DOCSLIB.ORG

Basic Digital Skills

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Basic Digital Skills MODULE 1: BASIC DIGITAL SKILLS UNIT 6: SUBROUTINES/FUNCTIONS PROJECT TITLE SILVERCODE PROJECT ACRONYM SILVERCODE DATE OF DELIVERY AUTHORS CATALIN MARTIN EDITORS INTELECTUAL OUTPUT AVAILABILITY OF DELIVERABLE This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. Table of Contents Entrance 2 Keywords 2 I. Module/unit overview 2 II. Learning content 2 Introduction (short explanation) 2 Learning Objective 2 1. What is a subroutine/function 2 2. Defining a subroutine/function 3 3. Calling a subroutine/function. Examples 3 3.1. The JavaScript call() Method 4 3.2 Counter 6 Summary of Key Points 6 III Conclusion 6 IV Further resources / Additional reading 6 V Self-test questions. Exercises 6 VI Glossary 7 VII References 8 Module 1 Unit 6: Basic Digital Skills. Subroutines or Functions https://www.silvercodeproject.eu/ Module 1/unit 6: Basic Digital Skills. Subroutines or Functions _____________________________________________________________________ Entrance Keywords (list of relative Keywords – up to six) – do not appear in the table of contents but simply immediately after the heading of the component) I. Module/unit overview Learning outcomes1 As a result of engaging with the materials in this module, learners are intended to achieve the following learning outcomes: Knowledge: Competences: Time schedule Structure II. Learning content Introduction (short explanation) Learning Objective: What you will learn in this module/unit? - What is a subroutine and how is composed. - Learn to write a very simple subroutine. 1. What is a subroutine/function Gratitude can transform common days into thanksgivings, turn routine jobs into joy, and change ordinary opportunities into blessings. William Arthur Ward A JavaScript subroutine/function is a block of code designed to perform a particular task. 1 https://europass.cedefop.europa.eu/education-and-training-glossary/l Module 1 Unit 6: Basic Digital Skills. Subroutines or Functions https://www.silvercodeproject.eu/ A subroutine is a way to create your own function. Every subroutine must be defined inside some class. A function is a "subprogram" that can be called by code external (or internal in the case of recursion) to the function. Like the program itself, a function is composed of a sequence of statements called the function body. Values can be passed to a function, and the function will return a value. Why Functions? You can reuse code: Define the code once, and use it many times. You can use the same code many times with different arguments, to produce different results. 2. Defining a subroutine/function A subroutine must be defined outside of where the rest of the code is being written. Every function in JavaScript is a Function object. Every function in JavaScript is a Function object. To return a value other than the default, a function must have a return statement that specifies the value to return. A function without a return statement will return a default value. In the case of a constructor called with the new keyword, the default value is the value of its this parameter. For all other functions, the default return value is undefined. The parameters of a function call are the function's arguments. Arguments are passed to functions by value. A function definition (also called a function declaration, or function statement) consists of the function keyword, followed by: The name of the function. A list of parameters to the function, enclosed in parentheses and separated by commas. Function parameters are the names listed in the function definition. The JavaScript statements/arguments that define the function, enclosed in curly brackets, { }. Function arguments are the real values received by the function when it is invoked. For example, the following code defines a simple function named square: function square(number) { return number * number; } The function square takes one parameter, called number. The function consists of one statement that says to return the parameter of the function (that is, number) multiplied by itself. The return statement specifies the value returned by the function. return number * number; 3. Calling a subroutine/function. Examples Defining a function does not execute it. Defining the function simply names the function and specifies what to do when the function is called. Calling the function actually performs the specified actions with the indicated parameters. For example, if you define the function square, you could call it as follows: Module 1 Unit 6: Basic Digital Skills. Subroutines or Functions https://www.silvercodeproject.eu/ square(5); The preceding statement calls the function with an argument of 5. The function executes its statements and returns the value 25. If a function is called with missing arguments (less than declared), the missing values are set to: undefined. The code inside the function will execute when something" invokes (calls) the function: When an event occurs (when a user clicks a button) When it is invoked (called) from JavaScript code Automatically (self invoked) Using the example above, toCelsius refers to the function object, and toCelsius() refers to the function result. Accessing a function without () will return the function definition instead of the function result: <script> function toCelsius(f) { return (5/9) * (f-32); } document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = toCelsius(77); </script> or <script> function toCelsius(f) { return (5/9) * (f-32); } document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = toCelsius; </script> 3.1. The JavaScript call() Method The call() method is a predefined JavaScript function method. It can be used to invoke (call) a function with an owner object as the first argument (parameter). With call(), you can use a method belonging to another object. This example calls the fullName function of person, but is using it on myObject: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <body> <p id="demo"></p> <script> var person = { firstName:"John", lastName: "Doe", Module 1 Unit 6: Basic Digital Skills. Subroutines or Functions https://www.silvercodeproject.eu/ fullName: function() { return this.firstName + " " + this.lastName; } } var myObject = { firstName:"Mary", lastName: "Doe", } x = person.fullName.call(myObject); document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = x; </script> </body> </html> Module 1 Unit 6: Basic Digital Skills. Subroutines or Functions https://www.silvercodeproject.eu/ 3.2 Counter Suppose you want to use a variable for counting something, and you want this counter to be available to all functions. You could use a global variable, and a function to increase the counter: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <body> <p>Counting with a global variable.</p> <button type="button" onclick="myFunction()">Count!</button> <p id="demo">0</p> <script> var counter = 0; function add() { return counter += 1; } function myFunction(){ document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = add(); } </script> </body> </html> Summary of Key Points (what did the participant learn) III Conclusion IV Further resources / Additional reading V Self-test questions. Exercises 1. A subroutine is a: a. piece of code which does something over and over again; b. piece of code which gives us a black screen; c. method to turn on your computer. 2. A subroutine is composed by: a. statements b. modifiers c. parameter-list d. return type e. all of the above. Module 1 Unit 6: Basic Digital Skills. Subroutines or Functions https://www.silvercodeproject.eu/ 3. The subroutine doesn't actually get executed until it is called. a. True b. False 4. If the subroutine is a function, then return-type is a string, int or double []. If the subroutine is not a function, the return-type is replaced by special value: a. blank b. void c. none 5. Give an example from day by day life which can be explained as a subroutine. Exercise: 1. Use the function to display the product of 5 * 5. <script> function myFunction() { // Add code here } document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = myFunction(); </script> ANSWER: <script> function myFunction(number) { return number * number } document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = myFunction(5); </script> 2. Use the function to display "Hello John". <script> function myFunction(name) { return "Hello " + name; } </script> ANSWER <script> function myFunction(name) { return "Hello " + name; } document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = myFunction("John"); </script> VI Glossary Module 1 Unit 6: Basic Digital Skills. Subroutines or Functions https://www.silvercodeproject.eu/ VII References http://www.howtocreate.co.uk/tutorials/javascript/functions https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Functions https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Guide/Functions https://www.tutorialspoint.com/javascript/javascript_functions.htm https://www.w3schools.com/js/js_functions.asp http://www.personal.psu.edu/pzb4/javascript/functions.html https://eloquentjavascript.net/03_functions.html Learning Objective (at the beginning: What you will learn in this module/unit?) Summary of key points (at the end: What did you learn?) Important Problem/Question (for discussion/reflection) Background Information to keep in mind Advise/Hint/Tip Definition Task/To-do Download Module 1 Unit 6: Basic Digital Skills. Subroutines or Functions https://www.silvercodeproject.eu/ .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Writing Fast Fortran Routines for Python
    Writing fast Fortran routines for Python Table of contents Table of contents ............................................................................................................................ 1 Overview ......................................................................................................................................... 2 Installation ...................................................................................................................................... 2 Basic Fortran programming ............................................................................................................ 3 A Fortran case study ....................................................................................................................... 8 Maximizing computational efficiency in Fortran code ................................................................. 12 Multiple functions in each Fortran file ......................................................................................... 14 Compiling and debugging ............................................................................................................ 15 Preparing code for f2py ................................................................................................................ 16 Running f2py ................................................................................................................................. 17 Help with f2py ..............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Scope in Fortran 90
    Scope in Fortran 90 The scope of objects (variables, named constants, subprograms) within a program is the portion of the program in which the object is visible (can be use and, if it is a variable, modified). It is important to understand the scope of objects not only so that we know where to define an object we wish to use, but also what portion of a program unit is effected when, for example, a variable is changed, and, what errors might occur when using identifiers declared in other program sections. Objects declared in a program unit (a main program section, module, or external subprogram) are visible throughout that program unit, including any internal subprograms it hosts. Such objects are said to be global. Objects are not visible between program units. This is illustrated in Figure 1. Figure 1: The figure shows three program units. Main program unit Main is a host to the internal function F1. The module program unit Mod is a host to internal function F2. The external subroutine Sub hosts internal function F3. Objects declared inside a program unit are global; they are visible anywhere in the program unit including in any internal subprograms that it hosts. Objects in one program unit are not visible in another program unit, for example variable X and function F3 are not visible to the module program unit Mod. Objects in the module Mod can be imported to the main program section via the USE statement, see later in this section. Data declared in an internal subprogram is only visible to that subprogram; i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Subroutines – Get Efficient
    Subroutines – get efficient So far: The code we have looked at so far has been sequential: Subroutines – getting efficient with Perl do this; do that; now do something; finish; Problem Bela Tiwari You need something to be done over and over, perhaps slightly [email protected] differently depending on the context Solution Environmental Genomics Thematic Programme Put the code in a subroutine and call the subroutine whenever needed. Data Centre http://envgen.nox.ac.uk Syntax: There are a number of correct ways you can define and use Subroutines – get efficient subroutines. One is: A subroutine is a named block of code that can be executed as many times #!/usr/bin/perl as you wish. some code here; some more here; An artificial example: lalala(); #declare and call the subroutine Instead of: a bit more code here; print “Hello everyone!”; exit(); #explicitly exit the program ############ You could use: sub lalala { #define the subroutine sub hello_sub { print "Hello everyone!\n“; } #subroutine definition code to define what lalala does; #code defining the functionality of lalala more defining lalala; &hello_sub; #call the subroutine return(); #end of subroutine – return to the program } Syntax: Outline review of previous slide: Subroutines – get efficient Syntax: #!/usr/bin/perl Permutations on the theme: lalala(); #call the subroutine Defining the whole subroutine within the script when it is first needed: sub hello_sub {print “Hello everyone\n”;} ########### sub lalala { #define the subroutine The use of an ampersand to call the subroutine: &hello_sub; return(); #end of subroutine – return to the program } Note: There are subtle differences in the syntax allowed and required by Perl depending on how you declare/define/call your subroutines.
    [Show full text]
  • COBOL-Skills, Where Art Thou?
    DEGREE PROJECT IN COMPUTER ENGINEERING 180 CREDITS, BASIC LEVEL STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN 2016 COBOL-skills, Where art Thou? An assessment of future COBOL needs at Handelsbanken Samy Khatib KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY i INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY Abstract The impending mass retirement of baby-boomer COBOL developers, has companies that wish to maintain their COBOL systems fearing a skill shortage. Due to the dominance of COBOL within the financial sector, COBOL will be continually developed over at least the coming decade. This thesis consists of two parts. The first part consists of a literature study of COBOL; both as a programming language and the skills required as a COBOL developer. Interviews were conducted with key Handelsbanken staff, regarding the current state of COBOL and the future of COBOL in Handelsbanken. The second part consists of a quantitative forecast of future COBOL workforce state in Handelsbanken. The forecast uses data that was gathered by sending out a questionnaire to all COBOL staff. The continued lack of COBOL developers entering the labor market may create a skill-shortage. It is crucial to gather the knowledge of the skilled developers before they retire, as changes in old COBOL systems may have gone undocumented, making it very hard for new developers to understand how the systems work without guidance. To mitigate the skill shortage and enable modernization, an extraction of the business knowledge from the systems should be done. Doing this before the current COBOL workforce retires will ease the understanding of the extracted data. The forecasts of Handelsbanken’s COBOL workforce are based on developer experience and hiring, averaged over the last five years.
    [Show full text]
  • Subroutines and Control Abstraction
    Subroutines and Control Abstraction CSE 307 – Principles of Programming Languages Stony Brook University http://www.cs.stonybrook.edu/~cse307 1 Subroutines Why use subroutines? Give a name to a task. We no longer care how the task is done. The subroutine call is an expression Subroutines take arguments (in the formal parameters) Values are placed into variables (actual parameters/arguments), and A value is (usually) returned 2 (c) Paul Fodor (CS Stony Brook) and Elsevier Review Of Memory Layout Allocation strategies: Static Code Globals Explicit constants (including strings, sets, other aggregates) Small scalars may be stored in the instructions themselves Stack parameters local variables temporaries bookkeeping information Heap 3 dynamic allocation(c) Paul Fodor (CS Stony Brook) and Elsevier Review Of Stack Layout 4 (c) Paul Fodor (CS Stony Brook) and Elsevier Review Of Stack Layout Contents of a stack frame: bookkeeping return Program Counter saved registers line number static link arguments and returns local variables temporaries 5 (c) Paul Fodor (CS Stony Brook) and Elsevier Calling Sequences Maintenance of stack is responsibility of calling sequence and subroutines prolog and epilog Tasks that must be accomplished on the way into a subroutine include passing parameters, saving the return address, changing the program counter, changing the stack pointer to allocate space, saving registers (including the frame pointer) that contain important values and that may be overwritten by the callee, changing the frame pointer to refer to the new frame, and executing initialization code for any objects in the new frame that require it. Tasks that must be accomplished on the way out include passing return parameters or function values, executing finalization code for any local objects that require it, deallocating the stack frame (restoring the stack pointer), restoring other saved registers (including the frame pointer), and restoring the program counter.
    [Show full text]
  • A Subroutine's Stack Frames Differently • May Require That the Steps Involved in Calling a Subroutine Be Performed in Different Orders
    Chapter 04: Instruction Sets and the Processor organizations Lesson 14 Use of the Stack Frames Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture 1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009 Objective • To understand call and return, nested calls and use of stack frames Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture 2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009 Calling a subroutine Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture 3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009 Calls to the subroutines • Allow commonly used functions to be written once and used whenever they are needed, and provide abstraction, making it easier for multiple programmers to collaborate on a program • Important part of virtually all computer languages • Function calls in a C language program • Also included additional functions from library by including the header files Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture 4 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009 Difficulties when Calling a subroutine Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture 5 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009 Difficulties involved in implementing subroutine calls 1. Programs need a way to pass inputs to subroutines that they call and to receive outputs back from them Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture 6 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009 Difficulties involved in implementing subroutine calls 2. Subroutines need to be able to allocate space in memory for local variables without overwriting any data used by the subroutine-calling program Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture 7 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 9: Functions and Subroutines – Reusing Code. Page 125 Chapter 9: Functions and Subroutines – Reusing Code
    Chapter 9: Functions and Subroutines – Reusing Code. Page 125 Chapter 9: Functions and Subroutines – Reusing Code. This chapter introduces the use of Functions and Subroutines. Programmers create subroutines and functions to test small parts of a program, reuse these parts where they are needed, extend the programming language, and simplify programs. Functions: A function is a small program within your larger program that does something for you. You may send zero or more values to a function and the function will return one value. You are already familiar with several built in functions like: rand and rgb. Now we will create our own. Illustration 22: Block Diagram of a Function © 2014 James M. Reneau (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 US) Chapter 9: Functions and Subroutines – Reusing Code. Page 126 Function functionname( argument(s) ) statements End Function Function functionname$( argument(s) ) statements End Function The Function statement creates a new named block of programming statements and assigns a unique name to that block of code. It is recommended that you do not name your function the same name as a variable in your program, as it may cause confusion later. In the required parenthesis you may also define a list of variables that will receive values from the “calling” part of the program. These variables belong to the function and are not available to the part of the program that calls the function. A function definition must be closed or finished with an End Function. This tells the computer that we are done defining the function. The value being returned by the function may be set in one of two ways: 1) by using the return statement with a value following it or 2) by setting the function name to a value within the function.
    [Show full text]
  • Object Oriented Programming*
    SLAC-PUB-5629 August 1991 ESTABLISHED 1962 (T/E/I) Object Oriented Programming* Paul F. Kunz Stanford Linear Accelerator Center Stanford University Stanford, California 94309, USA ABSTRACT This paper is an introduction to object oriented programming. The object oriented approach is very pow- erful and not inherently difficult, but most programmers find a relatively high threshold in learning it. Thus, this paper will attempt to convey the concepts with examples rather than explain the formal theory. 1.0 Introduction program is a collection of interacting objects that commu- nicate with each other via messaging. To the FORTRAN In this paper, the object oriented programming tech- programmer, a message is like a CALL to a subroutine. In niques will be explored. We will try to understand what it object oriented programming, the message tells an object really is and how it works. Analogies will be made with tra- what operation should be performed on its data. The word ditional programming in an attempt to separate the basic method is used for the name of the operation to be carried concepts from the details of learning a new programming out. The last key idea is that of inheritance. This idea can language. Most experienced programmers find there is a not be explained until the other ideas are better understood, relatively high threshold in learning the object oriented thus it will be treated later on in this paper. techniques. There are a lot of new words for which one An object is executable code with local data. This data needs to know the meaning in the context of a program; is called instance variables.
    [Show full text]
  • 5. Subroutines
    IA010: Principles of Programming Languages 5. Subroutines Jan Obdržálek obdrzalek@fi.muni.cz Faculty of Informatics, Masaryk University, Brno IA010 5. Subroutines 1 Subroutines Subprograms, functions, procedures, . • principal mechanism for control abstraction • details of subroutine’s computation are replaced by a statement that calls the subroutine • increases readability: emphasizes logical structure, while hiding the low-level details • facilitate code reuse, saving • memory • coding time • subroutines vs OOP methods: • differ in the way they are called • methods are associated with classes and objects IA010 5. Subroutines 2 Outline Fundamentals of subroutines Parameter-passing methods Overloaded and generic subroutines Functions – specifics Coroutines IA010 5. Subroutines 3 Fundamentals of subroutines IA010 5. Subroutines 4 Subroutine characteristics • each subroutine has a single entry point • the calling program unit is suspended during subroutine execution (so only one subroutine is in execution at any given time) • control returns to the caller once subroutine execution is terminated • alternatives: • coroutines • concurrent units IA010 5. Subroutines 5 Basic definitions • subroutine definition – describes the interface and actions • subroutine call – an explicit request for the subroutine to be executed • active subroutine – has been executed, but has not yet completed its execution • subroutine header – part of the definition, specifies: • the kind of the subroutine (function/procedure) • a name (if not anonymous) • a list of parameters • parameter profile – the number, order and types of formal parameters • protocol – parameter profile + return type IA010 5. Subroutines 6 Procedures and functions procedures • do not return values • in effect define new statements • as functions: can return a value using • global variables • two-way communication through parameters functions • return values • function call is, in effect, replaced by the return value • as procedures: e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Object Oriented Programming Via Fortran 90 (Preprint: Engineering Computations, V
    Object Oriented Programming via Fortran 90 (Preprint: Engineering Computations, v. 16, n. 1, pp. 26-48, 1999) J. E. Akin Rice University, MEMS Dept. Houston, TX 77005-1892 Keywords object-oriented, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, Fortran 90 Abstract There is a widely available object-oriented (OO) programming language that is usually overlooked in the OO Analysis, OO Design, OO Programming literature. It was designed with most of the features of languages like C++, Eiffel, and Smalltalk. It has extensive and efficient numerical abilities including concise array and matrix handling, like Matlab®. In addition, it is readily extended to massively parallel machines and is backed by an international ISO and ANSI standard. The language is Fortran 90 (and Fortran 95). When the explosion of books and articles on OOP began appearing in the early 1990's many of them correctly disparaged Fortran 77 (F77) for its lack of object oriented abilities and data structures. However, then and now many authors fail to realize that the then new Fortran 90 (F90) standard established a well planned object oriented programming language while maintaining a full backward compatibility with the old F77 standard. F90 offers strong typing, encapsulation, inheritance, multiple inheritance, polymorphism, and other features important to object oriented programming. This paper will illustrate several of these features that are important to engineering computation using OOP. 1. Introduction The use of Object Oriented (OO) design and Object Oriented Programming (OOP) is becoming increasingly popular (Coad, 1991; Filho, 1991; Rumbaugh, 1991), and today there are more than 100 OO languages. Thus, it is useful to have an introductory understanding of OOP and some of the programming features of OO languages.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to MARIE, a Basic CPU Simulator
    Introduction to MARIE, A Basic CPU Simulator 2nd Edition Jason Nyugen, Saurabh Joshi, Eric Jiang THE MARIE.JS TEAM (HTTPS://GITHUB.COM/MARIE-JS/) Introduction to MARIE, A Basic CPU Simulator Copyright © 2016 Second Edition Updated August 2016 First Edition – July 2016 By Jason Nyugen, Saurabh Joshi and Eric Jiang This document is licensed under the MIT License To contribute to our project visit: https//www.github.com/MARIE-js/MARIE.js/ The MIT License (MIT) Copyright (c) 2016 Jason Nguyen, Saurabh Joshi, Eric Jiang Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. Please reference this document at https://marie-js.github.io/MARIE.js/book.pdf for Student Integrity Policies for more information please visit your university’s Student Integrity Policy.
    [Show full text]
  • LISP 1.5 Programmer's Manual
    LISP 1.5 Programmer's Manual The Computation Center and Research Laboratory of Eleotronics Massachusetts Institute of Technology John McCarthy Paul W. Abrahams Daniel J. Edwards Timothy P. Hart The M. I.T. Press Massrchusetts Institute of Toohnology Cambridge, Massrchusetts The Research Laboratory af Electronics is an interdepartmental laboratory in which faculty members and graduate students from numerous academic departments conduct research. The research reported in this document was made possible in part by support extended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Re- search Laboratory of Electronics, jointly by the U.S. Army, the U.S. Navy (Office of Naval Research), and the U.S. Air Force (Office of Scientific Research) under Contract DA36-039-sc-78108, Department of the Army Task 3-99-25-001-08; and in part by Con- tract DA-SIG-36-039-61-G14; additional support was received from the National Science Foundation (Grant G-16526) and the National Institutes of Health (Grant MH-04737-02). Reproduction in whole or in part is permitted for any purpose of the United States Government. SECOND EDITION Elfteenth printing, 1985 ISBN 0 262 130 11 4 (paperback) PREFACE The over-all design of the LISP Programming System is the work of John McCarthy and is based on his paper NRecursiveFunctions of Symbolic Expressions and Their Com- putation by Machinett which was published in Communications of the ACM, April 1960. This manual was written by Michael I. Levin. The interpreter was programmed by Stephen B. Russell and Daniel J. Edwards. The print and read programs were written by John McCarthy, Klim Maling, Daniel J.
    [Show full text]