The State of Planning in Africa
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The State of Planning in Africa AN OVERVIEW PROJECT TEAM Waheed Kadiri APA Chairperson Kabir Yari APA Ashraf Adam APA Yusuf Patel SAPI President Nthato Gobodo SAPI Vice-President and APA Secretariat Musa Jack GIZ Laura Petrella UN-Habitat Michael Kihato South African Cities Network (SACN) Cecil Madell Researcher, Madell Planning Associates Acknowledgements COUNTRY REPORT CONTRIBUTORS Mali Abdoulaye Sylla, Association of Urban Planners of Mali Burkina Faso Ouedraogo Dahoud, Association of Town Planners of Burkina Faso Ghana Mohammed Alhassan, Ghana Institute of Planners Nigeria Nathaniel Atebije, Nigerian Institute of Planners, Julius Olujimi, Federal University of Technology, Akure Sénégal Alexis Campal, Direction Aménagement du Territoire Marius Diagne, Association Sénégalaise des Urbanistes Kenya Isaac K Mwangi, Chairman, Kenya Institute of Planners Uganda Vincent B. Byendaimira, Ministry of Lands Housing and Urban Development South Africa Martin Lewis, CEO, South African Council for Planners Lesotho Resetselemang Clement Leduka , associate professor, National University of Lesotho, Masetori Makhetha, Ministry of Local Government Malawi Mtafu A. Z. Manda, Malawi Institute of Physical Planners Mauritius Rube Hemoo, Town Planning Association of Mauritius Namibia Wilson Billawer, City of Windhoek Tanzania Alphonce G. Kyessi, professor, Institute of Human Settlements Studies, Ardhi University Zambia Francis Muwowo, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Copperbelt University, Kitwe Zimbabwe Psychology Chivaku Chiwanga, Zimbabwe Institute of Regional and Urban Planners Publication Co-ordinator: Ndinda Mwongo Design and Layout: Peter Cheseret Cover Design: Thamara Fortes PROJECT SUPPORT Giz, UN-Habitat COVER: Graphic © Shutterstock Photos: Ibadan, Nigeria © Flickr/IITA Image Library Nairobi, Kenya © Flickr/Exfordy Windhoek, Namibia © Flickr/Terry Feuerborn HS Number: HS/010/14E THE STATE OF PLANNING IN AFRICA 3 Contents Foreword 4 1. Introduction 6 Background and Research Objective 6 APA Affiliate Member Countries 7 Scope of Work 8 Research Method 9 Gaps, Anomalies and Study Limitations 9 2. Background 10 Precolonial Period 10 Colonial Political Systems and Planning 10 Postcolonial Political Systems and Planning 11 Modernist Planning 12 PLANNING REFORMS AND INNOVATION 12 3. Key Development Challenges 14 Growth of African Cities 14 Form and Structure of African Cities 14 Rural Areas 15 Critical Challenges Facing Spatial Planning Practice 15 4. Status Quo of Planning in Africa 18 The Legal and Policy Frameworks for Planning 18 Forward Planning Instruments and Land Use Management Systems 18 Planning and Participation of Community, Civil Society and Government Departments 20 Link between Planning, Budgeting and Implementation 20 Examples of Innovation in Planning 21 Assessment of Planning Resources Capacity 22 Conclusions 23 5. Opportunities for Making Planning a More Effective Tool for Development 24 6. Conclusion 26 7. Bibliography 28 Bibliography per Country 28 Addendum 1: Summary of Policies, Frameworks, Legislation and Plans per Country 34 Tables Table 1: Ratio of Registered Planners to Population 22 4 THE STATE OF PLANNING IN AFRICA Foreword What had become known as the Durban Declaration The report provides background to the development was adopted in that South African coastal city in 2002 by challenges, planning laws and frameworks and planning planners across Africa. The adoption led to the formation resources that exist in countries that responded to of African Planning Association (APA). By 2012, 26 questionnaires sent to the member countries. planning institutions had signed up to APA. The member institutions spanned across all the regions of Africa. In Though the report intended to focus on 26 countries that 2010, APA set for itself four activities that needed to be are APA affiliates, only 15 of them responded and are undertaken; the State of Planning in Africa Report, the part of this report. They include Burkina Faso, Ghana, launch of a website, creation of a logo and convening Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Namibia, of regional meetings. Of all these, State of Planning in Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Africa Report was the most tasking. It had been aimed at Zambia and Zimbabwe. Countries that do not feature achieving, amongst others, the following objectives of APA: here are hampered in their participation by constraints beyond us. The Arab uprising is one of them. Other i. Contribution to growth and development of Africa constraints include language barriers, bearing in mind through better spatial/physical planning. that there are several official languages - Arabic, English, French, Portuguese, Spanish and Swahili. It is hoped that ii. Creation of continent-wide linkages between African in future, when efforts are made to improve this report, Planners. every country on the continent will feature prominently. However, this report which is the result of research is There cannot be a better time than now to have this kind also aimed at providing “a perspective of the roles of city of report, more so when consideration is given to the and regional planners within the process of settlement myriads of challenges facing Africa. I believe appreciating formation, urbanization and rural development”. where we are coming from, and where we are, will serve as a good platform for projecting into the future. For each of the 15 countries featuring in the report, information was gathered with regards to key development challenges; legal and policy frameworks for planning and development; planning and participation of community, civil society and government departments; the link between planning, budgeting and implementation, and 26 assessment of planning resources capacity. The overview presented here is a summary of the country by country Number of countries that are APA affiliates. report which is available from the Association of African 15 of them responded and are part of this Planners. report For this report to achieve its objectives, the findings documented should chart a new course for planning activities on the continent. It is high time we swing into action and begin to tackle identified challenges. Whatever we have done right should be enhanced. Collaboration with key stakeholders such as governments, non-governmental organizations, community-based organizations, and bilateral and multilateral agencies, cannot be overemphasized, as this is essential for achieving our objectives. THE STATE OF PLANNING IN AFRICA 5 The report, while recognizing good practice and Contributions from Kabir Yari (Nigeria), Ashraf Adam innovation in various dimensions taking place within (South Africa), Yusuf Patel (SAPI chairperson), Nthato the continent, also identified great challenges ahead. Gobodo (SAPI vice president and secretary APA), Rising urbanization and changing demographic Musa Jack (GIZ), and Michael Kihato (SACN) are dynamics without adequate infrastructure are the highly appreciated. greatest of these. To surmount these challenges the report concludes that “planning capacity in terms It is hoped that that the report will contribute to the of planning education, number of professional knowledge of planning in Africa – from an African and technical planners and continuing professional perspective. development has to receive top priority”. This report is to be regarded as ongoing because it needs to include all 54 independent African countries. Hopefully, the report will encourage others to join APA and subsequent editions will include all countries. APA is grateful to UN-Habitat and GIZ (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit) for providing the funding that supported this report. We owe a lot of gratitude to Cecil Madell who took up the onerous tasks of research and report writing. For her comments and advise, APA is grateful to Laura Petrella, Leader, City Planning, Extension and Design Waheed Kadiri Unit, Urban Planning and Design Branch of UN- Chairperson Habitat. The report would not have been produced APA if not for the commitment of the Country Report contributors from the 15 countries earlier identified. 6 THE STATE OF PLANNING IN AFRICA 1 Introduction Africa is experiencing significant economic growth1 public authorities and local communities to access and associated demographic changes, including rising land, housing and other urban resources within urbanization 2 without the requisite infrastructure, growing settlements. The provision of these urban spatial and settlement planning. The proportion services requires research, planning, implementation of urban residents living in informal settlements and monitoring of policies, frameworks, strategies, is higher in Africa, as a region, than any other programmes and projects by a wide range of political, part of the world (UNDP, 2012). Inhabitants of social, built environment, civil society, and community informal settlements often have inadequate access organizations and institutions through varied to basic utility services, lack security of tenure, and partnership arrangements. experience precarious environmental, health and slum conditions. This research aims to provide a perspective of the roles of urban and regional planners4 within the process The current economic growth and urbanization in of settlement formation, urbanization and rural Africa should be guided by appropriate planning3 development. Mostly, the intention of this research is and land use management at continental, regional, to consider the spatial