2377 Advances in Environmental Biology, 5(8): 2377-2381, 2011 ISSN 1995-0756

This is a refereed journal and all articles are professionally screened and reviewed ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Quality Assessment of on the Basis of Aq. Qa in

Forough Allahyari Pour

Damavand branch,Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran

Forough Allahyari Pour, Quality Assessment of Karkheh River on the Basis of Aq. Qa in Iran

ABSTRACT

Rivers have special role on the sources of sweet water for the industry, agriculture and urban sections utilization. Beside permanent rivers with amplitude and simple availability of desirable water, there is often no anxiety about water quality and unfortunately, incorrect an irregular utilization of rivers water and considering water deficit tension an industrial development in Iran, planning and examination river water quality and utilization management is one of the most vital issues which has to be considered. Karkheh River emanate from middle and west south of regions of Zaghros mountain in west and west south of country. Karkheh latrine zone with two sub zones Simereh and Kashkan is located in states Lorestan and Khorramabad. The river water utilization regarding the recent drouth and increasing mineral content in the river and salinity and mineral increasing threat in agricultural lands, utilization management of this river is mandatory. The studied subzone, Kashkan contains 8 sampling satations on the river and sub branches, which have been analyzed and sampled. The data received from these stations were transformed to seasonal data and generally nombers relative to (NH4+, NO3-, PO43- , DO , BOD ،COD) were input to Aq. Qa. Software and 352 salinity risk because of irrigation and water kind in 8 stations and 4 seasons were avowed. The results show that in utilization management of river water for agriculture, station 2 in summer season, station 3, 6 and 7 in all seasons, station 4 in winter and fall and station 8, 5 in spring and summer, salinity risk is high and -water using is not recommended. Depending on the water kind, the river is arranged in 4 types (N-PO4، N NO3، N-OH، NH4-PO4) and except of station 2, in all the stations, the water type in different seasons changes.

Key words:

Introduction recent droughts and increased minerals in the river as well as risk of salinity and increased minerals in the As the main sources supplying the drinking agricultural lands all indicate the necessity of water of the urban and rural regions through the exploitation management of such rivers. This research countries, rivers play important role for human health is studying a part of sub-basins of Kashan and and environment safety. However, unfortunately, by Simareh located in the Karkhe basin. Total area of improper and irregular exploitation of streams’ water study is 64688 km2. Total area of Simareh are is during recent years man resulted in pollution in the 16423.4 km2, and Kashkan is 9498 km2, with 22% most fundamental living liquid [2]. of Simareh area and 30% of Kashkan area are Karaj stream originated from the middle and located in this study range. western south regions of Zagros Mountain in the west and south west of the country. Basin of Main Polluting Sources of Study Area: Karkhe River, with its two sub-basins, Simareh and Kashkan, has been located in Lorestan and Khoram Because this study area topographically has high Abad provinces. Using the river water, considering latitude and located in a specific area, so there is no

Corresponding Author Forough Allahyari Pour, Damavand branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran E-mail: [email protected] Adv. Environ. Biol., C(): CC-CC, 2011 2378 specific industry located there. Table 1 indicated the Pourmohammad and Rahimi Nejad (1997) about pollutants of study area and the source where changes of water quality in Zayandeh Rood accepting such pollutions. concluded that the salinity of its water in the Main factors for measuring the water quality lowermost part of the river has increasingly been categorized into four groups: (1) total density of increased such that it is not suitable for being used dissolved salts (2) relative concentration of sodium in agriculture. [4]. Abolghasemi Rahim Abadi (1999) than other Cations (3) concentration of heavy metals studied the pollutants of water quality of Zayandeh (4) content of bicarbonate Rood and concluded that the water quality of Zayandeh Rood has no problem before entering to Total Density of Dissolved Salts: Zarin Shahr, but between Zarin Shahr and Isfahan, where there are many industrial, civil and agricultural Due to irrigation, even with desirable quality, the discharges to its river, its quality is decreasing. From content of salts will be increased annually such that the east of Isfahan to Gave Khooni marsh, its water it seriously decreases the soil fertility. Total content quality has been decreased due to discharges of of salts can be easily and accurately determined by wastewaters of water treatment houses from south electric conduction. According to the USDA, 1954, Isfahan and even after Farfan Bridge, it is not classification, electric conduction has been indicated possible to use its water for agricultural purposes [1]. between 0.1 to more than 2.25 dS/m. figure 1 Soltani Mohammadi A. (2006) studied the water indicates four classes of salinity. C1, low salinity: it quality of Zayandeh rood for agricultural purposes can be used for irrigating most plant. It is unlikely and in all stations, from to Khoramshahr, the that soil becomes salty in the pollutant, unless soils water quality according to exchangeable sodium ion with very low water conduction, it needs some was grouped in class 1 and its salinity in class 3 [4]. leaching. C2, average salinity: one can irrigate plants Studying the springs, surface and ground waters tolerable against average salinity without needing any in Troia, Turkey, Ozcan Hasan (2007) drawing the specific activity for salinity control. C3, high salinity: Piper, Schoeller and Wilcox diagrams for 25 samples, it may not be sued for less drainable soils. Such soils determined the types of sampled eaters for most require specific management for controlling the samples of Mg-Cl-HCO3 and for three samples Na- salinity besides draining. High tolerable plants must HCO3 [8]. be selected. C4, very high salinity: it may not be Studying the quality of ground waters of Tumkur used for irritation normally but it may be used under Karnataka, India, Sadashivaiah, C. (2008) drew Piper specific environmental conditions. Soil is required to diagram for two stations and determined the type of be permeable and with suitable drainage. Beside water for studied area for Ca-Mg-HCO3 [9]. irrigation, it is necessary to add considerable amount Using Aq.Qa software, Mohseni Far. K. (2008) of water for leaching the additional salts. It is determined the water quality of Zayandeh Rood for required to culture very high tolerable plants to agricultural usage for 10 stations and 4 years of time salinity in such regions [7]. and stated that river is qualitatively in a bad There are different methods for determining the situation. water quality by chemical analysis. Indicating such analysis by graphs can be more comprehended. Some Materials and Methods of such graphs include Piper, Schoeller, star diagrams, etc… [9]. According to Piper graph, water Studied sub-basin, Kashkan, includes 8 sampling quality may be grouped as follows: stations on the river and its sub-branches, so such Calcium type stations were being sampled. Data obtained from Magnesium type these stations change to seasonal data and Bicarbonate type additionally 352 data for PO43-, NO3-, NH4+, DO, Chlorine type BOD, COD, turbidity, coli form, and nitrogen entered Without any specific type to Aq.Qa software and then there was determined the Sodium & Potassium type salinity risk for irrigation and type of water in 8 Sulfate type stations and 4 seasons.

Literature Review: Results:

Firoozbakht (1997) studied on the pollution Determining the water quality, there was used status of Karoon River in Khoozestan plain and dealt Aq. Qa V.1 software. In the software, entering the with its temporal and spatial changes. Results from parameters for PO43-, NO3-, NH4+, DO, BOD, most studied parameters indicated that in recent years COD, turbidity, coli form, and nitrogen, there was the contents of average pollutions was desirable to determined the water quality and using software, the maximum allowable [4]. In their study, water type was given. Adv. Environ. Biol., C(): CC-CC, 2011 2379

Table 1: Pollutants and accepting sources. Item Name of unit Accepting source 1 Unit for producing the sand from Helilan Sadaf Co., located at Shir, Ancherdaul, Helilan Simareh River 2 Output of Noorabad wastewater Kashkan River 3 Aligoodarz water treatment Kashkan River

Fig. 1: Classification of irrigating water according to salinity and sodium content risk (USDA, 1954, 1954) [7].

Fig. 2: Piper Diagram [9]. Adv. Environ. Biol., C(): CC-CC, 2011 2380

Fig. 3: Salinity risk in different stations during different seasons.

Table 2: Water type in all other stations changed Stations Spring Summer autumn winter 1 Water Type N-PO4 N-PO4 N-NO3 N-NO3 Salinity Hazard Medium Medium Medium Medium 2 Water Type N-NO3 N-NO3 N-NO3 N-NO3 Salinity Hazard Medium High Medium Medium 3 Water Type NH4-PO4 N-NO3 N-OH N-PO4 Salinity Hazard High High High High 4 Water Type N-NO3 N-NO3 N-NO3 N-NO3 Salinity Hazard Medium Medium High High 5 Water Type N-PO4 N-PO4 N-NO3 N-NO3 Salinity Hazard High High Medium m 6 Water Type N-OH N-PO4 N-NO3 N-NO3 Salinity Hazard High High High High 7 Water Type N-PO4 N-PO4 N-NO3 N-NO3 Salinity Hazard High High High High 8 Water Type N-OH N-PO4 N-NO3 N-NO3 Salinity Hazard High High High Low

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