Forest Authority) 8 Department of Physical Planning Land use data

b). The Institutional arrangements iii. Officer and a team of district technical officers. There were also downward and In light of the above developments, the network upward linkages between NEMA and architecture was designed to follow a two-tier the lower levels, specifically the sub- arrangement comprising of the horizontal county, which is the lowest (national) level and the vertical (district) level. administrative level or local government. This is in line with the i. The horizontal Environment decentralisation policy where districts, Information Network (EIN): The as basic planning units, need to meet horizontal network was made up of the their own data requirements, while also seven departments regarded as being contributing to the national-level the most common sources of the core datasets. datasets. An eighth institution – the Department of Physical Planning – was As with the horizontal EIN, the initial phase of later included in the network. The the programme took the form of a pilot activity. institutions in the horizontal network Seven focus districts were involved namely; worked closely with NEMA to build Arua, Busia, Kabale, Kasese, Mbale, Mbarara their capacity in environmental and Tororo. A number of capacity building planning, data collection and update, activities took place including training in GIS, supply of equipment (such as rain gauge database management and the provision of and GPS receivers) as well as equipment. The staff trained included the development of data standards. District Environment Officers and District Planners for each of the pilot districts. The EIN ii. The vertical Environment activities were eventually extended to 20 other Information Network: The vertical districts and 2 municipal councils, with these network mirrors the horizontal EIN but benefiting from the same capacity building was based at the district level. It was activities as the initial seven. The main made up of the District Environment characteristics of EIN are listed in Box 2 for reference.

2.2.6 National Integrated Management on Policy Coordination (CCPC); b) and Evaluation Strategy (NIMES) Implementation Coordination Steering The National Integrated Monitoring and Committee (ICSC); c) Technical Evaluation Strategy (NIMES Task Force) was Implementation Coordination Committee established in 2003 under the Office of the (TICC); and Sector Working Groups which Prime Minister with the key aim of bringing brought together all sectoral stakeholders to rationality and harmony in the implementation discuss sectoral efforts in implementation of of GoU service delivery processes. sector activities. Under the NIMES structure, a GIS coordination committee was planned to be NIMES had four objectives of: established to oversee the development and use i. Ensuring key stakeholders’ articulate of GIS in Uganda. data and information needs, This coordination framework was supported by ii. Bringing greater coordination to M&E an integrated monitoring, evaluation and initiatives in Uganda by providing information management system. This mechanisms which align the existing integrated process represented the M&E initiatives with the data and conglomeration of all efforts aimed at data information needs, collection and information gathering and iii. Ensuring that a sound evidence-base is dissemination with respect to the delivery of available to inform decision making on GoU’s intended goals and policy objectives, as the national policy frameworks such as laid out in the PEAP and other national policy the Poverty Eradication Action Plan frameworks. (PEAP), and 2.2.7 Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) iv. Enhancing M&E capacity In Uganda. Since 2004 UBOS has made significant efforts Cabinet approved an institutional framework to in SDI development by adopting policies which streamline the coordination of implementation define GIS as a key strategic tool to improve of Government policies and programmes. This services and meet the aims and objectives coordination framework is composed of a four defined in the UBOS corporate plan. UBOS is committees, namely: a) Cabinet Sub Committee

Box 2: Characteristics of the EIN

 The EIN operates as a network of members with open lines of communication between all and with each member an equal partner.  Membership is open to all, although the initial emphasis was to ensure involvement of large data producing government agencies and more recently, major data users.  The network provides a forum for communication on a range of technical, institutional and policy issues relating to the availability, dissemination and use of environmental information.  NEMA is the secretariat whose key functions include coordinating the activities of the network and budgeting.  The secretariat is not envisaged as a repository of data i.e. network members which are data producers remain in total control of their own data. Metadata activities enhance access to the data.  The network builds awareness of information management needs and issues, capacity development, promotion of standards, and elaboration of data release policies by the data producing institutions.

16 committed to coordinate its efforts with other - Developing a series of new user-friendly GIS stakeholders in Uganda and build a products based on the application of thematic SDI that can improve the performance GIS to the data of UBOS. of its service provision. This was necessary because the strategic objectives and The UBOS’ second and third studies (Amadra responsibilities of UBOS consist of two main 2007, 2009) were made under the five year categories namely: production of official (2006/7-2010/11) Plan for National Statistical statistical data and information and Development (PNSD) which provided a coordination, monitoring and supervising of framework and mechanisms for reform of the statistics activity at the national level. National Statistical System (NSS).

Thus, to achieve the above objectives and The purpose of the two studies was to develop responsibilities UBOS conducted three an integrated, harmonized, coordinated and consecutive studies. The first study was coherent NSS which ensures unified data commissioned by the Government of Uganda production processes. The PNSD emphasized funded by the Nordic Development Fund the production of quality data to inform national (NDF) towards the cost of the Second development priorities and covers the entire Economic and Financial Management Project NSS. It drew together all data producing sectors [EFMPII] and conducted by U-Consult Sweden and users which included, among others, line AB in April 2004. This study aimed at ministries, departments and agencies (MDAs) developing the Uganda Bureau of Statistics which produce data from censuses, surveys and (UBOS) as a National Geographical administrative systems. Information Systems (GIS) coordination body and strengthening the GIS section as a support One important step in the PNSD process was unit for other departments of the organization. the comprehensive assessment of the current The study proposed the following goals for status of the NSS including its challenges. The UBOS: challenges identified to be addressed were: the existing capacity (institutional, infrastructural, - Building capacity to fully realize the technical and resources); the current and future potential of GIS in presentation and user needs; existing capacity gaps; data analysis in the five directorates of collection, processing and analysis methods; UBOS and in research and dissemination and linkages among producers coordination; and users of statistics. - Building capacity for data acquisition and use of GIS in the district local PNSD also identified the following as critical governments; areas for support: - Enhancing the Geo-Statistics Services - inadequate capacity for identifying and Section to acquire, manage, update and responding to emerging data needs and disseminate a core data set of geo difficulty in linking statistics to policy spatial data to be used in statistics; processes; - Enhancing the capacity of the Geo- Statistics Services Section as a support - insufficient coordination that led to unit for the operational directorates of extensive duplication of effort and lack UBoS; of synergy among data producers; and - Enhancing the capacity of the Geo- - inadequate information flows and Statistics Services Section to play an sharing within and across sectors, and active role as a main GIS stakeholder between central and local government within the Spatial Data Infrastructure of levels that limits the usefulness of data Uganda; and and statistics.

The objective of the two review studies Both studies, which had the same objectives and conducted in 2007 and 2009 was to conduct a scope, recommended the following activities to situational analysis of the current GIS initiatives be undertaken by UBOS with corresponding and establish a framework for GIS capacity budgets: building and enhancement within the MDAs. - Creation of GIS awareness among the The first phase (2007) covered the following MDAs, institutions: - Provision of GIS equipment such as i). Bank of Uganda (BOU - Research computers, plotters and printers, Department) - Provision of GIS software and ii). Ministry of Trade, Tourism and statistical packages, and Industry (MTTI) iii). Ministry of Local Government Training of personnel in data collection, (MOLG – Policy and Planning processing and production techniques. Division) 2.2.8 Land Information System Project iv). Ministry of Health (MOH – Resource (LIS) Centre) The Government of Uganda received funds v). Ministry of Agriculture, Animal from the World Bank to provide infrastructure Industry and Fisheries (MAIIF – and other related facilities to support land Planning Department) administration and improve the land registry. vi). Ministry of Education and Sports The Land Component is among the main (MOES – Education Planning components of the Second Phase Private Sector Department) Competitiveness Project 2 (PSCPII) that earmarked the need for updating the land vii). Uganda Police records, securing and rehabilitating the land

viii). Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social registers and implementing the Land Development (MGLSD – Planning Information System to improve the land tenure Division) security and facilitating land transactions in ix). Uganda Bureau of Statistics Uganda. (Directorate of Population and Social Statistics - Geo-Information Services). IGN France International as lead firm (including International Land Systems (ILS), SwedSurevey The second phase (2009) covered the following and Coseke) entered into a three-year World MDAs: Bank-funded contract (2010-2012) to encourage i). Uganda National Council of Science private sector growth by improving the and Technology country's land administration systems. The ii). Ministry of Water and Environment Private Sector Competitiveness Project (PSCPII) iii). Ministry of Finance, Planning and aims to assist the Government of Uganda in Economic Development eradicating the primary constraints preventing the international competitiveness of Uganda's iv). Ministry of Energy and Mineral private sector. Fundamental to achieving this Development goal will be modernizing the land registry. v). Development Network of Indigenous Voluntary Associations (DENIVA) The Ministry of Land, Housing and Urban vi). Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development of Uganda is the government Development agency providing support to project vii). Uganda Revenue Authority implementation. ILS is subcontracted by IGN France International (IGN FI) to lead the configuration of a district based Parcel

Information Management System and national carrying out coordinated and joint assessments. land information system based on ILS' LRS, It is an informal group which is generally Multi-Cadastre and Cashier products. The supported by UBOS (provides venue for system will be carried out through a pilot phase meetings and co-chairs member meetings) and that will test the approach in 6 districts. It will UNOCHA (hosts the website then be implemented on a national scale at the www.ugandaclusters.ug); it draws members from end of the three-year project. the NPA which is the mandated government agency to handle the UGSDI issues and others Maintenance of the National Land Registry and from the other government agencies that related cadastral maps is under the mandate of practice the use of GI/GIS/SDI. This WG has Ministry of Lands Housing and Urban for sometime acted as a data clearinghouse. The Development (MoLHUD). As an ongoing latter is within the proposed mandate and project, the Ministry with financial support from responsibility of NPA who are expected to the World Bank through Private Sector partner with the WG in their activities. As Foundation, Uganda is carrying out a review and highlighted in the proposed structure for the assessment of the existing records management UGSDI, other MDAs shall have at least a system and actions, incorporating land member representing them at the newly formed registration records, cadastral and other NISDIC. The selection process of these information; and designing the LIS architecture members within the MDAs shall be based on a and prepare specifications and functionalities for rotation system. The 2011 SDI study team the LIS. Through this pilot project, a proposes that GEO-IM become a user group transparent and efficient land management under the leadership of the UGSDI Council and system will be set up to help mitigate the current NISDIC. difficult processes associated with obtaining and transferring evidence of land ownership as well 2.2.10 The National Planning Authority as generating a more attractive environment for a). Organizational Structure and Functions investment. The National Planning Authority (NPA) was

This project is one of the SDI component established by the NPA Act (15 of 2002) in projects that could be of great impetus to the accordance with Article 125 of the 1995 current proposal for the UGSDI. It could be Constitution of the Republic of Uganda. It is integrated into the institutional structure of the the principal statutory agency responsible for proposed UGSDI through the nomination of at coordination of national and decentralized least a member by MoLHUD to integrate the development planning and management issues of the ongoing LIS into the Proposed processes and production of comprehensive SDI initiative at the NPA/NISDIC. Currently integrated National Development Plans (NDP) the chairman of NISDIC and one other sitting for Uganda. NPA is mandated to put in place, member are from MoLHUD. coordinate, manage and evaluate frameworks, systems and strategies for cost-effective and 2.2.9 GEO-IM Working Group participatory national development planning in Geo Information Management (Geo-IM) Uganda. NPA’s primary function is to produce Working Group is a group of technical persons comprehensive and integrated development from UN Agencies, Non-Governmental plans for the country, elaborated in terms of the Organizations and Ugandan Governmental perspective ‘vision, long and medium–term bodies that aims at discussing and implementing plans.’ The NPA is also a national think tank better ways and systems to facilitate the facility, expected to effectively guide the entire exchange of information, standard procedures nation in determination of National Strategic on data sharing, standardization and Priority Areas and corresponding national harmonization of datasets among partners, development programmes, as well as optimal

19 allocation of national resources for ensuring c). The National Interagency Spatial Data sustainable poverty reduction, socio-economic Committee (NISDIC) transformation and development. The framework within which the NPA functions are The National Interagency Spatial Data governed is the National Development Plan Infrastructure Committee (NISDIC) was 2010 – 2014 which is discussed below. launched in August 2010 to create a coordination framework for SDI development. b). The National Development Plan (NDP) NISDIC is composed of representatives from 2010-2014 different stakeholders and are identified and recommended by existing members. NISDIC NPA is responsible for establishing the results reports to the Uganda Geospatial Data framework for the NDP, and for ensuring that Infrastructure (UGSDI) Council which is the relevant institutions of Government (and top SDI governing body composed of the relevant non- state actors) develop results chairman of NPA and other appointed members indicators that are consistent with the NDP. from different MDAs. NPA is also responsible for producing an overall annual national development report, UGSDI is a national initiative that is mandated capturing progress and issues pertaining to the to promote policies, legislation, technologies, strategic components of the National data and training to provide better access to Development Plan. In April 2010 the NPA spatial data for all Ugandans. It aims to ensure launched a NDP for the years 2010 to 2014. It that users of spatial data are able to acquire was promoted by the President of the Republic consistent datasets to meet their requirements, of Uganda and has the backing of the even though the data is collected and maintained Government of Uganda. by different stakeholders.

The NDP also recognises that Quality of Data UGSDI is coordinated by a team from NPA and Information for decision making is another (National Planning Authority) as the lead agency area that is important in the quality of statistics, and serviced by different stakeholders who data and information management. Better include central and local government MDAs, statistical data and improved analysis create the private sector, humanitarian organizations and political will for policy changes to take place. It donors, academia, working groups and citizens. was agreed that good quality data is crucial for the process of better measuring, monitoring and The implementation of the Uganda SDI will managing of development outcomes. Without require a solid infrastructure based on collection good statistics, government cannot deliver of technologies, policies, standards and efficient administration, good management, and institutional arrangements that facilitate the evidence-based policy making. Statistics are an availability of and access to spatial data. This important means for the public to monitor the infrastructure can be compared to service activities of Government and make decisions infrastructures such as roads, rails, about their own lives. The ability to provide telecommunications and electricity networks. regular and reliable data both quantitative and qualitative on the economy and the well-being 2.2.11 Other Findings of the population is an important indicator of a). Financial Arrangements good policies and institutions1. Most MDAs in Uganda obtain funding from the donors in order to finance their data collection activities however the budget proposals from government coffers also support these activities 1http://www.finance.go.ug/peap/docs/ revision_process.pdf to some extent. Various NSDI initiatives have taken place in Uganda and the medium of

20 funding has always been through a Government the mandates that ought to coordinate spatial and international donor agencies partnership data sharing cooperation between public funding model. organizations (Musinguzi 2004). The aim of this study was to investigate and explain how spatial The availability of appropriate funding in the data sharing policies were adopted, and to project from both the public sector (derived examine whether spatial data sharing policies from taxation, receipts for GI products or tend to be harmonized as recommended in the related services and external funds) and private SDI decree, and thereby converge to similarity. sector (derived from fees charged to their The factors that may push public organizations customers who would probably include the in Uganda to homogenize their practices in public sector) is essential in building the Uganda spatial data sharing were analyzed to assess SDI. Thus structuring of the funding model, whether those organizations propagate which is a prerequisite to sound regulatory and isomorphism behaviour, and solve the implementation framework, helps in having institutional disparities existing in spatial data transparency. The model allows government to provision as observed in the public sector in understand the private sector projects without Uganda (GSDI 2007; Nyemera 2008; foregoing considerations of broader government Chaminama 2009). objectives. Usually the public partners contribute a higher percentage compared to the There was already a governmental awareness to private partners in terms of investment. foster the development of the SDI with the aim of solving the problems related to spatial data availability, access and sharing, duplication in b). Data Access and Sharing spatial data collection, and diverse spatial data In Uganda, within the public sector, the terms standards (Karatunga 2002). In the process of of spatial data access are out of the control of implementation of the SDI in Uganda, some organizations have come up with their own

Figure 2.1: Possible Sources of Funds for NSDI

Government of Uganda Donor Agencies/ Private Sector Donor Agencies Partnership

SDI Funding Pool Government/ For NSDI Government/ Donor Agencies Private Sector Partnership Partnership

Non-monetary Matching ratios Private sector Other within the Private contributions Partnerships Sector

21 policies and different approaches in sharing of geographic data, the ministry intends to spatial data. prioritize GIS and GPS as areas of information/data management skills where It should be noted that there is no specific legal they will add additional staff. The ministry is framework for spatial data sharing (Kalande and currently involved in two major projects: Ondulo 2006; Nyemera 2008). There is no national law on spatial data sharing, although an  ICT Infrastructure development across access to environmental information act was Uganda through the National Backbone issued in 2005 (Schwarte 2008). The act Infrastructure Institute. provides the procedures on access to data held by public organizations, but it does not  Establishment of the National Data prescribe the terms of access to spatial data Centre through NITA-U when the cooperation involves public organizations (Kalande and Ondulo 2006). The In terms of human capacity, Ministry of ICT law does not include the standard prices for lists communications, database management spatial data in the case the users have to pay fees system and system administration as the areas for access to spatial data held by a government where they are well equipped. Furthermore, the body. Data producers still set their own prices ministry is currently drafting a policy that deals when an access fee is required. Thus, the access with the issues of copyright, online services and to information act needs more amendments technical aspects relating to access to data and (Kalande and Ondulo 2006; Schwarte 2008). data standards. This policy once implemented, will tackle some of the major obstacles that As there is no national law on spatial data caused the failure of previous attempts in the sharing, government organizations in Uganda establishment of a national SDI. have individually initiated the cooperation in spatial data sharing from many years ago. Most 2.3 Findings of GI Resource Inventory organizations have developed unwritten informal policies that they follow, while few 2.3.1 Approach and Methodology organizations such as MEMD (Ministry of The methodology and approach for the Energy and Mineral Development), NEMA inventory of current status of SDI resources (National Environment Management Authority), involved an integrated questionnaire survey, NFA (National Forest Authority), UBOS inspection of GI facility, oral interview and (Uganda Bureau Of Statistics) have the written needs assessment approach. The questionnaire policies guiding spatial data sharing and was filled by a GIS officer while the general dissemination (Muhwezi 2004; Tukugize 2005; information concerning the IT equipment was Nasirumbi 2006; Schwarte 2008). Those policies filled by a contact person from the IT prescribe the procedures to have access to departments. spatial data, the format of accessible spatial data, copyright issues and the price of spatial data and A total of 50 ministries and the procedures of payment in case the users national/international organizations (producer, have to pay access fees. user or value-added service provider) were given the questionnaire. The respondents were divided c). Ministry of Information and into: a) Main Focus Institutions; b) Supporting Communication Technology Institutions; and c) Peripheral Institutions as Regarded as an important stakeholder in the specified in section 2.2.8 of this report. A fourth successful implementation of a national category of Internet Service Providers was later SDI, Ministry of ICT is a major user of added to the above three group because the geographic data. Although not a generator unique nature of their services and other resources could be captured by the

Table 2-2: RespondentsPartner Name according to production of core dataCategory sets Department of Lands, Physical Planning Department Main Focus Department of Lands, Surveys and Mapping Main Focus Department of Livestock and Entomology Supporting Department of Urban Development Main Focus Geological Surveys and Mines Department Supporting Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries Supporting Ministry of Education Main Focus Ministry of Energy Supporting Ministry of Health Main Focus Ministry of Local Government Supporting Ministry of Works and Transport Main Focus National Water and Sewerage Corporation Main Focus Natural Forestry Authority Main Focus Petroleum Exploration and Production Department Supporting Rural Electrification Agency Supporting Uganda Bureau of Statistics Supporting United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Peripheral Total 17 such as roads, hydrology and other questionnaire. The list of these respondents is water sources, schools, health centres, shown in table 2.2. gazetted areas such as wetlands, forests etc. These datasets are considered of The categories of data providers have so far primary nature to the development of been redefined and number of respondents SDI. A total of 8 out of 15 shown against each category below. organizations in this category i. Main Focus institutions are those that responded to the questionnaire have the mandate and are actually representing 53% response to the producing key topographic datasets exercise.

Table 2-3: Stakeholder Categories

CATEGORY FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE (%)

Central Government 14 82.4

Semi Autonomous Agencies 2 11.8

Non Governmental Organization 1 5.8

Total 17 100

Figure 2.2: Stakeholder Categories

Organization Categories 100 90 80 70 60 50 40

Percentage 30 20 10 0 Central Government Semi Autonomous Agencies Non Governmental Organization Categories representing 90% response to the ii. Support institutions are those that have survey. the mandate and produce thematic datasets and therefore contribute A simple a relational database of Microsoft additional supporting data. These Access (Uganda Spatial Data Store – USDS v1) datasets are highly specialized and are was used to store information from the considered of secondary nature to the questionnaires, query and perform statistical development of SDI in the immediate analysis. term. A total of 8 out of 13 organizations in this category 2.3.2 Findings responded to the questionnaire representing 62% response. When categorised according to their legal and administrative status of being central iii. Peripheral institutions are mainly data government, semi-autonomous agencies, and users that may or may not add value to nongovernmental agencies, the result shows that the primary and secondary data. overwhelming number of respondents were However, their data needs are crucial to central government agencies (at 82%) followed the implementation of government by semi autonomous agencies. Table 2.3 and programs, teaching are research Figure 2.2 give summary of these stakeholder purpose. A total of 1 out of 12 categories that participated in the study. organizations responded to the

questionnaire representing 8%

response. It was also found out that these stakeholder institutions (the respondents) operate at various iv. Internet and Telecommunication levels of geographic area as shown in Table 2.4. Service Providers offer Internet and

other telecommunication services that Figure 2-2 indicates that the respondents are of primary importance to operate ranging from International levels to development of SDI. They often use Parish with much of the activities carried out at spatial datasets for their operational the National level. These programs are geared planning and management of their towards achieving the provision of information activities and assets. A total 9 ISPs to support national plans, economic planning, responded to the questionnaire

Table 2-4: Stakeholders categorized based on Geographic coverage

Level of operation Frequency Percentage (%) National 16 49 Regional 4 12 District 4 12 International 3 9 County 2 6 Sub County 2 6 Parish 2 6 Total 33 100

2.3.3 Data/Information Management Activities land use and urban settlements, water resources management, public safety, energy, natural It was also found that most respondents resources management and public health. It participate in primary data collection, processing should be noted that some respondents operate and publication, data warehousing, library and in more than one level of geographic coverage. archiving, dissemination, data interpretation and analysis, visualisation and decision-support. The Although the questionnaire satisfied all majority reported carrying out primary data information required for the assessment (from collection as one of their major activities as per different technical, technological, social, their mandate. These data/ information are institutional, political and financial), the obtained and managed mainly for internal use inspection and interview provided additional and distribution to other international agencies information that helped better understand the and the private sector. current situation.

Figure 2.3: Stakeholder Categories

Levels of Operation 100

40 Percentage 20

0 National Regional District international County Sub County Parish Operation Levels

Figure 2.4: Percentages of Data Access by Organization DATA ACCESS BY ORGANISATIONS

17% Unrestricted Public Access Unavailable For 44% External Use 17% Limited By Policy

Adhoc

9% Individual Request 9% 4%

to web mapping applications such as ArcGIS The data collected and processed by most Server and Google Earth, among others, due organisations is accessed through unrestricted mostly to limited Internet access. This is public access as indicted in graph 3 shown coupled with hardware with limited system above, with 44% of the data available being requirements to support the use of this software. accessed through unrestricted public access, The software commonly used by the 17% through individual requests and other respondents are listed below. methods respectively, 9% through ad hoc and unavailable for external use among others with a) GIS Software 4% of the data is limited by policy. Much of the data are free to all or free to most in terms of Most of the GIS software that is used includes: access policies (shown in Table 2-5).  ESRI’s ArcGIS including ArcGIS Server (commercial). 2.3.4 Software Inventory  MapInfo (commercial) The study further found that most organizations  ArcInfo (commercial) and the stakeholders use older versions of  Quantum GIS (Open Source) application software, especially GIS software, image processing software, with limited access  MapWindow GIS (Open Source)

Table 2-5: Percentages of Data Access Types

Data Access Method Frequency Percentage (%)

Unrestricted Public Access 10 44

Unavailable For External Use 2 9 Limited By Policy 1 4 Ad hoc 2 9

Individual Request 4 17 Other 4 17

Total 23 100

 U-Dig (Open Source) b) WebGIS/ Mapping Applications

The software use can be categorised as There are different web-mapping applications commercial or open-source depending on that can be used to show spatial data. The whether they are branded with their use limited approach tagged these applications to letters as by licensing or are available at no cost. (A-Geoserver, B-Mapserver, C- Commercial software may be expensive but are Google/Bing/OSM, D-ArcGIS Server, E- widely used among the respondents. In Other) and a summary from the findings show addition, they have technical support and better that many people do not understand this very functionalities. They are also hardware important concept and are using Google maps independent, extendable and easy for custom to view most web data. Few of them have gone development. to the extent of trying out ArcGIS Server and try to publish maps on web portals. The other software being used is open source with more or less the same functionalities. c) Hardware Installation and custom development against See Table 2-6. their platform is not easy but manageable. Some of the GIS web servers are listed in the section d) Databases below. There are also different database technologies that respondents use to store and manage

Table 2-6: Hardware Inventory by Ministries and Agencies

Name

Tables

Printers

WorkingScanners

No Working No of PCs

No Working No GPS Units

No Working No of Plotters

No Working No of Colored

No Working No of Digitizing No No of Department of Lands, Surveys and Mapping 4 1 3 1 1 Ministry of Local Government 20 1 3 1 Uganda Bureau of Statistics 9 30 1 2 2 Ministry of Energy 7 2 1 1 2 Ministry of Works and Transport 1 1 4 2 1 1 Ministry of Health 6 1 20 Natural Forestry Authority 5 1 50 1 2 3 Geological Surveys and Mines Department 6 10 1 1 1 Department of Livestock and Entomology 2 5 1 National Water and Sewerage Corporation 8 2 7 2 1 1 Petroleum Exploration and Production Dep’t 5 1 3 1 1 1 Rural Electrification Agency 25 9 1 1 4 Department of Urban Development 2 1 1 1 Department of Lands 13 2 UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian 15 0 2 1 2 5 Affairs Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries 3 6 1 2

Figure 2.5: Databases used by Respondents

No. of respondents against databases used

12 10 8 6

4 No ofpartners No 2 0 SQL Server MySQL PostGIS with Spatialite Access Oracle Excel PostgreSQL relational data. Our questionnaire tagged these formats to letters as (A-SQL Server, B-MySQL, 2.3.6 Coordinate Systems C-PostGIS, D-Spatialite, E-Access, F-Oracle, To enable the definition of the spatial relations G-Excel) and a summary from the findings to the features, the spatial referencing of all indicate that Access databases are the most basic geographic data within the territory of widely used for storage of geo-information Uganda should be done in one national respectively as shown in Figure 2.5. projection coordinate system based on horizontal and vertical control survey network. 2.3.5 Data Standards The increase in use of GIS in Uganda has led to The coordinates of objects in the UBOS a change from analogue to digital data and as a geocodes are given as geographic coordinates result the need for data standards. Under the (latitude, longitude) or as Cartesian plane World Bank funded study conducted by a coordinates (X and Y) in the Universal Swedish Consortium in 2001, preliminary data Transverse Mercator (UTM) cartographic exchange specifications were developed in projection. The different parameters are shown accordance with the standards of the Open GIS in Table 2.7. consortium (OGC) and in harmony with It is recommended that if any other coordinate ISO/TC 211 but these specifications are yet to system is used (For example, WGS84), the be adopted by any institution due to lack of a mathematical relationships between either of the legal and institutional framework. It was also above-mentioned coordinate systems and the suggested by the 2001 study team that key one used, must be defined and the direct ministries should coordinate standardization to transformation between these coordinate enable exchange and use of available datasets. systems should be a simple procedure for the However, the absence of a policy has led to user to follow. In all cases the coordinate inconsistent spatial data collection systems by systems must be based on the reference different agencies. The Geo-IM Working Group ellipsoid. has been supporting and developing data standards. These datasets are the most widely used datasets in Uganda’s GI community. They The transformation parameters from/to the have adopted UBOS’s ‘geocodes’ that uniquely national coordinate system to World Geodetic identify all administrative areas from the System WGS84 should always be provided. The national level down to the village level for resolution of coordinates should be given to one datasets produced since 2002. significant digit more than the order of the positional accuracy for that data. UBOS used

Table 2-7: Adopted Parameters of Reference Systems

ELLIPSOID Clarke 1880 (modif.) Horizontal Datum New Arc (1960) Origin Blomfontein (South Africa) Vertical Datum Mean sea level Origin Mombasa (Kenya) Measurement units Meters Projection Universal Transverse Mercator Grid UTM, Zone 36 Meridian of origin 33 degree East of Greenwich Latitude of origin Equator False coordinates of origin 500,000 m Easting 10,000,000 m Northing coordinate standardization to enable exchange the above specification recommendations in and use of available datasets. These should be undertaking the 2002 and the current Census clearly recorded in the metadata to be produced mapping/geospatial data collection, and other together with spatial data. detailed subsection Developing of metadata standards requires 2.3.7 Metadata investment in time and human resources. Under the World Bank funded study conducted by a The increase in use of GIS is the leading driving Swedish Consortium 2001, preliminary data force of change from analogue to digital data exchange specifications were developed in that requires the need for data standards. It was accordance with the recommendation of Open suggested that the key ministries should GIS consortium (OGC) and in harmony with Table 2-8: List of Thematic datasets

Format Feature Type Projection Area Coverage Shape Polygon UTM UGANDA KML MultiPolygon Geo Northern Region Tab Point WGS 84 Zone 36N Eastern Region Raster MultiPoint 900913(Google) Western Region Tiff Line Other Central Region Image Polyline Acholi Sub-region SLD Bounding Shape Central 1 Sub-region Other Other Central 2 Sub-region East Central Sub-region Elgon Sub-region Karamoja Sub-region Lango Sub-region South-western Sub-region Teso Sub-region West Nile Sub-region Western Sub-region District A-n Neighboring Country

Table 2-9: Data format and geographic coverage

No Datasets No Datasets 1 Administrative Boundaries 14 Hydrology 2 Aerial Photos 15 IDP Camps 3 Agriculture 16 Land-Cover or Use 4 Cadastral 17 Livelihood 5 Climatic 18 Place Names 6 Digital Photos 19 Population Census 7 Economic 20 Protected Areas 8 Education 21 Protection 9 Emergency NFIs (Non Food Items) 22 Soils 10 Food Security 23 Topography 11 Geodetic 24 Transport Network 12 Geology 25 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene 13 Health, Nutrition and HIV. 26 Wetlands ISO/TC 211. The ISO/TC 211 goal is standards for management of spatial "standardisation in the field of digital geographic information. This has led to the use of different information." (GSDI Cookbook, Pg 144). systems for managing and updating data. The Uganda Bureau of Standards (UNBS) which has • This work aims to establish a structured the mandate of overseeing the application of set of standards for information standards in the country has not been involved concerning objects or phenomena that are in developing standards for the geospatial directly or indirectly associated with a sector. location relative to the Earth. From the findings, it was found out that 8 out • These standards may specify, for of 17 of the respondents indicated documenting geographic information, methods, tools data. However, most of them never understood and services for data management the concept of metadata. (including definition and description), 2.3.8 Geo Spatial Data acquiring, processing, analysing, accessing, presenting and transferring such data in In Uganda, Geo-information is continuously digital/electronic form between different being generated by different agencies. These users, systems and locations. agencies use different datasets to implement their programs. Most of these respondents are • The work shall link to appropriate willing to share the datasets shown in table 2.8 standards for information technology and freely. The most widely used datasets include the data, where possible, and provide a following thematic layers. framework for the development of sector-

specific applications using geographic The geographic features of above named data. datasets are captured under different formats These specifications have not yet been adopted and can cover different areas as below. by any institution but this will change since we Uganda is a country that is subdivided into 112 now have NPA as a formal coordinating body. districts, about 172 Counties, 960 Sub Counties However, in Uganda, there are no national

Table 2-10: Number of Organizations that produce/use geospatial data

Data Type Dataset produced by Dataset used by the institution Paper Digital institution Geodetic 3 7 4 5 Topography 2 9 5 6 Places 2 8 5 5 Aerial Photos 1 8 5 3 Digital Images 4 9 5 8 Administrative 4 15 11 14 Boundaries Cadastral 5 9 5 7 Transportation 5 9 5 6 Hydrology 1 8 4 5 Land Use 3 9 7 6 Geology 2 6 4 4 Wetlands 0 8 4 6 Soils 0 7 5 4 Land use/zoning 2 8 4 5 Climate 0 6 3 3 Health 2 6 3 4 Economic 1 6 5 6 Population 1 9 5 8 Biological 2 7 5 5 Average 2 8 5 6 used and frequently updated because of the ever and about 6255 Parishes. The datasets about increasing number of new districts being Administrative boundaries is the most widely created. The number of divisions of districts

Figure 2.6: Data use according to storage media

Total No of Partners using Paper or Digital or Both formats 2

15 None Digital and Paper 52 Digital Only

100 Paper Only

Figure 2.7: Number of Respondents producing datasets

14 12 10 8 6 4 Generators 2

Soils

Climatic

Geology

Geodetic

Cadastral

Wetlands

Economic

Education

IDPCamps

Hydrology

Livelihood

Protection

Population

Agriculture

Topography

PlaceNames

Aerial Photos

FoodSecurity

DigitalPhotos

EmergencyNFIs

ProtectedAreas

Health,Nutrition…

Watsan_Hygiene

LandCover or Use

AdminBoundaries Transport Network into countries and lower level administrative (producers). units has been steadily increasing from 56 in 1992 to the currents 122 districts. This has 2.3.9 Data Access and Sharing posed a considerable amount of challenge of The analysis on data access describes the continuous update of this dataset and outdated dissemination mechanisms, existent strategies datasets in possession of other users. and policies for making the data available for Some of these datasets are in inventoried were other users and uses. We consider: found to be in digital format while others still exist in paper format although most respondents a) Strategies and Exchange policies: The use both digital and paper format (that is printed findings showed that although most from digital copies). stakeholders are mandated to produce and use spatial information for their objectives, The table 2.10 above shows the various datasets most of them lack strategies for data used and produced by the respondents. It was storage, maintenance and dissemination. found that most respondents produce an Out of the 17 organizations, only 7 have a average of two (2) datasets and use about eight data access strategy and the rest do not have (8) of these datasets from other organizations or are in the process of development. While

Table 2-11: Types of data storage media

Hard Copy formats Audio-Visual formats Electronic formats Books/reports Sound/ Video recordings Database Forms, Notes or Tables Photographs Spreadsheets Card Index GIS Maps Paper Maps Remotely sensed data Word processor files

Table 2-12: Access policies by respondent

No. (By No. Total Of No. (Ad-hoc No. (Limited No. (Un-available Individual (Unrestricted Partners or Informal) By Policy) for external use) Request) Public Access) 17 1 2 1 2 11

some strategies are reliant on the 1995 Below is a summary of the findings of data constitution, most of the strategies follow based on file formats. policies and rules of the IT department in a The conditions under which data can be particular organization. accessed are listed below. b) Collection, storage and data dissemination mechanisms: Data is  Ad-hoc or Informal, collected, stored and disseminated to users  By Individual Request, in two different formats, either digital or  Limited by Policy, paper format. These formats are shown in  Un-available for external use, Table 2-11.  Unrestricted Public Access

Table 2-13: Pricing policy Table 2-12 shows that most data access is “Un- No of restricted” for public use and is mostly “Free to Charging ways Respondents all”

At Market Value 1 The organizations also have different ways charging for accessing data namely;  Ad-hoc, Free to all 13  At Cost of Media,  At Market Value, On Full Cost- 3  Free to all, recovery basis  On Full Cost-recovery basis

Figure 2.8: Number of respondents according to data formats

Video/Sound recordings Remotely Sensed Data Photographs

Word processor files Forms, Notes or Tables

Formats Books/reports Spreadsheets Database GIS Maps

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 No of partners

2.3.10 Human Resource Capacity fields of;

An important barrier to change is an  Database development organisation's capacity to adopt new standards  Development of online user-interactive and technologies. While the introduction of maps specialised GIS software, for example, for the  Website design and development creation of a geospatial data, is relatively easy, its  Usage of ArcGIS and other GIS effective use depends on the technical software capabilities as well as organisational support.  Manual Digitising Human Resource capacity development should  Spatial data analysis be a prime concern of senior management. It  Remote sensing. includes the theoretical issues and the practical hands-on capabilities to implement the SDI Table 2.14 shows the number of staff with skills components. in different application areas listed above.

It was found that most organizations/stakeholders lack expertise in the

Table 2-14: Qualification among staff

Name DataCollectors DataEntrants DataAnalyzers WebDesigners ICT RemoteSensing Database Management GIS GPS LandSurveyors PhysicalPlanners Total Ministry of Energy 4 4 4 0 3 2 2 2 2 1 0 24 Geological Surveys and Mines 30 2 0 0 2 2 0 2 3 6 0 110 Department 0 0 0 Department of Surveys and 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 3 Mapping Ministry of Works and Transport 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 3 Natural Forestry Authority 6 6 4 1 1 4 3 5 6 4 1 40 Uganda Bureau of Statistics 38 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 3 0 81 7 Ministry of Health 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Petroleum Exploration and 0 0 0 0 4 1 0 1 1 1 0 8 Production Dep’t Ministry of Local Government 4 0 4 1 4 0 2 2 0 0 17 Ministry of Agric, Animal Industry and 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Fisheries Department of Physical Planning 2 2 1 0 1 0 1 0 2 7 Rural Electrification Agency 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 0 1 0 6 National Water and Sewerage 4 1 2 1 0 0 2 6 8 4 0 28 Corporation Department of Urban Development 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 1 UN Office for the Coordination of 5 5 3 1 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 18 Humanitarian Affairs

Figure 2.9: Percentage of staff with IT skills

Most respondents reported having a remote sensing/image analyses, have acquired considerably reliable number of staff for data their knowledge and skills through short courses collection and monitoring with levels of and on-the-job experience. qualification ranging from post-graduate to on- job experience. However, the limited number of 2.3.11 ICT Framework staff in the technical fields such as GIS and The Uganda National ICT policy framework of

Table 2-15: Number of staff per qualification versus skill types

Category Post Graduate Diploma Short On-job Total graduate Course experience Data 6 8 0 42 45 101 collection/monitoring Data Entry 6 4 1 4 30 45 Data Analysis 5 3 0 6 8 22 Web design/publishing 2 3 0 2 1 8 Communications 2 1 0 0 0 3 Geographic 34 4 10 31 10 89 Information Systems Remote Sensing/image 3 4 0 10 6 23 processing Data Management 5 2 0 11 3 21 System Systems Administration 6 5 2 5 1 19 Global Positioning 8 1 0 7 73 89 System Land Surveying 4 3 1 0 10 18 Land Use/physical 1 6 0 0 1 8 planning Other Technical 1 0 0 0 0 1 expertise Total 83 44 14 118 188 447

Figure 2.10: Availability of Networks among respondents

Tech Networks in 17 Agencies 15.5

15 15 14.5

13.5

13 13 13 12.5

12 LAN Exists Fixed Phone Exist Internet Exists May 2002 recognises that ICT has a big role in technology includes a range of tools and the stimulation of national development and methods that not only preserve spatial context, globalization of the economy. However, but also include modelling operations that make Uganda’s ICT policy does not yet cover the role use of spatial analysis, such as proximity and of geo-information. adjacency. In this regard, GIS has offered a great capability for analysing, integrating, modelling Advancements in Information Systems and presenting spatial data, which in turn can be /Information Technology (IS/IT) have made a good output for efficient and effective plan possible the acquisition of a myriad of formulation, evaluation as well as rational and information that once was unthinkable to informed decision making. acquire. The introduction of computers and microelectronic equipment and The technology challenge remains a part for the telecommunication services (which gave access creation of the NSDI so that as technology gaps to Internet facilities) paved or is still paving the are identified resources can then be marshalled way for generation of information, not only for to address these gaps. scientific research, but also for planning or for policy purposes. The possibilities to query, The findings were geared towards assessment of retrieve, process and analyze information the availability or lack of telecommunications obtained via the Internet have galvanized the and information technology structures among interest of both data users and producers in the stakeholders. It was found out that new Uganda. The Internet has made it possible for technology has been incorporated into the end-users to more readily gather local production flow, some people have been trained geographic data suitable to their own use, access and others are being trained, and these agencies data from library depositories elsewhere, are providing digital products to users. It was develop the information products they need and found that most organizations/stakeholders lack use the data for decision making processes. and request to be facilitated with the technology training such as: Besides IS/IT, innovations and advances  Geo database management skills achieved in geoinformatics, GIS technology and  GIS WebServers the concepts of managing  ArcGIS Server and Licence Installation geoinformation/infrastructure (GII) have provided tremendous advantage to various  ArcGIS 9.3 or 9.10 Server and Software application fields in general and regional  Imaging Software development planning in particular. GIS  Large Format(A0) Laser Plotters

 Hands on Training in ArcGIS Server Table 2-16: UTL Internet Service Products  GPS Units  Remote sensing. Product Equipment WIMAX Out of the 17 respondents, 15 use fixed 128kbps Outdoor no wifi BM telephone lines for communication while 13 8201 have either internet access and/or local area 256kbps Indoor wifi BM network. This is shown in Figure 2-10. 512kbps ADSL 2.3.12 Survey of Internet Service Providers (ISP) 128kbps Mtt 800 The Internet and telecommunication are some 256kbps Wireless modem of the key technological requirements for the 512kbps Outdoor wireless ADSL management and transfer of information. Dedicated 128 During the study it was found that most 3G 128kbps 3G modem wireless institutions have relatively limited access to the MOONLIGHT internet. However, there are a number of service 128kbps providers offering various services as described 256kbps MT880 in detail below. These service providers were LANDLINE surveyed by telephone and the type of services default a 2 down:1 up asymmetric or 1 down:1 that they provide, the technology used as well as up symmetric service that is particularly suitable their network coverage are described below. for linkage to company local area networks (LANs) and office environments that need  MTN access to the internet. MTN Internet is the On October 21 1998, MTN Uganda2 launched vehicle for providing a comprehensive set of its commercial services in Uganda, just six internet bandwidth, email, domain services and months after acquiring and signing of the web hosting solutions. operator license agreement. MTN has since grown to be the leading telecommunications MTN offers reliable high speed access and company in Uganda servicing in excess of electronic communication solutions based on 1,600,000 customers. WiMax, GPRS, EDGE, CDMA and fibre-optic technologies. The MTN’s dedicated internet As a total telecommunications provider, MTN bandwidth offering is backed by service level provides a “one-stop shop” offering a agreements to ensure that the service is up and comprehensive range of products and services running and that maintenance is on hand at all supporting business efficiency and productivity. times at no extra cost. MTN Internet Bandwidth offers the corporate market dedicated and directed connection to the The company also offers a wireless broadband internet, tailor-made to suit each client’s specific service through state-of-the-art WiMax, ADSC requirements ranging from 128Kbps to anything and METRO Ethernet technologies that enable in excess of 10Mbps. high speed internet access of up to 8 Mbps shared and multi-media applications to be The dedicated bandwidth provides assured high transferred seamlessly. In addition, MTN offers speeds and capacity for network traffic and is Broadband bundles of 500MB, 1GB, 3GB and under no circumstances shared with other users. 10GB to satisfy varying requirements. Customized configurations are available in case the user requirement is different from the  Africa Online Uganda

2 http://www.mtn.co.ug

Table 2-17: Products of Afsat Communications Uganda Limited

Product Description

 Provides true business quality broadband speeds to and from the internet.  Has zero contention and guarantees minimum download speeds ranging Speed from 64k - 1.25 mbs  On dedicated links, subscribers can uplink and downlink to the internet at speeds up to 8mbps.

Instant access  No dial-up required. Its subscribers link directly, via a single hop, to the internet backbone.  The system is independent of multiple terrestrial telecommunication infrastructures, thus eliminating multiple potential points of failure between Reliability users and the internet.

 The service is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. It has a fully redundant tier-one connection of 155mbps to the internet backbone. Secure  Triple strength encryption (3des) ensures terminals receive and send secure data, making unauthorized access virtually impossible. Remote area  Broadband can be deployed anywhere in the coverage area and even in deployment areas where electricity is not available by using alternative sources of energy such as solar power.  Different cost-effective service plans are available for different customer Flexibility requirements.  Service plans are tailor-made to cater for individuals, corporate, schools, cyber cafes. Ease of use  Broadband operates with all operating systems and supports all tcp/ip enabled applications.  Broadband is scalable from one grade of service to another enabling Ultimate scalability quality broadband communication in line with your changing internet access needs. Scalability is available in both ways, allowing subscribers to upgrade or downgrade as appropriate.

Africa Online Uganda3 is a subsidiary of Africa anywhere as long as there is a telephone line. Online which is the premier provider of Internet The ISP operates a state of the art dial up access communications services throughout Africa, servers that allow access speeds up to 56kbps. bringing Internet users a level of technical expertise and breadth of service. It has evolved  Uganda Telecom Limited its charter to provide leading-edge Internet Uganda Telecom Limited (UTL)4 broadband services to thousands of successful individuals provides extremely fast internet access, targeted and businesses. at those that need and appreciate the value of extreme speed. With a broadband connection The company provides high speed internet and clients can enjoy the full range of internet email services through point to point (wireless) services. The internet offerings range from basic connectivity; suitable for Small to Medium solutions through to the more advanced options organizations and enterprises. This can be like broadband internet and dedicated internet. packaged in different speeds such as 64kbps, The table 2.16 below shows the list of products 128kbs and 256kbps and services offered by UTL. Users can also access Internet and Email  Afsat Communications services through dialing using a telephone line and a modem. Services can be accessed from

3 http://www.africaonline.co.ug 4 http://www.utl.co.ug

Afsat Communications Uganda Ltd5 offers a Leased lines thereby providing very number of connectivity solutions that vary from consistent and swift Internet access. client to client, depending on client's  Telephone bills are not required but 24- requirements, the span of the locations to be hour Internet Access is provided. connected and the size of WAN desired.  Free web based e-mail account Currently its client base includes over 100 VSAT [email protected] which can sites and 120 wireless installations in East be used with MS Outlook or any other Africa. e-mail software;  E-mail can be accessed all over in the Its broadband service offers the following world. features:  Internet services which include of Broadband Technology is supplied in one of the internet browsing service, Fax over IP, three ways; Audio and Video streaming, File  Wireless Cisco Equipment Transfer Protocol (FTP) and Instant  Leased Line using one of the National Messaging; Telco Operators (a monthly supplement  Email Applications which include web charge for the provider will be incurred) mail and free email addresses;  Fibre Optic Cabling  Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP). Using the Hughes Net Voice Appliance  Infocom iWay offers Business Quality telephony Infocom's7 roots go back to Uganda's Internet services enabling subscribers to make pioneers Infomail (starting in 1995) and Starcom toll quality VOIP calls to various which later merged their Internet activities and destinations worldwide. The iWay formed Infocom. The company offers the Broadband VoIP Service is designed to following services: allocate dedicated voice channels  Broadband Internet access 24 hours a automatically for the duration of the day, 365 days a year. call. The range of products offered by  No phone line or resultant cost. Afsat Communications is listed in table  2.17. A wide range of different bandwidth schemes, including managed or  SpaceNet dedicated bandwidth with minimum guaranteed speed (CIR) backed with a 6 SpaceNet had been operating in Uganda since service level agreement (SLA). 1999 and was taken over by Datanet.Com LLC  A fixed IP address allocated with your in January 2003. SpaceNet now operates as a connection. "brand" or "product" of Datanet.Com LLC,  Connectivity either via wireless local which is a company with vast experience in the loop (WLL) or leased line. general field of Information Technology providing IT solutions in diverse situations.  Uganda Online It contains various features especially: Computer Frontiers International (CFI) was incorporated in June 2000 in Uganda, as a  The channels used for LAN limited liability company with affiliate connections are either Fibre-Optic companies in the United States and South Cables, Cisco Wireless Equipment or Africa. In August 2001, CFI merged with the

5 http://iwayafrica.com 6 http://www.spacenet.co.ug 7 http://www.infocom.co.ug

Ugandan solution provider for Internet services, Bushnet's services is the provision of Internet Uganda Online8. and e-mail services via HF radios to remote clients. Bushnet, in co-operation with Computer Frontiers now offers a full range of STARCOM International, has started linking information technology products and services corporate customers to automated mailing that include scalable and robust data network systems, which connect to the Bushnet hub at strategy planning, deployment and management; regular intervals through standard telephone voice/data integration with various vendor lines. products; e-commerce and e-government solutions; a technical computer support Help  One2net Desk and Call Center; and information One2net9 has been an ISP in Uganda since 2001 management tools built on web enabled after purchasing one of the pioneering ISP’s in database systems. Uganda Sanyutel which was formed in 1996. The list below shows the core capabilities in Over the last few years, besides offering basic information technology, networking and project internet services to the market, One2net was management services. involved in a number of appropriate technology projects in Uganda. - Internet Solutions and Applications o Domain Names - This is home of Four of Uganda’s Internet Service Providers the [.ug] Country code top level (ISPs) have consolidated their purchase of domain name for Uganda. The [.ug] bandwidth in an effort to cut down Internet is an open registry with no costs and make bandwidth affordable. The four restriction whatsoever on who can ISPs Bushnet, SpaceNet, Africaonline and register domain names. One2Net have consolidated the bandwidth to a o Web Design and Hosting single purchase which has led to a 25 percent reduction in costs. Each ISP has been procuring o Web Enabled Databases between 5-6 Meg per month at a cost of $ 5,000 o Network Back-up and Security -$6,000 charged for it to be landed in Uganda. Systems But the four ISPs landed 50 Meg at a 25 percent o IT HelpDesk and Support reduction bought at a wholesale price. The price was reduced due to the bigger volume, purchase - Network Solutions and Telephony · from a single link and the reduction in satellite Internet Connectivity Solutions space segment resulting from landing the - Training· LAN & WAN bandwidth in bulk. The price is expected to implementation further go down as more ISPs understand the - Very Small Aperture Terminal concept and embrace it. (VSAT) The price of Internet in Uganda is still very high - IP Telephony & CAll Centre to everyday users at Shs.25 (14 cents) per minute Solutions limiting Internet use and growth basically - Wireless Network Solutions affected by expensive bandwidth sold by a few ISPs, which say they too are buying capacity via  Bushnet satellite and it is very expensive. Bushnet Limited is licensed by the Uganda Communications Commission to provide data 2.3.13 Situational Analysis transmission and Internet services. Part of SWOT Analysis

8 https://www.registry.co.ug/ 9 http://www.one2net.co.ug/

The following are the factors that may affect the • Lots of data is available only in the SDI development in terms of strengths, analogue format weaknesses, opportunities and threats currently • prevailing in Uganda. The SWOT analysis takes Lack of market orientation for GI into account actual situations like existing products and services threats, unexploited opportunities, as well as • Inefficient sectoral flow of spatial data possible strengths and weaknesses. • Inadequate intra- and inter- organizational communication a) Strengths • Lack of proper attitude towards data Strength is the characteristic that contributes sharing substantially to good management, staff • capacity, knowledge, resources, technological The culture of participatory and capacity and availability of base spatial data. The information efficient decision making is following were identified as strengths of lacking government organizations working in the GI • Lack of authority to create formal data sector: sharing agreements • Availability of a large base of skilled c) Opportunities manpower which will give an edge to the organizations dealing with spatial An opportunity is defined as a factor which can information substantially contribute to the realization of the SDI goals and objectives. These include new • Availability of long experience with possibilities for cooperation, favorable survey departments and LIS projects government policies and regulations, new target that will provide the base data. groups, and demand for new Geo-information • Rich base of spatial data with data services. Specific opportunities relating to the producers developed over several years NSDI development are: and in GIS format. • Availability of base infrastructure • Preparation and willingness of many (within the stakeholder organizations) organizations to participate in NSDI such as GIS software, trained staff, • Availability of ICT Backbone computers and good bandwidth infrastructure to support SDI • Ongoing cross-institutional initiatives development on data exchange such as the GeoIM • Data sharing arrangements with some Working Group effort and NISDIC organizations • Broad and powerful political will and backing for SDI development b) Weaknesses • Increasing demand for varied data A Weakness is a characteristic that threatens the products and services initiation and functioning of the SDI effort, • hampers cooperation with other stakeholders, or Willingness for collaborative efforts in obstructs the exploitation of opportunities. The creation of geospatial products and following were identified as Weaknesses: services • • The geospatial program is top-down, Value of data will increase, if the ‘create data centric, and project/donor once, share and use several times’ oriented, and adopts the ‘one size fits approach is followed all’ kind of approach. Hence data • Convergence of technologies such as contents of NSDI are often insufficient GIS, remote sensing, GPS, broadband to meet users’ requirements Internet, and satellite and mobile

communication will help in offering • From the national security point of value added products and services to view, unauthorized copying/ citizens. duplication, hacking, etc resulting in • SDI will promote awareness of the data insecurity. value of GIS for decision making to • Ad hoc pricing policy for spatial data elected officials products and services d) Threats • Data clearinghouse not yet established

Threats are challenges posed by unfavorable • Undefined role of each stakeholder of trends or developments that can have a NSDI substantial negative effect on the SDI • Only a small part of metadata is implementation effort if no corrective action is available from the vast storehouse of taken. The following are the perceived threats: spatial data available produced by the • Multiple agencies collecting and creating GeoIM Working Group the same data leading to improper use • Lack of awareness on SDI by the of financial resources by duplication of general public data • Unreliable power supply in many parts • Institutional dynamics and lack of of the country is hindering access to sharing culture which is a hindrance to digital information over the Internet sharing spatial information • Fears of change especially of new • Lack of a policy and guidelines on the technologies and government programs partnership process with major In addition to the SWOT analysis, key stakeholders dimensions to be considered include the • Increasing pressure for change national priorities and programs, developments, management at organizational level for role of stakeholders’, and available Geo-ICT adopting the fast changing geospatial infrastructure in the country. technologies

Technical Assistance for Spatial Data Infrastructure for Monitoring Development Outcomes, Uganda Final Report

Chapter Three

3 INTERNATIONAL TRENDS challenges unique to Africa. As Uganda seeks to Many countries and regions began development embrace spatial data infrastructures more fully, it and implementation of a national or is useful and instructive to supplement the international SDI as far back as the early 1980s above review of Uganda’s SDI history with a while others have started more recently. This selective review of SDI projects that the authors section provides an analysis of the present best themselves have participated in across Africa or practices from several countries. that have been widely cited in the SDI literature. We briefly review SDI experiences in Ethiopia, The 11 country SDI case studies in this section Sierra Leone, South Africa and Zambia and were chosen by the project team based on a attempt to capture some lessons learnt from the perceived mix from a list of SDI / GIS good experiences of each. practice in developed and emerging economies. As well, the team wanted to have examples from 3.1 African Initiatives federal countries (e.g., USA, Canada and Australia), to newly emerging countries 3.1.1 Ethiopia (including Republics such as Croatia and long time democratic countries such as Sweden and a Ethiopia’s initial forays into SDI commenced in mix of bi-cameral and uni-cameral governments. 2003 and focussed on capturing and making When considering Africa, the selection was widely available all geospatial data relevant to made based on the team’s SDI experiences. water resource management. As is true in most Unfortunately the lack of literature available for of East Africa, freshwater resources figure the chosen countries precluded detailed write- centrally in the populous land-locked country ups, not being able to fully cover all and managing freshwater storage and considerations for all countries. consumption is critical to agriculture, hydroelectric power generation, the freshwater Where possible, countries are presented using fishery, and wildlife management. Initial the headings: Geospatial data, Metadata, momentum towards that end was achieved Services, Policies, Agreements, Institutional through an applied focus on developing the arrangements, Human resource development, Ethiopian node of the African Water financial implications, and monitoring and Information Clearinghouse (AWICH). While reporting. The topic headings were adapted AWICH was intended to be more of a pan- from Roger Longhorn (2008), African water resource management SDI, http://www.gsdi.org/gsdiconf/gsdi11/wrkshpsl Ethiopia—lacking the infrastructure, ides/w2.2a.pdf technology, and expertise to create a standalone SDI—sought to dovetail their efforts on The annals of SDI initiatives in Africa are at AWICH. once similar to NSDI projects around the world in their successes and their missteps, and yet simultaneously reveal circumstances and

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that time to the FGDC10 standard since Figure 3.1: Map of Ethiopia ISO1911511 was still in its infancy).

The software ENRAEMED12 was identified as a suitable metadata editor with which to populate the metadata records. Between 2004 and 2009, some 28,000 geospatial assets related to water management in Ethiopia had been catalogued. Ethiopia has since expanded the national inventory beyond water to include all natural resources and, while ENRAEMED is still used for metadata capture, the ISO19115 standard has been increasingly adopted.

Lessons for UGSDI from Ethiopia

 Remain sensitive to momentum and ensure the success of the SDI Ethiopia’s approach, with minor exceptions, implementation through successive, could be characterized as the classic approach to smaller, “quick win” deliverables. developing some core competencies around  Leverage existing efforts, structures, SDI. An SDI sensitization workshop was first and institutional arrangements to the held for policymakers and other stakeholders. A extent possible, especially in cases second, more process- and skills-oriented with a relative absence of political workshop was held amongst civil service support or a legislative mandate. technical staff, staff from the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), and other  Ensure that there is a solid local stakeholders from which a technical underlying business driver with a real working group was later formed. Stakeholders demand driven business case and agreed that before any new data collection was project champion to keep the SDI undertaken they first had to take stock of what moving forward. maps, digital datasets, texts, videos, and other  This is a good example of a wider reference materials were held collectively by the (broader) SDI development, but stakeholder consortium. implementers should try to focus in a thematic area to keep the level of Doing so suggested a national inventory of all complexity manageable. geospatial resources related to water management which, in turn, necessitated a more 3.1.2 Sierra Leone structured approach to cataloguing these resources through the formal capture of metadata. Funds were located to contract a consultant to deliver training to members of the technical working group on metadata capture (at 10http://www.fgdc.gov/metadata 11http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber =26020 12http://www.mowr.gov.et/index.php?pagenum=11 44 April 2011

Technical Assistance for Spatial Data Infrastructure for Monitoring Development Outcomes, Uganda Final Report

had been destroyed or outright looted during the Figure 3.2: Map of Sierra Leone war, numerous disparate assets have been donated or procured in the post-war era, ranging from computer workstations and wide-bed plotters to GIS and remote sensing software and GPS equipment. Much of the GIS data and even some of the low- and medium-resolution satellite imagery collected during the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL)14 were made available to local stakeholders.

With these data and physical assets scattered and decentralized amongst a disparate network of government, NGO, and parastatal agencies, the stakeholder community realized that a spatial Sierra Leone’s recent initiatives in 2008-2009 data infrastructure focused on post-war focused on developing a thematic SDI in reconstruction would be ideal. As such, and with support of a concrete shorter-term deliverable to political endorsement from the Minister and the rebuild the national cadastre and land registry Prime Minister’s Office, staff from the records that were largely destroyed during the MoLCPE, Statistics Sierra Leone, and the 1991-2000 civil war. Politically sponsored by the Ministry of Information and Communication Minister of Lands, Country Planning, and the were extensively trained on geospatial metadata, Environment (MoLCPE), the Ministry had international metadata standards, and on engaged several donor agencies to assist in metadata capture using the GeoNetwork15 reconstructing the land register. Third-party metadata editor and SDI repository. studies pointed to a need for capacity building around modern land surveying techniques using A local IT consultancy specializing in GPS and recommended that Sierra Leone invest geoinformation management was engaged by in a local network of continuously operating the Government to register the real property reference stations (or CORS).13 With fundraising deeds presented by the public and, secondarily, and donor solicitations underway to meet those to host the spatial data infrastructure as there two requirements, two additional independent was insufficient expertise within the civil service consultancies recommended that any initiative to deploy and maintain the SDI backbone. towards a new land register would benefit from Agreement amongst the stakeholder community salvaging, rehabilitating, and digitizing the was that each agency would create metadata remaining analogue map collection that had entries for each of their geospatial assets and survived the war. “Data rescue” of the existing those records would, in turn, be replicated into a hardcopy map collection would better enable, centralized repository in Freetown. expedite, and help to validate the capture of land titles and deeds presented by private citizens to Unfortunately, however, connectivity to the the Ministry for (re)registration. centralized repository proved to be crippling and dispiriting to end users who wanted to leverage Even though much of the pre-war geospatial the SDI. Unlike metadata records in other infrastructure (surveying equipment, maps, etc.) 14http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/past/una msil/ 13http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/CORS/ 15http://geonetwork-opensource.org/ 45 April 2011

Technical Assistance for Spatial Data Infrastructure for Monitoring Development Outcomes, Uganda Final Report

disciplines (e.g., bibliographic, audio/music, or  While the initial implementation of SDI those for document management) geospatial components in Sierra Leone was assisted metadata records tend to be relatively heavy and through donor and other NGO funding, there distributed metadata repositories of the kind was a lack of continuity when donor projects Sierra Leone wished to implement required at come to a close. Sustainability considerations least periodic windows of stable and ample viewed realistically need to be built into initial bandwidth to move data between nodes. Of SDI policy and implementation frameworks. course, bandwidth quality was simply beyond Initial and ongoing funding is a critical issue. the immediate influence of the SDI consortium.  Be sensitive to and have a mitigation plan for Procuring the requisite hardware and software is technological challenges during the early phases relatively easy through public funds or donor aid of SDI implementation activities. but even when those resources have been procured towards the SDI platform, it is the  The Sierra Leone example highlights the ability of remote users to explore what importance of wider societal issues as well as ‘chance’ events (minister resigning) in shaping geospatial data and other assets exist that is the the course of SDI development. raison d’etre of SDI. And ultimately, depending on data access policies, SDI end users should  This example also highlights the importance ideally be able to access the resources directly, of having a thematic driver to get things moving. without the need for burning CDs or DVDs. Fast, reliable, and secure connectivity amongst stakeholders lies at the heart of modern SDIs. In 3.1.3 South Africa much of Africa, however, this entails thinking In 1997, South Africa funded the National carefully about and planning mitigation Spatial Information Framework (NSIF) SDI strategies to deal with narrow and unreliable initiative and thus became one of the first bandwidth amongst partners that may have very countries in Africa to implement an SDI. NSIF limited access. is the national initiative to co-ordinate the development of the infrastructure needed to Simultaneous to the technological challenges support the utilization of spatial information in imposed by Sierra Leone’s weak internet decision making. This South African Spatial infrastructure, the overall project was susceptible Data Infrastructure includes policies, institutional arrangements, human resource to factors external to the stakeholders. The development and standards for geographic project champion, the Minister of Lands, left information. office following repeated allegations of corruption within the Ministry (but not against The Republic of South Africa has a population the Minister himself). Moreover, there had been of 49.1 million (2009) and a land area of several long gaps in donor funding and the 1,219,090 sq km. It has 9 provinces – all with consultancy engaged for the project was not elected parliaments - under the constitution. Its being paid. Stemming from these fragilities, the government is bi-cameral. There are about 200 project lost considerable traction and remains municipalities. It has a GDP/ capita of USD dormant in search of a new champion and 10,300 (World Bank, 2009). Land administration renewed funding. and management are mandated to the central level. (Wikipedia, 2010) Lessons for UGSDI from Sierra Leone

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Technical Assistance for Spatial Data Infrastructure for Monitoring Development Outcomes, Uganda Final Report

Figure 3.3: Map of South Africa Judging from the geospatial newsletters coming out of South Africa in 2010 on the Internet, the SDI in South Africa is very active and advancing.

Detailed information about the SDI situation in South Africa is given in Annex 8.

Lessons for UGSDI from South Africa

 Legislation is a powerful SDI enabler.

 All stakeholders need to remain engaged and There is a focus on developing mechanisms to be at the table. improve access to existing information, avoid duplication in data collection and management 3.1.4 Zambia and ensure that new data captured can be easily utilized together with existing geographic data, Zambia provides a rather unique example of to enhance their collective values. In 1997, the how a thematic SDI evolved from a community department of Land Affairs established a of GIS practitioners working within the public component to co-ordinate the development of health and primary healthcare sectors on a very the NSIF. The intention is not to create a single central database, but to make it possible to link specific measurement challenge. Recognizing different databases, which are maintained by that the monitoring of HIV/AIDS prevalence agencies, using common standards and was hampered owing to incapacities to measure protocols. This architecture supported by the extent and distribution of HIV/AIDS on the common standards and protocols is a critical ground (with Zambia having amongst the requirement for SDI development. It of course highest infection rates on the continent), a depends on good connectivity and relatively technical working group met in Lusaka in high levels of cooperation. September, 2007 to discuss the challenges faced The government of South Africa enacted the in quantifying sub national HIV/AIDS rates and Spatial Data Infrastructure Act in 2003 (Act No. how to redress them. Partners (amongst them 51.) with the purpose of establishing the South the Zambia Ministry of Health, the US Centers African Spatial Data Infrastructure (SASDI). In for Disease Control, and the World Health addition the following items were put in place. Organization) agreed that, in the first instance,

 While not available in the RSA SDI, the Figure 3.4: Map of Zambia document has remained uncompleted for a number of years. Efforts are currently being made to produce a new document which is more up to date.

South Africa, as of 2008, was one of only six (6) African countries to have enabled SDI development through legislation (the others being Morocco, Tunisia, Niger, Nigeria, and Gabon).

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an accurate map of population distribution was be no broadening of the health SDI into other essential as was having a complete census of thematic areas. Zambian health facilities (with high-precision geocoding) and a full inventory of their 2.3.5 Final Comment on African Trends programmes, equipment, and capital and human The literature on SDI in Africa is comprised of resources. Mapping settlement patterns and the several ill-fated initiatives whose sole focus has locations of existing healthcare facilities was been the SDI itself. Too ambitious, too deemed fundamental to understanding the complex, too fragmented, and with too many configuration of both healthcare service competing demands, many of these efforts have deliveries across the country and towards the eventually lost traction stemming from long surveillance of HIV/AIDS transmission. implementation timeframes with no or too few intermediate deliverables along the way. It was further decided that conducting a full Sensitive to these failures, a contemporary best census of the road transport network (trunk, practice is to focus on SDI applications and the main, and local streets) was likewise key to importance of “quick wins.” Local geospatial understanding accessibility to those health stakeholder communities and donors alike are facilities. The partners additionally agreed that increasingly adopting an SDI implementation while the Ministry of Health would remain the approach that focuses on a single thematic area, custodian of these fundamental datasets all or sub-national geography, around which to health data consortium members would have construct their SDIs. Leveraging existing equal and free access to them. By the spring of institutional structures and relationships can be 2008, this very focused initiative around key in that regard and the stakeholder HIV/AIDS surveillance had evolved into an community needs to remain collectively sensitive extended dialogue around the construction of a to ensuring that all partners are engaged and more fully-fledged health sector SDI. With have their voices heard. And perhaps most relationships in place, mutual trust amongst the importantly, continued investment (from public partners, and with some initial successes, the funds or donor aid) towards a more effort was expanded and, of necessity, more comprehensive, multi-purpose, geographically- attention was given to technical standards expansive, and more technologically advanced around ground control, common geodetic SDI is best secured through regular milestone reference frames, and consistent metadata deliverables against meaningful, specific business standards. needs.

Lessons for UGSDI from Zambia 3.2 International Initiatives  While the longer-term architecture and application The following section summarises SDI activities areas of an SDI will be generic and cross- in several leading countries around the world. disciplinary, focus initially on specific application Each has a different SDI experience. Following areas that address well-articulated needs. Absent of each country summary are some lessons from concrete application areas, SDI initiatives tend to the SDI implementation in this country that lose traction. should be applied to the SDI development in Uganda. The detailed description of the SDI  Probably because Zambia is one of the poorest and implementation for each country is given in least developed nations on earth and because Annex 8. Zambia is so focussed on their devastating HIV/AIDS epidemic, there currently appears to 48 April 2011

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3.2.1 Australia and New Zealand Figure 3.5: Map of Australia and New Zealand Australia and New Zealand have a joint SDI Council of 10 members titled the Australian and New Zealand Land Information Council (ANZLIC) that spans the Australian federal government, 6 state governments, 3 territories, and the Government of New Zealand. They are the: Australian Capital Territory; Australian Commonwealth Government; Northern Territory; New Zealand; and the 6 Australian states of New South Wales (NSW), management, including: i) Guidelines for data Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria custodianship; ii) Policy statement on spatial and Western Australia. The Council operates, data management; iii) ANZLIC metadata profile therefore, at the policy and think tank level guidelines; iv) Guiding principles for spatial data rather than at the implementation and access and pricing policy; v) Privacy guidelines supervisory levels, as each of the 6 states and for spatial information; and vi) Access to New Zealand have jurisdiction over land sensitive spatial data. administration and other natural resources. However, it is the peak spatial inter- Lessons for UGSDI from Australia and New governmental body with members who are Zealand heads of States/Territories and federal government agencies that sets national policy,  ANZLIC started from the ground-up and strongly advocates the use of standards through dedicated GIS professionals across the spatial information industry. coming together and later involved higher level officials in the jurisdictions The Australian Spatial Data Infrastructure involved. (ASDI), put in place in 2003 by ANZLIC, is a  ANZLIC participation can only be national framework linking users with providers voluntary as land administration and of spatial information. It comprises the people, management are functions of state policies and technologies necessary to enable the governments. generation and use of spatially referenced data through all levels of government, the private and  ANZLIC is only as successful as its non-profit sectors, academia and the stakeholders let it be; community.  ANZLIC members recognised the importance of key data sets very early in ANZLIC's role is to facilitate easy and cost the project and each organization effective access to the great amounts of spatial brought them up-to-date and data and services provided by a wide range of maintained them. organisations in the public and private sectors in  Australia and New Zealand both have Australia and New Zealand. key national digital data sets available on the internet for free along with Over the last decade ANZLIC has developed a software. set of inter-related policies (available on-line) and guidelines aiming to assist organisations achieve ‘best practice’ in spatial data

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It should be stated that most if not all of the geospatial technology and the Internet. The Australian states have SDI committees and initiatives that are dealing with GIS policy and Figure 3.6: Map of Canada information issues at the state level (a notable example is WALIS of Western Australia – see www.walis.wa.gov.au). In December 2010 the New Zealand Government Cabinet announced that it was going to develop a new NZ SDI policy. Clearly there must be unfinished business.

References  http://www.anzlic.org.au/ (ANZLIC web Canadian Geospatial Data Infrastructure site) (CGDI) delivers geographic content to the  https://www.ga.gov.au/ (GeoScience World Wide Web through access to over 1400 Australia web site) geospatial database collections. The CGDI does  http://www.linz.govt.nz/ (Land not house this information but rather provides Information New Zealand web site) an infrastructure that allows a diverse community to share geospatial information and  http://www.asris.csiro.au; (Australia Soil data which is based on common standards. Resource Information System web site)  http://adl.brs.gov.au/mapserv/landuse/ The CGDI provides the technology standards, (Australian Land Use web site) access systems, and protocols necessary to  http://www.isotc211.org/WorkshopRome/ harmonize Canada's geospatial databases, and to Presentations/Body_Rome.pdf (paper by make them accessible on the Internet. It is vital Chris Body and John Hockaday on that there are standards and interoperability in Metadata ISO 19115, Rome 2007) the area of geospatial data technology. If not,  http://www.geospatial.govt.nz/barriers- time, money and effort will be duplicated, and and-opportunities (reasons for spatial Canada's geospatial data will be a patchwork at information strategies). best. Through the CGDI, Canadian governments at all levels are managing their 3.2.2 Canada responsibilities more efficiently and enhancing Canada is recognized as one of the leading decision making with more complete nations in the integration of geospatial science, information at their disposal. geospatial technology and the Internet. The Canadian Geospatial Data Infrastructure Canadians benefit from these advances whether (CGDI) delivers geographic content to the as users or providers of data, technology and World Wide Web through access to over 1400 expertise. With continued advancement, geospatial database collections. The CGDI does Canadian businesses will be able to sustain and not house this information but rather provides enhance their position in global markets with an infrastructure that allows a diverse sought-after geospatial data products, expertise, community to share geospatial information and and services. data which is based on common standards. The CGDI was originally funded with $60M Canada is recognized as one of the leading CAD in 1999, with $60M CAD in 2005 and nations in the integration of geospatial science, 50 April 2011

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finally with $12M CAD in 2010. The CGDI was  CGDI participation is voluntary and no created to: legislation was enacted.  Facilitate sharing of geospatial  Federal funding support for the information; development of the CGDI was  Improve planning for future significant. investments in geospatial data;  Expand collaborative partnerships that References help leverage investments and reduce duplication;  http://www.geoconnections.org/ (GeoConnections web site)  Encourage the adoption of standards for sharing and using geospatial  http://www.geobase.ca/geobase/en/in information; dex.html (GeoBase web site)  Enable informed decision making by  http://geogratis.cgdi.gc.ca/geogratis/en providing easy access to current /index.html (GeoGratis web site) information, knowledge and expertise;  http://gdr.nrcan.gc.ca/index_e.php  Promote efficiency by reducing (GeoScience web site) duplication of efforts through national  http://geodiscover.cgdi.ca/web/guest/ standards, specifications and services home (Discovery Portal) that support collaboration;  http://www.ccog-cocg.ca/ (Canadian  Enable usability for Canadian Council on Geomatics web site) governments, firms and individuals that need a reliable system, an  http://www.iacg- “infrastructure” to access and use these cmoig.org/index_e.php (Interagency Committee web site) resources;  Facilitate growth in the export of 3.2.3 Croatia Canadian technology, products, expertise, and services. The Republic of Croatia is a parliamentary democracy, with a bi-cameral house of Lessons for UGSDI from Canada parliament, has a population of 4.5 million (2010) and a land area of 56, 538 sq km and an  The CGDI focussed on four thematic inland land sea area of 31,067 sq km, and over areas (public safety, public health, 1,200 islands with just 50 inhabited. environment and aboriginal affairs) The Republic of Croatia started to prepare for  The CGDI helped develop and adopted NSDI in 2005 with a study developed by a international technical standards (rather group of international experts guided by State than Canadian standards) Geodetic Authority (SGA). From this, in association with the revision of the State Survey  Data access and use policy development and Real Estate Cadastre Law, they added SDI was specifically tailored to the Canadian provisions into the Law which was passed by situation Parliament in 2007 (see Annex 4 below for the SDI provisions). The Law for the most part  A viewing and discovery portal was matches the EU Inspire directive principles and developed for finding and sharing calls for NSDI stakeholders' spatial data needed geospatial data and services 51 April 2011

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Figure 3.7: Map of Croatia  the ministry responsible for science and education;  the ministry responsible for the protection of cultural and natural heritage;  the ministry responsible for economy;  the state administration body responsible for State Survey and Real Property Cadastre Law;  the state administration body responsible for statistics; to be linked to a common IT network in order  to enable the search of the spatial data sets, and the Croatian Hydrographic Institute; for it to be available in an easy and accessible  the Croatian Geodetic Institute; way. It should be noted that Croatia aims for  geodetic and geoinformatics economic European Union membership by 2012. community;  IT economic community; and During 2008 and 2009, the NSDI establishment  Croatian Chamber of Architects and took place with the start-up of the NSDI Civil Engineers. Council for the coordination of the NSDI stakeholders' activities. As well as a (working) The president and members of the NSDI Committee was formed to serve as an Council are appointed for a period of four years. independent NSDI implementation body and In accordance with the Law, the State Geodetic NSDI working groups for: technical standards; Agency (SGA) serves as the Secretariat of the joint usage of spatial data; linking the NSDI and NSDI Council, coordinates all NSDI bodies and Croatian Government programs. They also provides technical support. Furthermore, one of developed a NSDI business plan and undertook the SGA tasks is to create products and services capacity building for stakeholder agencies. for the NSDI by maintaining a public metadata service on the Internet and a Geo-Portal, in a According to the Law, the Government of the way that will allow stakeholders to maintain the Republic of Croatia appointed the NSDI information up to date. A preliminary geoportal Council with one representative each from the was started in February 2010 (see www.geo- following bodies: portal.hr for more information).

 the ministry responsible for Lessons for UGSDI from Croatia: environment protection and spatial  planning (as president); Croatia invested greatly into building key data sets and the whole system  the state administration body overall including SDI. responsible for e-government;  Effective use was made of the law to  the ministry responsible for defence; guide stakeholders and start off the  the ministry responsible for land NSDI. registry;  The NSDI council has a wide coverage  the ministry responsible for transport of stakeholders (16 in all). and communications;  the ministry responsible for agriculture, forestry and water management; 52 April 2011

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 The importance of leadership was  Inconsistencies in spatial data apparent during implementation and collection, where spatial data is often effective use was made of advisers. missing or incomplete or, alternatively, the same data is collected twice by 3.2.4 EU INSPIRE different organizations  Lack or incomplete documentation of The European SDI is formally called available spatial data Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe (INSPIRE). INSPIRE was officially initiated by  Lack of compatibility among spatial the INSPIRE Directive, which is a legal Act datasets meaning that they cannot be (Directive 2007/2/EC) of the Council of the combined or used with other spatial European Union and the European Parliament. datasets The Act calls for setting up an Infrastructure for  Incompatible SDI initiatives within a Spatial Information in Europe based on existing Member State that often function in infrastructures established and operated by the isolation 27 Member States of the European Union (EU).  Cultural, institutional, financial, and The EU is a union of 27 sovereign Member legal barriers preventing or delaying the States with a population of over 500 million sharing of existing spatial data citizens (2009) that have agreed through a series of international treaties to the policy areas in The key elements of the INSPIRE Directive to which they wish to share responsibilities and overcome these barriers include resources (e.g., agricultural, environmental, and  Metadata to describe existing regional policies) and those policies that remain information resources so spatial data the exclusive domain of the national can be more easily found and accessed governments (e.g., defence and immigration).  Harmonization of the key spatial data themes that are needed to support The purpose of INSPIRE is to support environmental policies in the EU environmental policy and overcome major  barriers affecting the availability and accessibility Agreements on network services and of relevant data. These barriers include: technologies that allow discovery, viewing, TRANSFORMING, and downloading of data and access to Figure 3.8: Map of EU related services  Policy agreements on data sharing and access, including licensing and charging  Coordination and monitoring mechanisms

Although unofficial, Roger Longhorn indicated in his presentation abstract for GSDI12 http://www.gsdi.org/gsdiconf/gsdi12/abstracts .html#Anchor-European-363 entitled “European Union Funding for INSPIRE Directive Implementation Projects” that funding in the order of 49M euro had been spent or committed to this activity.

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Even the 2010 INSPIRE monitoring and forest, 3% is natural reserve. There were 6.6 reporting documents (for the 2009 year are million buildings in 2002. unclear of the total spent. For example Austria reported 12 M euro, but this did not include all The population of the Netherlands in 2010 was provinces. France reported no financial estimated at 16.7 m. The GDP was USD 796 information while Portugal reported that more billion (2009), the GDP by composition is about than 1M euro had been spent. Country reports agriculture 3%, industry 26% and services 71%. are available at http://inspire.jrc.ec.europa.eu/index.cfm/pagei By 2000 the Netherlands had developed a well d/182/list/indicators functioning NSDI. It was designed by the National Foundation for Geographical The country reports as submitted are available at Information (Ravi) and it was approved (as a http://inspire.jrc.ec.europa.eu/index.cfm/pagei vision) by the Dutch Council of Ministers in d/182/list/indicators 1992. The main goal of the original vision was to increase the compatibility and exchange between Lessons learnt for UGSDI from INSPIRE the main core data sets. This core data concept was for the information concerning parcels of  INSPIRE is a large complex expensive land, people, companies and buildings, and these initiative, so in comparison to UGSDI, were identified as the fundamental data with there are few lessons on the which to build the NSDI. It had to be coupled implementation. with the Dutch Government’s e-government initiatives.  EU legislation has been a driver in moving the INSPIRE initiative forward In the years following 2000 came pressure for improvements in the SDI. First, the  INSPIRE is developing and using many Government introduced the ‘Space for Geo of the international technical standards Information’ initiative in 2003 which planned to which could benefit the UGSDI up-grade the NSDI by 2009 to reflect the new imperatives that were impinging on the World  INSPIRE has made available many Figure 3.9: Map of The Netherlands verification and test services that could be taken advantage of by the UGSDI.

3.2.5 The Netherlands The Netherlands is located in Western Europe, bordering the North Sea, between Belgium and Germany. It is located at the delta of three major European rivers (Rhine, Maas, Schelde). The area of land is 33,890 km2 and of water 7,650 km2. The terrain consists of mostly coastal lowland and reclaimed land (polders), with some hills in the southeast. The lowest point is -7 m (Zuidplaspolder) and the highest point +322 m (Vaalserberg). It is estimated that 8% is urban land, 58% is agricultural land, 7% is 54 April 2011

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(e.g., September 11, 2001 in USA and beyond) created the Singapore Land Authority (SLA) in and Netherlands including the EU PSI Directive 2001 with a main focus on land resource (of 2003) that is the re-use of Public Sector optimization. SLA reports to the Ministry of information. Law (MoL) and works closely with the Ministry of Information, Communication and Art In 2007 the EU Inspire Directive (for SDI) was (MoICA). launched. It had been under preparation since about 2002 in various drafts and in discussion Singapore has a population of 5.0 million (2010 with most EU members including the est.) and a land area of 704 sq km. It consists of Netherlands. 63 islands and is reclaiming lands. It is a republic and a unicameral parliamentary democracy. Lessons for the UGSDI from the Singapore has 5 community development Netherlands councils that appear to have few powers. Singapore is one of the 5 top ports and the 4th  The ‘producers’ of information started largest financial centre in the World. Its GDP is the SDI, but it was taken over by ‘users‘ US$50,130 per capita making it the 4th richest in the early 2000s; then the countries in the World (mostly Wikipedia). Government of the Netherlands NSDI tasks are run from the central stepped in 2003 and again in 2008. The government. latest SDI design (Gideon) has been influenced and reviewed by 23 One of the core functions of the SLA is to ministries and agencies working promote and proliferate the sharing and use of together - they all have brought into the geospatial data among government agencies. Gideon concept. SLA, the national mapping agency and lead agency in GIS is also responsible for driving the  The Netherlands is an example of how National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) significant demands and pressures are which is named the Singapore Geospatial brought upon a successful SDI (as it Collaborative Environment (SG-SPACE). One was in early 2000s) by new requirements of the key tasks of SG-SPACE involves a whole including: e-government, of data re-use of government approach to link up and and access to public sector information, harmonize the various types of geospatial data demands from all levels of government, managed by public agencies. SG-SPACE is co- data access and security demands, and for disaster management. Figure 3.10: Map of Singapore

3.2.6 Singapore In 1965 Singapore separated from the Malaysian Federation and became an independent country. Subsequently, Singapore became one of the world's most prosperous countries with strong international trading links and with per capita GDP equal to that of the leading nations of Western Europe. Singapore is an island city state and the smallest country in South East Asia. Due to its small size, land is a precious commodity in Singapore. Thus the government 55 April 2011

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Figure 3.11: SG-SPACE Components Figure 3.12: Map of Sweden

lead by MoL and MoICA. constitutional monarchy with a unicameral The SG-SPACE framework is an integration of parliament. Sweden is divided into 290 several components which serve as the building municipalities and 21 county councils, the latter blocks for realizing the vision of SG-SPACE. primarily responsible for healthcare. The components of the SG-SPACE framework Municipalities are accountable for other kinds of are as follows: public service related to the inhabitants and their immediate environment; they can levy taxes Lessons learnt for UGSDI from Singapore including income taxes and have been able to do so since 1862. There is no hierarchical relation  Singapore has a very small area but they between municipalities and county councils. have found that an SDI is very useful They are both self-governing local authorities, and beneficial to its government and quite autonomous. Taxes are levied as a people. percentage of inhabitants’ income up to 30%  The technical architecture and with 10% for the regions. implementation are relatively simple, In mid 2006 the Government of Sweden very modern and cost effective. ordered the start-up of a Geodata Strategy 3.2.7 Sweden (GDS) formulation to be guided into existence by a GeoData Board of 11 entities mostly The responsibility for the implementation of government including the land agency INSPIRE in Sweden is shared between the Lantmäteriet. The reasons for the new Geodata Swedish Government, the coordinator strategy requirement were: (Lantmäteriet) and the concerned (according to INSPIRE) public sector authorities (as  forthcoming EU Inspire directive above).http:www.geodata.se/en/Sweden (issued in 2007 but well known in draft Sweden has an area of 450,000 km2 with 39,000 versions from 2002-2006) km2 being water. Forest lands total about  the EU directive concerning reuse of 240,000 km2 and mountainous areas 72,000 public service information (PSI) (from km2; and built up areas 13,000 km2. The 2003); population in 2010 was close to 9.3 million with about 80% living in urban areas. It is a 56 April 2011

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 The EU directive concerning the collaboration and co-operation must be assessment and management of flood developed across administrative boundaries and risks; between all involved parties. The vision for the  The GMES (Global Monitoring for Swedish Geodata Strategy in a 10 year Environment and Security Iinitiative) perspective is that organisations that manage plus the EU Galileo project; and use geodata in their daily activities should:  The Land Protection directive; Use geodata to generate increased benefits for society, based on co-operation across  Swedish Government’s e-Governance organizational boundaries, and at the lowest decree - which aims to increase the possible cost. Co-ordinate information resources efficiency of public sector in a network and make them available via administration and accessibility; uniformly structured services and descriptions  Several elements of the voluntary of the information. Provide services to public Swedish SDI needed to be sector administration, companies and the strengthened, e.g. – at least 8 public general public and satisfy demands at local, sector “geodata stakeholders” had not regional, national, European and global levels.’ adopted the new 2000 projection End of quote from GDS 2009. systems and maps by 2006 (including the National Road Administration, Lessons Learnt for UGSDI from Sweden Statistics Sweden, National Tax Border Administration, and the Swedish  Between 2000 and 2005, Sweden had Standards [not involved in 2006], as well the realization that it must take major as the 21 regional and 290 municipal actions to address the SDI challenges governments were still using old maps coming out of the EU, the Swedish and the old projection system; and there Government (with e-Governance) as was a believe that there was a need for well to address its own SDI legal changes to achieve SDI and shortcomings. geodata changes.  The Swedish Government e-governance  Also that it had to bring the 290 plan relative to the forthcoming EC municipalities and 21 regional Inspire plans and the existing SDI of governments along with the Central Sweden. Government in terms of SDI and GDS. It appears that the municipalities were In 2008 the Geodata Strategy Board issued its lagging behind in terms of maps, 2nd annual report up-dating the Geodata Strategy privacy laws and the freedom of and reporting progress. It did the same action in information (or lack of it). With the 2009 issuing a Swedish Geodata Strategy 2009 coming the Geodata Strategy 2006-2009 which again up-dated the 2008 Strategy – that is and of Inspire (in 2007) and PRI to date the task had taken 3 years to achieve – directives from the EU in the 2000s, the they reported progress and included action Government of Sweden had to take items. The next ‘Geodata Strategy’ annual report action to bring SDI change to the is due out on November 23, 2010. municipalities as well as to many central government ministries and authorities; ‘Important keys to success are a common they had not been impacted by the 1st approach and sound forms of co-operation generation of the SDI changes in the between all involved parties. Reliance, 1990s. 57 April 2011

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 It should be noted that Government at responsible for the land administration system, all levels in Sweden operate by apart from federal lands. Potentially all levels of consensus and change therefore takes government can generate and use geospatial time. information.

In the USA, the development of the National SWEDEN references Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) is generally considered to have started during the Clinton  http://www.fig.net/pub/fig_2002/Ts3- Presidency with the signing of an Executive 5/TS3_5_wiberg.pdf Order in 1994, which created the NSDI. The  http://www.geodata.se/en/ A Executive Order was then amended in 2003 by National Geodata Strategy 2008; and the Bush Administration, which transferred 2009 - both reports have versions of the certain SDI functions to the Secretary of Sweden’s Geodata strategy Homeland Security.  http://www.gsdi.org/gsdiconf/gsdi11/ papers/pdf/86.pdf / Sweden basically The NSDI is being coordinated and nothing new same as the strategy implemented by the Federal Geographic Data  http://icaci.org/documents/ICC_proce Committee (FGDC) which has two significant edings/ICC2009/html/nonref/3_25.pd initiatives that implement the NSDI. The f paper by [email protected] Geospatial One-Stop (GOS) provides an The National SDI Coordination Unit Internet portal (www.geodata.gov) to facilitate has been established at Lantmäteriet data sharing for decision support systems and (The Swedish Mapping, Cadastre and encourages partnerships across organizations. Land Registration Authority) to The other initiative is The National Map organize, manage and coordinate the (TNM), which integrates base US geographic work concerning the National Geodata data in partnership with content producers. Strategy and the coordination of and support for the implementation of The US has been very active nationally and INSPIRE in Sweden. internationally in the development of the NSDI. The US government clearly sees significant  http://www.geotest.se/en/results/ benefits from implementing an SDI as they are 2009 Swedish paper describing the continuing to make investments in the data and test results of converting various SDI technology. It is also interesting to note that the products to Inspire products government recently gave Homeland Security a  http://www.kommuninvest.se/website significant role in the development of the NSDI. 1/en-gb/local-government- The investments in the portal, the data and the framework/local-government- coordination by the US government help keep framework.php Figure 3.13: Map of U.S.A.

3.2.8 United States of America The USA is constitutional federal republic of 50 states and one distinct, 3143 counties, cities, parishes and towns. It has a population of 303.8 million people (est. 2008) and a land area of 9,161,923 sq km. The states and counties are

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the US as one of the leading countries in the  The NSDI did a very good job of world in the development of their SDI. awareness rainingraising and of promoting the value and benefits of the US state SDI activities:- Most of the 50 states NSDI. in the US are currently very active in building up state-wide SDI policies, programs, and making  The NSDI developed a national portal available state information resources. This / clearinghouse (Geospatial Onestop – particularly applies to the states of California, now known as Geodata.gov) that was Delaware, Florida, Georgia, New York, free and open for anyone to use. This Wisconsin and Wyoming. Several of the states development showed progress and a have SDI committees; most have GIS spatial firm deliverable to users. data clearinghouses, GIS councils or at least GIS coordination structures. They exist to help References better disseminate state-wide information, to help coordinate GIS state-wide, and to promote  http://www.fgdc.gov/nsdi/nsdi.html better access for citizens of state information. Some of the 30003,000 county governments are  http://gos2.geodata.gov/wps/portal/g starting to promote county wide SDI as well. os All are looking to the Federal Government’s NSDI program for support and guidance. 3.3 Drivers and Trends in SDI (GSDI web site also http://www.nysgis.state.ny.us/http://www.nysg 3.3.1 Institutional and Commercial is.state.ny.us/). Matters a). Shift from national mapping agencies Geospatial data: - One of the cornerstones of In the last 20 years there has been a shift in SDI the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) National leadership from national mapping agencies to Geospatial Program, the National Map is a other agencies, which are often a user agency or collaborative effort among the USGS and other a super land agency. In general that is from a Federal, State, and local partners to improve and data supplier environment to a data user deliver topographic information for the Nation. environment. Users have taken the helm. (cf: Coppock and Rhind, 1991, History of GIS In Lessons Learnt for UGSDI from USA Maguire, D. J., Goodchild, M. F., and Rhind, D. W., (editors) Geographical Information Systems  The implementation of the NSDI in the www.ncgia.buffalo.edu/gishist/bar_harbor.html USA has been successful partly because it started at the federal level and once b). Move to Large Land Agencies established then it moved to the state level. Indeed in that same 20 years there has been a related and growing trend to merge all land  Given the budget of the USA, the functions into the one mega land ministry or funding provided for NSDI commission or department or agency. Such an development was not large, but would agency then, among other tasks, drives or be a significant amount compared to promotes SDI in many of those countries (see funding for UGSDI Annex 4). A paper in the book ‘SDI Convergence’, spoke of the need for ‘cooperation’ between agencies – in these

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agencies it is a given – there is in theory no strategies provide for the principles, goals and choice that at least for the business processes of governance structure to achieve the geospatial those agencies, SDI will be undertaken or vision. They aim to define the approach needed improvements made. The theory maybe so but to ensure such geospatial information the practice is different – in all of the infrastructure meets the ongoing business needs departments most have gone their own ways – of government at all levels, and provide the but over time they may more readily share their framework for the leadership and direction data. needed for managing geospatial information. The aims are to optimize the collective benefit It is clear that SDI lead groups in a federal from public investment in geospatial ministry develop differently from non-federal infrastructure; ensure quality fundamental (i.e. led SDI’s. They have ‘below’ them, the state priority) geospatial data are available to all. e.g., institutions and local government agencies that Sweden (2006-2009) geodata strategy; New actually do most of the implementation and Zealand (2005) geospatial data strategy, as well development of GIS/ SDI. The federal level as in Belgium, Utah state, USA, and Senegal. does the policies and facilitates change. It is clear that the SDI paradigm as implemented c). Governments Take the Lead in SDI in several countries does not catch all of the In several countries in the last 10 years requirements needed, e.g., see the Sweden governments have taken a strong role in SDI. Geodata Strategy see write-up in this report They have stepped-up and provided leadership above. and direction. Particular examples are Sweden, d). Improving Government Service Netherlands, New Zealand, South Korea and Provision response times Uganda. Governments at a high level have seen the linkages between SDI and e-Government, The imperative of both central and local also that more policy measures are necessary to governments trying to give citizens more timely capture the full benefits and cooperation extent approvals to development and environment of geo-spatial information access and re-use of project applications (in short better service), public sector information especially in dealing made by the private sector and the mayor’s with local government. In other countries SDI office, forced county and municipal professional laws have been passed (e.g, South Africa and officers to harness GIS in the late 1980s- early Croatia), another measure of a high level of 1990s, to help them speed up service delivery. government involvement in SDI. Sometimes Especially for developments in the central voluntary efforts were not working or taking too business districts, in commercial and industrial long. In doing these multi-ministry and central districts that have complex environmental and local government level SDI councils have requirements apart from diverse zoning been formed, multi-year programmes developed, demands, coupled with building height targets set, and reporting dates established. restrictions. Typically governments give themselves 60 days to issue or refuse a Geospatial (Geodata) Strategies:-Starting in construction permit approval or otherwise. The Victoria, Australia in the early 1990s the state issue was that in most cases they could not government found the need for a Victorian achieve those approval times (indeed more often Geospatial Information Strategy, 2006 apart a one year timeframe is the case) and both the from its SDI strategy. Several other jurisdictions private sector developers and mayors have have followed suite (e.g., Sweden 2006, and New demanded that the timeframe be respected. An Zealand 2005-7). Such geospatial or geodata 60 April 2011

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early case was in the Sydney City Council, processing improvements, and computerizing Australia, where starting in the 1980s this city systems. Indeed November 4, 2010 saw the after completing business process improvement release by IFC of the 2011 rankings worldwide studies, computerization and the introduction of and the Internet in the business press is replete GIS in support, achieved the approval times and with countries proclaiming success in climbing a more considered result. up the rankings and being the most business friendly country in its region. (IFC Doing e). Doing Business Ratings Impact on Business, 2010) GIS/ SDI http://www.doingbusiness.org/features/Highlig The International Finance Corporation (IFC, a hts2010.aspx also tables). Since Uganda is not a unit of the World Bank) has been undertaking rich country, cost effective implementations of “Doing Business” studies worldwide and since the UGSDI are required along with 2003 has widely published annual rankings for development assistance. 183 countries. It is making a difference to the f). Large Investments in Land use of GI, GIS and SDI world. These “doing Administration impacts SDI business” indices and rankings studies started in 2003 in 183 economies including higher income In the last 30 years multilateral banks and bi countries and emerging economies (countries) lateral donor agencies from many countries have based on 10 indicators of the ease of doing supported government land administration business including the time and cost to meet improvement programs in over 60 countries. In government requirements in starting and the Europe and Central Asia region alone there operating a business, trading across borders, have been 39 land administration projects in 22 paying taxes, registering properties, construction countries worth $1.2 billion. Worldwide the permitting, enforcing contracts, obtaining credit, World Bank has supported an estimated USD and protecting investors. These 183 country 1.95 billion in 174 land related projects between rankings are making a difference especially 1980 and 2009. In Africa some USD 200m in between neighbours, e.g., Uganda was ranked 100 projects has been invested. This is to allow 112 out of 183 overall in 2010, while Kenya was countries to up- grade their land administration 95, Tanzania 131, and Rwanda 67. Countries are systems including mapping particularly competing for new jobs from private sector orthophoto mapping, GPS, GI, GIS, SDI, investors (domestic and international) as well to systematic land titling, active GPS, operational allow their own private sector to function more computer systems for land registration, cadastre, efficiently.16 Many countries adopt the standard and property tax. The finance involved is ‘doing business’ solutions to improvements and significant. It should be noted that the works in many succeed using methods such as: one stop Europe and Central Asia are reckoned to be the shops, relaxing or dropping regulations, greatest land reform in history (Gavin lowering fees and taxes, undertaking business Adlington, Poland 2010). At the technical level these efforts have produced great amounts of GI, GIS and as a second stage they have started 16 / extract from a St. Lucia Tourist Journal Issues 2, 2010 “Expand your business horizons – Invest in St. Lucia” with SDI notably in Russia, Serbia, Croatia, “Ranked #1 in the Caribbean & Latin America for ease of Romania, Poland, Turkey, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, doing business” by IFC and World Bank Doing Business 2009; also ‘Caribbean 360’; November 5, 2010, “Grenada Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Armenia. Also in SE was among the 10 economies worldwide that most Asia Thailand, Indonesia, PDR Lao, Vietnam, improved their business environment in the past year, Philippines, Mongolia, and lately in China. In according to ‘Doing Business 2011: Making a Difference for Entrepreneur’s, the eighth in a series of annual reports Africa, Ghana, Kenya, and Tanzania have published by IFC and the World Bank” 61 April 2011

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projects. Turkey alone in the decade 2004 to addressing is planned within the National 2014 will have invested USD 700 million in Development Plan (NDP) in reference to the these GI, GIS, GPS (CORS) titling, and SDI Postal Service Rejuvenation sub project (NDP works. page 130, paragraph 331, Objective 5) with the http://www.fig.net/pub/monthly_articles/nove sub project to create a national address mber_2009/november_2009_bell.html management system-especially in rural areas. We http://inspire.jrc.ec.europa.eu/events/conferen support the proposal and would advise that a ces/inspire_2010/presentations/1008_pdf_pres proposal be drawn in terms of the report below entation.pdf “Street Addressing and the Management of Cities”. g). Emergency mapping and GIS See Authors: Farvacque-Vitkovic, Catherine; Worldwide in most countries many houses and Godin, Lucien; et al, ‘Street Addressing and the business places do not have street addresses or Management of Cities,’ 2005, pp.265. Publisher: recognized street names. Of course this is a World Bank ... street addressing initiatives is great handicap for efficient emergency service widely applicable in other parts of the world. provision (especially fire and police 911 calls) as http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/wb/ often they cannot respond to a request for help 2040/2005/ not knowing the location. Furthermore planning cannot take place and county services cannot be coordinated or delivered. Of course cell phones 3.3.2 SDI Technology Trends have helped as it is now used to ask for directions in the event they become lost a). Web based Applications (unfortunately mostly 2 or 3 calls are necessary); Web based applications for GIS /SDI including and recently cell phones can be tracked for metadata, GIS tools, processing and mass electronically. In Spain people have started storage are now part of the GIS / SDI scene. giving their GPS coordinates to friends and Such applications have emerged in the last 5 business associates to help them find their way. years, e.g., Amazon has become a cloud data In response in the USA in the 1980s and 1990s repository. These web applications and tools are many state governments made available funds to ideal to allow a small start-up model of business county governments on application on the development without going into GIS software condition that the county government adopt all purchase also to help with SDI. ESRI offers the conditions are listed in the state wide ‘SDI’ ‘ArcGIS Server’ and ‘ArcGIS on-line’ as well as rulebook equivalent: no adoption of the rules Intergraph. They also offer ready-to-use 2D and often means a withdrawal of funding. Of course 3D maps; Intergraph also has SDI offerings and improvements involve large scale mapping and has particularly focused on Inspire SDI GIS for the telephone emergency calls 911 requirements. ‘GIS Cloud’ Inc offers networking services. In Francophone Africa many countries for SDI, interoperable systems, 11 formats, and been supported by development agencies (e.g. it offers Google Maps as a base for overlays. It World Bank) to do street naming and addressing also means on-line GIS support staff and TA. coupled with mapping. In Ghana they started with pilots sub projects in street naming and However the down side is that emerging numbering in Accra and Kumasi in the early markets have ISP issues, internet bandwidth 2000s and they are planned to be included in a issues and coupled with this related electricity future World Bank supported project (perhaps down time issues. Cloud computing in general starting in 2011). In Uganda, street naming and means the storage of most data off-site, perhaps 62 April 2011

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off-shore even in another country. Cost benefit longer term lowering map up-dating costs and studies would have to be undertaken to establish ensuring up-dating. One city in Canada the best options in each case. negotiated with Google to take the city’s orthophoto map coverage of the city to help b). Open source software ensure wider use, display, and sale to civil society Open source or free ware software in GIS, SDI and the parastatals as the base map of the city and DBMS applications are all available with no SDI. annual license fees and with new versions Tim Kelly wrote in InfoDev.org October 2010 available regularly. In the same manner as Open in considering Google and Bing maps – “Such Office, there are now Open GIS and Open SQL tools have been used to create maps in a matter data base management systems available for of hours using crowdsourcing techniques. As an free. The downside of open source software is example, a map of Port au Prince, Haiti was put that ICT professionals will have to be available together following the January 2010 earthquake, within the country or within the agencies to with real-time updates from relief workers on provide on-going maintenance and training the ground and support from volunteers at a using the software packages. This is as Random Hacks of Kindness event taking place compared with the purchase of say ESRI or in the USA and networked around the world. Intergraph GIS and SDI packages and other Such bottom up mapping efforts, based on open applications along with annual maintenance and source platforms, are becoming increasingly training, and up-grade contracts from those popular, such as MapKibera in Kenya or the companies. With open source, the ongoing World Bank supported GeoNode project. They maintenance skills would have to be developed have the advantage of providing “high in the country when using such software, as the definition” real time updates but they frequently present ICT and GIS/SDI software suppliers hit problems of verification.” OpenStreetMap will not necessarily provide service for these (OSM) is a collaborative project to create a free open source packages. Some countries are editable map of the world. The maps are created actually making a decision to use open source using data from portable GPS devices and other software nationwide at a ministerial or higher new technologies. level (e.g., Ghana) along with a policy to foster local ICT service companies to become skilled Google Maps allows users to create their own in the use and maintenance of such software as maps and to share them (e.g. MyMaps). It is well as skills in training. ESRI is now offering to clear that governments, NGOs, and private work with some open source packages (in 2010) users will use the maps. www.i-netwrk.or.org. - as well as International Land Services (Maryland, Jan-Mar 2010 (page 6). Also Ian Masser the USA). see - OSCAR and FLOSS also prominent SDI writer stated recently: “The http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographi launch of Google Earth in June 2005 brought c_information_systems_software. many of the elements of the GeoWeb 2.0 within reach of millions of users. Google Earth c). Google Maps and Bing Maps and Maps combined the powerful search engines made by Civil Society developed by Google with the ability to zoom Google products are starting to appear in SDIs rapidly in or out from space to the as the base map upon which other layers are neighbourhood street level. It also created new based in several SDIs (e.g., Australia Soil opportunities for these users to overlay their Information system). This is considerably own spatial data on the top of Google Earth’s reducing the costs of purchase of data and in the background imagery. As Butler (2006, 776) 63 April 2011

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pointed out in an article in the science journal between Republic of Turkey, World Bank, Nature: ‘By offering researchers (note by the Istanbul city and the European Investment Team--- ‘and civil society’) an easy way into GIS Bank. The total loan amount of this Project is software, Google Earth and other virtual globes 160 million Euros. This Project closely concerns are set to go beyond representing the world, and residents of Istanbul and all public institutions start changing it.’ ‘For this reason they must be and it is conducted by Governorship of Istanbul regarded as ‘disruptive technologies’ that are Special Provincial Project Coordination Unit. It transforming the GIS industry in ways that the includes city wide mapping, an emergency market does not expect.” Which is a great management information system development outcome as the market is often supply driven and operation, a new insurance scheme, and not responding to markets. public building strengthening. http://www.sheltercentre.org/library/hazards+ From Ian Masser, 2009, ‘Changing Notions of a nature+risks+development+ieg+evaluation+wo Spatial Data Infrastructure’ in book ,“SDI rld+bank+assistance+natural+disasters Convergence Research, Emerging Trends, and Critical Assessment,” B. van Loenen, J.W.J. e). Lessons and Principles for improved Besemer, J.A. Zevenbergen (Editors), NCG implementation of SDI (as determined Nederlandse Commissie voor Geodesie to date): Netherlands Geodetic Commission 48, Delft. The project undertook studies of SDI (Page 216) the book is available on-line from implementations in several countries worldwide http://www.ncg.knaw.nl/Publicaties/Groen/pd including in: Africa (Ethiopia, Sierra Leone, f/48VanLoenen.pdf South Africa, and Zambia), Australia and New Zealand, Canada, Croatia, EU Inspire Directive, d). Disaster Management and Mitigation Netherlands, Singapore, Sweden, and USA. Projects Lessons learnt from each study are given at the GIS and SDI are more and more being used for end of the description on each implementation. disaster management and mitigation projects and purposes. This involves both natural and A companion report on the Implementation of manmade disasters (e.g., tsunami and oil spills). the UGSDI for Uganda contains a summary and Disaster response and emergency management analysis of the lessons learnt from the various both demand prior preparation and diverse Uganda, Africa and other international SDI datasets to be on-hand, they also need ‘before’ implementations. and ‘after’ imagery. The newly elected President of GSDI Association Abbas Rajabifard, (in 2.3.3 SDI for Monitoring Development November 2010) stated that disaster Outcomes information matters are ‘location’ critical hence GIS and SDI are especially necessary. Such As infrastructure, the application areas for SDI are projects are becoming more important for manifold, with SDI underpinning land development agencies; e.g., in the 20 years information systems, national cadastres, between 1984 and 2005 it accounted for nearly environmental management, the electoral 10% of World Bank lending (i.e., USD 26.3 process, education, healthcare, e-government billion). A recent project in this vain is the services, and transportation planning-to mention ‘Istanbul Seismic Risk Mitigation and only a few public services. Common to Emergency Preparedness Project (ISMEP)’ programme planning across many of these started in 2006 and set to run for 8 years services is the setting of quantitative and

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qualitative objectives and regularly measuring These kinds of monitoring and evaluation progress towards them. (M&E) exercises became de rigeur by the mid- 1990s and are now standard fare in most bi- and In Malawi, for example, the National Education multi-lateral development initiatives. They are Sector Plan has set a target of having female variously referred to as indicator or tracking student enrolment in primary education reach projects, that often employ metrics and scorecards, 50.5%, reflective of the gender split for all and whose programme management approach is children of the primary school cohort. Prior to sometimes referred to as results-based 1994 (when free primary education was management.17 Status reports and other introduced), females were under-enrolled as publications that rely on such indicators are families sometimes favoured sending boys to commonly entitled “State of the..., 20xx.” The school. focus is on measuring progress towards medium- and long-term results and change To redress this inequity, the Ministry of rather than on activities and inputs. These types Education, Science, and Technology have of M&E methodologies assist decision-making, implemented a series of programmes designed deliver on accountability relationships, help to to bolster the enrolment of girls in primary mitigate risk, and, ultimately, achieve SMART school. Initially, the Ministry tracked nationally- results (i.e., Specific, Measurable, Achievable, aggregated statistics from enrolment summaries Relevant, and Time-bound). submitted by schools across the country. The schools were not geocoded and so interventions In the international development arena, they are and programme planning to continue to important for transparency and accountability, encourage female enrolment remained especially to ensure that donor funds are nationally-focused. Around 2000, more rigour delivering a reasonable quality and quantity of was applied to analyzing these statistics and the economic and social development relative to the schools were geocoded and approximate public resources donated.18 Arguably the best catchment areas were delineated around each known and most ambitious results-based school. management date of 2015. The eight goals encompass 21 quantifiable targets and progress A simple national thematic map of female towards those targets and, by extension, the enrolment by school catchment area revealed goals themselves, are measured through 60 significant intra-national variation: some parts of indicators/initiatives. the country had already achieved parity while in others female under-enrolment persisted. That then led to the development of regionally- targeted interventions to supplement national- 17http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/acdi-cida/ACDI- CIDA.nsf/eng/NAT-92213444-N2H; Benh, Robert D. level campaigns. By 2007, females comprised (2003) “Why Measure Performance? Different Purposes 51.0% of primary school students. Malawi’s Require Different Measures,” Public Administration experience in achieving gender parity in primary Review, 65(5): 586-606; Mayne, John (2002) “Reporting on Outcomes: Setting Performance Expectations and Telling school enrolment cleanly illustrates the oft-cited Performance Stories,” Canadian Journal of Program adage that you can’t manage what you can’t measure Evaluation, 19(1): 31-60; and Patton, Michael (1997) Utilization-Focused Evaluation. SAGE: Thousand Oaks, and is but one of countless stories where policy CA. development and interventions are fielded and 18Mayne, John (2007) Best Practices in Results-Based guided by empirical evidence. Management: A Review of Experience - A Report for the United Nations Secretariat. New York, NY; Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness - Ownership, Harmonisation, Alignment, Results and Mutual Accountability.Paris, 2005. 65 April 2011

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Ratified by the General Assembly in September Careful review of the GIS examples which 2000, the United Nations Millennium follow and the table of MDG indicators suggests Declaration (Resolution 55/219), set forth that geospatial data in its myriad forms can and specific objectives to end the scourge of do figure centrally in the measurement of these poverty. The Millennium Development Goals indicators. For example, indicator 7.1 tracks the (hereafter, MDGs) are just that: eight (8) proportion of land area covered by forest or development goals that, ideally, every member indicator 7.10 that tracks the proportion of the State of the UN will achieve by the target. urban population living in slums. With relative ease, a land use classifier could be run against As can be seen from the preceding table of new satellite imagery every month and, within MDG targets and indicators, measurement is at some confidence interval, the proportion of the core of the monitoring and evaluation total land area with standing forests could be component of the results-based management calculated. Moreover, with a spatial data methodology. Targets define the desired infrastructure in place, satellite imagery outcome while indicators, in turn, point to the procurement, its accessibility, manipulation, and information required to determine if a the techniques of feature extraction can be programme is making a difference. Indicators accomplished with relative ease and cost are often expressed as ratios (e.g., infant deaths effectively since the imagery is collected for a per 1000 live births), percentages (e.g., variety of applications (land use planning, real proportion of the population that has access to property valuations, natural resource clean drinking water), or sometimes as absolute management, etc.). Otherwise, it would not be numbers (e.g., the number of women holding feasible except in rare cases to procure satellite ministerial posts). Indicators are sometimes imagery solely for the task of measuring MDG targeted (e.g., achieve 100% primary school indicator 7.1. Again, as geospatial infrastructure, enrolment) and sometimes they are directional SDIs enable indicator measurements for (e.g., reduce schistosomiasis infections by 50%). development outcomes. They need to be quantifiable, calculated at a meaningful frequency to detect change (often What sets the Malawi story apart from others in this is yearly), and need to be cost effective. And the M&E tradition is the parsimonious use of at appropriate spatial resolution measuring the simple geocoding and mapping to identify national attenuation of HIV/AIDS every week regions of the country where female under- as a possible response to some intervention is enrolment persisted. Rather than continuing unrealistic: being incommensurate with the inefficient spend and investment on stimulus-response timeframe, too costly, and interventions in parts of the country that had unnecessary. Conversely, measuring the amount already achieved parity, the education planners of deforestation using satellite imagery on a could spatially target gender equity programmes monthly basis is entirely feasible, useful, and with greater resources in areas more lagging. A more appropriate to detect change stemming regularly maintained and authoritative source of from, say, new or strengthened enforcement geocoded primary schools and their catchment measures against tree cutting to support charcoal areas offered freely to education planners— production. national and local—formed the kernel of a mini- SDI being leveraged to monitor progress towards a meaningful development outcome, even as the MDGs themselves were still nascent in 2000. 19http://www.un.org/millennium/declaration/ares552e.ht m 66 April 2011

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Table 0-1: Millenium Development Goals

Goals and Targets Indicators for monitoring progress (from the Millennium Declaration)

Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Target 1.A: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of 1.1 Proportion of population below $1 (PPP) per daya people whose income is less than one dollar a day 1.2 Poverty gap ratio 1.3 Share of poorest quintile in national consumption Target 1.B:Achieve full and productive employment and 1.4 Growth rate of GDP per person employed decent work for all, including women and young people 1.5 Employment-to-population ratio 1.6 Proportion of employed people living below $1 (PPP) per day 1.7 Proportion of own-account and contributing family workers in total employment

Target 1.C: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of 1.8 Prevalence of underweight children under-five years of age people who suffer from hunger 1.9 Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption

Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education

Target 2.A: Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys 2.1 Net enrolment ratio in primary education and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary 2.2 Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach last grade of primary schooling 2.3 Literacy rate of 15-24 year-olds, women and men Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women

Target 3.A: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and 3.1 Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of 3.2 Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector education no later than 2015 3.3 Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament Goal 4: Reduce child mortality

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Target 4.A: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the 4.1 Under-five mortality rate under-five mortality rate 4.2 Infant mortality rate

4.3 Proportion of 1 year-old children immunised against measles

Goal 5: Improve maternal health

Target 5.A: Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 5.1 Maternal mortality ratio 2015, the maternal mortality ratio 5.2 Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel Target 5.B: Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive 5.3 Contraceptive prevalence rate health 5.4 Adolescent birth rate

5.5 Antenatal care coverage (at least one visit and at least four visits) 5.6 Unmet need for family planning

Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases

Target 6.A: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the 6.1 HIV prevalence among population aged 15-24 years spread of HIV/AIDS 6.2 Condom use at last high-risk sex 6.3 Proportion of population aged 15-24 years with comprehensive correct knowledge of HIV/AIDS

6.4 Ratio of school attendance of orphans to school attendance of non-orphans aged

10-14 years Target 6.B:Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for 6.5 Proportion of population with advanced HIV infection with access to antiretroviral HIV/AIDS for all those who need it drugs Target 6.C: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the 6.6 Incidence and death rates associated with malaria incidence of malaria and other major diseases 6.7 Proportion of children under 5 sleeping under insecticide-treated bed nets 6.8 Proportion of children under 5 with fever who are treated with appropriate anti- malarial drugs 6.9 Incidence, prevalence and death rates associated with tuberculosis 6.10 Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under directly observed treatment short course

Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability

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Target 7.A: Integrate the principles of sustainable 7.1 Proportion of land area covered by forest development into country policies and programmes and 7.2 CO2 emissions, total, per capita and per $1 GDP (PPP) reverse the loss of environmental resources 7.3 Consumption of ozone-depleting substances Target 7.B:Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a 7.4 Proportion of fish stocks within safe biological limits significant reduction in the rate of loss 7.5 Proportion of total water resources used7.6Proportion of terrestrial and marine areas protected 7.7 Proportion of species threatened with extinction

Target 7.C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without 7.8 Proportion of population using an improved drinking water source sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation 7.9 Proportion of population using an improved sanitation facility Target 7.D: By 2020, to have achieved a significant 7.10 Proportion of urban population living in slumsb improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers

Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development Target 8.A: Develop further an open, rule-based, Some of the indicators listed below are monitored separately for the least developed predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial countries (LDCs), Africa, landlocked developing countries and small island developing system States.

Official development assistance (ODA) Includes a commitment to good governance, 8.1 Net ODA, total and to the least developed countries, as percentage of OECD/DAC development and poverty reduction – both nationally donors’ gross national income and internationally 8.2 Proportion of total bilateral, sector-allocable ODA of OECD/DAC donors to basic social

services (basic education, primary health care, nutrition, safe water and sanitation) Target 8.B: Address the special needs of the least 8.3 Proportion of bilateral official development assistance of OECD/DAC donors that is developed countries untied

8.4 ODA received in landlocked developing countries as a proportion of their gross national Includes: tariff and quota free access for the least incomes developed countries' exports; enhanced programme of 8.5 ODA received in small island developing States as a proportion of their gross national debt relief for heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) and incomes cancellation of official bilateral debt; and more generous Market access ODA for countries committed to poverty reduction 8.6 Proportion of total developed country imports (by value and excluding arms) from

developing countries and least developed countries, admitted free of duty

8.7 Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on agricultural products and textiles Target 8.C: Address the special needs of landlocked and clothing from developing countries developing countries and small island developing States 8.8 Agricultural support estimate for OECD countries as a percentage of their gross (through the Programme of Action for the Sustainable domestic product Development of Small Island Developing States and the 8.9 Proportion of ODA provided to help build trade capacity outcome of the twenty-second special session of the 69 April 2011

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General Assembly) Debt sustainability 8.10 Total number of countries that have reached their HIPC decision points and number that have reached their HIPC completion points (cumulative) 8.11 Debt relief committed under HIPC and MDRI Initiatives Target 8.D: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems 8.12 Debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services of developing countries through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term Target 8.E: In cooperation with pharmaceutical 8.13 Proportion of population with access to affordable essential drugs on a sustainable basis companies, provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing countries Target 8.F: In cooperation with the private sector, make 8.14 Telephone lines per 100 population available the benefits of new technologies, especially 8.15 Cellular subscribers per 100 population information and communications 8.16 Internet users per 100 population The Millennium Development Goals and targets come from the Millennium Declaration, signed by 189 countries, including 147 heads of State and Government, in September 2000 (http://www.un.org/millennium/declaration/ares552e.htm) and from further agreement by member states at the 2005 World Summit (Resolution adopted by the General Assembly - A/RES/60/1, http://www.un.org/Docs/journal/asp/ws.asp?m=A/RES/60/1). The goals and targets are interrelated and should be seen as a whole. They represent a partnership between the developed countries and the developing countries “to create an environment – at the national and global levels alike – which is conducive to development and the elimination of poverty. All indicators should be disaggregated by sex and urban/rural as far as possible. aFor monitoring country poverty trends, indicators based on national poverty lines should be used, where available. bThe actual proportion of people living in slums is measured by a proxy, represented by the urban population living in households with at least one of the four characteristics: (a) lack of access to improved water supply; (b) lack of access to improved sanitation; (c) overcrowding (3 or more persons per room); and (d) dwellings made of non- durable material.

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SDIs fundamentally facilitate the efficient concentrated interventions in areas with at-risk measurement of some MDG indicators, populations may generate a higher net benefit including several of the indicators and targets in than if resources (such as insecticide- goal 7 to ensure environmental sustainability. impregnated bed nets) are, under the auspices of The direct application of geospatial data and a ‘national’ programme, distributed in areas analytics is readily evident. At first glance, SDI outside the vector footprint of the anopheles may appear less relevant to the M&E of the mosquito. The human settlement pattern of remaining indicators that monitor progress villages, town, and cities is a fundamental towards goals 1 through 6 and goal 8. While it is geospatial dataset in any spatial data true that many UN member States are tracking infrastructure as are environmental and climate- several indicators through survey-based related datasets such as altitude, humidity and approaches (such as demographic and health precipitation, diurnal temperature range, and surveys, or DHSs), those surveys are, in turn, land cover that are prerequisites to mapping the fielded on standard census enumeration areas, range of the anopheles mosquito and, thus, the administrative areas, or on special-purpose malaria risk footprint when overlaid on the geographies such as health districts, economic human settlement pattern. The MARA project development zones, or school catchment areas seeks to develop just such an infrastructure for at the primary and secondary level. The monitoring and modelling at-risk malaria delineation of these geographies and their populations using standardized earth capture in a GIS are prime fundamental datasets observation/remote sensing techniques and central to any national spatial data Canada’s experience in geospatial data infrastructure.20 management and dissemination. As interventions are fielded, including both vector More recent efforts of the Mapping Malaria Risk control (such as larvaciding) and risk mitigation in Africa (MARA) project, sponsored in part by (such as bed nets), the spatial data infrastructure Natural Resources Canada in collaboration with enables the consistent measurement of the the Medical Research Council of South Africa, programme’s efficacy. are likewise illustrative of how spatial data infrastructures can be leveraged in arresting the As the international donor community has transmission and endemicity footprint of increasingly embraced results-based malaria. At some point in the implementation of public health policy, interventions need to play Figure 3.14: Map of Uganda Showing out on the ground and, given limited resources, Distribution of Stable Malaria Transmission it is often the case that spatially targeted interventions have the potential to produce better results when resources are spatially focused. National-level interventions/activities sometimes spread resources so thin across a country that they lack efficacy. More

20UN Economic Commission for Africa (2007) Determination of Fundamental Datasets for Africa. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; FAO (2006) A Geospatial Framework for the Analysis of Poverty and Environment Links, Rome, Italy; and FAO (2005) An Inventory and Comparison of Globally Consistent Geospatial Databases and Libraries, Rome, Italy. 71 April 2011

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management approaches to development aid,  the MDGS are designed as targets/goals the monitoring and evaluation of development related to levels of development at a outcomes has come to the fore, most notably in national level. however in the case of the form of the Millennium Development almost all the MDGS (and the indicators) Goals. SDIs are an enabler of results-based there is the possibility to represent the goals management, both towards the design of spatially also at a sub-national level; interventions and towards tracking change and hopefully progress resulting from on-the-ground  establishing a sound national SDI (which programmes. The pre-MDG example of entails spatial disaggregation at a sub- boosting female enrolment at the primary school national level) can create the basis for: level in Malawi is a parsimonious example of how even a very small, unsophisticated, but o finding and visualising required data surgically-focused SDI (of school locations, in relation to the MDGs; catchment areas, mapping software, and modicum of expertise) can assist to identify o tracking the spatial distribution sub- target areas and then monitoring progress nationally of progress towards stemming from subsequent interventions. The MDG achievement over both time MARA programme to attenuate malaria likewise and space in an integrated way; draws and relies upon a SDI, albeit a much more o achieving improved understanding robust one. Not only is the infrastructure of the of the underlying sub-national geospatial data and the geographic information driving forces which result in science more rigorously leveraged for targeting movement towards (or away from) interventions but the SDI also figures centrally attainment of the MDGs; in the continuous monitoring and evaluation of the programme’s efficacy. (see Map below titled o identifying at a sub-national level “Distribution of Stable...”) As these examples priority areas for intervention in illustrate, spatial data infrastructure enables and order to assist in moving more underpins both operational tools in the design rapidly towards achievement of the and fielding of development projects and the MDGs;, and more strategic monitoring and evaluation tools to measure social and economic progress (or o using the very good visualisation “development aid ROI”) stemming from those capacity of GIS to communicate interventions. issues related to MDG attainment/non-attainment. Bruce McCormack (World Bank SDI Specialist) wrote: ‘when considering the link between SDI  multi-national scale SDI can become the and the MDGs it is suggested that following basis for monitoring MDG attainment at a relations are applicable: global scale.’

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Chapter Four

4 GOOD SDI PRACTICES AND LESSONS LEARNT

4.1 Examples of Good SDI Practices 4.1.2 A Good Practice example of SDI Network for Developing Geodata 4.1.1 Good Practical Examples of Using sets GIS and SDI Tools One ‘good practice example of a SDI Network The following are “Good Practice Examples” in for Development Geo-data sets in Uganda using GIS and SDI Tools to capture the benefits (partly focused on MDGs) is Geo Information of ICT and Sustainable Development especially Management (Geo-IM) Working Group. Started for electricity supply in rural areas which is a in 2008, this geo-data development professional great tool to help in the eradication of poverty. network has been operating in Uganda to coordinate multiple GIS and geo spatial data set In Rwanda in a national programme to achieve compilation by NGOs and Government electricity supply to rural dwellers by 2020, great agencies. Supported especially by ‘Statistics use was made of GIS and indeed SDI, to analyse Uganda’, the PMs Office and UNOCHA, this and demonstrate the effectiveness of the Geo-IM group has about 50 members and holds proposed programme. This project study is meetings every 2-3 months. Members come contained in a 2008 paper ‘Rural Electrification from bi-laterals and multi-lateral agencies in Rwanda’ by Engineer Yussuf Uwamahoro, including USAID, UNCHS, UNDP, UNICEF, Energy Sector Coordinator, Ministry of ICRC, FAO, WHO, UNCHR, CDC, GTZ, Infrastructure, Rwanda, who used digital WFP, etc. The Geo-IM web site is national maps and data sets from at least 4 http://www.ugandaclusters.ug/geo-im.htm) and ministries, plus GIS tools to determine and to the group consists of mostly technical persons optimize the proposed coverage of electricity to from United Nations (UN) Agencies, non- achieve electricity supply to rural area by 2020. governmental organizations and governmental He used maps to demonstrate over time the bodies which aim at evolving and sharing: proposed coverage to houses, secondary  schools, health centres, administration offices, better ways and systems to facilitate the total connections and various options. The exchange of geo-information; information used covered current electricity grid  standard procedures for geo-data (2008), the road network, population density sharing; maps, school maps, affordability to pay for  standardization and harmonization of electricity maps, health centres, and datasets among partners; and administrative centre map locations.  undertaking coordinated and joint (http://www.paceaa.org/workshops/Rwanda% assessments. 20Training%20Workshop/02.%20Overview%2 The Working Group is co-chaired by the 0Of%20The%20Rural%20Electrification%20Str Northern Uganda Data Center (NUDC)/Office ategy%20In%20The%20Country%20%20.pdf) of the Prime Minister (OPM), Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) and the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA).

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The Geo-IM group shares a web site with the meetings since 2008, and lists of spatial data UNOCHA Uganda and contains maps from in ESRI shape file format which can be 2008-2010 water, population, etc, district/ downloaded together with metadata as well as a parish boundary maps, contains the minutes of summary of the datasheets that constitute many

Figure 0.1: Uganda Map - Poverty Density by Sub-county in High Milk Surplus Areas (Note: Milk surplus areas have a potential surplus greater than 3,000 liters of milk per square kilometre per year)

Sources: International boundaries (NIMA, 1997), district administrative boundaries (UBOS, 2006a), subcounty administrative boundaries (UBOS, 2002a), water bodies (NFA, 1996; NIMA, 1997; Brakenridge et al., 2006), milk surplus (ILRI calculation based on IFPRI, 2002), and poverty density (UBOS and ILRI, 2008).

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of the main datasets in Uganda, and members Overall SDI is the underlying spatial names and e-mails etc. infrastructure which if properly structured and focussed would: The group is very productive as can be seen o result in wider and ‘better’ use of GIS from their website o create stronger analytical capacity; http://www.ugandaclusters.ug/geo-im.htm. because more spatial data sets would be Meeting minutes, resource links, presentations, capable of being readily incorporated multiple spatial data sets covering much of into the analyses; Uganda, inventories, reports and other o give rise to cost savings related to data information are available on this site. acquisition; 4.1.3 Mapping for a Better Future: Spatial o provide the basis for achieving more Analysis and Pro-Poor Livestock joined-up government; Management o generate an increased demand for In a paper by the Ministry of Agriculture, people with the necessary skills to apply Animal Industry and Fisheries, Uganda, by the GIS, which in turn would stimulate the Uganda Bureau of Statistics, FAO, ILRI, WRI, necessary up-skilling of the workforce, available on www.wri.org, an interesting not only directly in GIS matters but also example of the use of diverse data sets and maps help to create a cadre of more ICT in Uganda is presented. The analysis uses savvy workers/people; livestock and poverty data sets and looks for o create a process such that the strong linkages. It is stated that the spatial analysis positive results which emerge through approach taken in the report provides a way the application of GIS creates a forward for better livestock management by low momentum to get more and better income farmers. It suggests that by integrating spatial data, with more and better detailed information on livestock distribution, datasets resulting in more positive animal husbandry and veterinary service results, which leads to more momentum provision, disease incidence, and poverty, to do better. This circular nature of the planners can effectively design and target process linked to spatial data and GIS livestock management interventions and policies matters mirrors the fundamental pattern so that the benefits reach a greater proportion of of development which macro national poor communities and the costs associated with and international development policies land-use changes or new restrictions on try to stimulate. livestock use do not disproportionately affect the poor. See below for one of the eight derived 4.1.4 Challenges in Implementation of maps in the report Good SDI Practices Uganda seeks to improve its implementation of From Ministry of Agriculture, et al., Uganda, SDI after making several attempts in the last 2010:-Mapping a Better Future: Spatial decade. The first SDI study and SDI plan was Analysis and Pro-Poor Livestock Strategies undertaken in 2001 by a Swedish consulting in Uganda, World Resources Institute, consortium and Ugandan consultants. Since that Washington DC and Kampala time the ministerial and institutional arrangements have changed as well as significant The above GIS examples are some of the many technology changes. This present SDI study hundreds of GIS uses demonstrating where the team of 2011 was encouraged by both Ugandan application of GIS has been beneficial using stakeholders and World Bank TTL management MDGs type information . to capitalize on the 2001 study as far as possible.

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Table 0-1: ICT and LIS in the National Development Plan 2010-2014

TOPIC Who is involved? Reference in NDP report Some Detail

ICT is one of nine Page 15, para 37 development topics in the NDP

Improve ICT Table 4.4, para 152 infrastructure in major urban centres

Create a national Postal Service Page 130, para 331, Part of the postal address management objective 5 service rejuvenation system especially in and modernization rural areas

Improve land MoLHUD Page 160, para 413-426; LIS and digital management and Objective 6.5 orthophoto mapping, administration TA, training

Improve physical Page 167, para 427, planning Objective 6.7

Water assessment and NEMA Page 317, Objective 8.6 Water Reserve Monitoring; Water MIS management and inventory. Water catchments. Only 40% of the water districts have been mapped

Wetlands management – inventories needed

Development of UBOS Page 330, para 765 Clarification of MDAs National statistics and LGs roles e-Government MoICT

Public sector Page 349 Archive facility- access performance facilitation to information focus; improvement computerized records management technical assistance will run between 2010 and Uganda’s Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban 2013 with studies, training, hardware, design, Development (MoLHUD) has started a land custom made and packaged software all administration improvement plan supported by included. It is understood that the TOR for the the IDA (World Bank) including a land above LIS development in Uganda for information system (LIS) development. The MoLHUD includes the requirement that the 76 April 2011

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system designers should conduct the work using In the 1980s-early 1990s there were massive nationwide SDI principles and that they should digitization programmes implemented in many consult across sectors to achieve this SDI land administration and natural resource approach. This represents a very good agencies. opportunity to quick start the wider national UGSDI. The last decade has seen a growing importance of geo-information in society as a result of The Uganda Statistics Department (UBOS) in greater security requirements (mostly due to 2007 started working with many geospatial 9/11 attack on New York and Washington, DC groups in Uganda and beyond (e.g., UNDP) and as well as 911 call center programs), greater with the PM office and formed the Geo-Im emphasis on re-use of public sector information group (see under the MDGs write-up above) for other purposes (e.g., EU directive 2003), and and this is one of networks for SDI for the whole focus on reduced or predictable development purposes. public service turnaround times for customer transaction approvals, overall resulting in greater In September 2010 the National Planning GIS / SDI funding and higher expectations Authority formed a National SDI committee from civil society. (NISDIC) to lead Uganda’s efforts in SDI formation in the future linked in some respects Also in the last decade, there has been a trend in with the National Development Plan 2010-2014. SDI leadership away from national mapping We believe that the NDP 2010-2014 represents institutions (as in the 1980s) as ‘producers’ to a major opportunity to help build a national SDI ‘user’ organizations. Increasingly leadership is around. being given over to large land agencies at least as the coordinator of SDIs (e.g., Croatia, New a) Global Historical and Current Zealand, Sweden, Netherlands, and some Trends in the development and use Australian states). In Europe overall in many of GI, GIS and SDI countries departments of environment play a From a worldwide perspective, before 1970 main lead role in national SDI development and most countries collected geospatial information implementation. and maintained it by individual public and ‘Sub-national SDI initiatives are underway private institutions, each of which applied its within the EU particularly in Germany, Spain own priorities and standards. Most of the data and Italy. In these countries regional/state bases were paper based, books or microfilm and governments at the sub-national level have taken were hard to share with civil society and with the lead in building SDIs. Indeed an other public sector agencies. Also, data were collected and stored at different levels of the EU funded project called EsdinET+ identified organisations. over 200 noteworthy sub-national SDIs in Europe. Computerization of operations started in the mid 1970s early 1980s with textural data first, Another recent trend is that governments have leaving maps in analogue form. Data base started to demand better geospatial information management systems were taken from the and importantly, better organisation of their business sector and dedicated software written current spatial data to help them better for each agency. It was not until the mid 1980s understand, use and address: environmental that object oriented data base management concerns, security matters (e.g., terrorism), systems started to be used and geographic globalization demands, emergency response information system for map information. 77 April 2011

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situations (e.g., natural disasters), poverty, food demands and practices in most countries which security, international land markets, e- make SDI extremely challenging, indeed government goals, plus more transparency for complex. These bottlenecks and barriers impede civil society coupled with greater access to such development and introduce obstacles in such information. These are all related to improving areas as GIS and SDI spatial and environmental SDI. research, public and commercial innovative services, and strategy creation. The specific With SDI standards becoming more mature, challenges are: vendors are implementing SDI solutions in their  Technical GIS/ SDI software packages as well as on-line - fragmented and diffused reference (e.g., Intergraph, ESRI, GIS Cloud). spatial data across cities, regions, the country and neighbouring countries; b) Levels of awareness of GI, GIS and - Different formats of reference data – SDI and commitment to (i.e.: coordinate system, grid system, development and use map projection, files and data base Starting around 2000 there has been a greater formats), awareness of SDI from a governmental - Different classification systems and perspective. The process that led up to 2007 EU definitions of objects (e.g., roads, cities, Inspire directive meant high level involvement rivers, administration borders), of all EU member governments now required to - Different cartographic presentations pass SDI legislation. Also some of the and symbols representing the same governments surveyed in this report now require objects, ministries and local governments to share, - Lack of common rules for edge exchange, and use national geospatial matching between data bases in information standards (e.g., Sweden – with its different cities, rural areas, regions, Geodata initiative that embodies SDI renewal; especially between countries; the Netherlands with GIDEON program to - Lack of one common data model reflect new geospatial information demands as format, well as Inspire and e-Government, and greater - Different formats of data bases, use (or re-use of government information (EU different object classifications which directive issued in 2003 called the re-use of prevent data aggregation, public sector information (PSI) Directive)). - Lack of common or well known access Hungary (in 2010) started its SDI renewal points and names for information about program, again incorporating the Inspire, e- data sources (metadata), or to compile Government and several other EU directives for datasets from many sources and geospatial information. Also New Zealand aggregate them to become consistent started its Geospatial strategy, and (re started) data describing the data bases; the development of its’ SDI strategy in late 2010 - Lack of data access points available to ordered by Cabinet plus that again captures SDI allow above mentioned services, and e-Government. - Lack of policy overall and other factors c) Bottlenecks/blockages/barriers including national security and legal restrictions can also stand in the way of In all countries studied there are growing progress , and pressures to improve geospatial information and - Lack of national laws applying to make it available to public sector authorities regulations for data access and and civil society. However there are differing disclosure including pricing policies. 78 April 2011

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hardware and awareness creation in order to Unclear Mandates meet the core objectives of the program. These There are often inconsistent mandates or studies also helped UBOS to set a thematic Data multiple ministries doing similar geo-data Infrastructure and institutional arrangements for collection tasks in different areas with no overall exchange and dissemination of data. It also plan, no common specification or common helped UBOS to develop its own distinctive scales, though all allocated a merge portion of geo-codes that uniquely identify all national mapping budget leaving little for the administrative areas down to village level for mandated national mapping agency. geospatial data acquired in the 2002 census. In addition, due to the central role it played in most  Lack of Annual Budget for Key Data of the SDI initiatives, UBOS has been hosting Sets and co-chairing the meetings of the Geo-IM Often ministries with key data set mandates are Working Group. allocated little or no budget by government with b). Northern Uganda Data Centre which to undertake the geospatial data collection or key mapping work. Such is the case with the Originally the KDC was established as One- Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Stop Information Centre to support the Development, Uganda, where for 30 to 40 years development of Karamoja region. It was based little or no topographic mapping has been on the project Master Plan for the possible because of the lack of funding (save for Development of Karamoja (KDC) - October a small percentage of the country funded by bi- 2000 - September 2005 and was initiated soon and multi-lateral development agencies). after the study conducted by U -Consult Sweden funded by The World Bank for the  Lack of Incentives for Cooperation establishment of Uganda Spatial Data Infrastructure (USDI). It can, therefore, be Most often in many countries there are no considered a pilot SDI initiative based on incentives and rewards for managers who geographical extend of Uganda. cooperate with others in other agencies on joint projects that lead toward SDI. Indeed, often the The Data Centre collaborated with many reverse is true with managers rewarded for government agencies as well as other data spending their annual budgets regardless of the producers and users. However, it exceeded its objectives and outcomes. mandated by collecting data on 20 thematic areas such as education, water and sanitation, 4.2 Lessons Learnt and Insight health, conflict, demography, agriculture among Gained others. This was a classic example of duplication of efforts in data collection by different sectors. 4.2.1 Lessons from Uganda The Centre also relied heavily for funding from a). Uganda Bureau of Statistics the Italian Government and hence shared the same problem of lack sustainability in case of It should be noted that while the U-Consult discontinuity of project support. In August Sweden 2004 study aimed at building the 2010, the centre was restructured after the internal capacity of UBOS, the last two studies resignation of the core GIS staff. This is likely to aimed at institutional collaboration and support affect the program adversely since the new staff with UBOS as the custodian of and lead agency ought to start from scratch and renegotiate the for statistical information. funding arrangement. Under the PNSD program, UBOS succeeded in supporting the MDAs with training, software, 79 April 2011

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c). National Integrated Monitoring and This posed a challenge of potential conflict in Evaluation Strategy implementing a similar and parallel program. NIMES was primarily instituted to monitor and d). Environment Information Network evaluate the implementation government EIN was well planned and funded activity which programmes funded both by the government of produced the desired outputs. However, because Uganda and development partners. it depended entirely on donor funds, its operations had to discontinue when the funding Although the initiative recognized the problems was terminated after the second phase of the of duplication of data collection effort, lack of programme. In addition, alternative sources of documentation of data, variation in data qualities funding was neither planned nor secured for collected and used, poor communication among sustainability. data producers and users, lack of equipment and human capacity, it fell far short of orienting e). Geo-Information Society of Uganda its core objectives and activities to the principles The evidence available indicates that the Uganda of Spatial Data Infrastructure. For example, the Spatial Data Infrastructure (USDI), formed by proposed strategy for implementing NIMES the Geo-Information Society of Uganda stated 4 elements: (GISU), organized several start-up meetings  specification of data and information with prospective members and government needs officials, especially the Assistant Commissioner M&E Office of the Prime Minister. It organized  building an institutional framework for the National Workshop on Geo-spatial coordination information and Development whose theme  ensuring adequate access to data and was: NSDI for enhancement of information exchange on information 7th June 2006. It also developed a draft  enhancing M&E capacity constitution to guide and bind its members. However, apart from activities listed above, this It is clear that both four elements stated above initiative which lasted for about one year closed and the objectives did not explication refer to in 2006 without much impact in steering the Spatial Data Infrastructure development effort development of SDI in Uganda. The choice of but rather general information required for Makerere University as the centre for leading planning. This lack sound objective and such effort meant that its resolutions could not implementation strategy directed specifically to engage government in implementation. It rather SDI contributed to the failure to implement the tried to co-opt Assistant Commissioner M&E initiative. This was because SDI was confused Office of the Prime Minister as the government and fused with the M&E concept and activities. focal point at the same time that NIMES The initiative has since 2006 closed although initiative was being set up. A University can and approval for the NIMES funding was should contribute to SDI development through announced on the Governmental financial education and research. budget of 2005/2006. 4.2.2 Lessons and Guiding Principles NIMES objectives and activities were similar to Below are general lessons and insights to be the Karamoja Data Centre, although it had a learnt from previous experiences as well as national mandate. In addition, the two initiatives guiding principles to be considered while were situated within the same government formulating and implementing SDI programs. agency, that is, Office of the Prime Minister.

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a). Remain sensitive to momentum and ensure the extent possible, especially in cases with a SDI implementation sustainability through relative absence of political support or a successive, smaller, “quick win” legislative mandate. deliverables. f). SDI institutions and the top b). While the initial implementation of SDI stakeholders should have a business components in Africa is often assisted case or reasons for operating the through donor and other NGO funding, it SDI and working for its success. is sometimes the handover and lack of As may be noted in the case studies continuity where SDIs fail when donor in this report, often the leadership projects come to a close. or secretariat has been placed in a c). Be sensitive to and have a mitigation plan land administration agency or for technological challenges during the early environmental agency that is both phases of SDI implementation activities. an information provider as well as d). While the longer-term architecture and an information user. Such lead SDI application areas of an SDI will be generic agencies must deal with others to and cross-disciplinary, focus initially on do their functions and therefore specific application areas that address well- they need SDI. They will not let it articulated needs. Absent concrete fail. application areas, SDI initiatives tend to lose traction. g). Legislation is a powerful SDI enabler. e). Leverage and build upon existing efforts, h). All stakeholders need to remain engaged structures, and institutional arrangements to and encouraged to remain at the table.

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Chapter Five

5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusions The cost of not doing SDI in Uganda has been This study has established that the basic high-out of date or no mapping available; framework for the implementation of the duplication of data collection by various UGSDI exists, however, there is still a general agencies and not shared with others; not being lack of awareness and willingness among able to access datasets or even knowing about planners and policy makers on the role of SDI them; it is like an inefficiently run book library to monitor development outcomes specifically with no indexing- the books are in the library MDGs. Therefore attitudes amongst key but no one knows or they cannot find them- so stakeholders have to change in order to have an they buy it again. In cities often utility agencies enabling policy environment for monitoring undertake their own base mapping as the base development. The study also came up with mapping is not available or out of date- often recommendations for spatial data management several agencies do base mapping- and in that are yet to be adopted for use by all the different systems all without consulting each stakeholders. Once adopted it is hoped they will other. Duplication has a high cost. form the framework for a policy on a national SDI. Whilst the question of data reconciliation Uganda, like other developing countries, needs seems to have been emphasized in the to be assisted to bring on board the participation recommendations, it has to be understood that of key government officials at the decision and most government departments are not fulfilling policy-making levels. Participation at this level their mandates as per data management. Unless and even higher seems to have been the this is addressed, there will be a duplication of foundation for success in Australia, the US, the services amongst the MDAs. The common Canada and South Africa. The concept of NSDI practice of over protection of data especially by needs to be packaged with easy to use government departments and institutions is in applications at a level of lay persons for each fact a serious liability to the establishment of a individual and presented perhaps to the cabinet. successful national SDI, since data is of value Awareness campaigns at levels below this are only if information can be derived from it, and not likely to attract the necessary political and used for the benefit of the people. financial support such as has been the case in the past. Success for such high a level campaign One of the requirements for spatial data to be would require a cooperative effort between exchanged is that it should conform to certain stakeholders championing SDI initiatives and standards, both in terms of format and accuracy. NPA which is currently responsible for the For instance exchanging incorrect data implies national SDI initiatives. that further use of such will generate erroneous results. There are many examples of such data 5.2 Recommendations today in circulation. Establishment of a national Based on the findings of the study, the SDI comprising of senior government officials consultation team proposes the following supported by a cadre of experts in the related recommendations. These recommendations fields such as spatial sciences would therefore have been detailed in the Implementation guarantee that only information that conforms Manual that shall be considered as a foundation to acceptable standards is made available to to establish the UGSDI. The recommendations decision-makers. are as follows: 82 April 2011

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 There is a need to develop a national policy, e.g. Uganda National Bureau of Standards institutional framework and administrative to ensure that those standards are adhered arrangements that provide mechanisms for to and key stakeholders (e.g., MoLHUD). data sharing and co-ordination of the  There should be a standards manual and a development of geospatial datasets separate document to describe spatial data  NPA, as the UGSDI Board main SDI specifications that will subsequently be coordinator should work hand in hand with developed as a reference to data producers key stakeholders like Ministry of ICT to and users. enable the development of a national  Meta data should be included as a policies regarding SDI as well as other prerequisite for any data collected. relevant policies which will support SDI  A Clearinghouse should be established at development. the National Planning Authority.  There is need to carry out a gap analysis by  Training should be offered to all creating an inventory of available data sets stakeholders at all levels – managers, GIS and maps in various organizations and professionals and users involved in the making it available on the Web and keeping implementation of the UGSDI. it current-this could be the basis for a  NPA should work in close collaboration metadata database. with the MDAs, local governments,  NPA and the NSDI council should be able humanitarian agencies, academia and the to enhance the definition of the private sector during implementation of the core/fundamental Data sets through the UGSDI. NISDIC; this can be done in association  There should be a ‘business plan developed and in cooperation with the responsible for the SDI’ as the principles in Chapter 4 MDAs which are charged by their mandates 4.2.2 f) to further help develop a business to carry out data production. case SDI.  The UGSDI with NISDIC should work  Finally, UGSDI/ NISDIC should work with the stakeholders to identify the with and leverage the projects listed in Custodians/Data owners of datasets. This Annex 2 to achieve the principles listed in will avoid duplication of roles. Chapter 4 (4.2.2) especially e) and d). The  Acceptable standards for data, production LIS project with MoLHUD is should and distribution should be developed and facilitate the accomplishment of the SDI the mandated bodies be brought on board principles.

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6. References

Chaminama, N. (2009). Analysis of public sector cooperation and geoinformation sharing: a resource dependence perspective. Enschede, ITC

Clark, Peter U., et al. (1999). "Northern Hemisphere Ice-Sheet Influences on Global Climate Change."

GSDI (2007). Spatial Data Infrastructure-Africa Newsletter. 6.

Kalande, W. and J. Ondulo (2006). Geoinformation Policy in East Africa.

Karatunga, M. A. (2002). The Uganda Spatial Data Infrastructure Framework. SDI Ad-Hoc Experts Group Meeting. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Muhwezi, B. (2004). "Solving complexity in implementation of SDI in Uganda."

Musinguzi, M. e. a. (2004). Opportunities and challenges for SDI development in developing countries - a case study of Uganda. Proc. 12th Int. Conf. on Geoinformatics − Geospatial Information Research: Bridging the Pacific and Atlantic. University of Gävle, Sweden.

Nasirumbi, S. (2006). Towards strategy of spatial data infrastructure development with focus on the private sector involvement : a case study in Uganda. Enschede, ITC.

Nyemera, B. W. (2008). Evaluation of redundancy in the geo - information community in Uganda. Enschede, ITC.

Schwarte, C. (2008). Access to Environmental Information in Uganda, International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED).

Swedish consortium (2001). "Design and development of geographic information system. Uganda EFMP II/PHRD/00/05-GIS."

Tukugize, C. (2005). Evaluation of geoinformation market environment in East Africa. Enschede, ITC.

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7 Annexes

7.1 Annex 1: List of Stakeholders Consulted

Names Designation Telephone Email Organization Name

Adriku Charles Senior Geo Information 0772417160 [email protected] Uganda Bureau of Statistics Officer Mutemo Charles Ag.Principal Environmental 0772315061 [email protected] Ministry of Works and Transport, Officer Environment Liaison Unit Oguttu Jackson M Ag. Project coordinator 0782304150 [email protected] Ministry of Lands Housing and Urban (digital mapping project) Development, Lands and Surveys Department, Digital Mapping Project Mutyaba Joseph GIS Cartography Specialist 0776211022 [email protected] National Forestry Authority

Nurudin Njabire Geologist 0414320714 [email protected] Petroleum Exploration and Production Department Namanya B. Geographer 0772484771 [email protected] Ministry of Health Didacus Butele Cosmas Senior Entomologist, Honey 0772994665 [email protected] Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Alfred Production and Marketing Fisheries, Department of Livestock Health and Entomology Mundua Patrick ICT Systems Manager 0392961542 [email protected] Ministry of Local Government

Doug Drew COP, AED EMIS Program 0787349896 [email protected] Ministry of Education (Academy of Education Development) Mugenzi Peter GIS Officer 0772474402 [email protected] Ministry of Energy Mineral Development,

Sebyala Rashid ICT Officer 0782869688 [email protected] Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries, Department of Planning

85 April 2011

Technical Assistance for Spatial Data Infrastructure for Monitoring Development Outcomes, Uganda Final Report

Richard Muhangi GIS Specialist 0312264095 [email protected] Rural Electrification Agency

Kasimbazi David Senior Urban Officer 0772621024 [email protected] Ministry of Lands Housing and Urban Development, Department of Urban Development Margaret Walusimbi Senior Physical Planner 0772455977 [email protected] Ministry of Lands Housing and Urban Development, Physical Planning Department Dora Mwesige Surveyor 0772121657 [email protected] National Water and Sewerage Corporation Agnes Alaba Ag. Assistant Commissioner- 0772699228 [email protected] Geological Surveys Department Geodata

86 April 2011

7.2 Annex 2: Projects Relevant to SDI

No. Organization Name Projects

1 Uganda Bureau of Statistics 1. Census Mapping 2 Ministry of Lands Housing and 1. Land Information System (LIS) Urban Development 4 Ministry of Local Government 1. Logics Information Systems 2. Database for Local Governments 3. Logics GIS Database for Local Governments

5 Academy for Education and 1. Education Management Information Systems (EMIS) Development 6 Ministry of Energy Mineral 1. Energy for Rural Transformation Program funded by Development World Bank (ERT) 2. Program for Rural Electrification and Energy Efficiency Project funded by German Technical Corporation (PREEEP) 7 Ministry of Lands Housing and 1. Cities Alliance with UN/SDI-Slum Dwellers International Urban Development on Slum Upgrading; UN-Habitat on Urban Profiling 8 Ministry of Lands Housing and 1. Land Information System (LIS ) funded by the World Urban Development Bank. 2. Local Government Development Programme II

9 Geological Surveys 1. AEGOS (African European Geo Observation System) Platform of Data Sharing/Providing for Geological Surveys 2. Building up of a Geological and Minerals Information System that will provide Infrastructure for Geo- information within the Survey 10 Kampala City Council 1. Kyanja Edible Landscape Project 2. Mapping of HIV Service Providers in Kampala in partnership with Infectious Disease Institute 3. Mapping of outdoor adverts within Kampala City 4. Upgrading of the Kampala base map

7.3 Annex 3: GI Uses by Sector

Sector Stakeholder Typical Use of GI Agriculture Kawanda ARI,MAAIF,MAAIF- Cultivation inventory, vegetation Livestock, NARO-SAARI, PMA, cover, soil study, River dams and NAADS, CDO, UCDA, DDA irrigation, land use monitoring, crop yield monitoring, marine resources. Environment and Natural EA, Metrological center, DWRM, Forest mapping, forest inventory, Resources DWD, NWSC, NEMA, NFA, UWA change detection, timber WMD, OPM/Dep't DPR, MAAIF production, water resources, monitoring environmental management. Energy And Infrastructure ERA, MEMD, PEPD, REA, ERT Oil, gas and electricity Coordination Unit, RVR, CAA, exploration, electricity UTODA, UIPE, UNRA, Alternative exploitation and distribution, Energy, UEGCL, marketing and monitoring UETCL,UEDCL,ESKOM, UMEME transportation, GPS systems. Industry and Minerals GSMD, UMA, UIRI, USSIA, UIA, PSF, Mapping and exploration of UNBS minerals/ Geological and Mineral mapping Financial Services EPRC, BoU, AMFIU, CMA, USE, Mapping, Modelling customer Bankers Association, UIB, Banks interaction and economic Financing and Cooperative conditions Unions, LGFC Information and KDC, MoICT, Office of 3rd Deputy Research, Circulation, Marketing Communications Technology Prime Minister, TV Stations, Radio and advocacy. Stations, Newspapers and Magazines, Mobile Telecommunication Companies, NITA, Media Council, UCC, UNLB Health, HIV and Nutrition NDA, HC and Hospitals, HU, NMS, Epidemic location, prevention JCRC, UAC, UVRI, IDI, FPA and forecasting, facilities planning and distribution. Good Governance MJCA, MFA, MIA, MoEI, EC, Election incident Reports, Parliament, IGG, ICG, UJCC, Visualization and Analysis of a UML, wide range of data types PSFU, NDI- Demgroup Lands, Physical Planning, USMD, MoLHUD-Lands, MoLHUD- Surveying and mapping, land Housing and Urban Urban Development, MoLHUD- reforms, urban and regional Development Surveys, MoLHUD-Physical planning, urban renewal and Planning, NHCC, UAA, ULA, LEM, change studies, feasibility study, ULC, LG and LB, Town and land use mapping, land County Planning Boards, KCC administration. Peace And Resettlement OPM/UNDP Feasibility of Proposed Settlement Plans, Decision Making Population, Gender and Social PopSec, UNYC, NUDIPU, UCRRN, Decision Support System Development NSSF, MoGLSD, MoPS, UBOS Labor and Employment PIRT, UIA, BTVET, MoPS, Labor Analysis of Employment rates, Unions, Enterprise Uganda Decision Making Tool

Tourism UWA, UTB, UTA, Arts & Crafts, UIA, Road network maps and street Uganda Museum, UCTA, UHOA, guides, tourist centers and hotel AUTAO, UHCA location, facilities planning, development and management, Geo-referencing of historical locations, research study, culture preservation and sport development Justice, Defense, Security and OPM, State House, AC, POLICE, Defense, crime prevention and Rule of Law Prisons, UHRC, UPDF, CECORE, monitoring, logistical and rescue LRC operations. Political organizations, Security agencies, Courts of Judicature, DPP, HTN, ULGA, Urban Authorities Association Trade and Cooperatives URA, UEPB, UIA, UMA, PSF, Revenue generation, Customs Enterprise Uganda, EPRC, UNBS and Immigrations, Taxation Accountability IGG, MFPED, AG, DEI, OPM, Parliamentary Commission, UDN Plan, Monitor and Coordinate, visual representation of finance issues Legislature Parliamentary Commission, Policies, Research, Decision MoLG, Courts of Judicature, Making Tool ULGA Public Sector Management & MoPS, OPM, LGFC, Public Service Taxation, land use, new town Administration and Sub- Commission, Parliamentary development, utility services. National Development Planning Budget Office, NPA, MoLG National statistics, economic Planning, demographic studies Regional and International MFA, EPRC Assessment and Visualization of Development Development Implementation, Monitoring NPA, OPM, UBOS, OP, EPRC Planning and Monitoring of and Evaluation development and population growth

7.4 Annex 4: Croatia SDI Law Provisions Law extract from Law_on_State_Survey_and_the_Real-Estate_Cadastre, 2007 – from the National Spatial Data Infrastructure sections (The text is an unofficial translation into English of selected portions) http://www.dgu.hr/UserDocsImages/zakoni/Croatia-Law_on_State_Survey _and_the_Real-Estate_Cadastre%20addopted-2007-02-08.pdf

Article 84:-The National Spatial Data Infrastructure is a set of measurements, norms, specifications and services within the framework of establishing e-government aimed at enabling effective gathering, managing, exchange and usage of geo-referenced spatial data specified by this Law.

Article 85:- National Spatial Data Infrastructure (hereon in the text: NSDI) encompasses the establishment of the following:  a metadata system,  spatial data sets,  spatial data services,

 networking services and technology, As well as the following:  Agreements concerning spatial data exchange, access and usage,  Coordination and monitoring mechanisms,  Processes and procedures.

Article 86:-NSDI concerns and is applied to spatial data in digital format related to the territory of the Republic of Croatia, the territorial sea and its ecologically protected or economic zones, under the jurisdiction of the following:  state administration bodies,  regional and local self-government bodies,  public systems fully or majority owned by the Republic of Croatia,  natural person or legal entity entrusted with managing spatial data by the authorities and systems from this Article,  natural person or legal entity who use the data and services contained in the NSDI and offer public services based on this data (hereon: NSDI subjects). Spatial data included in NSDI are all State Survey data and Real Property Cadastre data. In addition to the data from paragraph 2 of this Article [above] NSDI includes the following spatially determined (hereon in the text: georeferenced) data: 1. hydrographic data, 2. data concerning roads, 3. data about protected areas or objects, 4. spatial planning data, 5. environment protection data, 6. data from georeferenced registers («the cadastre») kept in accordance with special Regulations 7. georeferenced statistical data, 8. geological, pedological and other specialized georeferenced data, 9. land registry data. NSDI subjects are obliged to participate in the establishment and maintenance of the NSDI. Article 87:- Metadata is the information which describes spatial data sets and services and enable their discovery, preview and usage. Metadata contains information regarding: 1. spatial data (description of contents) 2. the conformity of data with the prescribed norms 3. rules regarding the usage of spatial data sets and services 4. quality and validity of spatial data bodies, public systems, natural persons or legal entities responsible for the establishment, 5. management, maintenance and distribution of spatial data sets and services 6. data with limited access and the reasons for limiting the access.

The State Geodetic Administration is responsible for the establishment and maintenance of the metadata public service on the Internet (using a geo-portal), in a way that enables NSDI subjects to interactively maintain the data from paragraph. 2 of this Article. NSDI subjects are responsible for the regular maintenance of the data regarding their spatial data sets and services. On the request of the State Geodetic Administration, they are obliged to make available the spatial data information under their jurisdiction or authority.

Article 88:- Spatial data sets and services encompassed by NSDI Law are established in such a way that they are harmonized with each other and respect the adopted specifications and protocols for spatial data exchange.

Article 89:- Spatial data services of the NSDI subjects have to be interconnected on an IT network and in a simple and widely accessible way enable the following:  searching spatial data sets and services  a visual service enabling the display of spatial data sets and services, navigation, increasing or decreasing and overlapping of the spatial data sets, display of legend data and the contents of the relevant metadata  the service of copying whole or partial publicly accessible spatial data sets  the service of calling up other spatial data services  the services of transforming spatial data sets.

Searching spatial data sets and services has to be possible according to the following criteria or combinations thereof:  key words  classification of spatial data sets and services  quality and precision of spatial data  the level of conformity with the standards and specifications from Article 88 of this Law  spatial location  conditions for access and usage of spatial data sets and services  NSDI subjects responsible for the establishment, management, maintenance and distribution of spatial data sets and services.

Article 90:- Spatial data sets and services encompassed by NSID are subject to exchange among the NSDI subjects. Criteria and norms for data exchange from paragraph. 1 of this Article are passed by the Government of the Republic of Croatia upon recommendation from the NSDI Council. The criteria and the norms from paragraph. 2 of this Article enable the exchange, access and usage of spatial data sets and services in an efficient and direct manner, with the costs being covered according to special regulations. The issuing, exchange, access and usage of spatial data sets and services for users (third parties) who use the data for creating their own spatial data products, sets or services (re-usage), is done according to the criteria and norms from paragraph. 2 of this Article, evaluating the investment of each NSDI subject in gathering and keeping the data sets and services. The exchange, access and usage of spatial data sets and services among NSDI subjects can be limited if contrary to the regulations from the field of justice, internal security of national defence.

Article 91:-The criteria and norms from Article 90, paragraph. 2 of this Law are based on the following rules for the establishment of spatial data sets and services:  the application of the geodetic referential system of the Republic of Croatia  harmonized system of spatial data identifiers  harmonized system of relationships among spatial data  unique nomenclature for the basic groups of spatial data

 harmonized method of exchanging modified or renewed spatial data  harmonized information regarding the same location or the same spatial data in different scales.

Article 92:- NSDI bodies are the NSDI Council, Committee and working groups. The NSDI Council is responsible for leading the establishment of the NSDI and the coordination of the activities of the NSDI subjects. The NSDI Council is made up of a president and 15 (fifteen) members, appointed and deposed by the Government of the Republic of Croatia. The Government of the Republic of Croatia will appoint to the NSDI Council one representative each from the following bodies: - the ministry responsible for environment protection and spatial planning (president) - the state administration body responsible for e-government - the ministry responsible for defence - the ministry responsible for land registry - the ministry responsible for transport and communications - the ministry responsible for agriculture, forestry and water management - the ministry responsible for science and education - the ministry responsible for the protection of cultural and natural heritage - the ministry responsible for economy - the state administration body responsible for State Survey and Real Property Cadastre - the state administration body responsible for statistics - the Croatian Hydrographic Institute - the Croatian Geodetic Institute - geodetic and geo-informatics economic community - IT economic community - Croatian Chamber of Architects and Civil Engineers. The president and members of the NSDI Council are appointed for a period of four years.

Article 93:- The NSDI Council: 1. promotes the establishment of spatial data sets and services 2. promotes the establishment and monitors the functioning of the spatial data metadata system of the NSDI subjects 3. monitors and harmonizes the activities of the NSDI subjects concerning the establishment of NSDI 4. makes recommendations to the Government of the Republic of Croatia regarding the criteria and the norms for the establishment of the NSDI subjects’ spatial data sets and services 5. takes care that the spatial data sets and services be established in a harmonized manner and in accordance with the passed norms and criteria 6. passes the procedural rules concerning its activities 7. passes annual work plans 8. monitors and guides the activities of the NSDI Committee 9. delivers annual reports to the Government of the Republic of Croatia regarding the establishment of the NSDI 10. appoints and deposes working groups for individual tasks and duties under its jurisdiction.

The State Geodetic Administration acts as the Secretariat of the NSDI Council, coordinates all NSDI bodies and provides technical support.

Article 94:- States as follows 1. The NSDI Committee is a permanent executive body for the establishment of NSDI Council. 2. The NSDI Committee is appointed by the NSDI Council. 3. The NSDI Committee shall consist of: i. three representatives of the NSDI Council ii. two State Geodetic Administration representatives iii. the heads of working groups, appointed by the NSDI Council. 4. The NSDI Committee: i. shall implement the politics of NSDI establishment as determined by the NSDI Council ii. shall perform the activities and the tasks assigned by the NSDI Council iii. shall coordinate and monitor the working groups iv. shall coordinate implementation activities of the NSDI subjects on the establishment of the NSDI according to the guidelines set forth by the NSDI Council v. shall report to the NSDI Council about the progress of NSDI establishment vi. shall inform NSDI subjects and the general public about the activities concerning the establishment of the NSDI.

VI. GEODETIC ACTIVITIES IN LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT Article 95:-Units of local self-government are responsible for carrying out the following geodetic activities: 1. the establishment and management of the utility cadastre 2. the establishment and management of the original register of settlements, streets and house numbers 3. the determination of house numbers.

Article 96 1. Electric power lines, telecommunications, waterworks, sewage, heating pipes, gas pipelines and oil pipeline networks are registered in the utility cadastre. 2. Other objects that belong to these networks are also considered part of utilities within the context of this Law.

Article 97 The utility cadastre contains data about the types and usages, basic technical characteristics and the location of the built utility lines and the names and addresses of their managers.

Article 98 1. The utility cadastre is established and managed based on the records that the managers of individual utilities are obliged to establish and manage for these specific utilities according to this Law. 2. Utilities managers are obliged to provide data regarding the utilities they manage to the authority for the establishment and management of the utility cadastre. 3. Data from paragraph. 2 of this Article are provided without a fee and within the deadlines determined by the local self-government unit.

Article 99 1. The geodetic inspection of the State Geodetic Administration shall monitor the activities of utility cadastre management.

2. The provisions of this Law do not apply to the utilities under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Croatia. 3. The Director General shall pass regulations regarding the contents, establishment and management methods for the utility cadastre.

Article 100 The original register of settlements, streets and house numbers, and the issuing of house numbers are done in accordance with regulations regarding settlements. - (note the cadastral law continues.

7.5 Annex 5: Land Agencies: Global Perspective

This annex is a summary of some of the functions of land agencies worldwide including SDI responsibilities.

In Uganda most land administration functions are undertaken in the Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development (national mapping, geodesy, cadastral survey, town and country planning, urban land development, land registration, state land management; land tribunals, land valuation, housing). In Ghana the functions are all in the Lands Commission (similar functions as Uganda plus hydrography without housing and urban development). In Sweden the state corporation called ‘Lantmäteriet’ (the national land agency) undertakes: mapping, cadastre surveys, international boundaries, geodesy, land registration, geographical naming, land market tracking on a daily basis, SDI leadership, valuation, and ICT for all those functions. . In the Netherlands, the Cadastre, Land Registry and Mapping Agency provides those functions of its name and serves as the home base of the NSDI secretariat. In Norway it is the Statens Kartverk, (the national mapping, cadastre and registration authority) which does mapping, cadastral surveying, land registration, SDI leadership etc). In Australia in the state of New South Wales, Australia, the ‘land and property management authority’ (http://www.lands.nsw.gov.au/) does: land registration, cadastre management, land information management, geodesy, state mapping, state land management (leasehold management); valuation, parks and reserves, soil conservation and NSW state SDI secretariat. In the Canadian province of Saskatchewan – A Land Information Services Corporation became responsible in 1999 for the province's land titles system, integrated provincial survey, mapping and GIS and the Land Title Automated Network Development Project (LAND) which transferred to the new corporation. The Saskatchewan property management corporation was also attached to this unit. In British Columbia (BC) they have the Land Title and Survey Authority of BC. In New Brunswick province, Canada, they have a ‘one stop shop’ called ‘Service New Brunswick’, http://www.snb.ca/ which is the provincial government's chief provider of front-line services to the public. They provide over 200 services to the public through a network of office locations, online services, and Service New Brunswick TeleServices (Call Centre); they also provide one-stop delivery of federal, provincial and municipal government services; they operate New Brunswick's Land Registry; operate New Brunswick's Personal Property Registry; operate New Brunswick's Corporate Registry; assess all land, buildings and improvements for property taxation purposes and operate the province's Property Assessment and Taxation System and they maintain New Brunswick's land information infrastructure; clearly it is all ICT driven; they serve as a front office for all of these functions with problem cases referred to the proper agency. Clearly to do this they have had to come to terms with SDI requirements.

In New Zealand the land agency is titled “Land Information New Zealand (LINZ)”. LINZ [www.linz.govt.nz] conducts SDI leadership for New Zealand, geospatial data leadership, national mapping, geodesy, cadastre leadership, land registration, valuation, geographic names board and street naming; overseas investment board secretariat, and so on. In Costa Rica there is a registration agency where they have gathered together all registration services including: cadastre, legal registration of interests, companies, births deaths and marriages, automobiles, ships, and aircraft.

In Turkey: TKGM (Director General Registration and cadastre) which undertakes: national mapping; cadastre leadership, land registration; geodesy; SDI leadership of 20 ministries and departments.

7.6 Annex 6: List of MDA’s and Data Types Produced a) Uganda Bureau of Statistics i) Population Census data ii) Agriculture Census data iii) Industrial Census data iv) Facility data (Schools, health, water sources, communication masts, etc) v) Enumeration Areas vi) National Service Delivery Survey 2005/6 vii) Uganda National Household Survey 2004 viii) National Statistical Databank ix) Topographic maps x) Administrative boundaries b) Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries () i) Agro-ecological zones ii) Livestock statistics iii) Crop statistics iv) Water for production c) Ministry of Health (Health Management Information System) i) Health Unit ii) Disease surveillance sites iii) Health service delivery iv) Epidemic maps d) Ministry of Local Government (LOGICS) i) Administrative units/boundaries ii) Education/ Schools iii) Finance iv) Health units v) Water points vi) LG prisons vii) LG police posts e) Ministry of Education and Sports (EMIS) i) Annual school census data ii) Education facilities locations/coordinates (2005) f) Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development i) Gender disaggregated statistics a. Adult literacy b. Orphans and Vulnerable children c. Labour and employment d. Youth e. Disabled persons f. Older persons g. Other vulnerable groups g) Uganda Police i) Crime statistics ii) Traffic statistics iii) Personnel statistics

Summary of the data sets by MDAs are outlined below (PNSD II): a. Uganda National Council of Science and Technology

i) Data on research activities ii) Human resource in science and technology iii) Expenditure on research iv) Research and development personnel v) Technology achievement index vi) Research institutions vii) Research projects b. Ministry of Water and Environment i). Piped water system (rural growth centres ) ii). Gravity flow schemes/taps iii). Protected springs iv). Shallow wells v). Valley tanks/dams c. Ministry of Finance ,Planning and Economic Development i). Statement of government operation ii). Debt stock iii). Commitment fees iv). Interest on loans v). Loan and grant disbursements vi). Tax revenue vii). Non-tax revenue viii). Government expenditure ix). Grants x). Budget support xi). External projects d. Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development i) Electricity Generation  Number of Operational hydro power sites  Power from operational Hydro power sites  Capacity Utilization  Number of Potential hydro power sites  Power from Potential Hydro power sites  Number of Potential Geothermal Sites  Power from Potential Geothermal sites  Geothermal energy exploration  Number of units connected to the electricity grid  Percentage of coverage of main electricity grid ii) Renewable Energy Assessment  Energy Production potential from Agro-residues (Biomass)  Energy Production from woody Biomass  Potential wind energy regions  Potential solar energy regions iii) Energy Predictions  Energy Demand Forecasts iv) Minerals  Quantities of Minerals  Amount of minerals Exported  Amount of Minerals Imported  Number of Imports and export permits issued  Number of Mineral Concession Licenses

 Number of Mineral Dealers License issued  Total Mineral Exploration Area  Percentage recoveries of minerals and metals  Amount of unit process consumables  Processing technologies  Achievable metal recoveries v) Energy Balance  Energy Balance vi) Seismicity Events  Location and Magnitude of Earthquakes  Number of Earthquakes  Seismic data  Seismic Safety  Seismic and volcanic disaster preparedness vii) Mining  Small Scale mining sites viii) Petroleum  Consumption of Petroleum Products.  Imports of Petroleum Products.  Petroleum Retail Pump Prices.  International Prices of Petroleum Products  Number of Petroleum facilities and installations  Means of Transporting of petroleum products  Geological and Geochemical Surveys  Investment in the sector  Number of employees working in the Petroleum supplies and exploration Department  Resource assessment  Number of Licensed exploration areas  Number of unlicensed Exploration Areas  Gravity Data  Magnetic Data  Seismic Survey Data  Drilling (Well) Data  Geological and Geochemical Data  Investment in the Petroleum sub sector  Employment in the Petroleum sub sector  Amount of Resource assessment in terms of Reserves that is Estimation and evaluation of the country's petroleum resources  Amount of Resource Assessment in terms of Recovery reserves that is Estimation and Evaluation of the country's petroleum recovery reserves e. Development Network of Indigenous Voluntary Associations (DENIVA) i) Agriculture ii) Energy iii) Trade

MINISTRY SPATIAL SCALE FREQUENCY OF METADATA ACCESSIBILITY UPDATE

Uganda Bureau of 1:50000 10 years Yes Unrestricted public Statistics access MoLHUD (Lands 1:50000 Frequent Yes Charged on full cost and Surveys 1:25000 recovery Department) 1:30000 MoLHUD (Urban 1:50000-1:2500 ------No Unrestricted Public Planning) Access Individual request MoLHUD (Physical No specific scale Frequent No Unrestricted Public Planning) Access

Ministry of No specific scale Frequent Yes Unrestricted public Agriculture, access Animal Industry and fisheries Ministry of Health No specific scale Frequent Yes Unrestricted public access Ministry of Local No specific scale Annual No Unrestricted public Government access Limited by policy Individual request Ministry of No specific scale ------No By individual request Education and Sports Ministry of Energy 1:50000 Frequent No Ad and Mineral hoc/informal/selective Development

7.7 Annex 7: Questionnaire for GI/GIS/SDI Survey

Note that the analysis of the results of this survey is given in the body of this report starting at section 2.3.

Preamble:

SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS), GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION (GI) AND SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURE (SDI) INITIATIVES WITHIN MINISTRIES, DEPARTMENTS AND AGENCIES (MDAs)

The National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) can be defined as the technology, policies, standards and institutional arrangements that facilitate the availability of and access to spatial data. It promotes geospatial data sharing throughout all levels of government, the academia and the private sectors, thus enabling effective use of geospatial data for decision making and development. The purpose is to develop an integrated, harmonised, coordinated and coherent SDI which ensures unified data production, management and sharing processes. The NSDI draws together all data producing sectors and users which include among others, line Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) which produce and also use data from censuses, surveys and administrative systems.

With the increased generation and use of GI/GIS comes, however, the need for standardizing, organizing, storing, managing, and sharing data better. As the user base and the range of uses expand, the opportunity costs of operating, collecting GI, and using GIS in a silo fashion become significant. Increasingly aware of the material and opportunity costs of bad GI/GIS management practices, developing countries (Uganda inclusive) are now developing sound Spatial Data Infrastructures.

This questionnaire is therefore part of an assessment of the current GI/GIS/SDI within line ministries, departments and agencies. It will serve as an important step in the NSDI process for comprehensive assessment of the GI/GIS/SDI current initiatives including their challenges. Your organization is one of the few participating MDAs and has, therefore, been identified for the GI/GIS/SDI capacity assessment.

Your responses to the questions below will assist in establishing the current initiatives of the GI/GIS/SDI in your organization.

A. CONTACT DETAILS

Names of person completing questionnaire:______

Designation:______

Date:______/______/2010

Telephone number:______Email:______

Name of organisation:______Acronym:______

Physical (location) Address:______

Postal Address:______

Telephone Number:______Fax number:______

Email: :______Web site:______

B. INSTITUTIONAL DESCRIPTION

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i) Which of the following best describes your organisation? (Tick all that may apply)  Central Governmental  Local Government  Private Sector  Academic  Research  Non-governmental  Other (please specify): ii) What is the mandate of your organisation?

______

______iii) At what levels does your organisation operate? (Tick all that may apply)  International  Regional  National  District  County  Sub-County  Parish or lower  Other (please specify): ______iv) Is your organisation providing information to support any of the following (please tick all that may apply): National Plans and Strategies  Economic planning  Land use and urban settlements  Water resources management  Public Safety  Energy and natural resources management  Public Health  Others (please specify)

______

______v) Please indicate any other programmes or projects that your organisation collaborates/ networks with, which may be relevant to this survey: 1. ______2. ______3. ______4. ______

C. DATA/INFORMATION INVENTORY SHEET vi) What are your organisation’s core information/data management related activities? (Please tick all that may apply)  Data collection (primary data)  Processing and publication  Data collation (secondary data)  Data warehousing  Library and archiving  Dissemination

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 Data interpretation and analysis  Visualisation/Decision-Support  Other (please specify) vii) What is the geographic coverage for these activities? (Please tick all that may apply)  National  District County  Sub-county  Parish  Village  Other (please specify): viii) Who are the major users of your information/data? (Please tick all that may apply)  Own organisation (internal use only)  Central government  International agencies  Private sector  Local/district administration  Non-governmental organisations  Other (please specify) ix) Does your organisation have an information strategy?  yes  no x) If yes, please provide references/ documents.

xi) Does your organisation have a data policy, including data exchange?  Yes No xii) If yes, please provide references/ documents.

xiii) Do you produce geographic data as part of your mandate: (circle one)  Yes No xiv) Do you produce / consume geographic data to achieve your mandate:  Yes No xv) How does your organisation grant access to information/ data?  Unrestricted public access  Unavailable for external use  Limited by policy  Ad hoc/informal/selective  By individual request  Other (please specify) ………………………………… xvi) Where access is granted what policy applies (tick one)?  Charged at market value  Charged on full cost-recovery basis  Charged at cost of media  Ad Hoc  Free to most  Free to all  Other (please specify) xvii) Has the data been fully documented to assist external users i.e. Metadata?  yes no xviii) What are the main uses of the data/information you provide?  Decision support  Planning  Operations  Management  Policy formulation  Licensing

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 Monitoring compliance  Enforcement of regulations  Marketing  Other (please specify) xix) What is the format in which the data is collected, stored and disseminated to users (tick all that may apply): Hard-copy formats: Audio-visual formats: Electronic formats: Other:  Books/reports  Sound recordings  Word processor files  Mixture  Forms/notes/tables  Photographs  Spreadsheet  Other digital files  Pictures  Video/film  Database  Card index  GIS coverage  Maps  Remotely sensed imagery Other (please specify): Challenges xx) Name the three most pressing challenges for NSDI development in Uganda.  Copyright  Pricing policy  Political concerns regarding access to data  Metadata development  On-line services and technical aspects relating to access to data  Funding/budget  Development and maintenance of core data  Data quality  Data standards  Other (please specify):

D. HUMAN CAPACITY ASSESSMENT xxi) How many staff members in your organisation/unit are trained in the following areas at the levels indicated? Post Short On-job Category Graduate Diploma Total graduate course experience Data collection/monitoring Data entry Data analysis Web design/publishing Communications Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Remote sensing/ Image processing Database Management System Systems Administration (IT) Global Positioning System (GPS) Land surveying Land use/Physical planning Other technical expertise xxii) Which are the priority areas of information/data management skills that you would like to add to you staff?

1. ______

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2. ______

3. ______

E. HARDWARE/SOFTWARE INVENTORY

This section should be completed by your systems administrator, if possible. Name: E-mail:

i) List the facilities your organisation owns or has access to —those in good working order. (Please tick all that may apply): a) Computers Hard Disk Brand Operating System Number Processor Memory Capacity

b) Local Area Network i) Does your organisation have a Local Area Network?  Yes  No c) Telecommunication and networking Type Service Provider Number of users Working condition Telephone (Fixed Lines) E-mail Internet Access Others (please specify):

d) Data input/output devices Device Model Total Condition Digitising tables Global Positioning System (GPS) Scanners Plotters Laser printers Colour printers Others (please specify):

e) Applications software GIS Version: Number of users/licenses

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Others (please specify): Image Processing Version: Number of users/licenses

Others (please specify): DBMS Version: Number of users/licenses Access Oracle xBASE SQL Others (please specify):

Webmapping Version: Number of users/licenses Applications ArcGIS Server Google ii) In the order of priorities, which are the facilities that your organisation most needs to acquire or strengthen (please add extra sheets if necessary).

1. ______

2. ______

3. ______

4. ______

DATA SET INVENTORY

Please complete the following table for data sets held by your institution.

Existing

Format

Data type Data generated set Data the institution by used set the by Data institution Scale of Date collection frequency Update update Last usage Data national of % spatial coverage Paper Digital Geodetic (the national topographical reference system ) Topography

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Names of Places Aerial Photos Digital Images Administrative Boundaries Cadastral / Land Tenure Transportation Hydrology / rivers, lakes, dams Land Use / Vegetation Cover Geology Wetlands Soils Land Use Zoning and Restrictions Climate Health Data Economic Data

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7.8 Annex 8: International Initiatives Details

7.8.1 Australia and New Zealand

Australia and New Zealand have a joint SDI Council of 10 members titled the Australian and New Zealand Land Information Council (ANZLIC) that spans the Australian federal government, 6 state governments, 3 territories, and the Government of New Zealand. They are the: Australian Capital Territory; Australian Commonwealth Government; Northern Territory; New Zealand; and the 6 Australian states of New South Wales (NSW), Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia. The Council operates, therefore, at the policy and think tank level rather than at the implementation and supervisory levels, as each of the 6 states and New Zealand have jurisdiction over land administration and other natural resources. However, it is the peak spatial inter-governmental body with members who are heads of States/Territories and federal government agencies that sets national policy, and strongly advocates the use of standards across the spatial information industry.

The Council's vision is that Australia's and New Zealand's economic growth, and social and environmental interests are best built upon spatially referenced information that is current, complete, accurate, affordable, accessible and able to be integrated.

The Australian Spatial Data Infrastructure (ASDI), put in place in 2003 by ANZLIC, is a national framework linking users with providers of spatial information. It comprises the people, policies and technologies necessary to enable the generation and use of spatially referenced data through all levels of government, the private and non-profit sectors, academia and the community.

ANZLIC's role is to facilitate easy and cost effective access to the great amounts of spatial data and services provided by a wide range of organisations in the public and private sectors in Australia and New Zealand.

The ASDI impacts a combined Australian and New Zealand population of 26.8 million, and a land area of 7.962 million square kilometres (not including the claimed Antarctic areas). The Commonwealth of Australia is a federal constitutional monarchy under a parliamentary democracy with bi-cameral houses. There are 6 self governing states and 3 territories. New Zealand is a democratic monarchy with a unicameral parliament of 120 members, it is a unitary state, and has local governments consisting of 73 territorial authorities (including cities, Wikipedia, 2010). Within this structure ANZLIC can only be advisory and cannot pass laws or the like, this is up to the states and New Zealand. . It should be stated that most if not all of the Australian states have SDI committees and initiatives that are dealing with GIS policy and information issues at the state level (a notable example is WALIS of Western Australia - www.walis.wa.gov.au). They are taking notice of the ANZLIC and its policy recommendations.

ANZLIC has a Strategic Plan 2005–2010. It has existed in various forms since 1986 and has a long history and has contributed to the growth of a related GIS/ SDI industry in Australia and New Zealand.

Over the last decade ANZLIC has developed a set of inter-related policies (available on-line) and guidelines aiming to assist organisations achieve ‘best practice’ in spatial data management, including: i) Guidelines for data custodianship; ii) Policy statement on spatial data management; iii) ANZLIC metadata profile guidelines; iv) Guiding principles for spatial data access and pricing policy; v) Privacy guidelines for spatial information; and vi) Access to sensitive spatial data.

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Key Data Sets: - It should be noted that most Australian states spent much of 1970-1990 upgrading key data sets including topographic maps and cadastral indices. Map updating had suffered from the lack of maintenance during WWII and thereafter but some states had also been subjected to land booms in the 1970s to 1980s which they could not cope with administratively. Each of the states spent several millions of US dollars on these tasks. They invested greatly in new geoid models and new projection systems both at the national and state levels.

Also in several states (e.g., New South Wales (NSW)) in the 1990s undertook institutional restructuring. In NSW all land administration departments and agencies were brought under the same ministry including: registration offices, cadastral surveys and mapping, and the valuation and state land management offices. Also, most of the state land registries spent from 1980 progressively computerizing their registry systems, scanning documents, and computerizing their operations. Overall, when the 1990s came around, they were ready and seeking the future benefits of SDI.

New Zealand in the 1990s brought all land agencies under the one department - Land Information New Zealand (LINZ) - combining land and surveys, valuation, land registration, Crown property management, geographic names and street name management, hydrographic and marine chart management, electoral places and street database, and managing the NZ Geospatial Office. It is a member of the ANZLIC council.

One of the most important principles that ANZLIC has promoted is that “…all sectors of the community should have easy, efficient and equitable access to fundamental spatial data where technology, data formats, institutional arrangements, location, costs and conditions do not inhibit its use” . Refer to: http://www.anzlic.org.au/policies.html

Geospatial data: - The Federal Government of Australia (in the department ‘Geoscience Australia’) is responsible for resource and topographic information and mapping and produces maps at scales smaller than 1:50,000. The state governments undertake mapping at larger scales, e.g. 1:25,000 and 1: 4000 often orthophoto maps. The whole of Australia is covered by printed and digital topographic maps scale 1:250,000 and scale 1:1 million. The scale 1:100,000 maps are available in most areas with new areas being added annually while scale 1:50,000 maps are available in some areas mostly in northern Australia. The complete coverage of Australia’s scale 1:250,000 and scale 1:1 million series topographic maps are available on the web (WWW) free to all parties. Also its geology resource map at scale 1: 1 million and the soils and land use maps are available for free as well.

Geoscience: - Australia also compiles and makes maps of soil resources, geology, marine resources, land tenure, Aboriginal resources, railways and other transportation, and vegetation. The digital terrain model is available. In Queensland state water maps at scale 1:25,000 are available across the state. In New Zealand, maps at scales 1:250,000 and 1:50,000 are both available digitally in free downloads from Land Information New Zealand (LINZ). Printed copies are available from retailers. The scale 1:50,000 series is used for multiple purposes and includes its use for emergency purposes. LINZ makes available all software necessary for using its geodetic networks and digital maps; plus for producing digital data for cadastral submissions and use. It should be noted that in 2005 New Zealand put in place a “Geospatial Strategy” which embodied its SDI Strategy.

Metadata: - ANZLIC managed the development of an Australian and New Zealand Metadata standard titled “ANZLIC Metadata Profile Version 1.1 2007” which complies with ISO 19115:2003. There are about 40,000 entries within it, as well as an entry tool (on line free) into the data base.

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Services: - There are two thematic networks in operation funded and operated by two states. They were developed in the early 1990s. One is a water resources network and it uses ANZLIC metadata standards (limited information here).

Policies: - ANZLIC is strongest with data policies especially advocacy papers (as mentioned above). It also has pieces on best practice in spatial data management; putting policy into action; benefiting practitioners; building capacity; how to participate. Some recent main themes have been: agriculture, business, emergency management, health, land administration, marine environment, natural resource management, real estate, routing/street maps/amenities, and tourism. ANZLIC has produced many white papers directed at policy options developed and advocated – they are available on the web site.

Checking the Spread of Policies and Standards: -. he team undertook a random check to review the spread of the ANZLIC products in related Australian natural resource products and found that ANZLIC land use standards were being used at least on two occasions. They were in Australia’s water for the future imitative (http://www.environment.gov.au/water/), and in the Australian Land Use3/ - Land Use Mapping for Australia - which is an information hub to assist land managers, planners and others who need to know about land use data and information for Australia. ANZLIC Metadata standards are being used. (see http://adl.brs.gov.au/mapserv/landuse/)

Another web site checked out was the Australian Soil Resource Information System (ASRIS) which provides online access to most up-to-date soil and land resource information in a consistent format across Australia. ASRIS has been developed for a broad range of users since the 1960s including natural resource managers, educational institutions, planners, researchers, and community groups (See http://www.asris.csiro.au/ for reference). The information is now shown on the latest Google Earth images across Australia (currently dated about 2005 supplemented by Spot Imagery) as an overlay with pop-up soil profiles. It has been developed over a period of 40 years by about 10 groups across all states and territories. One of the layers is the national topographic scale 1:250,000 and the scale 1 million maps. It uses the ANZLIC metadata v2 format for its metadata files. The following were also established.

Agreements: - ANZLIC has developed a model agreement for use in any natural resource management program. That is the Model Data Access and Management Agreement, which incorporates guidelines for custodianship, metadata, archiving, accessing, data licensing and pricing and puts them into an operational context and was used for the ASRIS mentioned above.

ANZLIC and the National Land and Water Resources Audit have worked with data managers from around Australia to document current best practice procedures they have developed through long experience. This experience has been built into the Natural Resources Information Management Toolkit.

ANZLIC has also developed partnerships with the spatial information industry and has relationships with the Australian Spatial Information Business Association (ASIBA) and the Spatial Sciences Institute (SSI).

Institutional Arrangements: - ANZLIC comprises ten senior officials from the Australian and New Zealand Governments, and the governments of the States and Territories of Australia. They are generally responsible within their jurisdiction for coordinating spatial information policy and operational matters. New South Wales currently chairs ANZLIC. The Council meets three times per year. Members are New South Wales, Australian Capital Territory, Australian Government, New Zealand, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia.

ANZLIC has three standing committees responsible for developing plans to address the Council's current emphasis on implementation of the Australian Spatial Data Infrastructure, promotion of nationally

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consistent standards and policies, and land administration reform. Each committee has membership comprising selected Council members and key stakeholders in areas relevant to the standing committees' work: Emerging Issues and Geospatial Futures; Land Administration; All-Hazards (Emergency management, Counter Terrorism and Critical Infrastructure Protection); and Surveying and Mapping.

Geospatial Strategic Plan in New Zealand: - Most states and territories in New Zealand (NZ) have their own ‘SDI’ committees. However, New Zealand in 2005 put in place a Geospatial strategic plan (GSSP) which includes SDI. The New Zealand Geospatial office secretariat has been placed within Land Information New Zealand (LINZ). NZ established the GSSP as it was realized that while much progress had been made in the decade 1995 to 2005 with SDI (under ANZLIC), many facets though were not being addressed. This included: information was not being shared across the public sector, that often it was in different formats, and agencies were obliged to charge for ‘the cost of dissemination’ for the supply of such information. While GSSP is now under the indirect control of the Minister of Land Information, Government of New Zealand, they are working in partnership with at least 10 ministries, and 20 government and local government authorities and institution including the Police, Forestry department, interior, water among others. A private sector firm (CRCIS-2 from Australia) has been engaged to design and implement GSSP and SDI. It is realized by management that legislation will be needed for the GSSP implementation (Refer to http://www.geospatial.govt.nz/ for more details).

Human Resources: - Training was given over several years on the ANZLIC metadata profile. Also to project managers in the National Land & Water Resources Audit projects. This experience allowed the Natural Resources Information Management Toolkit to be developed. Each state and territory general takes on the task of HRD in SDI.

Financial Implications: - All ten ANZLIC jurisdictions finance ANZLIC’s operations and projects. ANZLIC is a not-for-profit organisation and all subscriptions raised contribute to the operation of a national office and management projects as directed by the Council. Subscriptions comprise an administrative charge and, for Australian jurisdictions, a further charge based on population to cover project costs.

Monitoring and Reporting: - Comprehensive annual reports are published for all members, all available on Internet; and it holds at least 3 meetings a year each with minutes circulated. There are about 150 publications on the internet site.

Lessons for UGSDI from Australia and New Zealand  ANZLIC started from the ground-up through dedicated GIS professionals coming together and later involved higher level officials in the jurisdictions involved.  ANZLIC participation can only be voluntary as land administration and management are functions of state governments.  ANZLIC is only as successful as its stakeholders let it be;  ANZLIC members recognised the importance of key data sets very early in the project and each organization brought them up-to-date and maintained them.  Australia and New Zealand both have key national digital data sets available on the internet for free along with software.

References: http://www.anzlic.org.au/ (ANZLIC web site) https://www.ga.gov.au/ (GeoScience Australia web site) http://www.linz.govt.nz/ (Land Information New Zealand web site)

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http://www.asris.csiro.au; (Australia Soil Resource Information System web site) http://adl.brs.gov.au/mapserv/landuse/ (Australian Land Use web site) http://www.isotc211.org/WorkshopRome/Presentations/Body_Rome.pdf (paper by Chris Body and John Hockaday on Metadata ISO 19115, Rome 2007) http://www.geospatial.govt.nz/barriers-and-opportunities (reasons for spatial information strategies).

7.8.2 Canada

Canada is recognized as one of the leading nations in the integration of geospatial science, geospatial technology and the Internet. The Canadian Geospatial Data Infrastructure (CGDI) delivers geographic content to the World Wide Web through access to over 1400 geospatial database collections. The CGDI does not house this information but rather provides an infrastructure that allows a diverse community to share geospatial information and data which is based on common standards.

Canada is confederation of 10 provinces and 3 territories with a land area covering 9,984,670 sq km, a population of 33.5 million (2008). It is a federal system with bi-cameral parliaments, and it has about 1900 municipalities and towns. Land administration is a provincial mandate.

The CGDI provides the technology standards, access systems, and protocols necessary to harmonize Canada's geospatial databases, and to make them accessible on the Internet. It is vital that there are standards and interoperability in the area of geospatial data technology. If not, time, money and effort will be duplicated, and Canada's geospatial data will be a patchwork at best. Through the CGDI, Canadian governments at all levels are managing their responsibilities more efficiently and enhancing decision making with more complete information at their disposal.

Canadians benefit from these advances whether as users or providers of data, technology and expertise. With continued advancement, Canadian businesses will be able to sustain and enhance their position in global markets with sought-after geospatial data products, expertise, and services.

The CGDI was originally funded with $60M CAD in 1999, with $60M CAD in 2005 and finally with $12M CAD in 2010. The CGDI was created to:  Facilitate sharing of geospatial information;  Improve planning for future investments in geospatial data;  Expand collaborative partnerships that help leverage investments and reduce duplication;  Encourage the adoption of standards for sharing and using geospatial information;  Enable informed decision making by providing easy access to current information, knowledge and expertise;  Promote efficiency by reducing duplication of efforts through national standards, specifications and services that support collaboration;  Enable usability for Canadian governments, firms and individuals that need a reliable system, an “infrastructure” to access and use these resources;  Facilitate growth in the export of Canadian technology, products, expertise, and services. http://www.geoconnections.org/publications/tvip/Vision_E/CGDI_Vision_final_E.html

Geospatial data: - Despite Canada’s huge size and small population, there is a surprising amount of national geospatial data available for the country. Datasets with national coverage include:

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GeoBase: - GeoBase is a federal, provincial and territorial government initiative that is overseen by the Canadian Council on Geomatics (CCOG). It is undertaken to ensure the provision of, and access to, a common, up-to-date and maintained base of quality geospatial data for all of Canada. Through the GeoBase portal, users with an interest in geomatics have access to quality geospatial information at no cost and with unrestricted use. http://www.geobase.ca/geobase/en/index.html Data layers that are available in GeoBase include:  Administrative Boundaries – Geopolitical boundaries, aboriginal lands, and federal electoral districts.  Digital Elevation Data - Canadian Digital Elevation Data (CDED).  Geodetic Network – Base geodetic network, primary vertical benchmarks, federal 3-d densification network, and 2-d densification network.  Geographical Names  Land Cover – Vector data circa 2000.  National Road Network  National Hydrography Network  Satellite Imagery - Orthorectified Landsat 7, raw imagery and control points.

GeoGratis: - GeoGratis is a portal provided by Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) which allows users to download geospatial data at no cost and without restrictions. The geospatial data are grouped in collections and are compatible with the most popular geographic information systems (GIS), with image analysis systems and other systems. (visit http://geogratis.cgdi.gc.ca/geogratis/en/index.html)

Data layers that are available in GeoGratis include:  Raster data, including: - Orthorectified RADARSAT-1 and Landsat-7 satellite images covering all o.f Canada; - Atlas of Canada and Atlas of North America thematic maps; - Historical and recent land use maps, etc.  Vector data, including: - CanVec vector data at 1:50,000 scale for Canada; - National-scale framework data (grouped by theme); - Vector Map Level 0 (VMAP0) for Canada, etc.  A database of ground control points: - A collection of georeferenced points that can be used to correct and validate satellite, vector and raster data.

Geoscience Data Repository (GDR):- The GDR is a collection of geoscience databases that are managed and accessed by a series of Information Services (GDRIS). The GDR site allows users to discover, view and download, free of charge, geoscience information. http://gdr.nrcan.gc.ca/index_e.php

Data that is available in GDR includes:  Maps  Geophysical surveys  Geochemistry  Other geoscience data

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 Marine geoscience  Other resources

Geography Network Canada:- The Geography Network Canada is an online resource for finding and sharing geographic content, including maps and data, from many of Canada's leading providers. It is maintained and operated by ESRI Canada and it contains a wealth of free and unrestricted national, regional and local data for Canada. http://www.geographynetwork.ca

National Soil Database (NSDB):-The NSDB is the set of computer readable files which contain soil, landscape, and climatic data for all of Canada. It serves as the national archive for land resources information that was collected by federal and provincial field surveys, or created by land data analysis projects. The NSDB includes GIS coverages at a variety of scales, and the characteristics of each named soil series. http://sis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/nsdb/intro.html

The principal types of NSDB data holdings (ordered by scale) are as follows.  National Ecological Framework (EcoZones, EcoRegions, and EcoDistricts)  Soil Map of Canada / Land Potential DataBase (LPDB)  Agroecological Resource Areas (ARAs)  Soil Landscapes of Canada (SLC)  Canada Land Inventory (CLI)  Detailed Soil Surveys

Statistics Canada Census Geography: - Census geography covers a wide range of geographic areas – from provinces and territories down to city blocks. These geographic areas have boundaries, names, and other information that make it possible to locate them on the ground and relate census data to them. http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/geo/index-eng.cfm

Data available in the census geography portal includes:  Maps  Spatial information products  Attribute information products  Reference products

Metadata: - In Canada, a geospatial metadata content standard has been available for some time. It has been well known that conforming to a standard is important to ensure that users can find, understand and share geospatial data by finding and comparing common details of the metadata. Initially, the CGDI endorsed the United States' Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata (CSDGM), which was used within the CGDI to define Canadian metadata.

More recently, the new International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Standard for Geographic Information - Metadata (ISO 19115) was chosen for its capabilities for internationalization. ISO 19115 is a newer standard that has more configurability to application communities and supports internationalism in terms of languages and character sets.

The ISO 19115 was recently endorsed as a Federal Government standard. However, it is likely in the very near future that the North American Profile (NAP) of ISO 19115 will be endorsed as the only metadata

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standard for Canada. Conversion and interoperability between the various metadata standards will be developed to ease understanding, use and metadata sharing.

There is of course a metadata search portal for Canada. The Geo Connections Discovery Portal is a metadata catalogue search tool that enables GIS users, developers and data suppliers to find, evaluate, access, visualize and publish Canadian geospatial and geoscience data products and Web services. http://geodiscover.cgdi.ca/web/guest/home

Services: - The CGDI conforms to a web services architecture in order to implement the SDI. A web service is composed of reusable software components that perform specific functions over the Internet. The service has a defined interface, protocol and result. Within the CGDI, access to geospatial data is provided through web services. A key attribute of the CGDI is its set of standards-based services that enable access to geospatially-referenced data. The CGDI has endorsed these standards, and encourages all organizations working with geospatial information to adopt them. Some CGDI endorsed standards include:  Web Map Services (WMS) Specification defines a service to retrieve a map (or image) of georeferenced data.  Web Feature Services (WFS) Specification defines a set of operations that retrieve and manipulate geographic features. The specification allows for two levels of functionality. A Basic (read-only) WFS supports feature retrieval only, while a Transaction WFS (WFS-T) additionally supports feature manipulation (creation, modification and deletion).  Web Coverage Services (WCS), provides delivery of raster data coverage such as digital elevation data and other fixed or variable sized matrix data  The Styled Layer Descriptor (SLD) standard defines a language that specifies how features are to be portrayed. It is currently most widely used as an additional parameter in the WMS service.  The Web Map Context (WMC) Specification defines an XML document that contains map metadata and enough information to retrieve a particular map from WMS servers. It can be thought of as a bookmark to a specific map  The Geography Markup Language (GML) is a standard system for encoding spatial data in XML. It provides a grammar for encoding the geospatial content (feature properties, location, extent, feature relationships) of features.  The Keyhole Markup Language (KML) is a derivative of XML developed for use with Google Earth and is used to store geographic information including points, lines, polygons, images, and models.  Sensor Web Enablement (SWE): The Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) is specifying interoperability interfaces and metadata encodings that enable real time integration of heterogeneous sensor web into the information infrastructure.

Policies: -The CGDI has a number of policies that govern the use of the CGDI. These include policies on:  data licensing and dissemination  Sharing sensitive environmental data  Understanding user needs and user centered design  Archiving, management and preservation of geospatial data  Framework data definitions  Human resource development

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Agreements: - Much of the CGDI is developed under the Canadian Geomatics Accord. The Accord outlines both the need and the opportunity for federal, provincial and territorial government agencies responsible for geomatics to co-operate in geomatics initiatives as a vital component of the infrastructure of Canada’s information economy.

The Accord was developed under the auspices of the Canadian Council on Geomatics (CCOG), which is a federal, provincial and territorial coordination committee. The Accord was identified to record the interest, the will and the commitment of federal, provincial and territorial governments and Crown corporations to co-operate in geomatics initiatives of mutual interest. It recognizes that the federal and provincial/territorial governments each deliver geomatics programs to assist in the administration of land and resources within their jurisdictions. Each of these governments has respective responsibility to generate geomatics data and/or use geomatics information to deliver their programs and services.

Co-operation in geomatics may include, but is not restricted to:  the establishment of a Canadian Geospatial Data Infrastructure (CGDI);  data and information production, integration, and sharing;  data distribution and licensing;  standards and specifications;  technical and policy research; and  applications development.

Institutional arrangements: - Canada has a number of coordination committees and affiliated groups to help oversee the development of the CGDI. These include:

 CCOG - The Canadian Council on Geomatics (CCOG) is the major federal-provincial-territorial consultative body for geographic information management. CCOG aims are to provide a forum for exchanging information on programs, to consider common operational issues, to discuss proposed legislation relevant to geomatics (particularly land surveying), and to develop and promote national geomatics standards. http://www.ccog-cocg.ca/

 IACG - The Inter-Agency Committee on Geomatics (IACG) is an inter-departmental federal coordinating body for the effective and efficient utilization of geomatics within the Canadian government. The objectives of IACG are to develop and implement a federal government geomatics strategy complementary with provincial and territorial approaches that promote the maintenance and widespread use of a data infrastructure having common standards and up-to- date data that are collected once and used by many agencies. http://www.iacg- cmoig.org/index_e.php

 GIAC - The Geomatics Industry Association of Canada (GIAC) is the only national business association dedicated to serving the geomatics industry. GIAC's mission is to facilitate networking amongst its member organizations and supply them with the information and tools they need to be more successful. GIAC also serves as an advocate for the geomatics industry, representing 100 organizations. Its role is to act as a liaison between the industry and governments and focus on facilitating policy development. http://www.giac.ca/home.asp

 CIG - Founded in 1882, the Canadian Institute of Geomatics (CIG) has evolved to be a non- profit scientific and technical association and represents the largest and most influential geospatial knowledge network in Canada. Over 50% of its members are senior managers and

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researchers in government, private sector, academic and NGO organizations. http://www.cig- acsg.ca/english/

Human resources: - Canada has a long and rich history in Geomatics. Because of the physical size of Canada, Canadians have become very efficient at understanding and using the power of geomatics.

In 2001, the Canadian geomatics industry employed about 22,000 individuals. An additional 5,000 more were working in the government or in the academic sectors. The geomatics sector has continued to grow and industry revenue for geomatics is estimated to be over $3B CAD annually.

About 70 universities and colleges provide some type of geomatics education/training. A geomatics research network called GEOIDE is active in the academic sector. Post secondary students have increasingly keener geospatial awareness. There are over 1000 geomatics specialists graduating per year.

Financial implications: - The development of the CGDI will continue to be funded by the GeoConnections program of Natural Resources Canada until 2012. Following an investment of $130M CAD into the CGDI, it is anticipated that the CGDI will be self supporting and self sustainable after 2012 by CGDI supporters and users.

Monitoring and reporting: -There is no legislation regarding the development of the CGDI, so there are therefore no monitoring or reporting requirements in place. The CCOG and to some extent the IACG perform an assessment of the SDI situation in Canada as it relates to government operations. Otherwise investments in the CGDI are done because the user or developer identifies the benefits of sharing information using the CGDI.

Lessons for UGSDI from Canada

 The CGDI focussed on four thematic areas (public safety, public health, environment and aboriginal affairs)

 The CGDI helped develop and adopted international technical standards (rather than Canadian standards)

 Data access and use policy development was specifically tailored to the Canadian situation

 A viewing and discovery portal was developed for finding and sharing geospatial data and services

 CGDI participation is voluntary and no legislation was enacted.

 Federal funding support for the development of the CGDI was significant.

References http://www.geoconnections.org/ (GeoConnections web site) http://www.geobase.ca/geobase/en/index.html (GeoBase web site) http://geogratis.cgdi.gc.ca/geogratis/en/index.html (GeoGratis web site) http://gdr.nrcan.gc.ca/index_e.php (GeoScience web site) http://geodiscover.cgdi.ca/web/guest/home (Discovery Portal)

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http://www.ccog-cocg.ca/ (Canadian Council on Geomatics web site) http://www.iacg-cmoig.org/index_e.php (Interagency Committee web site)

7.8.3 Croatia

The Republic of Croatia is a parliamentary democracy, with a bi-cameral house of parliament, has a population of 4.5 million (2010) and a land area of 56, 538 sq km and an inland land sea area of 31,067 sq km, and over 1,200 islands with just 50 inhabited.

The Republic of Croatia started to prepare for NSDI in 2005 with a study developed by a group of international experts guided by State Geodetic Authority (SGA). From this, in association with the revision of the State Survey and Real Estate Cadastre Law, they added SDI provisions into the Law which was passed by Parliament in 2007 (see Annex 4 below for the SDI provisions). The Law for the most part matches the EU Inspire directive principles and calls for NSDI stakeholders' spatial data needed to be linked to a common IT network in order to enable the search of the spatial data sets, and for it to be available in an easy and accessible way. It should be noted that Croatia aims for European Union membership by 2012.

During 2008 and 2009, the NSDI establishment took place with the start-up of the NSDI Council for the coordination of the NSDI stakeholders' activities. As well as a (working) Committee was formed to serve as an independent NSDI implementation body and NSDI working groups for: technical standards; joint usage of spatial data; linking the NSDI and Croatian Government programs. They also developed a NSDI business plan and undertook capacity building for stakeholder agencies.

According to the Law, the Government of the Republic of Croatia appointed the NSDI Council with one representative each from the following bodies:  the ministry responsible for environment protection and spatial planning (as president);  the state administration body responsible for e-government;  the ministry responsible for defence;  the ministry responsible for land registry;  the ministry responsible for transport and communications;  the ministry responsible for agriculture, forestry and water management;  the ministry responsible for science and education;  the ministry responsible for the protection of cultural and natural heritage;  the ministry responsible for economy;  the state administration body responsible for State Survey and Real Property Cadastre Law;  the state administration body responsible for statistics;  the Croatian Hydrographic Institute;  the Croatian Geodetic Institute;  geodetic and geoinformatics economic community;  IT economic community; and  Croatian Chamber of Architects and Civil Engineers. The president and members of the NSDI Council are appointed for a period of four years. In accordance with the Law, the State Geodetic Agency (SGA) serves as the Secretariat of the NSDI Council, coordinates all NSDI bodies and provides technical support. Furthermore, one of the SGA tasks is to create products and services for the NSDI by maintaining a public metadata service on the Internet and a

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Geo-Portal, in a way that will allow stakeholders to maintain the information up to date. A preliminary geoportal was started in February 2010 (see www.geo-portal.hr for more information).

Geo spatial Information:- Croatia has spent the last decade upgrading some of its fundamental key data sets including: a national digital orthophoto map (DOP) coverage at scale 1:5,000 (6,860 maps in total) which is for multiple purpose uses including for its Common Agriculture Policy (CAP) and Land Parcel Identification system (LPIS) working with the Ministry of Agriculture. It also has a topographic map series at scale 1:25,000. In 2008 it also established a national continuously operating GPS reference system (CORS) (sometimes called an active GPS network) now in full operation which is planned to be used to do its 5% annual sample of CAP farmer’s claims under its LPIS in future years. The 56,000 cadastral maps are being vectorised from maps of various scales 1:1000 to 1:3,000. It also has a Central Spatial Units Data Register containing both A/N and graphical data (of local government and election areas and boundaries).

Civil society has access to all DOP maps, topographic map sheets and all cadastral maps. The cadastral layer is available for free on the SGA web site while the legal register is also available again for free (on the Internet through the Ministry of Justice). The cadastre maps are all of a known standard and accuracy; the DOPs are up dated on a 5 year basis. Both SGA and the Ministry of Justice (in the municipal courts registry offices) are trying to improve the fidelity of their data. Customers are requested to inform the agencies of mistakes or wrong or missing information via the web site; they have become a tool of the real estate market with hits on both sites now in the millions every year. (see www.katastar.hr for the cadastral information; and www.pravosudje.hr for the legal registry information).

Metadata: - Metadata capture is to be undertaken by the SDI office in such a way that NSDI participants can maintain it. Also it adopted the EU standard for metadata under the Inspire Directive.

Services:- The Croatia SDI council has set up a first stage Geo Portal (based on ESRI software) to deliver DOM maps and cadastre maps. A second stage will bring in data from other ministries. The clients are civil society, SDI partners, data services, network services and technologies to deliver SDI.

Policies: - The Law contains many of the required principles. The participation in the NSDI is compulsory by all of the agencies mentioned in the Law – certainly the members of the council. The cadastre and land registry in Croatia are public registers and everyone has the right to obtain information from them. The official data can be obtained in cadastral offices and land registration offices, and information can also be obtained from the Internet (unofficial data).

Agreements:- The State Geodetic Agency has service agreements with the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Rural Development, the Zagreb Municipality, and Croatia Maritime Domain and Ports Authority. At the international level there is EU CAP LPIS (toward the future) and others.

Institutional :- Croatia has NSDI legislation within the State Survey and Real Estate Cadastre Law, 2007; it has a 16 member council of high representatives from 8 ministries, 4 state agencies, 3 profession associations (engineers, surveyors, and ICT), an NSDI committee) at the working level and 5 working groups. It is clear that leadership in Croatia SDI formation has played a large role in the success achieved to-date indeed in all the land administration, NSDI, and other sub projects – credit for the great progress to-date must be given to the Director General of SGA for his leadership on a sector wide basis during the past decade.

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Human resources:- HRD has been central in the funding support that SGA and the Ministry of Justice received from 2004 to 2010. Training and education were parts of the SIDA, IBRD, EU financing, in SDI and land administration, ICT and study tours and SIDA scholarships in Sweden.

Financial implications:- Croatia in the last decade in both SDI and land administration undertook cost benefit studies; ICT strategic plans; has had loan and grant financing for land administration SDI, GIS, CORS, joint information systems from World Bank, EU, SIDA, Norway, GTZ, USAID, Japan, DFID, and Netherlands. The amount from Government of Croatia, EU, and World Bank alone (loans and grants) amounted to Euro 48 million between 2003 and 2010 (not including the bi-lateral funds). The projects and sub projects have had assured annual budgets often in association with program and budgets passed through Parliament. It appears that there will be another loan for this whole topic area between 2011 and 2015.

Monitoring and reporting:- Because of the extent of financing made available, monitoring and supervision was significant including in the following aspects: procurement, disbursement, financial reports bi- monthly; annual audits, technical audits, monthly management reports. Donor meetings were held annually to review progress and assure finance; all donors participated.

The legislative framework for the establishment of the National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) in the Republic of Croatia, is provided by the Law on State Survey and Real Estate Cadastre (Official Gazette no. 16/07) where Article 84 defines the NSDI as a set of measures, standards, specifications and services aimed at enabling, as part of the e-Government establishment, the efficient collection, keeping, exchange and use of the geo-referenced spatial data under the jurisdiction of the State administrative bodies, regional and local governments and public systems. See Annex 4 for the relevant articles for SDI.

Lessons for UGSDI from Croatia:  Croatia invested greatly into building key data sets and the whole system overall including SDI.  Effective use was made of the law to guide stakeholders and start off the NSDI.  The NSDI council has a wide coverage of stakeholders (16 in all).  The importance of leadership was apparent during implementation and effective use was made of advisers.

References: Zekusic, Sanja, and Zeljko Bacic, 2010, “Croatia: Official Spatial Data as the Basis for Management in Agriculture,” FIG 2010 Congress, Sydney, Croatia (from www.fig.net/pub/fig2010/papers/fs02b%5Cfs02b_zekusic_4448.pdf) also http://www.unece.org/hlm/wpla/workshops/baku2010/pupacic.croatia.pdf

7.8.4 EU INSPIRE

The European SDI is formally called Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe (INSPIRE). INSPIRE was officially initiated by the INSPIRE Directive, which is a legal Act (Directive 2007/2/EC) of the Council of the European Union and the European Parliament. The Act calls for setting up an Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe based on existing infrastructures established and operated by the 27 Member States of the European Union (EU). The EU is a union of 27 sovereign Member States with a population of over 500 million citizens (2009) that have agreed through a series of international treaties to the policy areas in which they wish to share responsibilities and resources (e.g., agricultural, environmental, and regional policies) and those policies that remain the exclusive domain of the national governments (e.g., defence and immigration).

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The purpose of INSPIRE is to support environmental policy and overcome major barriers affecting the availability and accessibility of relevant data. These barriers include:  Inconsistencies in spatial data collection, where spatial data is often missing or incomplete or, alternatively, the same data is collected twice by different organizations  Lack or incomplete documentation of available spatial data  Lack of compatibility among spatial datasets meaning that they cannot be combined or used with other spatial datasets  Incompatible SDI initiatives within a Member State that often function in isolation  Cultural, institutional, financial, and legal barriers preventing or delaying the sharing of existing spatial data

The key elements of the INSPIRE Directive to overcome these barriers include  Metadata to describe existing information resources so spatial data can be more easily found and accessed  Harmonization of the key spatial data themes that are needed to support environmental policies in the EU  Agreements on network services and technologies that allow discovery, viewing, TRANSFORMING, and downloading of data and access to related services  Policy agreements on data sharing and access, including licensing and charging  Coordination and monitoring mechanisms

Geospatial data: - The INSPIRE Directive addresses 34 spatial data themes that are needed for environmental applications. These themes are subdivided into three annexes. The initial selection of the themes for each annex was originally based on data type, quality and coverage. The themes were selected as the result of a consultation process involving all member states.

Annex 1  Addresses  Hydrography  Administrative units  Cadastral parcels  Coordinate reference systems  Protected sites  Geographical grid systems  Geographical names  Transport networks Annex 2  Land cover  Orthoimagery  Elevation  Geology Annex 3  Agricultural and aquaculture facilities  Land use  Area management/restriction/regulation zones and reporting units

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 Meteorological geographical features  Atmospheric conditions  Mineral resources  Bio-geographical regions  Natural risk zones  Buildings  Oceanographic geographical features  Population distribution - demography  Production and industrial facilities  Energy resources  Environmental monitoring facilities  Sea regions  Soil  Species distribution  Statistical units  Habitats and biotopes  Human health and safety  Utility and governmental services

A point which must be made about the themes is that each one ‘contains’ a number of specific different data types. 34 themes contain about 150 – 200 data types and within each type in each country these data types will be made up of hundreds of separate data sets. For example in Ireland there are currently about 650 data sets which fall within the inspire framework and will need to be harmonised.

Metadata: - INSPIRE uses international standards for metadata for datasets and services, which are ISO 19115 and ISO 19119, respectively. The application schema for both is ISO 19139 and the schemas are defined both by ISO and by the OGC. Because metadata is one of the core technologies for any SDI, INSPIRE developed a geoportal to provide a means to search for spatial data sets and spatial data services. Subject to access restrictions, users can view and download spatial data sets from the EU Member States within the framework of the INSPIRE Directive. INSPIRE aims at making available relevant, harmonized and quality geographic information to support formulation, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and activities which have a direct or indirect impact on the environment.

The prototype version of the INSPIRE geoportal allows for discovery and viewing of spatial data sets and services via metadata. Its aim is to identify issues related to its implementation and accessing distributed INSPIRE services, to help towards the development of the operational geoportal. The prototype INSPIRE geoportal currently accesses a limited number of discovery and view services and therefore only a few metadata records for spatial data sets and services may be found and viewed. The number of records will increase as more services become available from the EU Member States.

The INSPIRE geoportal provides a number of discovery view, edit and verify functions for metadata. The geoportal provides a discovery service that allows users to search, discover and access geographic information provided by European governmental, commercial and non-commercial organizations. The viewer allows search, view, edit online maps and create personalized maps using distributed data. The

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metadata editor allows users to create metadata records according to the INSPIRE implementing rules. The metadata validator allows users to check the validity of the content of their metadata records. http://inspire.jrc.ec.europa.eu/index.cfm/pageid/101/list/2

Services: - INSPIRE has specifications for a number of services, including metadata services that were described earlier. Technical Guidance documents are available for the following network services:  INSPIRE Discovery Services  INSPIRE View services  INSPIRE Schema Transformation Service  INSPIRE Coordinate Transformation Services  INSPIRE Download Services

Other network related technical documentation for INSPIRE includes:  INSPIRE Invoke spatial data service specification  Technical Report: Resources orientated Architecture and REST  Technical Report: INSPIRE Network Services SOAP Framework  Network Services Architecture  Specifications Relevant for the INSPIRE Network Services  Conformance testing state of play for metadata  Conformance testing state of play for data  Conformance testing state of play for services  INSPIRE Network Services Performance Guideline http://inspire.jrc.ec.europa.eu/index.cfm/pageid/5/list/2

Access to spatial data and services constitutes the central aspect of INSPIRE. Since the Community institutions and bodies in most cases have to integrate and assess spatial information from all the Member States, INSPIRE recognizes the need to be able to gain access to and use spatial data and spatial data services in accordance with an agreed set of harmonized conditions.

The INSPIRE Directive requires the development of implementing rules to regulate the provision of access to spatial data sets and services from Member States to the INSPIRE Community. The definition of specific implementation measures is the responsibility of each Member State.

Guidelines and good practice documents have been developed. They are intended to help Member States implement the Regulation on INSPIRE Data and Service Sharing. They also contain non binding instruments, such as model contracts, and illustrate related concepts such as framework agreements. A second supporting document provides examples of good practice related to sharing within and between Member States. A list of central issues has been established and for every topic criteria for good practice have been defined. Topics covered include transparency, framework agreements, coordination, charging mechanisms and public access. http://inspire.jrc.ec.europa.eu/index.cfm/pageid/62

INSPIRE has some characteristics that make it particularly challenging. The most obvious is that it is an infrastructure built by 27 different countries using more than 23 languages. The requirements for multilingual services and interoperability among very different information systems and professional and cultural practices are, therefore, very demanding. This means, for example, that existing standards have to be tested in real distributed and multilingual settings. In the best scenario, all works well, but for a

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European-wide implementation, there is a need to translate the standards and related guidelines into the relevant languages. For example International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc. (OGC) and other relevant standards are typically in English only. In other instances, testing has demonstrated that the standards are not mature enough, or leave too much room for different interpretations, and thus require further definition or individual bridges to make different systems interoperate. This can be seen with tests on distributed queries in catalogues all using the same specifications (OGC Catalog Service for the Web 2.0). The tests identified a number of shortcomings that required the development of an adaptor for each catalogue, which in a European-wide system with thousands of catalogues would obviously not scale.

Policies: - Because the development of INSPIRE must ensure that the SDIs of the Member States are compatible and usable in a Community and in a trans-boundary context, the INSPIRE Directive requires that common Implementing Rules (IR) are adopted in a number of specific areas, which are:  Metadata  Data Specifications  Network Services  Data and Service Sharing  Monitoring and Reporting

These IRs are adopted as Regulations, and are binding in their entirety. The Commission is assisted in the process of adopting such rules by a regulatory committee composed of representatives of the Member States and chaired by a representative of the Commission.

Drafting Teams (DTs) are the groups of experts selected by the Commission to participate in the process of creation of the Implementing Rules for: metadata; data specifications; network services; data and service sharing; and monitoring and reporting. The DTs were set-up based on the initial INSPIRE call and their composition has evolved over time due to the availability of experts and changes in requirements.

Agreements: - As mentioned previously, the INSPIRE initiative is governed by legislation at the European Union (EU) level. From the legislation, Drafting Teams (DTs) create Implementing Rules (IRs) at the INSPIRE level. Next, the individual member states take the IRs and ensure that they are implemented within their jurisdiction. Thus all along the way, there are numerous agreements in place for the development of INSPIRE.

The drawback of having 27 different countries implementing INSPIRE is that making the system work is undoubtedly more complex. For this reason, the INSPIRE Directive envisages a second level of legislation, more stringent because it has to be implemented as is and does not require follow-up national legislation. In European terminology, this is called a regulation. Therefore, INSPIRE envisages technical implementing rules in the form of regulations for metadata, harmonization of spatial data and services, network services, data and service sharing policies, and monitoring and reporting indicators to evaluate the extent of the Directive's implementation and to assess its impact. Each of these regulations needs the approval of the Member States and the European Parliament. As of February 2011, the regulations for metadata, network services (discovery and view), monitoring and reporting, data and service sharing, download and transformation services and interoperability of spatial data sets and services have already been approved. Those for data- and service-sharing policy, network services (transformation and download), and the first set of specifications for the harmonization of data have been approved by the representatives of the Member States and are now under the scrutiny of the European Parliament.

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Institutional arrangements: - The legal framework of INSPIRE has two main levels. The first level is the INSPIRE Directive, which sets the objectives to be achieved and asks the Member States to pass their own national legislation establishing their SDIs. This mechanism of European plus national legislation allows each country to define its own way to achieve the objectives agreed upon, taking into account its own institutional characteristics and history of development. As an example, Germany does not have a single SDI but a coordinated framework with 17 SDIs, one for each of its states and one at the federal level (which also means that 17 different legal acts had to be passed to implement INSPIRE). Similarly, Belgium has three SDIs, one for each of its regions (Wallonia, Flanders and Brussels). The INSPIRE Directive also requires the establishment of an EU geoportal operated by the European Commission to which the infrastructures of the Member States have to connect.

To organize the INSPIRE implementing rules development two mechanisms have been put in place: the first is to engage the organizations at European national and sub-national levels that already have a formal legal mandate for the coordination, production, or use of geographic and environmental information (called Legally Mandated Organizations, or LMOs). The second mechanism aims to facilitate the self- organization of stakeholders, including spatial data providers and users from both the public and private sectors, in Spatial Data Interest Communities (SDICs) by region, societal sector, and thematic issue. The central roles that SDICs play in the development of implementing rules include the following:  Identify and describe user requirements.  Provide expertise to INSPIRE drafting teams.  Participate in the review process of the draft implementing rules.  Develop, operate, and evaluate the implementation pilots.  Develop initiatives for guidance, awareness raising, and training in relation to the INSPIRE implementation.  LMOs have similar functions but also play a central role in reviewing and testing the draft implementing rules and in assessing their potential impacts in respect to both costs and benefits.

Human resources: - The European INSPIRE Directive defines the standards for the European SDI. With the implementation of the INSPIRE initiative, there is a strong need for capacity building and transfer of experience among architects, spatial planners, European Regions and municipalities. The SDI-EDU project aims to transfer experience from EU research projects dealing with education in SDI spatial planning towards planners in European Regions and municipalities. The project will use the innovative educational methods of the Naturnet Redime project combining methods of distance vocational training, e-learning and knowledge sharing that will allow transfer the experience and that will teach participants how to deal with SDI for spatial planning for real users.

Financial implications: - There is no published information on the costs for the implementation of INSPIRE. However, due to its size and complexity, the costs would be substantial. However it seems that the cost is being primarily borne by the individual countries. For example the costs of ensuring that a countries data, metadata and services are compatible with INSPIRE would be paid by the individual country involved.

Although unofficial, Roger Longhorn indicated in his presentation abstract for GSDI12 http://www.gsdi.org/gsdiconf/gsdi12/abstracts.html#Anchor-European-363 entitled “European Union Funding for INSPIRE Directive Implementation Projects” that funding in the order of 49M euro had been spent or committed to this activity.

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Even the 2010 INSPIRE monitoring and reporting documents (for the 2009 year are unclear of the total spent. For example Austria reported 12 M euro, but this did not include all provinces. France reported no financial information while Portugal reported that more than 1M euro had been spent. Country reports are available at http://inspire.jrc.ec.europa.eu/index.cfm/pageid/182/list/indicators

Monitoring and reporting: - In order to have a solid basis for decision making related to the implementation of the INSPIRE Directive and for the future evolution of INSPIRE, continuous monitoring of the implementation of the Directive and regular reporting are necessary.

Monitoring and reporting covers the 4 main fields of the INSPIRE Directive: 1) metadata, 2) spatial data sets and services, 3) network services, and 4) data sharing. Monitoring follows a quantitative approach and takes place every year, while reporting covers more qualitative aspects and takes place every 3 years.

As with most parts of INSPIRE, Article 21 of the Directive defines the basprinciples for monitoring and reporting and specifies that detailed rules for the implementation of this Article will be adopted by the Commission. The first monitoring and reporting was due by May 15, 2010. The country reports as submitted are available at http://inspire.jrc.ec.europa.eu/index.cfm/pageid/182/list/indicators

The implementing rules for monitoring and reporting consist of two parts, one for monitoring and one for reporting. Monitoring follows a quantitative approach and is based on a list of spatial data sets and services of the Member States. The list should cover already conformant data sets and services as well as those that still have to be brought into conformity. This list should basically reflect the Member State's plans for the implementation of INSPIRE. Based on the information collected for all the items of the list, indicators can be calculated to evaluate:  Existence of metadata for spatial data sets and services  Conformity of metadata for spatial data sets and services with the implementing rules on metadata  Geographical coverage of spatial data sets  Conformity of spatial data sets with the data specifications and of their metadata with the implementing rules on metadata  Accessibility of metadata for spatial data sets and services through discovery services  Accessibility of spatial data sets through view and download services  Use of network services  Conformity of network services to the implementing rules on network services

Reporting follows a qualitative approach. Member states will provide information on five main areas:  Coordination and quality assurance, including information on the Member State contact point and the coordination structure, as well as a description and evaluation of the quality assurance procedure, including measures taken to improve it  Contribution to the functioning and coordination of the infrastructure, including an overview of the stakeholders and of their roles, the measures taken to facilitate sharing and a description on how they cooperate  Use of the infrastructure for spatial information, in general and by public authorities in particular; examples of cross border use and efforts made to improve it  Data sharing arrangements between public authorities of the Member State, between public authorities and Community institutions and bodies as well as barriers to sharing  Cost and benefits, which are an estimate of the costs related to the INSPIRE

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Directives and examples of the observed benefits: - All results of monitoring and reporting will be made available to the public on the Internet. Several documents have been developed by the drafting team in order to support Member States in implementing this Commission Decision.  Guidelines to help Member States implement INSPIRE  A "Justification document" explaining the approach chosen for deciding monitoring and reporting requirements  A template for monitoring in the form of a spreadsheet.  The template for reporting - provides a structure for the information to be collected and reported in accordance with INSPIRE.

The European Commission is currently developing tools to further automate the collection, the transmission and the analysis of the indicators.

Lessons learnt for UGSDI from INSPIRE

 INSPIRE is a large complex expensive initiative, so in comparison to UGSDI, there are few lessons on the implementation.

 EU legislation has been a driver in moving the INSPIRE initiative forward

 INSPIRE is developing and using many of the international technical standards which could benefit the UGSDI

 INSPIRE has made available many verification and test services that could be taken advantage of by the UGSDI.

Reference: http://inspire.jrc.ec.europa.eu/index.cfm/pageid/182

7.8.5 The Netherlands The Netherlands is located in Western Europe, bordering the North Sea, between Belgium and Germany. It is located at the delta of three major European rivers (Rhine, Maas, Schelde). The area of land is 33,890 km2 and of water 7,650 km2. The terrain consists of mostly coastal lowland and reclaimed land (polders), with some hills in the southeast. The lowest point is -7 m (Zuidplaspolder) and the highest point +322 m (Vaalserberg). It is estimated that 8% is urban land, 58% is agricultural land, 7% is forest, 3% is natural reserve. There were 6.6 million buildings in 2002. (Mostly Wikipedia).

The population of the Netherlands in 2010 was estimated at 16.7 m. The GDP was USD 796 billion (2009), the GDP by composition is about agriculture 3%, industry 26% and services 71%.

Major political institutions: - The Netherlands is a constitutional monarchy, with a cabinet, the States General (parliament) and the judicial system. There are three other High Colleges of the State (parliaments), which stand on an equal footing with parliament but have a less political role, of which the Council of State is the most important. Other levels of government are: the 458 municipalities, 12 provinces and the waterboards (elected). The Netherlands was a founding member of EU; it started with the Euro currency in 1999; and 82% of the population live in urban areas.

The Netherlands and SDI: - By 2000 the Netherlands had developed a well functioning NSDI. It was designed by the National Foundation for Geographical Information (Ravi) and it was approved (as a vision) by the Dutch Council of Ministers in 1992. The main goal of the original vision was to increase

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the compatibility and exchange between the main core data sets. This core data concept was for the information concerning parcels of land, people, companies and buildings, and these were identified as the fundamental data with which to build the NSDI. It had to be coupled with the Dutch Government’s e- government initiatives. By 2000 the following fundamental administrative data sets had been developed:

 Parcels of land in the Netherlands Cadastre, Land Registry, and Mapping Agency (The Dutch Kadaster 100% digital). The electronic exchange of public information between the cadastre register, the population register and the register of enterprises is based on the recommendations laid down in the original Ravi structure plan.  Natural persons in the Automated Municipal Population Records (GBA 100% digital)  Companies in the Chambers of Commerce registers (Handelsregister 100% digital)

The fundamental data set for buildings had been partially developed in a tax-law for the assessment of real estate and was to be further developed. Two nationwide fundamental geometric/topographic data sets were: large scale base map of the Netherlands, a scale 1:1000 base map, 100% digital). This data set was financed by all of the Dutch municipalities, the Dutch Kadaster and the joint Dutch utility companies and Dutch telecom. The production costs amounted to USD 400 million.(figure from year 2000) Top 10- Vector data set, a 1:10,000 core database made by the Ordnance Survey (100% digital) The small scale topographic data series was set up in cooperation with the joint departments and was tested for decision making purposes.

In the years following 2000 came pressure for improvements in the SDI. First, the Government introduced the ‘Space for Geo Information’ initiative in 2003 which planned to up-grade the NSDI by 2009 to reflect the new imperatives that were impinging on the World (e.g., September 11, 2001 in USA and beyond) and Netherlands including the EU PSI Directive (of 2003) that is the re-use of Public Sector information.

In 2007 the EU Inspire Directive (for SDI) was launched. It had been under preparation since about 2002 in various drafts and in discussion with most EU members including the Netherlands.

The Coming of GIDEON: Further reacting to the Inspire directive, the Government of the Netherlands introduced the GIDEON concept in 2008 for the further development of SDI in the Netherlands, which was to take into account the EU Inspire Directive. GIDEON was developed by 23 ministries and agencies working together. The 2008 vision was to take NSDI and Inspire into the future.

The GIDEON policy has 6 seven implementation strategies to lead to the creation of a key geo-facility for The Netherlands. The six strategies were to: 1. give geo-information a prominent place within e-services; encourage the use of the existing four key geo-registers, and to set up two new ones; 2. embed the INSPIRE Directive into Dutch legislation and to implement the technical infrastructure; 3. optimise supply by forming a government-wide geo-information facility, which is to include: geodata standardization, new infrastructure, and collaborative maintenance; 4. encourage the use of geo-information in numerous government policy and implementation chains, such as safety, sustainable living environment, mobility, and area development; 5. create a favourable climate for adding economic value to available public authority geo- information; and

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6. encourage collaboration in knowledge, innovation and education, for the permanent development and renewal of the key geo-information facility for The Netherlands.

GIDEON SDIs

With the formulation of the GIDEON objectives and the associated implementation strategies, the oversight and assessment of the SDI progress has changed. The Dutch government now requests an assessment approach that is focused on progress and a need for monitoring and reporting. A reporting format and associated assessment approach, based on milestones defined in GIDEON, has been developed. These activities will result in an annual report to inform stakeholders about the progress of implementing GIDEON and will be the basis to progress monitoring for the Dutch Parliament as part of the national e-service strategy. It is likely that the future GIDEON supervision approach will be more rational than the previous phases. The future of SDI in the Netherlands is with Gideon and Inspire (well as viewed from 2010).

Lessons for the UGSDI from the Netherlands

 The ‘producers’ of information started the SDI, but it was taken over by ‘users‘ in the early 2000s; then the Government of the Netherlands stepped in 2003 and again in 2008. The latest SDI design (Gideon) has been influenced and reviewed by 23 ministries and agencies working together - they all have brought into the Gideon concept.

 The Netherlands is an example of how significant demands and pressures are brought upon a successful SDI (as it was in early 2000s) by new requirements including: e-government, of data re-use and access to public sector information, demands from all levels of government, data access and security demands, and for disaster management.

References: http://www.gsdi.org/gsdiconf/gsdi11/papers/pdf/75.pdf http://inspire.jrc.ec.europa.eu/events/conferences/inspire_2010/presentations/70_pdf_presentation.pdf . http://www.csdila.unimelb.edu.au/publication/books/mvfasdi/Parts/Chapter_17.pdf

7.8.6 Singapore In 1965 Singapore separated from the Malaysian Federation and became an independent country. Subsequently, Singapore became one of the world's most prosperous countries with strong international trading links and with per capita GDP equal to that of the leading nations of Western Europe. Singapore is an island city state and the smallest country in South East Asia. Due to its small size, land is a precious commodity in Singapore. Thus the government created the Singapore Land Authority (SLA) in 2001 with a main focus on land resource optimization. SLA reports to the Ministry of Law (MoL) and works closely with the Ministry of Information, Communication and Art (MoICA).

Singapore has a population of 5.0 million (2010 est.) and a land area of 704 sq km. It consists of 63 islands and is reclaiming lands. It is a republic and a unicameral parliamentary democracy. Singapore has 5 community development councils that appear to have few powers. Singapore is one of the 5 top ports and the 4th largest financial centre in the World. Its GDP is US$50,130 per capita making it the 4th richest countries in the World (mostly Wikipedia). NSDI tasks are run from the central government.

One of the core functions of the SLA is to promote and proliferate the sharing and use of geospatial data among government agencies. SLA, the national mapping agency and lead agency in GIS is also responsible for driving the National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) which is named the Singapore

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Geospatial Collaborative Environment (SG-SPACE). One of the key tasks of SG-SPACE involves a whole of government approach to link up and harmonize the various types of geospatial data managed by public agencies. SG-SPACE is co-lead by MoL and MoICA.

The SG-SPACE framework is an integration of several components which serve as the building blocks for realizing the vision of SG-SPACE. The components of the SG-SPACE framework are as follows:

Geospatial data: - One of the first key products of SG-SPACE is Onemap which is a common map platform for public agencies to publish information and deliver map-based e-services to the public via the Internet. In essence, OneMap is:  A multi government agency portal for the businesses and the general public to access non- sensitive geospatial information from the government;  A one-stop data discoverability and accessibility on government geospatial information;  An enabler and channel for public agencies to create, organize and publish their geospatial information and deliver map-based services to the general public; and  A complete end-to-end geospatial information value-chain that bridges government agencies, private sector and the general public for geospatial services.

OneMap contains a wealth of information; the base maps comprising street-level map and land lot map (legal boundary of land parcels); and more than 26 layers of thematic data contributed by participating agencies. The data is classified into the categories of culture, environment, family and community, health, recreation and sports etc. In addition, the intelligent search function on OneMap allows users to search for maps using address, building names, road names or postal code. A routing function is also enabled. More basemaps, thematic data and map services are planned for the future and will be made available as more agencies come onboard to share their information.

Metadata: - SG-SPACE aims to develop initial protocols and guidelines for geospatial data and metadata, which is intended to guide the development of geospatial data and services in Singapore, and to ensure the smooth operation of SG-SPACE. Standards documents specify a common set of open specifications for geospatial datasets. They describe how spatial data and metadata should be collected, compiled, stored and disseminated, in order that they can be efficiently interchanged.

Data refers to the spatial datasets which can be accessed through the SG-SPACE clearinghouse. Fundamental Datasets are the datasets which serve as the common reference for overlaying and integrating other datasets. The Clearinghouse is an online portal through which users can discover or search for geospatial datasets coming from multiple sources. It serves as a single access point for all government geospatial data. It also provides the common tools and service components which are the building blocks for other customized applications.

While the clearinghouse was being developed, a list of exiting datasets was made accessible via the SG- SPACE website, to give agencies an insight into the wealth of data already being collected and shared within the government. The intention was to allow those agencies who may have an immediate use for such data to leverage this information for their decision making. Services: - As opposed to providing simple download of datasets from a website, the SG-SPACE OneMap is a web-based online service that allows anyone to consume map or geospatial data as a service. It is not just serving maps and geospatial data to its own map portal but it is also powering many similar portals with location solutions developed using its Application Programming Interface (API).

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The key component in this regard was the technical architecture of this system so that all consumers are able to benefit from the infrastructure put in place by the government without having to setup their own GIS. As an online service available on the Internet, the World Wide Web serves as the backbone for all the content and services provided by OneMap. With the availability of timely government information, OneMap plays an enabling role in realizing the vision of an integrated government through agencies using shared data, systems and services to continuously deliver value added public service.

Applications and Services are the final outcome of SG-SPACE. These applications and services leverage on geospatial information for effective and efficient decision making, by enabling users to visualize data, perform analyses or even create mashups of different datasets.

One Map has enabled the following online web services to be provided through the API:  Map As A Service - OneMap allows anyone to embed maps into their web/mobile/desktop applications.  Data As A Service - OneMap’s unique selling point is its wealth of geospatial information that is made available for free.  Geometry Service - OneMap provides the capability to convert geospatial data from the World Geodetic System (WGS) projection to the Singapore coordinated cadastre system.  Geospatial Data Creation Tools for Government Agencies - Beyond the provision of maps and data, OneMap also offers a Geospatial Content Management Service.  Geo-coding Service - More than 150,000 location coordinates including building names, street names and Points of Interests (POI) are available.  Reverse Geo-coding - From OneMap’s address database, an address can be retrieved based on coordinates.  Routing - Driving directions along with estimated travel time and distance can be retrieved for any two or more location addresses or coordinates.  Static Map Service - A map image can be generated dynamically with custom symbology overlaid on the base map.  Mini Map - It is a maplet developed as a simple embeddable map on the website with no programming effort.

Companies, organizations and individuals can tap into OneMap’s advanced web mapping technologies to create useful and value-added services within their own websites. Some examples of services created include volunteered information based on location, interest and availability such as, hot spots for bird watching, driving directions, retail promotions based on locations and research on competition and market profiling for business at specific location. In addition to achieving the original goals, the implementation of the Singapore SDI has brought about several unexpected benefits. They are:

 Change of Mindset – OneMap for example has greatly motivated other government agencies to geo-enable their data and make it available online for others to consume.  Public-Private-Partnership - The provision of government data and services has greatly spurred private sector interest to collaborate and offer value-added services.  Widen Reach of Existing Government Services - The OneMap portal allows the public to search a location and find government services near that location.

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 Preferred Choice for Government-Hosted Services - Recognizing the wide reach of the portal, other agencies have approached the SLA to integrate their services into the portal.

Policies: - SG-SPACE policy refers to the suite of policies and best practices that guide the operation of the governance of data collection, data management, data access, data ownership, data utilization and data dissemination. These policies are carefully crafted to harmonize with existing data governance policies while addressing data governance issues that are unique to geospatial data.

SG-SPACE is a whole-of-government initiative to create an environment in which the public and private sectors and the community can collaborate and create a wide range of innovative applications and services using geospatial or map-based information.

The Singapore government recognized the importance of having a core set of accurate and current geospatial data which could be immediately accessed and used for critical emergency readiness, public safety, and security functions. Therefore it was vital that data owners and the data custodians who ran the various data hubs in Singapore were involved in the work to specify standards for these fundamental datasets, and ensure the availability of these as well.

Agreements: - Singapore has a history of developing central services for the benefit of all. Thus initiatives like the Land Data Hub and OneMap eliminates the need for bilateral agreements between all the different agencies to share data and services. Through multilateral agreements the organizations are cooperating to develop their SDI.

The Singapore Land Data Hub has been in place since 1989. Today, 15 public agencies are sharing approximately 125 layers of geospatial information through the LandNet system:- In 2008, the Singapore government linked the Land Data Hub with the people, business and security data hubs under the National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) framework. Previously, all the four data hubs were developed and operated independently. Within the NSDI concept, Singapore has developed an environment in which public agencies can collaborate and share data more easily.

Currently, OneMap has more than 20 participating government agencies, private and non-profit organizations as well as the community provides a comprehensive range of information and services. Participating agencies include:

 Land Transport Authority,  Infocomm Development Authority,  Ministry of Community, Youth and Sports,  Ministry of Education,  Ministry of Information,  Communications and the Arts,  Ministry of Law,  National Arts Council,  National Environment Agency,  National Heritage Board,  National Library Board,  National Parks Board,  People’s Association,

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 Singapore Land Authority,  Singapore Sports Council,  Singapore Tourism Board  Urban Redevelopment Authority  Show Nearby Pte Ltd  DP Information Group  MapKing Singapore Pte Ltd  Quantum Inventions Pte Ltd  Nature Society Singapore

National Volunteer and Philanthropy Centre Singapore is clearly motivating its public authorities to collaborate and share information for their mutual good. The whole-of-government and an integrated government approach along with technical standards and authoritative data have moved Singapore into a leadership position in the development of a national SDI for small countries.

Institutional arrangements: - The SG-SPACE institutional framework is made up of committees and work teams which carry out operational work. Each committee and work team has defined roles and responsibilities, which they report the progress of to an overseeing committee. Currently, three technical committees are focused on developing their respective areas of the SG-SPACE framework components such as the SG-SPACE Clearinghouse Applications and Services, Data Standards documentation, as well as Capacity building. A policy and governance team works in parallel to develop the policies which direct the operation of SGSPACE activities.

Some of the active committees and working groups are developing the following deliverables:  Policy Framework Document  Policy Documents  Standard Documents  Best Practice Guidelines  Data Inventories  Consolidated list of existing standards  List of new data to be collected

The current Working Groups are as follows:  User Need Assessment  Fundamental Datasets  Standards  Geodetic  Land Administration  Buildings  Urban Planning

Human resources: - In terms of capacity building SG-SPACE is working in a number of areas to improve the understanding of geospatial data and applications. They are developing and distributing documentation, they are working with the local universities and colleges. In addition, they are active in

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international associations such as the United Nations, URISA and the GSDI. In fact Singapore hosted the Map Asia conference in 2009 and is hosting the 2010 GSDI conference.

Financial implications: - The SG-SPACE initiative was approved at S$12 Million funding level over 3 years. The initiative is co-lead by the Ministry of Law and the Ministry of Information, Communication and Art. OneMap was funded by the Ministry of Finance through a central funding as a whole-of- government initiative.

Monitoring and reporting: - Singapore reports their progress in mapping at the UN Cartographic Conference. In general, there is already a government planning and reporting mechanism in place for the monitoring and reporting on progress towards the development of the SG-SPACE.

Lessons learnt for UGSDI from Singapore

 Singapore has a very small area but they have found that an SDI is very useful and beneficial to its government and people.

 The technical architecture and implementation are relatively simple, very modern and cost effective.

References: http://www.sla.gov.sg/htm/land/sgspace.htm http://events.esri.com/uc/2010/sag/list/?fa=Detail&SID=1098

7.8.7 Sweden Sweden the Nation: -Sweden has an area of 450,000 km2 with 39,000 km2 being water. Forest lands total about 240,000 km2 and mountainous areas 72,000 km2; and built up areas 13,000 km2. The population in 2010 was close to 9.3 million with about 80% living in urban areas. It is a constitutional monarchy with a unicameral parliament. Sweden is divided into 290 municipalities and 21 county councils, the latter primarily responsible for healthcare. Municipalities are accountable for other kinds of public service related to the inhabitants and their immediate environment; they can levy taxes including income taxes and have been able to do so since 1862. There is no hierarchical relation between municipalities and county councils. They are both self-governing local authorities, quite autonomous. Taxes are levied as a percentage of inhabitants’ income up to 30% with 10% for the regions.

Why should we Study Sweden on SDI matters?:- Over the last 30 years Sweden has been among the leaders world-wide in land administration improvements including: land registration computerization; success in GIS activities, in its support for emerging economies with Land administration assistance indeed since 1980 Sweden through SwedeSurvey has supported 70 countries with land administration technical assistance, including 8 countries in Africa. It supports technical assistance, plus study tours, training, pilot projects, ICT for cadastre and land registration, GIS, CORS, SDI, property tax, training in- country and within Sweden scholarships. Sweden overall is generous in its development assistance; e.g., in 2008 Sweden advanced about 1% of its Gross National Income which is 200% to 400% more than most countries. SwedeSurvey the chief TA provider in 2003 (for example) had TA teams in 35 countries comprising 250 consultants (source: SwedeSurvey annual reports 2009 and 2003). In 2009 the famous GIS / land administration university faculty in Stockholm offered free master degree scholarships in GIS to any national with a 3 year bachelors degree! In short in such a SDI study such as this one, we should

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know what Sweden is doing and saying to the developing world. Also in 2006 Sweden introduced a GeoData Strategy.

Sweden Introduces a GeoData Strategy :- In mid 2006 the Government of Sweden ordered the start- up of a Geodata Strategy (GDS) formulation to be guided into existence by a GeoData Board of 11 entities mostly government including the land agency Lantmäteriet. The reasons for the new Geodata strategy requirement were: (see GDS 2008 document) (see http:www.geodata.se/en/):  forthcoming EU Inspire directive (issued in 2007 but well known in draft versions from 2002- 2006)  the EU directive concerning reuse of public service information (PSI) (from 2003);  The EU directive concerning the assessment and management of flood risks;  The GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security Iinitiative) plus the EU Galileo project;  The Land Protection directive;  Swedish Government’s e-Governance decree - which aims to increase the efficiency of public sector administration and accessibility;  Several elements of the voluntary Swedish SDI needed to be strengthened, e.g. – at least 8 public sector “geodata stakeholders” had not adopted the new 2000 projection systems and maps by 2006 (including the National Road Administration, Statistics Sweden, National Tax Border Administration, and the Swedish Standards [not involved in 2006], as well as the 21 regional and 290 municipal governments were still using old maps and the old projection system; and there was a believe that there was a need for legal changes to achieve SDI and geodata changes.  The Swedish Government e-governance plan relative to the forthcoming EC Inspire plans and the existing SDI of Sweden.

To achieve the above list of requirements meant a need for ‘geodata’ from all levels of government and for it to involve all geodata participants not just a few as in the former SDI period in the decade 1996- 2006. One year later in 2007 the EU issued the ‘Inspire Directive’ which impacted on Sweden in SDI topic area – Sweden had to change.

The Government stated that the Geodata Strategy was to be a dynamic strategy and one that was to be up-dated annually within the annual report. Progress is reported in: http:www.geodata.se/en/ which website is stated to be ‘the home’ for infrastructure for geodata, the home for Sweden Inspire directive, and for the Geodata project. It is also the reporting mechanism for the 1st stage of the Geoportal.

In 2008 the Geodata Strategy Board issued its 2nd annual report up-dating the Geodata Strategy and reporting progress. It did the same action in 2009 issuing a Swedish Geodata Strategy 2009 which again up-dated the 2008 Strategy – that is to date the task had taken 3 years to achieve –they reported progress and included action items. The next ‘Geodata Strategy’ annual report is due out on November 23, 2010.

The aims of Swedish Geodata Strategy 2009 are the following:

. “ stimulate increased co-operation in the geodata sector by providing more information about geodata and guidelines for producers and users. The strategy is intended to provide guidance for all involved parties in Sweden. It is the general plan on which the infrastructure will be based and for Sweden’s participation in European and international co-operation in the geodata sector. Work for the realisation of the objectives of the strategy is based on the following common key principles:

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. The strategy should generate benefits for society by providing favourable preconditions for the further processing of geodata and support the development of the Swedish business sector and contribute to strengthening international competitiveness.’

. The provision of geodata should contribute to the development of Swedish e- governance and be a model for the development in other information sectors. The provision of geodata should also utilise existing solutions concerning Swedish e-governance.’

. The strategy should create flexibility by providing favourable prerequisites for rapid and easy adaptation to the new preconditions, new demands and technical development.’

. The strategy should be based on a user perspective which should stimulate the use of geodata on local, regional, national and global levels.’

. Co-operation between different parties should be so well developed and carried out in such an efficient way that costs for the use of geodata can be decreased. Networks for co-operation between central and local and the private sector are an important basis for the infrastructure. The co-operation can be based on voluntary agreements and satisfy the needs for local, regional and national applications. The networks should stimulate the development of services that meet the requirements of individual members of the general public as well those of the private and public sectors.’

. The strategy is part of the implementation of the INSPIRE-directive in Sweden.’

‘Important keys to success are a common approach and sound forms of co-operation between all involved parties. Reliance, collaboration and co-operation must be developed across administrative boundaries and between all involved parties. The vision for the Swedish Geodata Strategy in a 10 year perspective is that organisations that manage and use geodata in their daily activities should: Use geodata to generate increased benefits for society, based on co-operation across organizational boundaries, and at the lowest possible cost. Co-ordinate information resources in a network and make them available via uniformly structured services and descriptions of the information. Provide services to public sector administration, companies and the general public and satisfy demands at local, regional, national, European and global levels.’ End of quote from GDS 2009.

The GDS action plan for 2009 called for the following eight areas of activity to be addressed and strategic targets, directions and prioritised activities were given. They are:  Co-operation in networks as the basis for the infrastructure; the Information structure; Technical infrastructure; National metadata catalogue; Geodetic reference systems; Research, development and education; Legal framework; and Financing and price models.

Geodata:- Sweden as with several other countries with the availability of ICT in the 1970s / 1980s, started to up-grade and up-date its fundamental key data sets, starting with up-grading its topographic mapping nationwide as well as its land use mapping: all maps were digital by 1997. Also in the 1980s and 1990s it up-graded it’s cadastral mapping and produced cadastral index maps showing all real estate parcels. Between 1976 and 1996 it computerized its real estate data from land titles involving several organisations (e.g., the National survey, the courts,) – out of this came the Swedish Land Data Bank. At this same time street naming and addressing was undertaken especially in rural areas with the support of the post office, A national roads data base was also established, in partnership with the National land survey. On the institutional side three agencies were reformed into one – including the national survey, the ‘central board for real estate data’ into a new agency named: Lantmäteriet. The registry function was removed from the

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courts in 2005 and placed into the new agency as well. As noted above a new map projection system was introduced into Sweden in 2000.

Metadata:-Sweden has geographic metadata bases on at least two levels: (i) national level which is being served by Nationella Databaskatalogen operated by Lantmäteriet; (ii) county level, some of the regional GIS partnerships have built their own catalogue services.

In 2005 a new national service was started based on a central CEN ENv 12657, with an Oracle metadata base and distributed access; the data collection modules are installed at the data producer’s sites (on-line see http://www.megi.lm.se/).

As part of the Geodata Strategy 2009, geodata portals are to be developed and a proposal for a Swedish profile for the SS-ISO 19115 metadata standard is being developed and the implementing rules for Inspire have been prepared. The profile will make it possible to create homogeneous metadata at both the national and international levels.

Services: - Geo portals are going to be established under GDS 2009 and for Inspire by several public sector agencies.

Policies: - Until the coming of the Geodata strategy SDI had been voluntary. It is apparent that several laws may need to be changed. The research has been done on what laws needs to be changed, including making SDI compulsory via possible amendments to environmental laws. A Geodata strategy was prepared and available March 2009. Geodata standards were developed and consensus gained working closely with the Swedish Standards during 2008-2010

Agreements: - The Geodata Strategy means that all local governments must issue maps in the national geodetic system and projection system. It will be done under agreements with Lantmäteriet and the municipalities.

Institutional arrangements (for GDS):- The Geodata Advisory Board has 11 members from public authorities and organisations: The Geological Survey of Sweden (SGU), The Västra Götaland County Administrative Board, Sundsvall municipality, Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions, the Swedish National Road Administration, Swedish Development Council for Geographic Information (ULI), Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI), The National Maritime Administration, The Swedish Military Authorities, The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, and Lantmäteriet (The Swedish Mapping, Cadastre and Land Registration Authority)

The responsibility for the implementation of INSPIRE is shared between the Swedish Government, the coordinator (Lantmäteriet) and the concerned (according to INSPIRE) public sector authorities (as above). The overall responsibility is allocated to one body per country under the INSPIRE directive. It is the responsibility of Lantmäteriet to make sure that INSPIRE is implemented in Sweden. The public sector authorities, responsible for the establishment, management, maintenance and distribution of geodata according to INSPIRE, shall ensure that metadata are created and make the information available via web services.

Financing: - The GDS 2009 states “The creation of a national infrastructure for geodata will require investments. Above all, this will be the case regarding the need for financing to cover the costs of

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implementing the EC directive Inspire and for the coordination which will be required in connection with it, such as development, operation and management of the national geodata portal, adaptation of data volumes and services and the necessary investments in ICT.”

Human Resource Development:- The GDS 2009 stated that the Strategy will bring a high demand for qualified manpower, which means that training facilities in this sector must be of high quality and attractive. This applies both to basic training and further education. It was noted that in 2009 one of the Swedish universities was offering free GIS masters degree scholarships on-line with just one visit required to defend the thesis.

Monitoring and Reporting: - Monitoring and reporting is required to both the Government of Sweden as well as to EU Inspire. Reports are due annually on a nominated date. The annual report is stated to include progress reports on the activities that have been carried out and those that are on-going. The follow-up should be co-ordinated with the national monitoring and reporting as required by the INSPIRE-directive. In accordance with INSPIRE every member state shall supervise the development and utilisation of its infrastructure for geodata. The next report is due in November 2010.

Lessons Learnt for UGSDI from Sweden

 Between 2000 and 2005, Sweden had the realization that it must take major actions to address the SDI challenges coming out of the EU, the Swedish Government (with e-Governance) as well to address its own SDI shortcomings.

 Also that it had to bring the 290 municipalities and 21 regional governments along with the Central Government in terms of SDI and GDS. It appears that the municipalities were lagging behind in terms of maps, privacy laws and the freedom of information (or lack of it). With the coming the Geodata Strategy 2006-2009 and of Inspire (in 2007) and PRI directives from the EU in the 2000s, the Government of Sweden had to take action to bring SDI change to the municipalities as well as to many central government ministries and authorities; they had not been impacted by the 1st generation of the SDI changes in the 1990s.

 It should be noted that Government at all levels in Sweden operate by consensus and change therefore takes time.

SWEDEN references http://www.fig.net/pub/fig_2002/Ts3-5/TS3_5_wiberg.pdf http:www.geodata.se/en/ A National Geodata Strategy 2008; and 2009 - both reports have versions of the Sweden’s Geodata strategy http://www.gsdi.org/gsdiconf/gsdi11/papers/pdf/86.pdf / Sweden basically nothing new same as the strategy http://icaci.org/documents/ICC_proceedings/ICC2009/html/nonref/3_25.pdf paper by [email protected] The National SDI Coordination Unit has been established at Lantmäteriet (The Swedish Mapping, Cadastre and Land Registration Authority) to organize, manage and coordinate the work concerning the National Geodata Strategy and the coordination of and support for the implementation of INSPIRE in Sweden. http://www.geotest.se/en/results/ 2009 Swedish paper describing the test results of converting various SDI products to Inspire products http://www.kommuninvest.se/website1/en-gb/local-government-framework/local-government- framework.php

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7.8.8 United States of America The USA is constitutional federal republic of 50 states and one distinct, 3143 counties, cities, parishes and towns. It has a population of 303.8 million people (est. 2008) and a land area of 9,161,923 sq km. The states and counties are responsible for the land administration system, apart from federal lands. Potentially all levels of government can generate and use geospatial information.

In the USA, the development of the National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) is generally considered to have started during the Clinton Presidency with the signing of an Executive Order in 1994, which created the NSDI. The Executive Order was then amended in 2003 by the Bush Administration, which transferred certain SDI functions to the Secretary of Homeland Security.

The NSDI is being coordinated and implemented by the Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) which has two significant initiatives that implement the NSDI. The Geospatial One-Stop (GOS) provides an Internet portal (www.geodata.gov) to facilitate data sharing for decision support systems and encourages partnerships across organizations. The other initiative is The National Map (TNM), which integrates base US geographic data in partnership with content producers.

The US has been very active nationally and internationally in the development of the NSDI. The US government clearly sees significant benefits from implementing an SDI as they are continuing to make investments in the data and technology. It is also interesting to note that the government recently gave Homeland Security a significant role in the development of the NSDI. The investments in the portal, the data and the coordination by the US government help keep the US as one of the leading countries in the world in the development of their SDI.

US state SDI activities:- Most of the 50 states in the US are currently very active in building up state- wide SDI policies, programs, and making available state information resources. This particularly applies to the states of California, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, New York and Wyoming. Several of the states have SDI committees; most have GIS spatial data clearinghouses, GIS councils or at least GIS coordination structures. They exist to help better disseminate state-wide information, to help coordinate GIS state-wide, and to promote better access for citizens of state information. Some of the 3000 county governments are starting to promote county wide SDI as well. All are looking to the Federal Government’s NSDI program for support and guidance. (GSDI web site also http://www.nysgis.state.ny.us/).

Geospatial data: - One of the cornerstones of the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) National Geospatial Program, The National Map is a collaborative effort among the USGS and other Federal, State, and local partners to improve and deliver topographic information for the Nation. It has many uses ranging from recreation to scientific analysis to emergency response. The National Map is easily accessible for display on the Web, as products and services, and as downloadable data. The geographic information available from The National Map includes orthoimagery (aerial photographs), elevation, geographic names, hydrography, boundaries, transportation, structures, and land cover. Other types of geographic information can be added to The National Map data into a Geographic Information System to create specific types of maps or map views. The National Map is a significant contribution to the National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) and currently is being transformed to better serve the geospatial community by providing high quality, integrated geospatial data and improved products and services including new generation digital topographic maps.

In addition to being an important contribution to the NSDI, The National Map is foundational to implementation of the Department of the Interior (DOI) Geospatial Modernization Blueprint and

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meeting the DOI mission to protect America's treasures for future generations, provide access to the US's natural and cultural heritage, offer recreation opportunities, honor responsibilities, conduct scientific research, provide wise stewardship of energy and mineral resources, foster sound use of land and water resources, and conserve and protect fish and wildlife. The National Map also underpins the USGS Science Strategy which is based on a systems approach to help address multi-faceted issues, provide better understanding of earth processes and evaluate broad causes and consequences of the use and management of natural resources.

Metadata: - The NSDI considers a geospatial metadata record as a file of information, usually presented as an XML document, which captures the basic characteristics of a data or information resource. It represents the question of who, what, when, where, why and how of the resource. Geospatial metadata commonly document geographic digital data such as GIS files, geospatial databases, and earth imagery but it can also be used to document geospatial resources including data catalogues, mapping applications, data models and related websites. Metadata records include core library catalogue elements such as Title, Abstract, and Publication Data; geographic elements such as Geographic Extent and Projection Information; and database elements such as Attribute Label Definitions and Attribute Domain Values.

The FGDC is tasked by Executive Orders to develop procedures and assist in the implementation of a distributed discovery mechanism for national digital geospatial data. Geospatial metadata is critical to data discovery and serves as “the fuel” for both the Geospatial One-Stop data portal and the NSDI Clearinghouse.

The current US Federal standard for geospatial data is the FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (CSDGM). However, efforts are underway to finalize a new national (ANSI) standard - The North American Profile (NAP) of the ISO 19115: Geographic Information – Metadata. The US have committed to moving to the NAP metadata standard in the near future.

Services: - The NSDI Framework Data Services are provided by the Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) and the United States Geological Survey (USGS). Established by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in 1990, the FGDC was re-chartered in its' August 2002 Circular A-16 with the "Coordination of Geographic Information and Related Spatial Data Activities." It is the initiative of the FGDC to promote the coordinated development, use, sharing, and dissemination of geospatial data on a national basis through the development of a National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI).

USGS has implemented selected Framework Data Theme content for the NSDI. The resulting NSDI Framework Data Services have been implemented in strict accordance with Open Geospatial Consortium's (OGC) Web Feature Service (WFS), and Geography Markup Language for Simple Features (GML) specifications; and the FGDC/ANSI Geographic Information Framework Data Content Standards. The initial data content for the NSDI Framework Data Services includes selected features from the Hydrography, Transportation and Governmental Unit Framework Data Themes. The data provided through this service are maintained for currency with the source data and systems using OGC Standards-Based WFS Transactions submitted by the USGS.

NSDI data services include service access, suggested usability guidelines, information schemas, specifications and free clients & utilities. An understanding of OGC Web Services Standards is important for the effective utilization of the NSDI Framework Data Services. The service not only includes general guidelines, but also instructions specific to the use of the service in clients such as Google Earth and The Carbon Project’s CarbonArc Extension for ESRI’s ArcGIS. A user feedback function is also provided in the service.

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Policies: - The U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and the U.S. Congress set policy for Federal agencies. The FGDC is guided by those policies in the design of programs, activities and technologies related to the NSDI. The FGDC sets geospatial information policy in harmony with overall information policy.

The following Executive orders created the NSDI and the FGDC in the US.  Executive Order 12906 established executive branch leadership for development of the coordinated National Spatial Data Infrastructure, and called for development of a National Geospatial Data Clearinghouse, spatial data standards, a National Digital Geospatial Data Framework and partnerships for data acquisition. The Executive Order was amended in 2003 in connection with the transfer of certain functions to the Secretary of Homeland Security.  Executive Order 13286, published in the March 5, 2003, edition of the Federal Register, Volume 68, Number 43, pp. 10619-10633 amended Executive Order 12906.

The FGDC is governed by the following general policies:  OMB Circular A-16, Coordination of Geographic Information, and Related Spatial Data Activities - This Circular provides direction for federal agencies that produce, maintain or use spatial data either directly or indirectly in the fulfilment of their mission. This Circular establishes a coordinated approach to electronically develop the NSDI and establishes the FGDC. The Circular has been revised to reflect changes in technology, further describe the components of the NSDI, and assign agency roles and responsibilities for development of the NSDI.  OMB Circular A-130, Management of Federal Information Resources - This Circular establishes policy for the management of Federal information resources. OMB includes procedural and analytic guidelines for implementing specific aspects of these policies as appendices.  OMB Circular A-119, Federal Participation in the Development and Use of Voluntary Consensus Standards and in Conformity Assessment Activities - This Circular establishes policies on Federal use and development of voluntary consensus standards and on conformity assessment activities.

The FGDC Steering Committee has endorsed the following policies and guidelines to promote data sharing, ensure appropriate access to spatial data and protect personal privacy in spatial databases.  Policy Statements for Federal Geographic Data Sharing, endorsed June 1992  FGDC Policy on Access to Public Information and the Protection of Personal Information Privacy in Federal Geospatial Databases, endorsed April 1998  FGDC Policy Statement Support for International Infrastructure Activities  FGDC Policy on Recognition of non-Federally Authored Standards

FGDC has issued the following guidelines to help Federal agencies implement NSDI policies.  Guidelines to Encourage Cooperation in Development of the National Spatial Data Infrastructure, issued in October 1996  Guidelines for Providing Appropriate Access to Geospatial Data in Response to Security Concerns, issued June 2005  NSDI Standards in Software Acquisitions

Agreements: - In general, the NSDI development at the federal level in the US is handled by the FGDC and all the federal agencies are governed by the Executive Orders and the US federal policies. There are

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no obvious agreements at the federal level as each organization is responsible for implementing the NSDI within their organization.

At the state level the coordination is performed by the National States Geographic Information Council (NSGIC), which is an organization committed to efficient and effective government through the prudent adoption of geospatial information technologies. Members of NSGIC include senior state GIS managers and coordinators. Other members include representatives from federal agencies, local government, the private sector, academia and other professional organizations. Part of the function of NSGIC is to oversee the development of the NSDI.

In 2009, NSGIC created a committee to study the development of the NSDI and to determine what metrics can be used to assess the progress in developing the NSDI. The committee developed a document which encourages a more precise definition of the NSDI and related governance structures by proposing five categories of potential metrics selected for effective and quantifiable management practices on the part of the US federal government in concert with its partners in the geospatial community.

The document entitled “Proposal to Measure Progress Toward Realizing the NSDI Vision” was authored for the purpose of institutionalizing such metrics within the federal government, as well as the broader NSDI community. When fully developed, these metrics will enable oversight and measurement of progress toward achievement of well defined and prioritized objectives for the NSDI. The initial categories of metrics selected by the committee address many aspects of the NSDI beyond its original data-centric definition: 1) societal metrics; 2) environmental measures; 3) data metrics; 4) technology metrics; and 5) governance metrics to measure progress toward the realization of a national governance structure for the NSDI.

In addition, the National Geospatial Advisory Committee (NGAC) is a Federal Advisory Committee sponsored by the Department of the Interior under the Federal Advisory Committee Act. The NGAC reports to the Chair of the FGDC. The scope and objectives of the NGAC includes: 1) providing advice and recommendations related to management of Federal and national geospatial programs, 2) the development of the National Spatial Data Infrastructure, and 3) the implementation of OMB Circular A- 16 and Executive Order 12906.

Institutional arrangements:- There are a number of arrangements that ensure that the development of the NSDI in the US is consistent with international initiatives. Some of the arrangements performed by the FGDC for the development of the NSDI include:  The development of an SDI Reference Manual – SDI Cookbook  The performance of international outreach, particularly for the Global Spatial Data Infrastructure Association (GSDI)  The creation and distribution of international newsletters through the GSDI  The support for the Group on Earth Observations (GEO) and Global Earth Observations System of Systems (GEOSS)  The support of cross border projects, particularly with Canada.  The support of regional Spatial Data Infrastructure initiatives  The performing of training and capacity building

Human resources: - The US has a significant geomatics sector and industry. The US government sees the benefits of spatial information technologies and spatial data infrastructures and is making significant

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investments in these technologies. Thus a large and diverse human resource capacity has been developed in the US. NSDI training and development is coordinated by the FGDC and various courses are available.

Financial implications: - The exact amount of expenditures in the US for geospatial and for the NSDI development is not published. However, the FGDC and the NSGIC have sufficient ongoing funding to ensure that the NSDI in the US is well implemented and is sustainable going forward.

Monitoring and reporting: - There is no specific agency or organization that is responsible for monitoring and reporting specifically on the NSDI. The FGDC reports through their members at meetings and the NGAC reports to its members on a regular basis.

Lessons Learnt for UGSDI from USA

 The implementation of the NSDI in the USA has been successful partly because it started at the federal level and once established then it moved to the state level.

 Given the budget of the USA, the funding provided for NSDI development was not large, but would be a significant amount compared to funding for UGSDI

 The NSDI did a very good job of awareness raining and of promoting the value and benefits of the NSDI.

 The NSDI developed a national portal / clearinghouse (Geospatial Onestop – now known as Geodata.gov) that was free and open for anyone to use. This development showed progress and a firm deliverable to users.

References http://www.fgdc.gov/nsdi/nsdi.html http://gos2.geodata.gov/wps/portal/gos

7.8.9 South Africa In 1997, South Africa funded the National Spatial Information Framework (NSIF) SDI initiative and thus became one of the first countries in Africa to implement an SDI. NSIF is the national initiative to coordinate the development of the infrastructure needed to support the utilization of spatial information in decision making. This South African Spatial Data Infrastructure includes policies, institutional arrangements, human resource development and standards for geographic information.

The Republic of South Africa has a population of 49.1 million (2009) and a land area of 1,219,090 sq km. It has 9 provinces – all with elected parliaments - under the constitution. Its government is bi-cameral. There are about 200 municipalities. Land administration and management are mandated to the central level. (Wikipedia, 2010)

There is a focus on developing mechanisms to improve access to existing information, avoid duplication in data collection and management and ensure that new data captured can be easily utilized together with existing geographic data, to enhance their collective values. In 1997, the department of Land Affairs established a component to co-ordinate the development of the NSIF. The intention is not to create a single central database, but to make it possible to link different databases, which are maintained by agencies, using common standards and protocols. This architecture supported by common standards and

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protocols is a critical requirement for SDI development. It of course depends on good connectivity and relatively high levels of cooperation.

The government of South Africa enacted the Spatial Data Infrastructure Act in 2003 (Act No. 51.) with the purpose of establishing the South African Spatial Data Infrastructure (SASDI). In addition the following items were put in place.

 Geospatial data In South Africa, framework data are considered as those themes of geographic data that are produced and used by a large proportion of organizations and have widespread usefulness. Many organizations need framework data for their applications and spend precious resources duplicating the same data sets that exist elsewhere. Others go without data because they cannot afford the production costs. Furthermore, when an application covers more than one jurisdiction, it is often difficult to find and combine existing data. The Framework Data exercise aims to provide a reliable, standardized source for commonly needed and used geo-spatial data themes.

Users can then add their own thematic data to the framework data thereby obtaining acceptable geometric registration which allows easier data sharing. The identified framework data sets provide the following foundation:  Basic data that can be used in GIS applications,  A base to which users can add or attach additional geographic details and attributes,  A reference source for accurately registering and compiling participants’ own data sets, and;  A reference map for displaying the locations and the results of an analysis of other data.

The framework data activity also includes standardization, procedures, guidelines, and technology to enable participants to build, integrate, maintain, distribute, and use this framework data. These elements ensure that:  Users can depend on accurate, detailed geographic data that can be certified and integrated into the framework to create a trustworthy data source;  Users can update their data holdings from the framework data; and  Users can attach additional information to the framework.

Through a series of workshops with the geospatial community, several geographic data themes have been identified as representative of South Africa's framework data. The framework data will be an expanding data resource to which geographic data producers can contribute. It will continually evolve and improve. The seven geographic framework data themes currently identified are: 1. Cadastral Boundaries (Urban & Rural – 1: 50 000) 2. Land Cover (1:250 000) 3. Hydrographic Features 4. Services and Utilities 5. Digital Elevation Model 6. Administrative Boundaries 7. Digital Orthophoto Images (1:10 000)

 Metadata The NSIF has the capability to handle ISO 19115 metadata records and has a portal which allows users to search, input, harvest and display metadata records. There is a significant training manual on the NSIF

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metadata. The manual is designed to explain the acceptance test for the portal, but it also can form the basis of a full training manual. The manual includes:  Metadata Discovery  Metadata Uploads and Registration  Manual Metadata Maintenance  Automated Metadata Maintenance  Metadata Contact Maintenance  General Maintenance http://nsif.dla.gov.za/documents/Training%20Document.docx/at_download/file

 Services Some of the services available from the National Spatial Information Framework include:  Spatial Data Discovery Facility (SDDF) - The SDDF is a system for connecting spatial data users with spatial data sources, so that data can be exchanged. This will prevent costly duplication of effort in capturing and maintaining spatial datasets. The SDDF is a single point of entry or gateway that is connected to a South African network of remote nodes.  Committee for Spatial Information (CSI) - NSIF decided to form a Sub-directorate for Policies and Standards in an effort to address the vital need for the adoption and adaptation of Standards and Policies in the South African Geo-spatial community.  Framework Data Set Viewer (FDSV) - The FDSV enables users to view commonly used spatial data in the form of maps via the web.  Africa Spatial Data Infrastructure (ASDI) - SDI development in Africa has perhaps not been highly visible, particularly as viewed from outside the region. "SDI Africa: an implementation guide" is available. This document can be used for training purposes and there are plenty of willing learners, convinced that the long term effort required for building SDI is worthwhile. While not available in the RSA SDI, the document has remained uncompleted for a number of years. Efforts are currently being made to produce a new document which is more up to date.

 Policies The SASDI has published several policies. A 1994 policy document outlines the responsibilities and rights of data custodians in managing and promoting the use of spatial information. Custodianship is the collection and management of data by an organization or part of an organization on behalf of the wider community or the larger organization. The policy outlines that spatial data custodians are responsible for the processes and functions of data capture, validation and maintenance, including the principles and procedures for accuracy, currency, data storage and security. http://nsif.dla.gov.za/documents/download/NSIFCustodianPolicy_edited_jan19_04.pdf/view Another policy was published in 2002 to ensure that informed decisions can be made regarding the pricing of spatial information in the public sector and that there is consistency in the application of the pricing policy within the public sector. In particular, the policy on the pricing of spatial information and services provided by the public sector must support the Government’s strategic objective of improved access to information. The high cost of such products and services are seen as an effective barrier to the access to such information for the majority of the people. The aim of the policy must not be to achieve cost recovery from users, but to make spatial information and services more accessible, affordable, and ultimately more effective and efficient. The purpose is to have a uniform policy in the public sector on pricing of spatial information and services.

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http://nsif.dla.gov.za/documents/download/Proposed%20pricing%20policy%20for%20spatial%20info %20public.pdf/at_download/file

 Agreements South Africa has instituted a number of agreements and arrangements to maintain and foster the development of the SASDI. These arrangements include:  Creation of the Committee for Spatial Information  Creation of a collaborative data maintenance agreement  Alignment with other initiatives in South Africa  Involvement with global SDI initiatives including:

- GSDI - Africa SDI - GSDI cookbook - SDI Software development.

 Institutional arrangements The government of South Africa saw the benefits of an SDI so they enacted the Spatial Data Infrastructure Act in 2003 (Act No. 51.). The purpose of the Act was to establish the South African Spatial Data Infrastructure (SASDI); including the creation of the Committee for Spatial Information and an electronic metadata catalogue; a provision for the development of standards and prescriptions with regard to facilitating the sharing of spatial information; a provision for the capture and publishing of metadata and the avoidance of duplication of effort; and a provision for other matters.

The SASDI is established as the national technical, institutional and policy framework to facilitate the capture, management, maintenance, integration, distribution and use of spatial information.

The objectives of the SASDI are to: i. facilitate the capture of spatial information through co-operation among state agencies; ii. promote effective management and maintenance of spatial information; iii. promote the use and sharing of spatial information in support of spatial planning, socio- economic development and related activities; iv. create an environment which facilitates co-ordination and co-operation among all stakeholders regarding access to spatial information; v. eliminate duplication in the capturing of spatial information; vi. promote universal access to such information; and vii. facilitate the protection of the copyright of the state in works relating to spatial information. http://nsif.dla.gov.za/documents/download/SpatDatInfraA54.pdf/view

 Human resources South Africa enacted the Skills Development Act (No 97 of 1998) in 1998, introducing a new approach to the promotion and development of work-related skills in South Africa. The overall vision is of an integrated skills development system, which promotes growth in employment, social development and the economy, through focusing on integrated education, training and employment opportunities. This approach is consistent with the national priorities of South Africa, which are indicated by various policies, including the declaration of the Presidential Job Summit (1998).

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In terms of the Skills Development Act, one percent of the payroll goes to the Department of Labour and on to the South African Revenue Service (SARS). This can then be claimed back via a skills development incentive. The GIS industry can use levies to fund GIS skills development initiatives. A series of workshops were held to develop “Skills Capacity needs in South Africa”, and to include this in a national GIS strategy. The purpose of the workshop series was to gather inputs for a chapter on GIS skills development that will form part of the National GIS Strategy for South Africa. http://nsif.dla.gov.za/documents/download/FullreportonGISskillsdev_dbn_cpt_Pol_GP.pdf/at_downl oad/file In addition, NSIF has developed some draft GIS Job descriptions for positions within the organization. These positions include:  Candidate GIS operator  Candidate GIS Professional  Candidate GIS Technologist  Candidate GIS Technician  Chief GIS Professional  Chief GIS Technician  Chief GIS Technologist  Chief Operator  GIS Professional  GIS Technician  GIS Technologist  GIS Operator http://nsif.dla.gov.za/documents/osd-gis-job-descriptions

 Financial implications There is no material publically available on the cost, budget or funding available for the SASDI.

 Monitoring and reporting As a government agency, the NSIF would need to provide plans and reports against progress. In terms of external reporting, there appears to be little or no reporting to continental level SDI’s, parastatals or NGO’s.

South Africa, as of 2008, was one of only six (6) African countries to have enabled SDI development through legislation (the others being Morocco, Tunisia, Niger, Nigeria, and Gabon).

Judging from the geospatial newsletters coming out of South Africa in 2010 on the Internet, the SDI in South Africa is very active and advancing.

Lessons for UGSDI from South Africa

 Legislation is a powerful SDI enabler.

 All stakeholders need to remain engaged and be at the table.

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About infoDev infoDev is a global development financing program among international development agencies, coordinated and served by an expert Secretariat housed at the World Bank Group, one of its key donors and founders. It acts as a neutral convener of dialogue—and as a coordinator of joint action among bilateral and multilateral donors—supporting global sharing of information on ICT for development (ICT4D), and helping to reduce duplication of efforts and investments. infoDev also forms partnerships with public and private sector organizations who are innovators in the field of ICT4D. infoDev is housed in the Financial and Private Sector Development (FPD) Vice Presidency of the World Bank Group.

For additional information about this study or more general information on infoDev, please visit www.infodev.org/publications.

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