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OREGON HIDTA PROGRAM

THREAT ASSESSMENT AND COUNTER-DRUG STRATEGY

PROGRAM YEAR 2016

JUNE 2015

Oregon HIDTA Program

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Oregon HIDTA Program TABLE OF CONTENTS

THREAT ASSESSMENT

I. Executive Summary Page 1

II. Overview Page 3

III. Methamphetamine Page 12

IV. Heroin Page 20

V. Marijuana Page 26

VI. Controlled Prescription Drugs Page 34

VII. Cocaine Page 39

VII. Other Drugs Page 40

VII. Illicit Finance Page 44

VII. Outlook Page 47

VIII. Methodology Page 48

COUNTER-DRUG STRATEGY

IX. Introduction Page 49

X. Mission and Vision Statements Page 50

XI. Concept of Strategy Page 51

XII. HIDTA Goal 1 Page 57 Dismantle and Disrupt Drug Trafficking Organizations

XIII. HIDTA Goal 2 Page 61 Increase the Efficiency of Law Enforcement Agencies Participating in HIDTAs

XIV. Appendices Page 66

(A) Acronyms Page 66

(B) Oregon Medical Marijuana Program Statistics, April 1, 2015 Page 67

(D) Lab Seizures, Methamphetamine and Other Labs, Oregon, Idaho, HIDTA Region, 2005, 2009-2014 Page 69

XV. Endnotes Page 70

Oregon HIDTA Program

I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Methamphetamine use and trafficking has increased in the Oregon HIDTA (High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area) a and reflects the area’s greatest drug threat, followed by heroin, marijuana, controlled prescription drugs, cocaine and designer drugs.

Methamphetamine continues to be widely used and trafficked throughout the region. Reported seizures of methamphetamine labs in Oregon remain low primarily due to state legislation eliminating the ability to obtain pseudoephedrine without a physician’s prescription. However, crystal methamphetamine, or “ice,” continues to be highly available as Mexican drug traffickers import methamphetamine powder, liquid, and finished product from laboratories outside the state and from Mexico.

Production of heroin in Mexico has expanded in recent years leading to greater availability in the Oregon HIDTA region. Most Oregon and Idaho law enforcement officers surveyed in 2015 indicated that heroin is a significant threat in their area due to the substantial rise in the volume of heroin seized and the number of new users and associated overdoses.

Marijuana use, cultivation, and trafficking are pervasive in the HIDTA region. Outdoor marijuana cultivation sites have been discovered on public and private lands in Oregon and Idaho since 2006 -- primarily operated by Mexican National Drug Trafficking Organizations (MNDTOs). Additionally, federal authorities report that Asian crime groups are involved in marijuana trafficking and have established large coordinated indoor grow operations in Oregon, Washington and Northern California. Oregon’s Medical Marijuana Act,b which allows for quantities of marijuana to be grown and used for qualifying medical conditions, continues to be exploited by local producers who use it to facilitate illegal cultivation for commercial purposes.

The threat posed by non-prescribed use of prescription drugs has grown in recent years and mirrors national trends. The rise in misuse can be attributed to greater availability through increased and liberal prescribing of opioids by doctors, ease of access to the drugs through family or friends, and the perception that the medications are safe alternatives to illicit drugs. Law enforcement reporting indicates users of prescription opiates are increasingly switching to heroin because it is more available, less expensive, and provides a more intense high than diverted prescription opiates.

Cocaine powder and base (“crack”) are available to a moderate degree in the HIDTA region. Use of the powder form is more prevalent in Portland and the Southern Oregon region, whereas crack cocaine is mostly available and used in Portland. Consistent with national trends, cocaine availability and use continue to decline in the state.

Designer drugs such as MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine), and to a lesser extent, synthetic cannabinoids, bath salts, DMT (Dimethyltryptamine), buprenorphine, LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), and 25I-NBOMe, are available and distributed in the HIDTA region. These drugs are most commonly abused by young adults at social venues in urban areas and on college campuses.

Psilocybin is also grown in Oregon region and distributed in the state and across state borders. a The Oregon HIDTA region includes the Oregon counties of Clackamas, Deschutes, Douglas, Lane, Jackson, Malheur, Marion, Multnomah, Umatilla, and Washington; the Warm Springs Indian Reservation in Oregon; and the Idaho counties of Ada and Canyon. b Oregon Revised Statutes 475.300 - 475.346.

Oregon HIDTA Program

Reflecting national trends, MNDTOs continue to dominate the illicit drug market in Oregon and Idaho. MNDTOs control the transportation and distribution of heroin, methamphetamine, cocaine, Mexican- produced marijuana, and marijuana cultivated from outdoor grows in the HIDTA region. Caucasian DTOs and independent groups control transportation and distribution of locally-produced indoor marijuana. Other criminal groups, such as criminal street gangs, Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs, and local independent dealers also transport and distribute drugs, but to a lesser extent.

During 2014, the Oregon HIDTA participating agencies identified 105 Drug Trafficking Organizations (DTOs) and four (4) Money Laundering Organizations with foreign and domestic connections that were actively operating in the HIDTA region. Ten new DTOs were identified between January and May 2015. All drug trafficking organizations in the Oregon HIDTA region engage in money laundering -- the legitimization of illegally obtained proceeds. Bulk cash smuggling and money service businesses remain primary methods of transferring drug revenues into, through, and out of the HIDTA region.

The Oregon HIDTA counter-drug enforcement strategy is intended to be responsive to the threat indicators and to complement legislative, treatment, and prevention strategies within the Oregon HIDTA region. Community anti-drug coalitions active in Oregon have been an important catalyst for community action and prevention education.

Oregon HIDTA Program

II. OVERVIEW

Demographics

The Oregon HIDTA was established by the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) in June of 1999. In 2014, the Oregon HIDTA region expanded to include three newly designated counties: Malheur County, Oregon and two counties in Idaho – Ada and Canyon. In total, the Oregon HIDTA region consists of twelve counties: Oregon’s Clackamas, Deschutes, Douglas, Jackson, Lane, Malheur, Marion, Multnomah, Umatilla and Washington counties and the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, and Idaho’s Ada and Canyon counties.

According to U.S. Census Bureau 2014 estimates, Oregon ranks twenty-seventh in the country in population with more than 3.9 million residents.1 A large majority of Oregon’s population is Caucasian (88%), followed by Hispanic/Latino (12%)c, Asian (4%), African American (2%), Native American or Alaska Native (1.8%), Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander (.4%), with less than four percent reporting two or more races.2 Seventy percent of the state’s population lives in the Willamette Valley, primarily in the major urban centers of Portland, Salem, and Eugene. Idaho ranks thirty-ninth in the nation in population with 1.6 million residents. Most of Idaho’s population is Caucasian (97.3%) followed by Hispanic/Latino (12%), Asian (1%), African American (1%), Native American or Alaska Native (1.7%), Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander (0.2%), with about 2 percent reporting two or more races.3 The combined estimated total population of the Oregon HIDTA region in 2014 was 3,626,069.

Oregon encompasses a land area of 95,988 square miles and is the ninth largest state in the nation. Oregon’s geography can be divided into six areas: the Oregon Coast, Willamette Valley, Cascade Mountain Range, Columbia River Basin, Eastern Oregon Basin and Range, and the Southern Oregon Basin and Range. The Oregon-Idaho state of Idaho covers a land area of 82,643 square miles and is the 14th largest state in the nation. Idaho lies on HIDTA Region part of the Columbia Plateau which extends out of

c Hispanics may be of any race and are included in all applicable race categories.

Oregon HIDTA Program

Washington and Oregon and includes the State Snapshot Snake River Plain. Nearly half of the state is comprised of national forest land. Oregon Idaho In total, designated land area in the Population (2014): 3,970,239 1,634,464 th th Oregon HIDTA covers 37,379 square U.S. Population ranking: 27 39 Land area: 95,988 sq mi 82,643 sq mi miles, a land mass nearly the size of Oregon HIDTA land area: 35,739 sq mi 1,640 sq mi Indiana. Population per square mile: 39.9 19.0 Coastline: Yes No Geographically, the Oregon HIDTA International Border: No Yes region is diverse. Jackson County is Capital: Salem Boise County with highest population: Multnomah Ada located in southern Oregon and borders Number of counties: 36 44 California to the south and is surrounded Unemployment rate (Dec 2014): 6.7% 4.4% by the Cascade and Siskiyou Mountain Violent crime rate (2012): 247.6 207.9 Ranges. Douglas County is the second Property crime rate (2012): 3,224.2 1,983.5 largest HIDTA county in Oregon, Sources: U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts; FBI, Uniform Crime Reports; extending from the Pacific Ocean to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics; Oregon Blue Book. Cascade Range and borders Jackson County in its southeastern section. Lane County, Oregon extends from the Pacific Ocean to the Cascade Range and borders Douglas County to the south and Lincoln, Benton, and Linn counties to the north. Deschutes County is located in Central Oregon between the Cascade Mountain Range to the west and the High Desert to the east. Marion County, Oregon is located south of the Portland Metropolitan area and stretches from the Willamette River to the Cascade Mountains encompassing nearly 1,200 square miles. The tri-counties of Clackamas, Multnomah, and Washington (the Portland Metropolitan area) extend to the western slopes of Mt. Hood, through the Tualatin Valley with the rugged Columbia River Gorge to the east and the state of Washington to the north. Umatilla County is situated in the northeast corner of Oregon, separated from Washington by the Columbia River, and extending to the Blue Mountain Range. Malheur County, the largest of the HIDTA counties, is located on the southeast corner of the state, sharing borders with Idaho and Nevada. The Warm Springs Indian Reservation is located in the north/central area of Oregon approximately 100 miles southeast of Portland. Warm Springs tribal lands encompass over 1,000 square miles which are situated in the counties of Clackamas, Linn, Jefferson, Marion, and Wasco. The Idaho HIDTA designated counties of Canyon and Ada are located east of Malheur County on the Oregon-Idaho border and are part of the Boise, Idaho metropolitan area and the Treasure Valley.

Scope of Drug Threats

The estimated economic cost of illicit drugs in the United States is immense, valued at close to $200 billion in 2007 in the areas of productivity, healthcare and criminal justice, the last available assessment.4 The amount of money spent by users on illicit drugs is also extremely high. According to a recent RAND Corporation estimate, drug users in the United States spend about $100 billion annually on heroin, methamphetamine, marijuana and cocaine – most of which is due to a minority of heavy users who consume 21 or more days each month.5 The problem is compounded as drug users and distributors are often involved in illegal activities such as money laundering, identity theft, burglaries, property theft, fraud and other crimes to support drug addictions and to finance trafficking and distribution operations.

Oregon HIDTA Program

Illicit drug use in Oregon continues to exceed the national per capita average. The latest federal reporting shows that Oregon ranked fourth in the United States for reported rates of past month illicit drug use by people ages 12 or older in 2012 and 2013 (Figure 1).6 In addition, use of illicit drugs overall was fairly similar across age categories (ages 12-17, 18-25, and 26 and older); however, marijuana use was significantly higher among people between the ages of 18 and 25 years. In comparison, illicit drug use in Idaho fell below the national average in 2012-2013, ranking 45th for past month use among people ages 12 and older. Use was highest among people between the ages 18 through 25 (Figure 2).

Figure 1. Oregon Past Month Use: Illicit Drugs, Marijuana Use and Use of Illicit Drugs Other than Marijuana, with National Ranking, 2012-2013 NSDUH 25.0 10th

20.0

4th 9th 15.0 6th 5th 3rd 7th 4th 10.0 8th

5.0 4th 7th 6th

Percentage Percentage ofResponses 0.0 Total 12-17 18-25 26+

All illicit drugs Marijuana use Illicit drugs other than marijuana

Note: Total category equals all respondents 12 and older. All illicit drugs include marijuana/hashish, cocaine (including crack, heroin, hallucinogens, inhalents, or prescription-type psychotherapeutics used non-medically. Illicit drugs other than marijuana includes all drugs listed in All illicit drugs category excluding marijuana. Source: National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), 2012-2013.

Figure 2. Idaho Past Month Use: Illicit Drugs, Marijuana Use and Use of Illicit Drugs Other than Marijuana, with National Ranking, 2012-2013 NSDUH 25.0

20.0 46th 15.0 45th

10.0 43rd 45th 38th 40th 35th 45th 5.0 38th

46th 44th 46th Percentage Percentage ofResponses 0.0 Total 12-17 18-25 26 & older All illicit drugs Marijuana use Illicit drugs other than marijuana

Oregon HIDTA Program

Of the nearly 47,000 individuals in the Oregon corrections population as of December 2014 (includes offenders in prison or in county jails, and those on probation or parole), the largest proportion is comprised of drug offenders (23%);d nearly twice the number for assault (12%), and more than twice the number for theft (9%) and burglary (9%) offense categories.7 Of the nearly 15,000 offenders incarcerated in Oregon state prisons as of April 2015, five percent (5%) were interned solely based on a drug conviction and approximately 18 percent were admitted due to a combination of drug and other offenses.8 Oregon Department of Corrections admissions for felony drug offenses in 2014 were primarily due to delivery convictions (87%), with a much smaller proportion of convictions related to possession (11%) and manufacturing (2%).9

Illicit drug-related deaths recorded in 2014 (234) increased five percent in Oregon from 2013 (222).e Fatalities related to methamphetamine use reflected the highest number recorded since 2000, rising 14 percent from 2013 (123) to 2014 (140). The second highest number of deaths was related to heroin, which remained the same from 2013 (111) to 2014 (111). While still low, cocaine-related deaths increased 34 percent from 2013 (12) to 2014 (16), the second fewest recorded since 2000. Multnomah County, the most populous county in Oregon, reported the highest number of drug-related deaths statewide (85) (Figure 3).10 Deaths related to misuse of prescription pain relievers have been tracked since 2010, but are excluded from the calculation of total drug-related deaths based on cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, and drug combination categories. The total number of deaths due to prescription opioid overdose fell seven (7) percent from 2013 (150) to 2014 (139).

In Idaho, drug-related deaths are only tracked within the general category of deaths caused by drug poisoning. Drug poisoning fatalities are grouped by manner of death to include accidental, intentional self-harm, natural, assault, legal intervention and undetermined for drugs ranging from illicit (e.g., heroin, methamphetamine) to licit (prescription, over-the-counter).f The number of deaths from drug poisoning overall, as well as the number of accidental deaths related to drug use, more than doubled in Idaho between 2004 and 2013.11

Figure 3. Deaths Related to Methamphetamine, Heroin, Cocaine, and Prescription Pain Relievers*, Oregon, 2003-2014 250

200

150

100

Number of Deaths of Number 50

0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Meth Heroin Cocaine Rx Pain Relievers

*The prescription pain reliever total is comprised of opiate-related fatalities (methadone, oxycodone, hydrocodone) reported by the Oregon State Medical Examiner Division since 2010. Source: Oregon State Medical Examiner. d Based on offenders’ most serious active offense and includes categories of possession, manufacturing and delivery. e Total number of drug-related deaths reflects the number of actual people who died in a given year. Individual drug categories (i.e., methamphetamine, cocaine, heroin, combination) are based on their frequency of use in the total number of deaths reported. Fatalities may be a result of misuse of one or more drugs and can also be due to overdose. f Category excludes deaths due to alcohol and tobacco use.

Oregon HIDTA Program

Felony drug fugitives pose a significant threat to the citizens of Oregon and Idaho. The United States Marshal's Service (USMS) Portland office (a HIDTA fugitive task force) recently surveyed federal warrants in the District of Oregon and identified 36 people tied to active Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Force (OCDETF) cases, of which 13 individuals are tied to Regional Priority Organization Targets (RPOT) and three (3) individuals are tied to Consolidated Priority Organization Targets (CPOT). In addition, there are 114 active Federal Felony Drug Warrants in Oregon at the time of this writing. In 2014, the Oregon USMS apprehended over 1,100 fugitives, with close to one third classified as drug-related.12 Furthermore, 80 percent of individuals arrested by the USMS Fugitive Task Force were classified as violent offenders in 2014.13

TRANSPORTATION

Mexico continues to be the chief foreign source of heroin, methamphetamine and marijuana imported into the United States, as well as a transit country for cocaine. The same drug trafficking organizations (DTOs) that transport illicit drugs into the United States from Mexico also control the southbound flow of drug-related bulk currency.14 Mexican poly-drug trafficking organizations coordinate with Hispanic street gangs and associates to transport and distribute illegal drugs along major highway corridors in California, Oregon, and Washington and through and to Idaho.15

Mirroring national trends, Mexican National drug trafficking organizations (MNDTOs) dominate the illicit drug market in the Oregon HIDTA region, including the transportation and distribution of heroin, methamphetamine, cocaine, and marijuana cultivated from outdoor grows in the region. Caucasian DTOs and independent groups control transportation and distribution of locally-produced indoor marijuana, while Asian criminal groups are involved in indoor marijuana production and the distribution of MDMA and high-potency marijuana from Canada. Other criminal groups, such as criminal street gangs, Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs, and local independent dealers also transport and distribute drugs, but to a lesser degree.

Oregon HIDTA law enforcement initiatives investigated 105 drug trafficking organizations and four (4) money laundering organizations operating in Oregon during 2014 (Table 1), with ten DTOs newly identified as of May 14, 2015.16 These organizations are, or were, in some cases, manufacturing and/or distributing drugs within the Oregon HIDTA region as well as outside region boundaries to other states.

Table 1. Known Drug Trafficking Organizations, Oregon HIDTA CY 2014

Organization Type DTO Characteristics* Operational Scope Drug Trafficking 105 Mexican/Hispanic 58 Local =42 Money Laundering 4 Caucasian 38 Dismantled = 12 Asian 4 Disrupted = 10 African-American 4 Multi-State = 55 Multi-Ethnic 3 Dismantled = 12 Eurasian 2 Disrupted = 7 Native American 2 International = 12 Unknown 3 Dismantled = 1 Disrupted = 4

*Note: DTO categories may have more than one ethnicity assigned.

Source: Oregon HIDTA Performance Management Program database. 7

Oregon HIDTA Program

Law enforcement analysis at the national level suggests more cities in the United States are reporting some level of cartel presence.17 Since 2006, MNDTOs have increased control over illicit drug trafficking in the Oregon HIDTA region18 with recent evidence indicating cartel presence in Oregon.19 Nearly 30 percent of the DTOs identified and targeted by Oregon HIDTA task forces during 2014 were connected to sources based in Mexico.20 A growing concern is apparent cartel involvement in homicides and violent crimes in Oregon, from suspected bombings to shootings, including a roadside execution near Salem, Oregon in December 2011.

The Oregon HIDTA region serves as a transshipment point for controlled substances smuggled from Mexico and Canada along Corridors B, C and D (Figure 4) and is emerging as a transshipment point to various eastern states (Table 2, page 9).21 Most of Oregon’s major cities are located along the Interstate 5 (I-5) corridor (D) and provide a market incentive and abundant opportunities for smuggling illegal drugs through the state. Drug traffickers use the Oregon HIDTA region’s well-developed highway infrastructure to transport illegal drugs by private and commercial vehicle, into and through Oregon and Idaho, from and to other drug markets. Opportunities also exist in the Oregon HIDTA region for smuggling illicit drugs using commercial airports, private airfields, seaports, waterways and railways, and remain a significant vulnerability. The level of threat from these methods remains largely unknown due to the high volume of cargo transported through the state’s ports and railways, and limited law enforcement resources for detection.

1. Land

Most smuggling of illicit drugs in the Oregon HIDTA region occurs overland by way of the highway system. The region contains a network of interstates, highways, secondary roads, and railroads which are exploited by traffickers to transport illicit drugs. These routes provide easy access to major population centers, medium-size cities, and smaller communities in the state.

North-South

 Interstate 5 traverses seven of the twelve HIDTA counties (Clackamas, Douglas, Jackson, Lane, Marion, Multnomah and Washington). This is the major transportation route for traffickers in Oregon as the I-5 highway corridor extends from Vancouver, British Columbia, through Washington, Oregon and California and continues south to Tijuana, Mexico. Interstate 5 is one of eight major drug trafficking corridors in the United States (Corridor D, Figure 4).22 Most of

Oregon HIDTA Program

Oregon’s major cities are located along the I-5 corridor and provide a market incentive and a wealth of opportunities for smuggling illegal drugs into and out of the state.

 Highway 97 runs north and south through Deschutes County, and is considered by law enforcement to be a widely used route for trafficking organizations. This route provides direct access to California, Central Washington and the Yakima Valley area, and Canada through Washington State. Highway 395 is used to a lesser extent by traffickers and provides an alternative north-south route from Washington to California through Umatilla County.

 U.S. Coastal Highway 101 runs north and south through Lane and Douglas counties and is considered an alternative route for smuggling drugs through the state.

 U.S. Route 95 is another trafficking route that runs north and south from Canada through Idaho’s Canyon and Ada counties and ends in Oregon’s Malheur County.

Table 2. Incidents and Selected Drug Quantities in States with Connections to Oregon1 Domestic Highway Enforcement Program, CY 2008 – CY 2013 Powder Crystal Total Marijuana Cocaine Meth Heroin CPDs MDMA U.S. Currency State Incidents # lbs # lbs # lbs # lbs # DU # DU # Dollars California 197 33 4,947 33 560 35 227 16 196 11 204,870 3 6,278 66 5,112,977 Nebraska 107 72 2,063 4 95 3 6 9 155 19 1,057,048 Washington 126 43 696 7 0.2 4 14 7 10 16 1,467 5 234,571 44 303,480 Kansas 84 50 1,499 2 62 4 18 1 11 1 12 26 1,223,567 Kentucky 31 29 275 1 11,340 1 45,661 Idaho 80 45 833 3 0.4 3 35 29 350,848 South Dakota 72 39 1,595 9 51 1 36 23 1,102,322 Texas 52 32 9,575 6 307 4 51 10 764,117 Utah 54 32 581 1 0.1 3 3 1 500 3 1,709 14 562,003 Iowa 57 36 1,352 1 3 1 10 1 7 18 568,543 Wyoming 40 27 408 1 0.2 3 111 2 260 7 97,727 Illinois 49 30 1,317 1 0.01 18 897,467 Missouri 46 24 630 2 21 2 3 18 1,727,340 Arizona 32 21 7,051 2 3 2 80 7 123,255 Arkansas 24 12 1,092 1 0.1 1 29 10 294,574 Minnesota 26 13 237 1 21 12 2,254,117 North Dakota 18 14 466 4 11,284 Montana 15 9 41 2 2 2 20,687 2 199,960 Nevada 17 7 167 1 0.01 1 3 2 1,518 6 136,335 Wisconsin 13 10 52 1 1,547 2 9,800 Oklahoma 10 4 178 6 1,282,898 Maryland 9 8 12 1 19,373 Ohio 9 4 49 1 326 4 563,890 New Mexico 7 2 71 1 25 2 6 2 150,875 Other3 44 19 1,600 3 224 3 27 3 13 2 3,227 1 2,329 13 1,098,978 Total 1,219 615 36,785 63 1,619 67 363 31 302 61 243,981 20 246,799 362 19,958,439 1 Meeting the following conditions: "Oregon" or "OR" entered in drivers license and/or vehicle plate fields; "Oregon", "OR" in the address field, or "97" in the zip code field; "Oregon" entered as an origin or destination field. 2 Controlled Prescription Drugs. 3 The "Other" category includes states with five or fewer incidents during the selected time period which met the conditions of tag, driver's license, address, origin, or destination. States in the "Other" category include: Alabama (2), Colorado (5), Florida (1), Georgia (5), Hawaii (2), Indiana (3), Louisiana (2), Michigan (4), Mississippi (4), New Jersey (2), New York (1), North Carolina (1), Pennsylvania (3), Rhode Island (1), Tennessee (4), and Virginia (4). Source: EPIC, special data request received March 2014.

Oregon HIDTA Program

East-West

 Interstate 84 runs east and west beginning in Portland, Oregon and passes through Oregon’s Multnomah, Umatilla, and Malheur counties as well as extends east through Idaho’s Canyon and Ada counties through to Utah. The route provides drug traffickers access to the Portland, Oregon and Boise, Idaho metropolitan areas as well as to Seattle, Washington through Interstate 82.

 Highways 20 and 26 extend from the Oregon Coast through Central Oregon and into Idaho. From I-5, Highway 20 cuts east through Oregon’s Deschutes and Malheur counties and intersects Idaho’s Canyon and Ada counties. Highway 26 runs through Oregon’s Washington, Multnomah, Clackamas, and Malheur counties, traverses the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, and passes through Idaho’s Ada and Canyon counties. These routes are alternatives to the more commonly patrolled Interstate 84 for traffickers bound for Idaho and eastern Washington.

Domestic Highway Enforcement (DHE) programg data analyzed between 2008 and 2014 revealed a number of trafficking patterns in the Oregon HIDTA region. In general, marijuana, methamphetamine, cocaine, heroin and controlled prescription drugs move north to and through the HIDTA region. A smaller proportion of marijuana flows east and south. Illicit bulk currency moves primarily north and south (Table 3). Interstate 5 remained the most commonly used route by traffickers in Oregon reflecting roughly half (47%) of interdictions reported between 2008 and 2014. A smaller proportion of seizures occurred on U.S. Routes 97 (17%), I-84 (9%) and 395 (8%). Table 3. Number of Drug and Cash Seizures Reported Through the Domestic Highway Enforcement Program (DHE), by Highway, Oregon and Idaho*, 2008 - 2014

Controlled Total Prescription Seizures Marijuana Meth Heroin Cocaine Drugs MDMA U.S. Cash Quantity Quantity Quantity Quantity Quantity Quantity Quantity (in No. No. (in lbs) No. (in lbs) No. (in lbs) No. (in lbs) No. (in DU) No. (in DU) No. dollars) I-5 738 335 5,277 107 474 34 143 46 553 38 33,371 18 466,952 160 $ 3,855,627 US 97 304 161 1,660 41 158 4 4 19 88 14 5,498 7 1899 58 $ 1,047,836 I-84 300 113 919 31 35 5 5 9 1 19 1010 5 953 51 $ 668,491 US 395 120 82 780 2 0.005 1 0.002 2 0.1 4 10,041 29 $ 249,659 US 20 85 50 356 4 0.05 7 93 1 194 23 $ 176,304 OR 140 62 45 665 2 0.002 1 0.4 2 35 1 6 11 $ 93,406 US 101 22 12 37 1 0.2 9 $ 102,713 US 95 9 9 48 1 0.01 2 $ 11,186 US 26 7 3 3 1 1 3 $ 58,051

Notes: 1) No. = Number of Seizures; 2) lbs = pounds; 3) DU = Dosage Units. *Idaho began participation in the DHE program in August 2011; this table only includes Idaho based seizures for the period of 2012 through 2014. Source: Domestic Highway Enforcement Program. Reporting is required when an investigating officer believes a seizure is related to a DTO or when seizures are above the following limits: marijuana (at or above 2 lbs); methamphetamine (at or above 2 oz); heroin (at or above 1 oz); cocaine (at or above 2 oz); MDMA (10 DU); CPDs (no required threshold); bulk cash (at or above $1,000).

Drugs and cash are also transported into and through Oregon and Idaho by rail. Oregon has 18 freight railroads which operate on nearly 2,400 miles of rail. In 2012, the latest data available, an estimated 54 million tons of freight was moved on Oregon rail.23 Idaho currently has 12 freight railroads that operate on more than 1,700 miles of active track. An estimated 102 million tons of freight was transported on g The Domestic Highway Enforcement (DHE) Strategy promotes collaborative, intelligence-led policing in coordinated multi-jurisdictional law enforcement efforts on U.S. highways. The DHE strategy is intended to improve the investigative efforts of the HIDTA in attacking drug trafficking organizations and impact traffic safety, homeland security and other crimes.

Oregon HIDTA Program

Idaho rail in 2012, the most recent data available.24 In addition to rail freight, passenger trains also travel through Oregon and Idaho on a daily basis with individuals traveling as far north as Canada, as far south as Los Angeles, and as far east as Chicago and New York.

2. Airways

Air smuggling of illicit drugs is a threat to the Oregon HIDTA region and, given limited enforcement resources, may be an even greater threat than law enforcement is aware. With more than 400 known airfields, including airports, heliports, and other landing areas in Oregon and Idaho, with more than half that are privately used, the air threat to the HIDTA region is considerable.25 The Portland International Airport (PDX), located in Multnomah County, is the largest commercial airport in Oregon and, in 2014, served nearly 16 million passengers and more than 220,000 tons of goods.26 PDX is a hub for passenger transportation but is also a transshipment point for drug smuggling, both domestically and internationally. Other major airports in Oregon include the Eugene Airport, situated on the I-5 corridor in Eugene, the Rogue Valley International-Medford airport located in Medford in Southern Oregon, and Roberts Field – Redmond Municipal Airport located in Redmond in Central Oregon. The major airport in Idaho is Boise Airport which serves as the primary provider of air cargo service in the state. In 2011, the most recent data available, approximately 41,500 tons of cargo freight were shipped through the terminal.27

3. Parcel Services

Criminal groups are increasingly transporting illicit drugs into and out of the Oregon HIDTA region using parcel delivery services as a way to avoid law enforcement detection through other modes and rapidly move illicit drugs to destinations throughout the United States. For example, the number of drug- related parcels seized by the U.S. Postal Inspection Service nearly doubled from 2009 (5,908) to 2013 (13,389); roughly 80 percent of the parcels seized in 2013 contained marijuana.28 In Oregon, law enforcement agencies in the cities of Portland, Roseburg, Eugene and Medford have partnered with parcel delivery companies, such as FedEx, UPS, and the United States Postal Service (USPS) to intercept packages that contain suspected narcotics. These cooperative efforts have resulted in numerous seizures of illicit drugs -- primarily marijuana and drug-related cash, but also heroin, methamphetamine, controlled prescription drugs, cocaine, MDMA, and psilocybin. In 2014, law enforcement agencies in four HIDTA counties - Multnomah (102), Jackson (43), Douglas (13), and Lane (3) -- reported more than 160 marijuana parcel seizures totaling over 300 pounds.29 Reporting also indicates medical marijuana has been shipped via parcel post from Oregon to states along the east coast as well as Indiana, Illinois, Minnesota, Michigan, Tennessee, and Washington.30 Illicit drugs, mostly marijuana, methamphetamine and heroin, are also shipped through and to Idaho. For instance, in January 2015, a man was sentenced to seven years in prison and ordered to forfeit $1 million in drug profits for his role in a conspiracy to distribute heroin and oxycodone into Idaho. The drugs were hidden inside stuffed animals and candles and shipped to Boise and Meridian, Idaho through the U.S. Postal Service and FedEx by a California supplier.31

4. Sea/Ports of Entry

The smuggling and transport of illicit drugs via commercial and private maritime conveyances remains a significant vulnerability to the Oregon HIDTA region due not only to the high volume of cargo transiting the state's seaports, but the countless opportunities for illicit transport that exist along Oregon's abundant waterways. Intelligence regarding the use of maritime vessels to transport drugs into the Oregon HIDTA region is limited and the threat posed by maritime smuggling is undoubtedly larger than

Oregon HIDTA Program law enforcement is aware. The Oregon Coast covers 296 miles of the United States border running between the states of California and Washington. In addition to the Oregon Coast, the state is also composed of 2,383 square miles of rivers, lakes, and estuaries. The Columbia River, a major shipping lane, has 23 ports and flows for approximately 260 miles along the border between Oregon and Washington. The Port of Portland ranks twenty-seventh in the United States in total tonnage, with 12.9 million short tons of cargo processed through the port’s marine terminals in 2014.32 In Idaho, the Port of Lewistown is located at the confluence of the Snake and Clearwater rivers. Located 465 miles upriver from the Pacific Ocean, the port is the most inland sea port on the west coast and is Idaho’s only water port. From the port, freight shipment by truck is provided via US-12 to the east and US-95 for north- south transport.

DISTRIBUTION

Drug distribution occurs in the Oregon HIDTA region through verbal exchange,h at restaurants and nightclubs, and via online connections and social networking sites. Distribution also takes place at open-air drug markets in the Oregon HIDTA region, particularly in Portland. For example, open-air drug markets in Portland are located primarily in the vicinity of Old Town, Water Front Park, Pioneer Square and Lloyd Center, with the greatest concentration of drug sales occurring near the MAX light- rail line. Distribution of crack and powdered cocaine, marijuana, and heroin is generally area-specific; however, availability of methamphetamine has substantially increased and is distributed in all open-air market areas in Portland.33 In Idaho, retail distribution occurs mostly through verbal exchange, at restaurants and nightclubs and through texting via online connections and social networking sites.34 Criminal street gangs are largely active in retail-level distribution of illicit drugs throughout Oregon and have an especially large presence in Portland.35 Two-thirds of law enforcement officers surveyed in early 2015 indicated a moderate to high level of involvement of criminal street gangs in drug distribution, particularly heroin, methamphetamine and marijuana, in their jurisdictions. Furthermore, officers surveyed reported some involvement by criminal street gangs in different levels of drug trafficking (regional supply, wholesale drug transport, manufacture/cultivation), although local dealing was most prevalent.36

1. Methamphetamine

Methamphetamine in the form of crystal methamphetamine, or “ice,” continues to be readily available and widely used throughout the Oregon HIDTA and represents the region’s most serious drug threat. Methamphetamine is a highly addictive central nervous system stimulant that is abused for its euphoric and stimulant effects. Chronic methamphetamine abusers exhibit violent behavior, confusion, insomnia and psychotic characteristics such as hallucinations and paranoia.37 Methamphetamine-related crime, such as identity theft, abused and neglected children, and other serious person and property crimes, continues to occur at a palpable rate and is prevalent throughout the HIDTA region.

Oregon and Idaho law enforcement officers surveyed in 2015 indicated methamphetamine remains a significant threat due to its level of use and availability; nexus to other crimes such as violent activity and property crime; societal impact; and connection to drug trafficking organizations, primarily MNDTOs. Of law enforcement agencies surveyed, 62 percent reported methamphetamine as the greatest

h Verbal exchange is defined as drug dealing through face-to-face contact or phone communication.

Oregon HIDTA Program drug threat to their area,i with the majority indicating methamphetamine as the drug that contributes most to violent crime (88%) and property crime (69%) (Figure 5). Furthermore, over 60 percent of officers ranked methamphetamine as the drug that serves as the primary funding source for major criminal activity.38

Availability and Use

Availability

Analysis suggests renewed level of availability and use of methamphetamine in the Oregon HIDTA region from declines that were reported several years ago. Most methamphetamine available in the region is imported from Mexico, or to a lesser extent, produced in California and the southwest states and then transported to Oregon and Idaho. However, some methamphetamine is still locally manufactured or produced in Canada by Caucasian DTOs, Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs (OMGs), or Asian DTOs, and transported to the Oregon HIDTA.

Methamphetamine is highly available in Oregon, even with precursor chemical controls put in place in the statej and internationally.k Despite additional controls, methamphetamine continues to flow into the United States to and through Oregon and Idaho in the form of crystal methamphetamine. Nearly 90 percent of law enforcement officers surveyed in 2015 indicated that crystal methamphetamine was i Officers who responded that crystal methamphetamine was the greatest drug threat represented agencies in Oregon’s Coos, Deschutes, Douglas, Harney, Jackson, Jefferson, Klamath, Lane, Malheur, Marion, Multnomah, Tillamook, and Umatilla counties and the Warm Springs Indian Reservation as well as agencies representing Idaho’s Ada and Canyon counties. j In 2005, the Oregon Legislature passed HB 2485 and SB 907, making Oregon the first U.S. state to require a physician's prescription to purchase cold and allergy medications containing pseudoephedrine, ephedrine, or phenylpropanolamine. k The Government of Mexico implemented progressively tighter restrictions on ephedrine and pseudoephedrine imports since 2005, banning use of the chemicals in 2009.

Oregon HIDTA Program highly available in their Figure 6. Number and Quantity of Methamphetamine area during 2014, with Seizures, Oregon HIDTA Task Forces, 2007-2014 almost 40 percent reporting 700 1000 increased availability.39 600 The number of seizures and 800 volume confiscated by 500 Oregon HIDTA task forces 400 600 has grown dramatically 300 since 2007, supportive of a 400 200 rise in availability. Oregon Quantity (in lbs) 200 HIDTA task forces 100 NumberofSeizures confiscated 578 pounds of 0 0 crystal methamphetamine 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 in 2014 -- more than three Quantity in pounds Number of seizures times the quantity seized in Source: HIDTA Performance Management Database. 2010 (157 lbs) (Figure 6).40 Furthermore, methamphetamine confiscated on Oregon’s highways rose nearly sixfold from 2008 (41 lbs) to 2014 (266 lbs).41 The volume of methamphetamine seized on Idaho’s highways also rose, more than doubling from 2012 (26 lbs) to 2013 (70 lbs).42

In addition, forensic analysis of drug samples submitted to the Oregon State Police (OSP) provide additional support for the significant rise in access to crystal methamphetamine in Oregon. Of samples submitted, methamphetamine was by far the most frequent, increasing nearly 70 percent between 2009 and 2014 (Figure 7).43 Data regarding drug samples submitted for analysis in Idaho was not available at the time of publication.

Figure 7. Drug Samples Submitted to the Oregon State Police, Oregon, 2009-2014 10,000 9,000 Marijuana 8,000 7,000 Cocaine 6,000 Heroin 5,000 Meth 4,000 Rx Drugs 3,000 Other Drugs 2,000

NumberofSamples Analyzed 1,000 - 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Source: Oregon State Police, Forensic Services Division, March 2015.

Oregon HIDTA Program

Use

Indicators of use also remain high. Over one-third (36%) of people admitted for treatment in Oregon counties within the HIDTAl during 2014 reported using methamphetamine, slightly lower than those who reported using heroin (38%).44 Treatment admissions for methamphetamine use declined steadily from 2005 to 2009, but rose 12 percent between 2009 and 2014 (Figure 8).45 The most recent data available for Idaho indicates that approximately one-third of people admitted for treatment in 2012 According to the latest drug-related death statistics, the number of fatalities related to methamphetamine

Figure 8. Substance Abuse Treatment Admissions by Primary Substance of Abuse, Oregon Counties within the HIDTA, 2008-2014

6,000

5,000

4,000

3,000

2,000

1,000 Numberofadmissions 0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Meth/Amphetamines Marijuana Heroin Cocaine CPDs*

*Controlled Prescription Drugs. HIDTA Region in this figure excludes Oregon HIDTA counties in Idaho (Ada, Canyon). Note: The Addictions and Mental Health Division was transitioning data systems at the time of this report; data for 2013 and 2014 may contain anomalies and should be interpreted with caution. Source: Addictions and Mental Health Services, April 2015.

Figure 9. Substance Abuse Treatment Admissions by Primary Substance of Abuse, Idaho, 2008-2012 6,000

5,000

4,000

3,000

2,000

Number ofAdmissions Number 1,000

0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Cocaine/Crack Marijuana/Hashish Heroin Methamphetamines CPDs*

*Controlled Prescription Drugs. Source: Treatment Episode Data Set, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2008-2012. l Data is not available for Idaho’s Ada or Canyon counties.

Oregon HIDTA Program use in 2014 rose to an historic high of 140 deaths, nearly three times the number of fatalities reported in 2001 (50) (Figure 3, page 6).46 Deaths due to methamphetamine use are rarely a result of overdose; most occur from traumatic accidents where people have the drug in their systems or from physiological reactions such as seizures, strokes or heart attacks.47 The number of deaths related to methamphetamine use is not tracked in Idaho.

In addition, arrests for methamphetamine-related offenses in Oregon are the highest of any drug category.m After a steady decline between 2007 and 2009, the average number of methamphetamine- related arrests in Oregon doubled from 2009 to 2015 (Figure 10).48 In Idaho, there are far fewer arrests related to methamphetamine than for marijuana; however, the number of methamphetamine-related arrests rose nearly 70 percent from 2009 to 2013 (Figure 11).49

Figure 10. Average Drug Arrests in Oregon, 2008-2015 1,200

1,000

800

600

400

200

Average Number of Drug ArrestsDrugNumber of Average 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Meth Marijuana Heroin Cocaine

Note: Data is based on a six month moving average. Source: Oregon Criminal Justice Commission, Oregon Drug Arrest Graphs.

Figure 11. Number of Drug Arrests in Idaho, 2005-2013

10,000 9,000 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000

Numberof Drug Arrests 1,000 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Meth Marijuana Heroin Cocaine

Source: Idaho Statistical Analysis Center, Idaho State Police, May 2015.

m Includes arrests for possession, delivery, and manufacturing offenses.

Oregon HIDTA Program

Production

Precursor chemical controls at the state and federal level along with sustained law enforcement pressure have contributed to a dramatic decline in reported methamphetamine lab seizures in the Oregon HIDTA region. Oregon legislation restricting the availability of pseudoephedrine, in particular, appears to have dramatically reduced the number of methamphetamine labs reported to be operating in the state.n Law enforcement authorities seized nine (9) Figure 12. Methamphetamine Labs Seized methamphetamine Oregon, Idaho, HIDTA region, laboratories in the state in 200 CY 2005, CY 2009 - CY 2014 2014 – a 95 percent drop 180 from 2005 levels (192) (Figure 12).50 In Idaho, 160 140 methamphetamine lab Oregon seizures remain at low 120 Idaho levels; four labs were 100 HIDTA Region seized in 2014, a drop of 80 more than 60 percent from 2005 (11).51 60 ofseized labsNumber 40 Although local 20 production in the HIDTA 0 region has fallen 2005 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 dramatically in recent Source: Oregon Department of Justice, May 2015; DEA Idaho, May 2015. years, small quantities of methamphetamine are still produced in Oregon and Idaho. Most methamphetamine produced in the HIDTA region is consumed locally and manufactured in small-scale laboratories. Over 40 percent (78%) of the methamphetamine laboratories seized in Oregon and Idaho in 2014 were found in the HIDTA region with the largest number of labs seized in Canyon County, ID (2), followed by Clackamas, OR (1), Jackson, OR (1), Lane, OR (1), Marion (1), and Umatilla, OR (1) counties. The Oregon counties of Deschutes, Douglas, Malheur, Multnomah, and Washington counties, the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, and Ada County in Idaho reported no methamphetamine lab seizures in 2014 (Appendix D).52

Transportation

Nearly all methamphetamine not manufactured locally is shipped from Mexico via California or produced in California and the Southwest states and shipped north. Mexican drug traffickers have expanded distribution networks to meet continued demand for the drug by importing finished product, mostly “crystal meth” or “ice”, from outside the state and from Mexico. Analysis of Southwest Border seizures indicates that while the quantity of cocaine and marijuana has fallen in recent years, methamphetamine seizures increased more than 600 percent between 2008 and 2014 (Figure 13, page 18).53 Some production operations have also been transferred into the United States, notably to California’s Central Valley.54

n HB 2485 and SB 907 were effective July 1, 2006.

Oregon HIDTA Program

Federal reporting reveals that Mexican cartels continue to circumvent ephedrine and pseudoephedrine import restrictions implemented by the government of Mexicoo by establishing new smuggling routes for restricted chemicals, importing non-restricted chemical derivatives in place of precursor chemicals, and increasing nonephedrine-based production -- such as the phenyl-2-propanone (P2P) method.55 Reporting also indicates that Mexican cartels are refining low quality d,l-methamphetamine made from the P2P process by using ingredients such as tartaric acid as a way to remove most of the less potent l- meth, leaving a larger percentage of potent d-meth in the finished product.56

Law enforcement reporting also suggests an emerging link between Asian and Mexican organized crime groups. Recent raids in the Philippines and in China suggest a growing connection between Asian groups and the supply of ephedrine and ethyl phenylacetate – used in the production of crystal methamphetamine – to Mexican cartels. In early 2014, a raid in the Philippines led to the seizure of 84 kilograms of crystal methamphetamine and the arrest of three affiliates of the Sinaloa cartel. In September 2012, a raid of an industrial-scale facility in China resulted in over 600 kilograms of crystal methamphetamine and nearly 20 metric tons of unidentified materials used in the production of crystal methamphetamine. Of the 14 people arrested in the raid – one was a Mexican National.57

Recent data indicates methamphetamine in powder or suspended in liquid is increasingly smuggled into the United States to be converted into crystal methamphetamine at labs in states such as California, Georgia, and Texas.58 Moving the refining process across U.S. borders is likely a new approach by Mexican criminal groups to facilitate trafficking of methamphetamine; the raw product is easier to conceal and the conversion process creates few toxic by-products.59 The methamphetamine is shipped in containers such as liquor bottles and coolers and then crystalized for distribution.60 For example, in October 2014, Oregon State Police stopped a rented car on Highway 97 outside of Madras, Oregon and o The Government of Mexico implemented progressively tighter restrictions on ephedrine and pseudoephedrine imports since 2005, banning use of the chemicals in 2009.

Oregon HIDTA Program discovered 20 pounds of methamphetamine suspended in liquid concealed in the vehicle.61 In April 2012, the DEA-Eugene Task Force seized 80 pounds of methamphetamine dissolved in liquid and hidden in tequila bottles after a random traffic stop in Cottage Grove, Oregon.62 Two conversion labs have been reported in Oregon, one in Washington County in 2013 and one in Marion County in 2014.63 To date, no conversion labs have been seized in Idaho.64

Highway interdiction data indicates that Oregon is a destination as well as a pass-through state for methamphetamine transported through California from Mexico (Figure 14). DHE program data analyzed between 2008 and 2014 revealed that Oregon counties Multnomah, Marion, Klamath, and Lane were identified most often as points of destination for methamphetamine transported from California.65 Highway interdiction data for Idaho was not available at the time of publication.

Traffickers use a variety of methods to transport methamphetamine into and through the HIDTA region, such as private and commercial vehicles, trains and package delivery services. The preferred method appears to be transport of the drug along the I-5 corridor using private vehicles; however, alternate routes are used as well (see Table 3, page 10). Law enforcement reporting suggests DTOs based in central Washington and southwest Idaho supply methamphetamine to their jurisdictions utilizing U.S. Route 97 and U.S. Route 20.66 In January 2014, investigation into a semi-truck rollover crash on Highway 97 in Sherman County resulted in the largest reported seizure in Oregon history. Approximately 190 pounds of methamphetamine, 17 pounds of cocaine, and 11 pounds of heroin were recovered from the truck hidden in cargo, worth about $3 million in street value. At the time, the interdiction represented one of the single largest seizures of methamphetamine in Oregon’s history with an estimated value of $1 million.

Oregon HIDTA Program

Distribution

Mexican National DTOs are the primary wholesale distributors of Mexican methamphetamine in the HIDTA region. Hispanic and Caucasian independent dealers, Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs, and criminal street gangs are the primary retail level distributors of methamphetamine imported into the HIDTA region. Methamphetamine prices vary depending on type and quantity sold. Prices also depend largely on the ethnicity of the seller and buyer. Non-Hispanic buyers are often charged a higher price for crystal methamphetamine than Hispanic buyers. Retail distribution of crystal methamphetamine takes place in the Oregon HIDTA region through verbal exchange,p at restaurants and nightclubs, and also through connections online and through social networking sites.67 For example, in December 2013, a six-month, multi-agency investigation led by the Multnomah County Dangerous Drugs Team (DDT) into white supremacist gang activity in Multnomah County resulted in more than 40 indictments for violent crimes and drug manufacturing. Results included arrests of more than 20 gang affiliates, $50,000 in cash, 70 firearms, and eight pounds of methamphetamine.68 In 2012, the Lane County Interagency Narcotics Team (INET) and the Douglas Interagency Narcotics Team (DINT) made four arrests and seized 52 pounds of crystal methamphetamine, a stolen gun, and cash at five properties in Lane and Douglas counties.

2. Heroin

Heroin availability has increased in the Oregon HIDTA region since 2007, fueling a rise in the volume of heroin seized, number of new users and associated overdoses. Evaluation of recent indicators suggests that heroin availability and use has reached a critical level and represents a close second to methamphetamine as the region’s most serious drug threat.q The most powerful of opiate drugs, heroin is synthesized from morphine, a naturally occurring substance extracted from the seed pod of opium poppy plants. Cultivation of opium has expanded in Mexico and has led to increased trafficking and availability of brown powder and black tar heroin in the HIDTA region.

Availability and Use

Availability

Nearly a quarter (24%) of law enforcement officers surveyed in Oregon and Idaho in 2015 indicated that heroin was the principal threat to their area due to the substantial rise in availability and the increase in the number of new and younger users and associated overdoses. Over 75 percent of officers surveyed reported that a high level of heroin was available in their area in 2014. Survey results from 2015 also support an increase in heroin availability in both Oregon and Idaho. Over half of the officers surveyed indicated heroin availability rose in their area in the last year, primarily in counties bordering or near the I-5 corridor (Jackson, Lane, Linn, Marion, Multnomah, Washington), coastal counties located along Highway 101 (Coos, Lincoln, Tillamook), rural counties located in the eastern half of the state (Harney, Klamath, Malheur, Umatilla), and in Idaho’s Canyon and Ada counties.69

p Verbal exchange is defined as drug dealing through face-to-face contact or phone communication. q Officers who responded that heroin was the greatest drug threat represented agencies in Benton, Clackamas, Lane, Lincoln, Marion, Multnomah, and Washington counties.

Oregon HIDTA Program

Access to the drug has grown as evidenced by the rise in the number of heroin seizures and the quantity confiscated by Oregon HIDTA task forces; total seizures in 2014 (133 lbs) were over nine times higher than the total seized in 2007 r 70 (14 lbs) (Figure 15). , Figure 15. Number and Quantity of Heroin Seizures, Forensic analysis of drug Oregon HIDTA Task Forces, 2007-2013 samples suggests a rise in 250 500 heroin availability in Oregon. Of samples submitted, heroin 200 400 more than doubled between 150 300 2009 and 2014 (Figure 6, page 71 13). 100 200

Quantity Quantity (in lbs) 50 100

Although Afghanistan produces NumberofSeizures the vast majority of the world’s 0 0 heroin supply, most heroin 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 imported into the United States Quantity in pounds Number of seizures is from Mexico. Opium poppy cultivation in Mexico has Source: HIDTA Performance Management Database. increased dramatically since 2000, an unintended outcome of Mexico’s war on organized crime which redirected soldiers from poppy eradication to urban peacekeeping.72

Additionally, policy changes related to medical and legalized marijuana in the United States have inadvertently encouraged Mexico’s narco-farmers to expand opium cultivation. As more states have legalized medical marijuana -- and more recently, recreational marijuana -- most cannabis in the United States increasingly originates from domestic rather than imported sources, significantly weakening the Mexican marijuana market.73 Land dedicated to poppy cultivation has also increased overall since 2000 with a corresponding rise in heroin seizures along the Southwest Border (Figure 16).74 Increased production and supply from Mexico has contributed to lower prices and greater availability in a number of major market areas in the United States, including the Oregon HIDTA region.75

Figure 16. Opium Poppy Cultivation (CY 2000-2012) and Total Southwest Border (SWB) Heroin seizures, Mexico (CY 2001-2014)

25,000 2,500

20,000 2,000

15,000 1,500

10,000 1,000

5,000 500

SWB Seizures SWBSeizures (in kilograms) Poppy Poppy Cultivation hectares) (in

- -

Poppy Cultivation (in hectares) Total SWB Seizures (in kilograms)

Source: Opium/Heroin, Net Cultivation of Opium Poppy in Selected Countries, 1998-2013 (Hectares), United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2014 (note: cultivation data for 2012-2014 not available for Mexico); The International Heroin Market, ONDCP (2012 cultivation data); Heroin seizures, Southwest Border, National Seizure System. r Heroin volume reached a high of 220 pounds in 2012 due to two unusually large seizures by HIDTA Interdiction Team (HIT) (55 lbs) and the Medford Area Drug and Gang Enforcement Team (MADGE) (47 lbs).

Oregon HIDTA Program

Use

The decrease in price and wider availability of heroin in both tar and powder form have encouraged more people to experiment with the drug, raising the potential for addiction. Historically a problem largely confined to Portland, Oregon, heroin use has spread to smaller cities and rural areas in the HIDTA region. Heroin in powder form can be effectively smoked or snorted rather than injected which heightens its appeal to new users who are concerned about the stigma associated with injection drug use. Of particular concern is the increase in the number of young people using heroin, potentially giving rise to a new population of addicts.

The actual number of heroin users is unknown in the Oregon HIDTA region; however, the extent of use can be estimated by looking at other measures, such as related arrests, treatment admissions, and fatalities. For example, heroin-related arrests grew nearly fourfold in Oregon since 2009 (January 2009- 2015), exceeding arrests for marijuana in 2013 (Figure 10, page 16).76 In Idaho, arrests for heroin have also increased, rising over threefold from 2009 to 2013 (Figure 11, page 16).77 A closer look at Oregon statistics shows that arrests for heroin possession reflect about three-quarters of all heroin arrestss and rose over 300 percent between 2008 and 2014 (Figure 17). Furthermore, the number of people who admit to regular heroin use at intake in the Oregon Corrections System rose over threefold from 2008 (248) to 2014 (751). Prison admissions based on heroin-related felonies as the most serious offense category also increased from 2008 (72) to 2014 (226) (Figure 17).

Figure 17. Number of Statewide Arrests, Number of Admissions at Oregon Department of Corrections (ODOC), and Number of Individuals Who Admit to Using Heroin at Intake, Heroin, 2008-2014 300 800

700 250 600 200 500

150 400

300 100 200 50

100 Number of Arrests and Admissionsand Arrestsof Number

0 0 UseIntakeat HeroinNumberReporting 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Heroin Arrests - Delivery (Oregon) Heroin Arrests - Possession (Oregon)

Total Heroin Admissions (ODOC) Self-Reported Use at Intake (ODOC)

Sources: Arrests, Drug Arrest Graphs, Criminal Justice Commission; Admissions and Self-Reported Use, Oregon Department of Corrections.

Treatment for heroin addiction has also increased significantly in Oregon and Idaho in the last decade. The number of adults entering publicly-funded treatment for heroin use in Oregon grew 55 percent from 2008 (3,376) to 2014 (5,245), surpassing marijuana admissions in 2013. When confined to the HIDTA region, heroin use accounted for the highest number of admissions in 2014 (Figure 8, page 15).78 In comparison, while heroin admissions in Idaho fell below admissions for treatment of marijuana, s Includes arrests for possession, manufacture, and delivery.

Oregon HIDTA Program methamphetamine and controlled prescriptions drugs, heroin-related treatment in the state nearly doubled between 2008 (159) and 2012 (302) (Figure 9, page ?).79

A broader analysis of heroin-related treatment admissions in Oregon suggests that use is highest overall among those who are male, between the ages of 21 and 29 years old, and who live in an urban area. However, a closer look at the data reveals a more complex picture of heroin use in the state. The number of younger people in treatment for heroin has grown in the last decade. In 2002, the largest group of users was between the ages of 35 and 49; however, by 2012, most addicts were between the ages of 21 and 29 years (Figure 18).80 Additionally, heroin use appears to no longer be only an urban problem. For example, between 2009 and 2013, heroin admissions increased nearly 200 percent in rural counties, while urban areas increased about 35 percent.81 Oregon counties with the highest increase in heroin admissions per capita between 2009 Figure 18. Heroin Treatment Admissions by Age Group, Oregon, 2002, 2009-2012 and 2013 were Union (1,135%), 50% Yamhill (788%), 45% Coos (477%), and 40% 82 12-17 years Douglas (427%). 35% 18-20 years 30% 21-29 years Another indicator of 25% 30-34 years heroin use in the 20% Oregon HIDTA 35-49 years 15% region is the number 50+ years 10% of associated deaths. Series7

Historically, most 5% Percent of heroin treatment admissionstreatmentof heroinPercent drug-related deaths 0% in Oregon have been 2002 2009 2010 2011 2012 Source: Treatment Episode Data Set -- Admissions (TEDS-A) - Oregon, 2002, 2009-2012, Substance Abuse and connected to heroin Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. use. In 2012, heroin- related deaths reached 147, the highest total reported since 2000.83 However, the number of related fatalities dropped to 111 in 2013 and 2014. Nearly half (49%) of heroin-related deaths in 2014 occurred in Multnomah County (54), followed by Washington (14), Clackamas (12), Linn (7), Marion (6), Josephine (4), Deschutes (3), Douglas (2), and Jackson (2), with seven counties recording only one related death in 2014 (Benton, Clatsop, Columbia, Hood River, Klamath, Lincoln, Yamhill) (Figure 3, page 6). The number of deaths related to heroin use is not tracked in Idaho.

Fatalities connected to heroin use are usually caused by overdose. Heroin can differ tremendously in purity and dosage because sellers often mix or “cut” the drug to varying degrees with other substances, such as sugar or other drugs (e.g., cocaine, prescription drugs), to increase their profit margin. This unpredictability can easily lead to accidental overdose in users, especially those who are inexperienced or who have relapsed and have lower tolerance levels.

One possible reason why heroin-related deaths dropped from 2012 to 2014 in Oregon is a change in state law that allowed wider access to the anti-overdose drug, naloxone.t In July 2013, the law was changed to allow the drug to be possessed and administered by anyone who completes training -- t Naloxone is an opiate receptor antagonist that quickly attaches to opioid receptors in the body, preventing heroin from activating them.

Oregon HIDTA Program including a user’s friends, family, or caseworker -- rather than solely by medical professionals. According to the World Health Organization, more than 20,000 deaths could be prevented annually in the United States if naloxone was more widely available.84 As of April 2015, 32 states and the District of Columbia have expanded the application of naloxone beyond medical personnel saving over 10,000 lives.u,85 In Oregon, the Multnomah County Health Department reported 1,160 needle exchange clients were trained and received naloxone kits with a total of 481 overdose reversals reported as of October 14, 2014.v,86 Most of the naloxone dispensed was to friends (73%), followed by strangers (15%), self (8%), and family members (3%).87 Officials reported that heroin-related deaths have fallen by 41 percent in Multnomah County since the law broadening access to naloxone went into effect.w,88 Additionally, law enforcement agencies in several counties have implemented naloxone programsx; in January 2015, Portland Police Bureau officers deployed naloxone twice, reversing two heroin overdoses.89 Furthermore, the concern that heroin use might increase because of the perceived “safety net” of naloxone on hand does not appear to be supported by research. Data collected on naloxone distribution in community settings showed no increase in use, with some studies reporting a reduction in self- reported use.90

Reporting also indicates that the heroin user demographic has changed -- more youth are becoming addicted and more people are developing a heroin addiction because of an opiate dependency that resulted after being prescribed pain medication. Overprescribing of pain medications and ease of access to the drugs through friends and family has contributed to a high number of people who are opiate dependent in the United States, including residents in Oregon and Idaho. Opiate dependence is especially high in Oregon. In a recent national study, Oregon ranked second in the United States during 2012 and 2013 for reported rates of past year use of non-medical pain relievers by people ages 12 or older (Figure 19).91 According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, roughly half of young people who inject heroin reported abusing prescription Figure 19. Past Year Nonmedical Pain Reliever Use, opioids before initiating by Age Group and National Ranking, Oregon and heroin use.92 A 2013 Idaho, 2012-2013 NSDUH 12 study revealed that the 5th 18th heroin incidence rate 10 nationally was 19 times higher among individuals 8 6th who reported prior 6 2nd 15th nonmedical use of 27th 2nd prescription drugs 4 29th compared with those who 2 93 did not. In Oregon, Percentage ofResponses nearly half (45%) of 0 heroin users participating Total 12-17 18-25 26+ in a syringe exchange Oregon Idaho program in Multnomah Total equals all respondents 12 and older. Source: National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) 2012-2013. u Includes the following states: NM, NY, IL, WA, CA, RI, CT, MA, NC, OR, CO, VA, KY, MD, VT, NJ, OK, UT, TN, ME, GA, WI, MN, OH, DE, PA, MI, ID, WV, MS, ND and AR, the District of Columbia. v STD/HIV/Hepatitis C Program (includes participants at Outside In and Multnomah County Health Department syringe exchanges). w SB 384 was effective June 6, 2013. x Includes Multnomah (Lake Oswego Police Department, Portland Police Bureau), Marion (Salem Police Department), and Jackson (Medford Police Department) counties.

Oregon HIDTA Program

County stated they were addicted to prescription drugs first before initiating heroin use.y,94 Additionally, recent safeguards and more stringent prescription drug monitoring systems have made popular prescription opiates, such as oxycodone, more difficult to abuse and harder to obtain on the black market, unfortunately leading some addicts to switch to using heroin because it is cheap and readily available.

Transportation

With production of heroin increasing in Mexico, transportation of the drug is facilitated by DTOs that use established drug trafficking and distribution networks to expand their market in the United States -- some offering free samples to users of other illicit drugs. Illicit smuggling has thrived due to the inherent challenges of monitoring vast amounts of air, ocean, and vehicular traffic along porous borders with limited law enforcement resources. Heroin is transported into or through Oregon from California and, more rarely, from southwest states such as Arizona and Nevada. Law enforcement reporting indicates that the Portland metro area serves as the main distribution hub in the Oregon HIDTA region for heroin transported north from Mexico.

Mexican National DTOs dominate the trafficking of Mexican black tar heroin and Mexican brown- powdered heroin into and through the Oregon HIDTA region and to states such as Washington and Idaho. Mexican local independent dealers also transport Mexican black tar heroin and Mexican brown- powdered heroin into the HIDTA region, but to a lesser extent. These groups and independent dealers transport the drug to the region from Mexico, California, and southwestern states primarily via private and commercial vehicles, typically using Interstate 5, U.S. Highways 101 or 97.

The volume of heroin confiscated on Oregon highways has increased considerably in the last several years. The amount of heroin seized in 2013 (41 lbs) was nearly seven times the quantity reported in 2009 (6 lbs) with historic quantities removed in 2012 and 2013. For example, large seizures were reported outside of Ashland, Oregon in 2012 (55 lbs) and 2013 (31 lbs) both headed northbound on Interstate-5 to destinations in Oregon and Washington.95 Heroin volume fell in 2014 (19 lbs), but still represented more than three times the amount seized on Oregon highways in 2009 (6 lbs). In contrast, the total quantity of heroin confiscated from Idaho highways from 2012 to 2013 remains low (2.7 lbs) and reflects the comparatively low incidence of use in the state.96

Distribution

Heroin distribution occurs in the Oregon HIDTA region through verbal exchange,z at restaurants and nightclubs, and via online connections and social networking sites. Distribution also takes place at open- air drug markets in the region, particularly in Portland, Oregon. For example, open-air drug markets in Portland are located primarily in the vicinity of Old Town, Water Front Park, Pioneer Square and Lloyd Center, with the greatest concentration of drug sales occurring near the MAX light-rail line.

Wholesale distribution of black tar and brown powder heroin in the HIDTA region is largely controlled by Mexican National DTOs.97 Hispanic and Caucasian independent dealers are the primary retail level distributors. Criminal street gangs also distribute Mexican black tar heroin at the retail level, but to a

y STD/HIV/Hepatitis C Program (includes participants at Outside In and Multnomah County Health Department syringe exchanges). z Verbal exchange is defined as drug dealing through face-to-face contact or phone communication.

Oregon HIDTA Program lesser extent. Reporting from law enforcement suggests that the number of criminal groups distributing heroin has increased. Distributors who previously sold only methamphetamine or cocaine have entered the heroin market, luring new customers with low prices and free samples.

3. Marijuana

Marijuana is highly available and widely used in the Oregon HIDTA region. Marijuana refers to the leaves and flowering buds of hemp plants, the most widespread variety being cannabis sativa. Cannabis sativa contains chemicals known as “cannabinoids”; THC (delta-9-tetrahydro-cannabinol) is the cannabinoid largely responsible for the psychoactive effects of the plant. A high volume of marijuana is produced in the HIDTA region from indoor methods which typically produce better quality plants and multiple crops year-around. In addition, the HIDTA region contains many remote areas, including dense forests and mountainous regions, which allow DTOs to cultivate marijuana on public and private lands with little risk of detection.

Availability and Use

Availability

Locally-produced marijuana, and to a lesser extent, Mexico and Canada-produced marijuana and BC Bud, are available in the HIDTA region. Concentrates such as hash or honey oil and wax, as well as THC-infused products (e.g., cookies, candies, beverages) are becoming more prevalent. Nearly all of the Oregon and Idaho law enforcement officers Figure 20. Number and Quantity of Marijuana Seizures, surveyed in 2015 Oregon HIDTA Task Forces, 2007-2014 reported a high level of 25,000 1200 marijuana available in 1000 the last year (97%); 20,000 800 over three-quarters 15,000 indicated that 600 concentrates were 10,000 highly available (77%) 400 Quantity Quantity (in lbs) 5,000 with nearly half (44%) 200 NumberofSeizures noting a recent rise in prevalence.98 - 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 The amount of Quantity in pounds Number of seizures marijuana available in Source: HIDTA Performance Management Database. the region has grown over the last decade due, in part, to the proliferation of DTO-operated indoor and outdoor cultivation operations but also to criminal exploitation of the Oregon Medical Marijuana Program (OMMP).aa Despite more product availability in the region, the volume of marijuana seized by Oregon HIDTA task forces dropped over 80 percent between 2011 and 2014 (Figure 20). The decline in aa The Oregon Medical Marijuana Act (ORS 475.300 – 475.346) was passed into law in 1998 and established a state- controlled permit system. The Oregon Medical Marijuana Program (OMMP) was created to administer the registration program in May 1999. The law conflicts with national safety regulations and requirements for medicines established by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

Oregon HIDTA Program seizures is largely connected to the dramatic drop in plants seized from outdoor MNDTO cultivation sites in Oregon as well as the abundance of marijuana produced at out-of-compliance medical grows in the state. For example, since 2009, the number of MNDTO grow sites and outdoor plants seized has fallen -- likely the result of a number of factors, including removal of key MNDTO organizations through successful federal prosecutions, a possible shift in location of MNDTO operations to areas with minimal law enforcement presence, agency budget shortfalls, and greater involvement by agencies in larger, more time-consuming investigations.

However, lower seizure volume may also be linked to the rising amount of marijuana available from out-of-compliance medical grows that is diverted through the black market. Analysis reveals that the total number of out-of-compliance plants confiscated reflected 70 percent of indoor plants eradicated in 2014; greater than the proportion reported for 2007 (12%), 2008 (7%), 2010 (26%), 2012 (30%) and 2013 (50%). Counties with the highest number of indoor marijuana cases involving suspects with OMMP cards were Clackamas, Multnomah, and Jackson.99 After dropping slightly in April 2013, the total number of OMMP cardholders rose to over 107,000 by April 2015, close to six times the number of cardholders reported in April 2006 (15,894) (Figure 21; Appendix B).

Figure 21. Oregon Medical Marijuana Cardholders, April 2006 - April 2015 120,000

107,024 100,000

89,246 84,021 79,930 80,000 71,317 60,709 60,000 59,183 55,807 49,851 53,117

40,000 39,774 31,600 32,929 35,707 NumberofCardholders 30,063 24,799 28,214 26,813 20,783 20,974 20,000 15,894 20,935 16,635 16,922 14,050 10,775 10,626 6,733 8,164 5,119 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Total Cardholders Patients Caregivers

Source: Oregon Medical Marijuana Program, Oregon Health Authority, April 1, 2015.

Under the OMMP program, each patient is allowed to possess 1.5 pounds of dried marijuana and up to six mature plants and 18 seedlings, the equivalent of 7.5 pounds or more than 3,000 joints per patient at any one time.bb, 100 Individuals registered as caregivers can cultivate marijuana for an unlimited number of OMMP patient cardholders. With six mature plants and eighteen immature plants per patient, caregivers can legally possess plants numbering in the thousands. This provides a legal loophole for large quantity caregivers to exploit the program by claiming they are growing for legitimate OMMP patients. In addition, the number of establishments set up to dispense medical marijuana -- commonly bb Based on the standard Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) estimate that one marijuana plant typically produces one pound of processed marijuana. A typical marijuana cigarette contains from .5 to one gram of marijuana.

Oregon HIDTA Program referred to as cannabis clubs, centers, and cafes -- has grown in Oregon since 2010, particularly in Multnomah and Washington counties.101 The establishments are for the most part storefront businesses that charge membership fees to customers and claim to dispense marijuana only to individuals with active OMMP cards. In 2013, the Oregon Legislature passed House Bill 3460 which authorized the legal registration of medical marijuana dispensaries in Oregon beginning March 1, 2014. As of June 3, 2015, 302 dispensary applications have been approved.102

In November 2014, Oregon voters passed Measure 91 which allows the personal use and possession of recreational marijuana by adults 21 and older under state law. Beginning July 1, 2015, marijuana users can grow up to four (4) plants and possess up to eight (8) ounces per residence in Oregon. Marijuana will also be available for purchase in retail stores; however, the license application process will not begin until January 2016. The law’s impact in Oregon is not yet known, but trends reported in Colorado and Washington – two states that have legalized marijuana for recreational use – may be indicative of what to expect: increased use -- particularly by youth; increased exposure cases; increased public use; greater incidence of intoxicated driving; greater prevalence of THC extraction labs and related explosions; exploitation of the law as a cover for illicit grow operations; and a higher degree of drug trafficking in and out of the state.103

Use

According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, reported marijuana use by people 12 years and older has expanded in the United States since 2007.104 Moreover, 70 percent of people reporting use of drugs in the last year indicated their first illicit drug was marijuana.105 Use of marijuana among Oregon residents remains high compared to most other states. The latest national survey results reveal that in 2012 and 2013, Oregon ranked fifth in the nation for marijuana usecc by people ages 12 and older.106 Marijuana use across all age groups in the state was consistently well above the national average in 2012-2013, but was significantly higher for people between the ages of 18 and 25 years (Figure 1, page 5). Although marijuana use in Idaho ranked lower than most other states in 2012-2013 (38th), use of the drug is prevalent in the state, mostly by people between the ages of 18 and 25 years (Figure 2, page 5).107

Admissions for marijuana use in Oregon counties within the HIDTA reflect the third largest proportion (24%) of any major illicit drugdd in 2014; however, treatment admissions for marijuana dropped more than 40 percent between 2001 and 2014 (Figure 8, page 15).108 The drop in admissions may be related to fewer referrals for court-ordered treatment due to a decline in marijuana arrests. Arrests for marijuana have steadily decreased in Oregon, dropping nearly 60 percent between 2011 and 2015 (Figure 10, page 16).109 Treatment for marijuana use has generally increased in Idaho since 2010, accounting for the highest number of admissions of any major illicit drug in 2012, the most recent data available.110 (Figure 9, page 15). In addition, marijuana arrests in the state reflect nearly three-quarters (74%) of all drug-related arrests and increased 45 percent between 2008 and 2013 (Figure 10, page 16).111

Statistics related to drug-impaired driving in Oregon were recently evaluated. Data provided by the Oregon State Police Drug Evaluation Classification Program (DEC) revealed that in the last seven years (2008-2014), the single drug category most often detected through toxicology results was marijuana (Figure 22, page 29). The frequency of all drugs detected fell 20 percent from 2013 to 2014, largely due

cc Based on participants’ self-report of marijuana use in past month. dd Categorized as Meth/Amphetamines, Marijuana, Heroin, Cocaine.

Oregon HIDTA Program to staffing issues – reduction in officers available to evaluate cases of drugged driving has resulted in fewer opportunities to identify incidents of drugged driving.112

Figure 22. Drug-Impaired Driving, Oregon, 2008-2014 700

600

500 Cannabis

400 Stimulants Depressants 300 Narcotic Analgesics Other

200 Frequency of detection of Frequency

100

0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Source: DRE Year-End Summary Reports 2008-2014, Oregon Drug Evaluation Classification Program, Oregon State Police. Stimulants include drugs such as methamphetamine, cocaine, and Adderall; Depressants include drugs such as Valium, Prozac, and Xanax; Narcotic Analgesics include drugs such as heroin, oxycodone, and Vicodin; Other includes hallucinogens, PCP, and inhalants. Drug categories are not mutually-exclusive. Graph excludes alcohol-related cases and drivers impaired solely from health-related problems ("medical rule-outs").

Cannabis potency, largely due to the development and implementation of more sophisticated growing techniques, has increased in the last decade. Analysis reveals that the average percentage of THC in Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) seized samples (includes cannabis, hashish, and hash oil specimens) has grown dramatically in the United States, increasing 75 percent from 2003 (7.15%) to 2013 (12.55%).113 Higher potency has been linked to serious health risks to users, such as acute toxicity and mental impairment.114 For example, past studies have linked marijuana use, especially if started at an early age, to disorders such as schizophrenia and to motivation, attention, learning, and memory impairments.115 For example, a 2013 study found that chronic use of marijuana was associated with abnormal changes in brain structure related to working memoryee with effects that may last years after cessation of use.116 Casual use may also be detrimental to brain development. According to a preliminary 2014 study published in the Journal of Neuroscience, young adults between the ages of 18 and 25 years who used marijuana just once or twice a week showed significant abnormalities in brain regions responsible for processing emotions, making decisions, and motivation.117

Production

The majority of marijuana available in the Oregon HIDTA region is produced locally -- grown and transported from indoor or outdoor cultivation operations in the region (Figure 23, page 30). Product transported from other states, Mexico, and Canada, is available, but to a smaller degree. The region’s temperate climate, excellent soil, and extensive remote rural and forested areas are valuable natural resources which are exploited for growing marijuana outdoors. Outdoor marijuana cultivation operations

ee Working memory is the ability to remember and process information in the moment and transfer the information to long- term memory.

Oregon HIDTA Program on public, private timber, and tribal lands with a documented connection to MNDTOs have been discovered in counties in Oregon and Idaho since 2004.118

In addition, the Oregon HIDTA region harbors a significant number of indoor grows. These operations, some of which utilize hydroponic methods and strict environmental controls, are capable of producing high-quality marijuana that is in demand and distributed locally, nationally, and internationally. Most illicit indoor marijuana cultivation in the HIDTA region is independently operated by local Caucasian producers (including producers who criminally exploit the OMMP) and Asian organized crime to a lesser degree.

An emerging trend is the production and distribution of liquid THC, a highly potent distillation of marijuana that produces concentrates such as hash oil, honey oil, and marijuana wax which can contain up to 90 percent THC. Liquid THC is odorless and is commonly sold in marijuana food items such as candy or baked goods. Liquid THC production is expected to rise due in part to higher profits that result from a process that involves little waste (stems, leaves and bud are used), concealment advantages of moving a smaller bulk commodity, and a growing market for marijuana edibles and product that has strong psychoactive effects.119

Indoor marijuana cultivation operations pose a significant health risk to law enforcement investigators and civilians who come into contact with electrical power diversion, chemicals and fertilizers, and black mold at residences used as grow sites. Public safety hazards also exist when marijuana is converted into liquid THC. Highly volatile solvents such as isopropyl alcohol and butane are often used in distillation, a

Oregon HIDTA Program dangerous process that releases harmful vapors and an explosive fuel-air mixture that can be initiated by an open flame, spark or static discharge.120 At least ten major explosions related to the production of butane hash oil have occurred in Oregon since 2011.121 For example, during 2013, the Westside Interagency Narcotics (WIN) team responded to three separate explosions caused by people manufacturing butane hash/honey oil in residences in Washington County. In each case, the primary suspects were either critically injured or killed and the homes and apartment involved were completely destroyed from the force of the explosions and ensuing fire. In July 2014, an explosion caused by a man extracting butane hash oil in his vehicle, parked at a Tigard, Oregon parking lot, destroyed two cars and damaged three others.122

Hash oil explosion, Tigard, Oregon, July 2014. Over the past several years, Asian crime groups have established large coordinated indoor grow operations in Oregon, Washington and Northern California. Reporting from law enforcement indicates that Asian criminal groups, particularly those of Vietnamese descent, have increasingly moved cannabis operations from British Columbia to the United States to minimize smuggling risks and costs.123 Reports from drug task forces in Multnomah and Clackamas counties indicate Asian organized crime involvement in several large marijuana cultivation operations in the Portland Metropolitan area. In September 2013, the Westside Interagency Narcotics (WIN) team concluded a long-term investigation into an Asian DTO that converted over a dozen residential homes in Washington County to grow marijuana, shipping high potency product to the east coast and Midwest. In cooperation with multiple law enforcement agencies, WIN conducted search warrants at 16 locations in the county which resulted in seizures of six vehicles, $200,000 in cash, 2,800 marijuana plants, and nearly 60 pounds of dried marijuana that was ready for shipment. Eleven of the primary DTO leaders were indicted on 87 criminal counts including racketeering, money laundering, and manufacture and delivery of a controlled substance. The Office of National Drug Control Policy awarded the WIN team with the National HIDTA Award for Outstanding Marijuana Investigative Effort for this case.

The number of marijuana plants confiscated from indoor and outdoor cultivation sites has gradually declined in the Oregon HIDTA region since 2009. The decline continued in 2014 (12,621), with a 40 percent drop from the number of plants reported seized in 2013 (21,108) (Figure 24, page 32; Appendix C).124 For example, outdoor plant eradication totals fell to approximately 10,000 plants in 2014, the lowest reported total since 2003.125 There are several possible reasons for the reduction in seizures. Successful federal prosecutions may have removed key organizations responsible for grow sites in long- established areas of operation or served to motivate DTOs to shift operations to areas with minimal law enforcement presence. Another possibility may be that greater involvement by agencies in larger, more time-consuming investigations along with budget shortfalls -- including turnover or reassignment of experienced staff -- has curtailed opportunities to identify many grows.

In addition, the volume of plants confiscated from indoor operations in the Oregon HIDTA region has dropped since 2009. Seizures from illegal indoor cultivations fell more than 80 percent between 2009 (14,759) and 2014 (2,419). Increasingly limited resources, shifting priorities, and difficulties inherent in investigating and prosecuting illicit medical marijuana grow sites may partially explain the drop in indoor plant counts in recent years. For example, fewer indoor plants seized since 2009 may be connected to law enforcement resource limitations. Location of indoor grows is often difficult and time- consuming. Another possible explanation for reduced counts is the rising popularity of medical

Oregon HIDTA Program marijuana which has contributed to a larger number of related grow sites in the HIDTA region. For example, the number of indoor marijuana plants reported seized from out-of-compliance OMMP grows in Oregon in 2014 (2,316) was 70 percent of total indoor plants seized in 2014.126

The attraction of growing marijuana for profit is evident when production costs and potential earnings are compared. According to a 2010 study by the RAND Drug Policy Research Center, production costs ranged from $150 a pound for marijuana grown outdoors to $300 a pound for indoor plants – a substantial return when compared to street prices which are about a factor of ten higher than estimated production costs per pound.127

Transportation

Caucasian DTOs, and Asian organized crime to a lesser degree, generally control transportation of locally-produced indoor marijuana in the Oregon HIDTA region. Caucasian DTOs and independent groups control out-of-compliance medical marijuana grown indoors and outdoors in the HIDTA region. Mexican criminal groups largely control transportation of outdoor marijuana produced on remote public or private lands in Oregon and Idaho. Traffickers use a variety of routes and methods to transport marijuana into, through and out of the HIDTA region. BC Bud normally originates in British Columbia and is smuggled across the U.S.-Canada border via Canada Route 99–U.S. Interstate 5 in private vehicles, commercial trucks, buses, boats, aircraft, or on foot - often hidden in backpacks or duffel bags. Mexican marijuana is transported from southwestern states and southern California to the HIDTA region primarily by means of Interstate 5 or U.S. Coastal Highway 101 largely in private and commercial vehicles. However, the majority of marijuana is grown locally and shipped for distribution largely via the highway system, or by methods such as parcel post, within the HIDTA region or transported across state borders to adjacent states (California, Idaho, Washington) and eastward to regions primarily in the Midwest, East Coast, and Southwest (Figure 25, page 33).ff The Oregon counties of Jackson, Josephine,

ff Highway seizures for the state of Idaho were not available at the time of this report.

Oregon HIDTA Program

Lane, and Multnomah were identified most often as points of origin for marijuana trafficked to other states.128 Highway interdiction data for Idaho was not available at the time of publication.

Distribution

Caucasian local independent dealers are the primary distributors of wholesale amounts of indoor marijuana produced in the Oregon HIDTA region while MNDTOs are the primary distributors of marijuana cultivated from outdoor grows in the region and Mexico-produced marijuana. Asian and Caucasian DTOs are the primary wholesale distributors of marijuana produced in Canada. Nearly all criminal groups in the HIDTA region sell marijuana at the retail level.

Marijuana prices vary throughout the HIDTA region depending on type and quantity sold. Locally- grown marijuana with higher THC content is considerably more expensive than Mexico-produced marijuana. Users report locally-grown marijuana -- including bud produced within the HIDTA region by MNDTOs -- and BC Bud are comparable in quality and potency and are preferred over marijuana grown in Mexico.

Drug trafficking organizations, particularly Mexican National criminal groups, frequently use profits from marijuana sales as a means to finance smuggling of other drugs such as methamphetamine, heroin, and cocaine. Nearly one-third of officers surveyed in 2015 ranked marijuana as the drug that serves as the primary funding source for major criminal activity.129

Oregon HIDTA Program

4. Controlled Prescription Drug Use

The threat posed by misuse of controlled prescription drugs (CPDs)gg has risen significantly in the last decade. Drug poisoning, mostly in the form of overdoses, is currently the leading cause of injury death in the nation.130 According to a 2014 national study, one in five people ages 12 and older who first started using drugs in the past year began with nonmedical use of prescription drugs, mainly pain relievers.131 Recent data suggests a decline in misuse that may be a positive result of changes in prescribing guidelines, implementation of prescription monitoring programs, and introduction of tamper- proof pain reliever formulas. However, decreased misuse of pain relievers is also connected to the rise in heroin use; many users of prescription opiates have reportedly switched to using heroin because it’s cheaper, easier to obtain, and more potent than diverted prescription opiates. CPD diversion occurs in the Oregon HIDTA region mostly through illicit acquisition from friends or relatives, but also through residential or pharmacy burglaries, theft, forged prescriptions, doctor shopping, street purchases, and smuggling across state borders.132

Availability and Use

Availability

The rise in misuse of CPDs is due in large part to greater availability through increased and liberal prescribing of opioids by doctors and ease of access to the drugs through friends or family. According to a 2014 federal study, Oregon ranked fourth highest in the nation for the rate of extended release opioid prescriptions dispensed in 2012.133 In addition, nearly half of the roughly seven million prescriptions for Table 4. Top 12 Prescriptions, January 2014 - December 2014 CPDs dispensed at Oregon retail hh Drug Number of Rx % of all Rx pharmacies in 2014 were for opioids ; the Hydrocodone 1,806,497 26.5% second most prescribed class of Oxycodone 1,148,971 16.8% medications was for benzodiazepines.ii,134 Zolpidem 442,314 6.5% (Table 4). Data related to prescription Lorazepam 417,760 6.1% drugs dispensed in Idaho was not Alprazolam 358,215 5.2% available at the time of publication. Clonazepam 321,067 4.7% Amphet (ASP/AMPHET/D-AMPHET) 302,092 4.4% Non-medical use of prescription drugs is Methylphenidate 241,560 3.5% Morphine 237,608 3.5% often perceived by people as a safe Pseudoephedrine 216,482 3.2% alternative to illicit drugs with diversion Diazepam 172,451 2.5% occurring most often through family or 135 Methadone 106,751 1.6% friends. Over 60 percent of Oregon and Source: Prescription Drug Monitoring Year-To-Date Report, Oregon Idaho law enforcement officers surveyed Health Authority, January 2014 - December 2014, Issue 19, Year 4. in early 2015 indicated a high level of illicit prescription drugs available in their area, with one agency representative in Clackamas County, Oregon stating CPDs as the county’s greatest drug threat (Figure 5, page 13). Over 60 percent of officers surveyed (63%) indicated a high level of narcotics, such as oxycodone (e.g., OxyContin) and hydrocodone (e.g., Vicodin), were diverted gg Controlled prescription drugs are regulated under the Federal Controlled Substances Act (CSA) which classifies drugs under five schedules according to their potential for abuse, their use in accepted medical treatment in the United States, and their potential for physical or psychological dependence. hh Derived from opium poppies and used for pain relief; includes hydrocodone, oxycodone, morphine, methadone, fentanyl. ii Central nervous system depressants used as sedatives; includes zolpidem, lorazepam, alprazolam, clonazepam, diazepam.

Oregon HIDTA Program in their region, with a smaller percentage reporting high levels of depressants (30%), stimulants (19%), and steroids (10%).136 Of the CPDs seized by Oregon HIDTA task forces in 2014, nearly three-quarters (74%) were prescription opioids (including methadone), followed by benzodiazepines (24%) (Figure 26).

Figure 26. CPDs Seized in the Oregon HIDTA, 2014

0.4% 2% 0.3%

Prescription opioids (excluding methadone) 23% Methadone

Benzodiazepines

Anti-depressants, 65% Sedative-Hypnotics 9% Psychostimulants

Muscle Relaxants

Use

In the Oregon HIDTA region, the use of controlled prescription medication , largely pain relievers, has grown dramatically in the last decade. The most recent national survey data revealed that Oregon ranked second in the United States during 2012 and 2013 for reported rates of past year use of non-medical pain relievers by people ages 12 or older.137 While use was high among all age categories, the largest proportion of users was between the ages of 18 and 25. The percentage of residents reporting past year use has declined in Oregon since 2008; however, use remains at a high level compared to other states.138 Non-medical use of pain relievers is also high in Idaho, particularly for people between the ages of 18 and 25 years (Figure 17, page 23).139

The number of admissions to hospitals and treatment facilities related to CPD misuse has substantially increased since 2000, declining only recently. For example, the number of admissions to Oregon hospitals related to opioid overdose showed the most dramatic increase with prescription opioids rising over fivefold between 2000 and 2011 before dropping by 18 percent in 2012 (Figure 27, page 36).140 Similarly, the rise in admissions for treatment related to misuse of CPDs -- the majority associated with use of narcotics-based medications -- has grown in Oregon since 2008, but declined 25 percent between 2012 and 2014 (CY 08-CY14, Figure 8, page 15).141 Hospital admission data was not available for Idaho; however, admissions related to CPD misuse nearly doubled at treatment facilities in the state from 2008 to 2012 (Figure 9, page 15).142

Oregon HIDTA Program

Figure 27. Unintentional Overdose Hospital Discharge Rates, Oregon by Drug Type, 2000-2012

18.0

16.0 Opioid

14.0 Methadone 12.0 Heroin 10.0

8.0 Benzodiazepine

6.0 Antiepileptic, sedative, hypnotic, psychotropic 4.0 Rate Rate per 100,000 Residents Psychostimulant 2.0

0.0 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12

Source: 2014 Drug Overdose Deaths, Hospitalizations, Abuse & Dependency among Oregonians, Oregon Health Authority, Center for Prevention & Health, 5/30/2014.

The incidence of deaths related to misuse of prescription drugs has declined steadily since 2011, but remained at high levels in Oregon in 2014. Despite a decline of 28 percent from 2011 (193), the number of prescription overdose deathsjj in Oregon in 2014 (139) was higher than the number of deaths related to use of heroin (111) and nearly matched total deaths associated with methamphetamine use (140). Of the 139 confirmed fatalities related to the use of prescription drugs, oxycodone was highest (59), followed by methadone (54), and hydrocodone (26) (Figure 3, page 6).143 According to Oregon epidemiologists, poisoning mortality in the state is largely driven by deaths connected with prescription opioids -- drugs intended for pain management but that are frequently misused or diverted.144 An analysis of death rates related to unintentional prescription opioid poisoning in Oregon increased nearly 400 percent between 2000 and 2006 but declined nearly 40 percent between 2006 and 2013.145 The rate of death associated with methadone poisoning decreased 58 percent between 2006 and 2013 (3.8 to 1.6 per 100,000) 146 The number of deaths related to misuse of controlled prescription drugs is not tracked in Idaho.

An emerging trend is the diversion and use of fentanyl in the United States. Fentanyl is a Schedule II drug that is 30 to 50 times stronger than heroin, 100 times stronger than morphine, and is the most potent opioid available for medical use. Fentanyl and fentanyl analogues present a significant danger to users as well as public safety workers who come in contact with the drug. Due to its rapid rate of absorption, fentanyl can be fatal at doses as small as a quarter milligram.147 Despite strict controls, fentanyl is diverted through methods such as pharmacy robberies, forged prescriptions and illicit distribution by patients and medical providers. Illicit producers also employ chemists to manufacture the drug in clandestine labs.

The number of DEA lab submissions related to fentanyl in the United States was over three times higher in 2014 (3,344) when compared to 2013 (942).148 Recent related submissions have been significant, jj The number of fatalities related to prescription drugs is not included in calculation of total drug-related deaths based on cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, and drug combination categories.

Oregon HIDTA Program mainly in the Northeastern United States and California, with a huge seizure of 12 In January 2015, a Portland, Oregon man was arrested for his 149 involvement in the large-scale distribution of fentanyl sold kilograms reported in 2014. According through the black market website, Evolution. The Oregon to the Oregon State Police Forensics HIDTA Interdiction Team working in conjunction with North Services Division, the number of fentanyl Dakota’s Grand Forks Narcotics Task Force made the arrest samples submitted for analysis in Oregon which was linked to six fentanyl overdose cases, one of which has recently increased, with most resulted in the death of a man in North Dakota. Following the arrest, four more overdose cases were linked to the subject in submissions originating in the Portland the Portland Metro area. A search warrant of the subject’s 150 Metro region. residence and vehicles resulted in 100 grams of fentanyl citrate, heroin, packaging and mailing materials, and cash. Further The high rate of controlled prescription investigation revealed the suspect purchased 750 grams of pain reliever misuse is concerning and has fentanyl citrate -- a street value of $1.5 million -- in November 2014 through a Canadian supplier and received packages of the likely contributed to the Oregon HIDTA drug by FedEx from a shipper in Shanghai, China. region’s growing heroin problem. Oregon In a related incident in March 2015, the suspect’s girlfriend was and Idaho law enforcement officials report charged with smuggling fentanyl into the Multnomah County that heroin use in their jurisdiction has Jail, causing at least three of her fellow inmates to overdose. expanded partly because users of Sources: Oregon man accused of selling fentanyl that led to N.D. prescription opiates, such as oxycodone, death, Bismark Tribune, 3/20/15; 3 OD on dangerous drug in Portland jail; feds say inmate smuggled contraband inside her body, Oregonian, have switched to heroin because it is easier 3/14/15. to obtain, cheaper, and provides a more intense high than diverted prescription opiates.151 Evidence suggests that non-medical use of prescription drugs may lead to use of illicit drugs, particularly heroin.152 A study published in 2011 reported that four out of five injection drug users misused an opioid drug before they began to inject heroin.153 More recently, a 2013 analysis revealed that the heroin incidence rate was 19 times higher among individuals who reported prior nonmedical use of prescription drugs compared with those who did not.154

Implementation of prescription monitoring programs, revised prescribing guidelines, and the introduction of tamper-proof pain reliever formulas have achieved a measure of success in reducing misuse of prescription pain relievers over the last few years. For example, the Prescription Drug Monitoring Program (PDMP),kk in operation in Oregon for more than three years, provides a web-based tool for practitioners and pharmacists to identify patients at risk for physical dependence and overdose.155 A recent evaluation of the PDMP showed that 96 percent of system users checked the PDMP when they suspected addiction, abuse or diversion.156 Additionally, revised guidelines and practices such as the removal of methadone as a preferred drug dispensed to Medicaid patients during heroin detox and amendments by practitioners regarding appropriate doses and lengths of time for patients to use opioid painkillers have also likely had an impact.157

Furthermore, attempts have been made to discourage abuse of the more popular and highly abused forms of prescription opioids such as OxyContin. In 2010, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration introduced a new, controlled-release formula for OxyContin designed to deter misuse of the medication. In addition, in August 2014, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration moved hydrocodone combination products from Schedule III to Schedule II which imposes the most restrictive controls and sanctions which are reserved for drugs with accepted medical use that have the highest potential for harm and abuse.158 Unfortunately, users have found ways to defeat the improved formulas, such as taking larger quantities than recommended.159 kk The Oregon Prescription Drug Monitoring Program (PDMP) became operational in September 2011. PDMP requires pharmacies to submit data weekly for all Schedule II – IV controlled substances dispensed.

Oregon HIDTA Program

Transportation/Diversion

National studies on use suggest that CPDs are largely diverted through family or acquaintances. Among people ages 12 and older who reported using pain relievers non-medically in 2012-2013, over half acquired the drug from a friend or relative for free (53%) and about 15 percent obtained pain relievers through purchase or by taking the drug from a friend or relative without asking. Only four percent obtained pain relievers from a drug dealer or stranger, and less than one percent bought drugs on the Internet. Other methods included acquisition through a prescription from one doctor (21%), multiple doctors (3%), or other methods including fake prescriptions and theft from pharmacies (4%).160

Similarly in the Oregon HIDTA region, CPD diversion occurs mostly through illicit acquisition from friends or relatives, but also through methods such as residential or pharmacy burglaries, doctor shopping, theft, forged prescriptions, traditional drug dealing, internet purchases and smuggling across state borders.161 About one-quarter (26%) of law enforcement officers surveyed in Oregon and Idaho in 2015 indicated that organized trafficking of CPDs occurs in their area, noting smuggling via package delivery services, forged prescriptions, trafficking of CPDs across state borders, and involvement by criminal gangs and DTOs.162 In June 2010, the HIDTA Interdiction Team (HIT) received information that a DTO was involved in a large-scale OxyContin/oxycodone smuggling and distribution organization based in Portland, Oregon with ties to Florida, Nevada, Utah and Colorado. By March 2011, members of a joint federal taskforce in Oregon executed 13 search warrants in five states, seizing numerous bank accounts and high-end vehicles. The investigation resulted in 15 federal indictments and multiple seizures including over 10,000 OxyContin pills with a street value estimated at more than $300,000.

Law enforcement reporting suggests an increase in CPD diversion in some areas in 2014. The number of reported seizures by Oregon HIDTA task forces in 2014 (214) was over three times the number seized in 2008 (60) and included mainly narcotic analgesics, followed by sedatives, and stimulants.163

Prescription drugs are Figure 28. Characteristics of Internet Drug Sites Selling also diverted through Prescription Medications, December 1, 2014 internet purchases. 12,000 10,924 Dishonest internet, or “rogue” pharmacies, 10,000 9,293 profit from the sale of 8,000 6,195 controlled prescription 6,000 5,224 medications to buyers 4,000 who have not seen a 2,476 NumberofSites doctor or do not have 2,000 1,268 256 a prescription from a 0 legitimate doctor. Total Sites Potentially Do Not Issue Rx per Based Sell Foreign Sell Verified Legitimate Require Online Outside Drugs Controlled According to a recent Sites Valid Rx Consult or U.S. Substances study conducted by Survey the Government Source: Internet Drug Outlet Identification Program, Progress Report for State and Federal Regulators, Accountability Office January 2015, National Association of Boards of Pharmacy. (GAO), an estimated 36,000 rogue sites were in operation in February 2014, most of which operate from foreign countries and illegally ship substandard or counterfeit drugs into the United States.164 In a review of nearly 11,000 web sites selling prescription medications, 98 percent were out-of-compliance with United States pharmacy laws and practice standards (Figure 28).165

Oregon HIDTA Program

5. Cocaine

Cocaine is an addictive stimulant derived from coca leaves that is typically distributed as a crystalline powder or a cocaine base (“crack”). Both varieties are abused in the Oregon HIDTA region; however, cocaine powder is more widely available than crack. Crack cocaine is most prevalent in the Portland Metropolitan area.

Availability and Use

Availability

Federal analysis indicates availability of cocaine in most U.S. markets has dropped since 2006. The decline is largely attributed to reduced production in Colombia, disruptions in supply related to conflicts between DTOs in Mexico over favorable smuggling routes, and increased law enforcement efforts targeting DTOs.166 Approximately one-quarter of Oregon law enforcement officers surveyed in 2015 reported powder cocaine was available to a moderate degree in their area in 2014, primarily in the state’s Portland Metro and Southern regions. In contrast, over 80 percent reported that a low level of crack cocaine was available – only agencies in Multnomah and Clackamas counties reported moderate to high availability.167 Agencies surveyed in Idaho reported that both powder and crack cocaine are available in only rare instances in the state.168

In the Oregon HIDTA region, while the volume of cocaine seized by Oregon HIDTA task forces has fluctuated since 2007, the number of seizures has declined more than 40 percent since 2011 (Figure 29).169 In addition, cocaine samples submitted to the Figure 29. Number and Quantity of Cocaine Seizures, Oregon State Police support Oregon HIDTA Task Forces, 2007-2014 a decline in availability in 350 200 Oregon; samples analyzed fell nearly 60 percent 300 between 2009 and 2014 250 150 170 (Figure 6, page 13). 200 100 Data regarding cocaine 150 samples submitted for 100 analysis in Idaho was not Quantity (in lbs) 50 available at the time of 50 NumberofSeizures publication. Highway 0 0 seizures also show a 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 decline in Oregon; the Quantity in pounds Number of seizures number of cocaine-related Source: HIDTA Performance Management Database. highway interdictions in the state fell over 70 percent from 2008 to 2014 with the quantity dropping nearly 70 percent between 2011 (154 lbs) and 2014 (53 lbs).171 The volume of cocaine seized on Idaho highways is generally low; however, in March 2013, 26 pounds were confiscated from a U-Haul truck headed eastbound on Highway 20 and destined for Minnesota.172

Oregon HIDTA Program

Use

Despite decreased availability, reporting suggests cocaine use is still relatively high in areas such as the Portland, Oregon Metro region, as well as in Lane and Jackson counties.173 However, addiction levels remain low in other areas of the HIDTA region. Related arrests for cocaine in Oregon declined nearly 70 percent between January 2007 and January 2015 (Figure 9, page 15).174 Furthermore, treatment admissions for the drug have decreased in the HIDTA region; the number of individuals admitted to treatment facilities for cocaine fell nearly 80 percent from 2008 (975) to 2014 (222) (Figure 7, page 14).175 Admissions for treatment of cocaine use have also declined in Idaho, dropping more than 50 percent from 2008 to 2011, before rising slightly in 2012 (Figure 9, page 15).176 Despite a slight rise in related deaths from 2013 (12) to 2014 (16), fatalities related to cocaine use are the second lowest total since before 2001 (Figure 3, page 6).177 The number of deaths related to cocaine use is not tracked in Idaho.ll

Transportation

Mexican National DTOs dominate the transportation of powdered cocaine into and through the Oregon HIDTA region. Caucasian DTOs and criminal street gangs also transport cocaine in the region, but to a lesser extent. These groups transport the drug from Mexico, California, and southwestern states to and through HIDTA region. Most cocaine available in the area is transported overland from Mexico, California, and southwestern states by private and commercial vehicles via Interstates 5 and 84 and U.S. Highways 20, 97, and 101. DTOs also transport cocaine using couriers on commercial airlines and trains, maritime shipments, and commercial package delivery services. Crack cocaine which is not converted from powdered cocaine at or near distribution points in the HIDTA region is often transported from California.

According to federal sources, a nexus exists between cocaine transiting across the United States into Canada and marijuana and MDMA smuggled to the United States from Canada. Asian criminal groups based in British Columbia use trafficking networks to transport MDMA and high-potency marijuana across the Northern border to cocaine distributors in the United States. Cocaine is exchanged for MDMA and/or marijuana; at which point cocaine is transported to Canada and MDMA and marijuana are further distributed to regions in the United States.178

Distribution

Primary distributors at the retail level include Mexican National DTOs, Caucasian DTOs, Hispanic and Caucasian local independent dealers, and criminal street gangs. Although crack cocaine is rarely sold at the wholesale level in the Oregon HIDTA region, the drug is commonly distributed at the retail level by criminal street gangs and Hispanic, Caucasian, and African-American dealers.

6. Other Drugs

A number of other drugs, including designer drugs and plant-based hallucinogens, are available in the Oregon HIDTA region. "Designer drugs” belong to a group of clandestinely produced drugs which are ll The Idaho Department of Health and Welfare does not track cause of drug-related deaths by specific drug type.

Oregon HIDTA Program deliberately created, or “designed,” to mimic other drugs of abuse, but with a slightly modified chemical structure. Designer drugs available and used in the HIDTA region include MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxy- methamphetamine), and to a lesser extent, synthetic cannabinoids, bath salts, DMT (Dimethyl- tryptamine), buprenorphine, LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), and 25I-NBOMe. Psilocybin (hallucinogenic mushrooms) is also available and is generally used by teenagers and young adults at social venues in urban areas and on college campuses. Designer drugs are obtained from a variety of sources, including local production, retail outlets, the internet, and through cross border trafficking of finished product.

Availability and Use

MDMA is a Schedule I drug under the Controlled Substance Act and is commonly distributed in powder form or pressed into pills and sold as “Ecstasy.” The drug is popular among teenagers and young adults who frequent social settings such as raves, bars, nightclubs, and private parties. “Molly,” a street name commonly used to refer to the powder or crystal form of MDMA, appears to be gaining popularity in the HIDTA region.179 The growing appeal of Molly may be due to the perception by users that MDMA in powder form is purer than Ecstasy, which has the reputation for being adulterated with other substances such as methamphetamine and caffeine. Additionally, greater use of the drug may be due to higher availability of MDMA powder because it is easier to smuggle than Ecstasy pills.

The rise in availability and use of synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic stimulants is a growing problem in the United States and appears to be gaining popularity in the HIDTA region.180 The number of calls about exposures to synthetic cannabinoids increased nearly 40 percent in the United States from 2013 (2,688) to 2014 (3,677).181 Reporting from Oregon counties, Multnomah, Clackamas, and Umatilla, indicates that synthetic drug availability has risen in the last year, with increased use by young adults.182 Chemical compositions of synthetics are frequently modified by manufacturers as a way to circumvent government bansmm on key ingredients. The continually changing mix of chemicals used in manufacturing processes, along with a lack of quality controls and consistent dosage, leads to physical and psychological effects that are highly unpredictable and dangerous.

Synthetic cannabinoids, commonly referred to as “Spice,” are a large family of compounds that mimic THC, the psychoactive ingredient in marijuana. Synthetic chemicals are applied to inert plant material (dried herbs), labeled “not for human consumption,” and marketed to adolescents and youth under various labels (e.g., K2, Aroma) on the internet and in convenience stores, gas stations and “head shops.”nn Users have reported experiencing paranoid delusions, psychosis, and loss of consciousness.183 In 2012, synthetic marijuana was linked to six cases of sudden kidney failure in Oregon and Southwest Washington.184 Even a single dose can be extremely hazardous due to the unrefined way in which producers spray chemicals on the plant material – material that is sprayed unevenly will create hot spots where the chemical concentration is dangerously high.185 Between 2010 and 2014, Oregon HIDTA task forces seized 786 pounds of synthetic cannabinoids, mostly in the Portland Metro area and to a lesser extent in Douglas, Jackson and Lane counties.186

mm On January 4, 2013, the Synthetic Drug Abuse Prevention Act of 2012 went into effect permanently placing 26 types of synthetic cannabinoids and cathinones into Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act. In January 2015, the DEA added three new forms of synthetic cannabinoids to its list of banned substances. nn A store specializing in paraphernalia used for consumption of recreational drugs.

Oregon HIDTA Program

Synthetic cathinones,oo such as bath salts, are stimulants that have recently emerged as designer drugs in the United States. The drugs are packaged as legitimate beauty and household products (labeled “not for human consumption”) such as bath salts, plant food/fertilizer, and vacuum fresheners and are available at head shops, independently owned gas stations and convenience stores, and on the internet. Users typically ingest, inject, snort, or smoke synthetic cathinones to produce effects which mimic amphetamine use but that are not detectable on routine drug tests. Use of bath salts is reportedly highly dangerous with associated effects of extreme agitation and paranoia, delusions, and suicidal thoughts.187 Over 500,000 dosage units of synthetic stimulants in the form of bath salts were reported by Oregon HIDTA task forces from 2011 through 2014, mainly in the Portland Metro area.188

The hallucinogen, N,N- In February 2014, two Oregon teenagers were rescued by an off- Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), is also duty police officer after he witnessed one of the teens having a available and is mainly used by young seizure on the side of the road in Sherwood, Oregon. After a call for adults in the HIDTA region. DMT is assistance, the second teen fell into a seizure. The teenagers had found in certain plants and can be ingested the drug 25I-NBOMe, a Schedule I synthetic hallucinogen similar to LSD but with more dangerous side effects. NBOMe extracted or synthetically produced in compounds first arrived on the streets in 2011 and are connected to clandestine labs from substances easily at least 19 overdose deaths in the United States. Data suggest that purchased on the internet. Effects of the extremely small amounts of the drug can cause seizures, cardiac drug are similar to other hallucinogens arrest, and death. but are short-lived, lasting about 35-45 Sherwood teens OD on synthetic drug ‘25i’, KGW.com, 2/2/14; Three minutes. Between 2010 and 2014, more synthetic drugs become illegal for at least two years, DEA, 11/15/13. Oregon HIDTA task forces seized more than 80,000 dosage units of DMT, largely from the Portland Metro area.189

Buprenorphine is a Schedule III substance and is a highly potent synthetic drug used in opioid dependence and pain management. The drug is about 20 to 30 times more potent than morphine and produces severe respiratory depression when combined with other central nervous system depressants such as benzodiazepines.190 Suboxone is the most commonly abused form of buprenorphine and includes naloxone, which is added to discourage misuse through crushing pills as a way to snort or inject the drug. Law enforcement reporting indicates a rise in the amount of buprenorphine seized in the United States.191 Over 50 seizures totaling 4,165 dosage units related to buprenorphine and Suboxone were reported by Oregon HIDTA task forces between 2010 and 2014.192

The designer drug 25I-NBOMe is a Schedule I synthetic hallucinogen that mimics the effects of LSD but with more severe side effects, including cardiac and respiratory arrest, seizures, and death. The drug is typically available in powder or liquid and laced in edible items or soaked into blotter paper.193 To date, no seizures of 25I-NBOMe have been reported by Oregon HIDTA task forces.194

Psilocybin, the psychoactive ingredient found in certain mushrooms, is another drug that is available and used in the HIDTA region. Psilocybin mushrooms grow wild in Oregon and are produced indoors for illicit use. The mushrooms are often covered with chocolate to mask their bitter flavor and to disguise the illicit product as candy. Psilocybin produced in the HIDTA region is shipped to destinations throughout the state and across state borders. High school and college students are the most common users of the drug, with use normally occurring at raves. Over 100 pounds of psilocybin have been seized by Oregon HIDTA task forces between 2009 and 2014, largely in Southern Oregon (Lane, Douglas, and Jackson counties), Deschutes County and the Portland Metro area.195 oo MDPV (3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone), mephedrone, methcathinone.

Oregon HIDTA Program

Production

Law enforcement reporting indicates that MDMA is rarely manufactured in the Oregon HIDTA region but is commonly imported from Canada and Europe.196 Clandestine MDMA laboratories have been found in other states such as California and may indicate a trend toward producing the drug locally. Several MDMA labs were recently discovered in Oregon, one in Deschutes County in 2013, one in Lincoln County in February 2014, and one in Linn County in February 2015 (Appendix D). To date, no MDMA labs have been seized in Idaho.197

HIDTA task force reporting suggests that the level of DMT production has recently increased in the HIDTA region.198 DMT is found in a variety of plants, in some amphibians, and can be produced synthetically in clandestine labs. The root bark, Mimosa tenuiflora (hostilis), is a major source of DMT and is widely available on the internet. A total of nine (9) DMT labs were discovered and reported between 2012 and 2014 in Oregon in the following counties, Columbia (1), Douglas (1), Jackson (1), Josephine (1), Klamath (1), Lane (2), Lincoln (1), and Washington (1). No DMT labs were reported seized in Idaho during this period (Appendix D).199

Psilocybin is also available and used in the Oregon HIDTA region. Psilocybin grows wild in cow pastures in Oregon and is also cultivated indoors. These indoor psilocybin grow sites are typically located in Oregon HIDTA’s southern region, primarily in Lane and Jackson Counties. The psilocybin cultivated in the Oregon is consumed locally and is also shipped to other parts of the state and worldwide.

Transportation

DMT and MDMA not produced in Oregon is manufactured in other states or countries and transported into the HIDTA region. Although MDMA labs were discovered in Oregon recently, the vast majority of the drug originates in Canada. According to law enforcement reporting, most production and cross- border trafficking of MDMA occurs in British Columbia and is largely controlled by Asian DTOs.200 These groups acquire the precursor chemicals from China, including MDP2P (3,4 methylene- dioxyphenyl-2-Propanone), the main ingredient needed to produce MDMA. Seizures at the Canadian border have declined from peaks reported in 2008 and 2009; however, smuggling remains a threat.201 MDMA transported across the international border from British Columbia primarily travels south through Washington and Oregon to California to distribution hubs in Los Angeles and Sacramento. Further distribution occurs locally and to other hubs throughout the United States.202 The drugs are primarily transported into the United States through private vehicles and package delivery services, although commercial vehicles, private planes, and courier via commercial airlines are also used as smuggling methods.203

Synthetic cannabinoids and cathinones are generally manufactured in other countries, such as China and Peru, and are commonly available on the internet, at head shops, or independently-owned convenience stores. For example, in December 2014, a man responsible for running an international drug trafficking and money laundering operation that sold $5 million worth of designer drugs Suspected DMT lab, Medford Police, Ashland out of the Portland/Vancouver area was sentenced to eight years in Oregon, September 2013.

Oregon HIDTA Program prison. The operation involved use of the Internet to market and sell drugs purchased through a shipper in Peru. Over 500 pounds of synthetic drug products were seized as well as hundreds of pounds of dried plant materials making the operation one of the largest identified on the West Coast.204

LSD is generally manufactured in other states and transported into the HIDTA region. 25I-NBOMe is generally sold on the internet while buprenorphine is available through diversion methods such as doctor shopping, theft, forged prescriptions, as well as internet purchases. Psilocybin mushrooms cultivated in Oregon is consumed locally, but is also shipped to other parts of the state and worldwide.

Distribution

Distributors of designer drugs in the Oregon HIDTA region use established associations centered on social venues, such as raves, restaurants, nightclubs, or private parties to sell drugs at the retail level as well as through connections made online and through social networking sites.205 Tightly-knit distribution groups and individual entrepreneurs distribute most of the psilocybin in the state. In addition, distributors in the Oregon HIDTA region also have been known to sell psilocybin to buyers outside of HIDTA boundaries.

VI. ILLICIT FINANCE

Legitimization of illegally obtained money, or “money laundering,” allows criminals to transform illicit gain into seemingly lawful funds or assets. All drug trafficking organizations in the Oregon HIDTA region engage in money laundering based upon the size and scope of the organization. As in other regions, investigators find that local DTOs launder money and utilize the proceeds to acquire goods and property.

According to the Office of National Drug Control Policy, an estimated $65 billion dollars is spent annually in the United States on illegal drugs while only about $1 billion is seized per year by all federal agencies combined.206 Federal authorities estimate that only about five cents of every $100 that is smuggled across the Southwest Border is intercepted.207 Since 2001, Mexican National DTOs, and to a lesser extent Canadian-based DTOs, have adapted to enhanced anti-money laundering policies and procedures at U.S. financial institutions by making bulk cash smuggling the primary method by which drug proceeds are moved.208 DTOs also use structured money transfers through money remitter services or banks to launder drug proceeds and transfer profits outside of the country. New financial products and technology, such as stored value cards and e-currency, also provide opportunities for DTOs to facilitate cross-border movement of illicit drug proceeds.

Oregon HIDTA initiatives have active investigations into money laundering activities. For example, in 2013, HIT officers conducted a controlled delivery to a Portland residence after the team’s narcotics K-9 alerted to the package at a commercial distribution center. HIT members were given consent to search the suspect’s parcel, residence and cell phone. Results from additional search warrants and follow-up investigations led to seizure of $187,950 in U.S. currency, 19 pounds of marijuana, four firearms, eight gold coins, a silver bar, and a 2011 Toyota Tundra.

Results from the 2015 Drug Threat Assessment Survey indicated the most commonly identified money laundering methods reported by Oregon and Idaho law enforcement officers were largely bulk cash

Oregon HIDTA Program movement and money services businesses, followed by bank structuring, cash-intensive businesses or front companies, prepaid cards, real estate, electronic commerce, casinos, trade-based, and informal value transfer systems. Officers surveyed indicate involvement of Mexican, Caucasian and Asian DTOs in nearly all types of money laundering activities, particularly bulk cash movement, money service businesses, bank structuring, prepaid cards, and cash-intensive businesses.209

Banks and other depository institutions remain the primary gateway to the U.S. financial system where illegal proceeds can be moved instantly by wire or commingled with legitimate funds.210 For example, the most common filing of suspicious activity for Oregon in 2014 was the category of “Structuring/ Money Laundering” (56%). Other filings were related to user-defined “other suspicious activities,” fraud, and identification documentation (e.g., social security number fraud) (Figure 30).211 The most common filings of suspicious activities in Idaho were not available at the time of publication.

Figure 30. Characterizations of Suspicious Activity for Oregon for the Period of January 1, 2014 through December 31, 2014

1,277 1,500

Identification Documentation

Fraud 11,799 18,558 Other Suspicious Activities

Structuring/Money Laundering

Note: The total for each category is a combined sum of filings from depository institutions, money services businesses, securities and futures firms, insurance companies, casinos, and other financial institutions. The category of Other Suspicious Activities is a free text option where users may describe additional activites. Source: FinCEN, May 2015.

Smuggling bulk cash out of the United States is a well-established scheme by which traffickers bypass financial transparency reporting requirements.pp Cash is the preferred payment method by criminal groups with large amounts easily concealed in vehicles, commercial shipments, express packages, and on private aircraft or boats.212 Within the Oregon HIDTA, MNDTOs and criminal groups transport cash in bulk to southwestern states where funds are often aggregated and then smuggled to Mexico.

Additionally, Asian DTOs and criminal groups use bulk cash smuggling to move illicit drug proceeds from the region through transport in private vehicles via ports of entry (POEs) along the U.S.-Canada border.213 Despite a drop in 2014, the number of cash seizures made by Oregon HIDTA task forces

pp Bank Secrecy Act filing requirements state that individuals who physically transport, ship, mail, or receive currency or monetary instruments in excess of $10,000 across U.S. borders must file FINCEN form 105, Report of International Transportation of Currency or Monetary Instruments (CMIR).

Oregon HIDTA Program

more than doubled Figure 31. Number and Quantity of Cash Seizures, Oregon HIDTA Task Forces, 2007-2014 between 2007 (180) $8.0 700 and 2014 (469), with approximately $5.3 $7.0 600 $6.0 million in illicit 500 proceeds confiscated $5.0 400 in 2014 (Figure 31). $4.0 300 $3.0 200 Currency $2.0

Dollars Dollars (in millions) interdictions in 100 NumberofSeizures $1.0 Oregon collected $- 0 through the DHE 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 program were Dollars (in millions) Number of seizures recently analyzed. Source: HIDTA Performance Management Database. DHE program statistics revealed over 384 seizures of bulk cash in Oregon between January 2008 and December 2014. Seizures during this time period totaled more than $5.8 million, the largest of which was a vehicle seized moving southbound on I-5 containing over $400,000 in 2009. Although the number of currency-related interdictions reported moving north (148) were slightly higher than the number reported moving south (125) between 2008 and 2014, the total value of currency seizures headed south ($3.6 million) was twice the value of northbound seizures ($1.8 million). Most of the currency seized moving north was reported to originate from California (80) and destined for Washington (36) or Oregon (26). A majority of currency seized southbound on Oregon highways was reported to originate in Washington (49) or Oregon (45) and destined primarily for California (79) (Figure 32).214 Highway interdiction data was not available for Idaho at the time of publication.

Oregon HIDTA Program

Drug trafficking is unquestionably centered on monetary gain. And, with every investigation, task force investigators evaluate the potential for the seizure of assets obtained as a result of the drug trafficking enterprise. Drug proceeds reported by Oregon HIDTA task forces for 2014 totaled $83.9 million, over seven times the amount of proceeds seized in 2004 ($11.2 million). In 2014, Oregon HIDTA task forces seized approximately $7 million in drug-related assets, with $5.7 million seized in cash/currency and $1.4 in other assets seized (e.g., vehicles, firearms).215

VII. OUTLOOK

Methamphetamine and heroin will remain significant drug threats in the Oregon HIDTA region due to sustained availability and the societal impact of abuse and associated criminal activity. Local manufacturing of methamphetamine will remain at low levels while crystal methamphetamine will continue to be imported across U.S. borders from large-scale laboratories in Mexico. Expanded methamphetamine production in Mexico, despite strict Government of Mexico chemical control laws, will continue to sustain the flow of crystal methamphetamine into the United States, including the Oregon HIDTA region. Incidence of crystal methamphetamine transported in raw form, such as liquid or powder, will likely rise due to the advantages of easy concealment and fewer toxic by-products during production. Methamphetamine-related crimes such as identity theft, property and violent crimes will continue to follow the trend of abuse.

The abuse and trafficking of opiate drugs, namely heroin and prescription pain relievers, will continue to expand. Heroin trafficking and use will rise as production in Mexico continues to grow and as users of prescription opiates increasingly switch to heroin because it is less expensive, more available and provides a more intense high than diverted prescription opiates. The number of young users will likely grow as abuse of prescription opioids continues to serve as a gateway to heroin use. Additionally, more prescription opiate users who shift to using heroin will likely lead to a higher rate of intravenous drug use and a greater potential for the spread of infectious disease. The wider use of naloxone will reduce the number of heroin overdose deaths and will likely not increase the incidence of heroin use. Mexican National DTOs operating in the state will continue to control the transportation and distribution of heroin to and through the Oregon HIDTA region.

Outdoor production of marijuana will continue to be controlled by Mexican National DTOs in the HIDTA region. Law enforcement and prosecution efforts in HIDTA counties will likely drive DTO operations to areas with less law enforcement presence and minimal risk of detection. Furthermore, budgetary shortfalls will continue to impact the ability of law enforcement officers to effectively locate and eradicate outdoor grow sites due to prioritization of resources, displacement of staff, and diminished provision of flight time.

Exploitation of current medical marijuana laws will continue to encourage larger indoor marijuana grow operations, impede law enforcement efforts to investigate illegal marijuana operations, and contribute to the volume of marijuana trafficking through and out of Oregon. Home invasion robberies and theft will likely increase as the number of grow sites proliferate. Liquid THC production -- and incidence of butane hash oil lab explosions -- is expected to rise as the market expands for marijuana edibles and demand increases for product that has a strong psychoactive effect. Marijuana abuse will rise, particularly by young people, as the drug becomes more available and as it is increasingly perceived as legitimate and safe to use.

Oregon HIDTA Program

Prescription drug abuse and trafficking will continue to rise provided that these drugs remain widely available, easily accessible and are perceived as safe, “legal” alternatives to illicit drugs. In addition, as a greater number of opioid users switch between CPDs and heroin, more heroin and polydrug distributors will likely add diverted pharmaceuticals to their drug supplies to exploit an expanding customer market. The proliferation of rogue pharmacies that dispense CPDs without a prescription and do not comply with pharmacy laws and standards will continue to be a public health and safety concern.

Trafficking of cocaine in the Oregon HIDTA region will continue to decrease as production levels continue to drop in source countries such as Colombia and as demand for the drug declines.

The demand for synthetic, or designer, drugs is expected to rise due to the wide availability of related chemicals, drugs and products. Transportation of MDMA from Canada will continue to be controlled by Asian criminal groups due to sustained access to precursor chemicals in China. As synthetic drugs such as synthetic cannabinoids and cathinones become more regulated, producers will alter the chemical composition to create new “licit” versions of the drugs. In addition, users will likely use the internet with greater frequency to purchase raw chemicals and products containing unregulated ingredients.

Mexican National DTOs operating in the Oregon HIDTA region will continue to control the transportation and distribution of heroin, methamphetamine, cocaine, Mexican-produced marijuana, and marijuana cultivated from outdoor grows in the region. Caucasian DTOs and independent groups will continue to control transportation and distribution of locally-produced indoor marijuana. Asian criminal groups will likely continue to expand cannabis operations and trafficking capabilities in the Oregon HIDTA region – especially with regard to high-potency marijuana.

Bulk cash smuggling and money service businesses will remain the primary methods of transferring drug revenues into, through, and out of the Oregon HIDTA region. Interdiction efforts by law enforcement officers will continue to impede the flow of drug proceeds through the region, impacting crime groups that rely on these funds to operate.

VIII. METHODOLOGY

The Oregon HIDTA threat assessment was developed through consideration of information from a variety of sources. Quantitative information was collected and reviewed from a variety of measures such as drug seizures and arrests, census, drug testing, drug-related deaths, substance abuse admissions to treatment facilities, and drug-impaired driving. National surveys, survey interviews with Oregon and Idaho law enforcement officers, and Oregon and Idaho drug task force reporting were also considered when evaluating trends in use, production and cultivation levels, and the presence and level of involvement of organized criminal groups in trafficking, distribution, and related criminal activity.

Oregon HIDTA Program

COUNTER-DRUG STRATEGY

IX. INTRODUCTION

The Oregon High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area (HIDTA) Counter-Drug Strategy is the Executive Board’s plan to reduce the identified drug threat in the Oregon and Idaho HIDTA areasqq. The Counter Drug Strategy is linked to the drug threat and initiatives through a clear delineation of the relationship between the problems posed by the threat, the actions to be taken by the participating agencies and the anticipated impact on the region. Oregon HIDTA funds will be expended in a manner to maximize the leveraging of Federal, state, local and tribal agency contributions that are committed to the HIDTA mission.

The Oregon HIDTA Counter-Drug Strategy describes how the Executive Board maintains oversight and direction of the HIDTA, the HIDTA intelligence subsystem, and the plan for area law enforcement agencies to coordinate and combine drug-control efforts. The strategy embodies the spirit of the HIDTA program, clearly demonstrating how Federal, state, local and tribal agencies have combined drug control efforts to reduce drug trafficking, eliminate unnecessary duplication of effort, maximize resources, and improve intelligence and information sharing. The Oregon HIDTA Counter Drug Strategy identifies its expected overall accomplishments in the region to support the design of the strategy and to provide the ability to measure the strategy’s success at the end of the year. The Oregon HIDTA Counter Drug Strategy also contains the anticipated developmental standards attainment and addresses the performance targets set by the Performance Measurement Program (PMP).

The collocated and commingled drug and gang task forces and initiatives are built to implement the Oregon HIDTA Counter-Drug Strategy and are comprised of full-time, multi-agency participants. If the HIDTA incorporates an existing task force, intelligence or support operation, or other program into the HIDTA’s Counter-Drug Strategy, then the value added by such a group to the HIDTA is evident. Additionally, if the existing group is an investigative support element then the amount of HIDTA funds allocated by the Executive Board must be determined based on specific measurable support provided to the HIDTA.

HIDTAs nationally have adopted two specific goals to be achieved in meeting the drug challenge. The Oregon HIDTA Counter Drug Strategy is developed to meet local drug threats according to designated area’s individual needs, in conjunction with the national goals:

GOAL 1: Disrupt the market for illegal drugs by dismantling or disrupting drug trafficking and/or money laundering organizations; and

GOAL 2: Improve the efficiency and effectiveness of HIDTA initiatives.

The Oregon HIDTA Counter-Drug Strategy contains the performance targets that should be realized after the strategy is implemented. The HIDTA goals represent clear targets for the Oregon HIDTA initiatives. They also provide the foundation upon which performance planning and outcome measurements are based. As the Oregon HIDTA initiatives develop budget submissions, each initiative must present programmatic and fiscal requests that are based on the Oregon HIDTA Threat Assessment; qq In September 2014 the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) designated Malheur County, Oregon as well as Ada County and Canyon County, Idaho as HIDTA designated areas within the Oregon HIDTA region.

Oregon HIDTA Program must articulate how the initiative’s funding request directly addresses the threat; set realistic performance measures, and each initiative must eventually provide specific information on how the funding has allowed the Oregon HIDTA to meet its desired outcomes. The Oregon HIDTA initiatives are developed within clear national guidelines governing all HIDTA activities and expenditures.

The Oregon HIDTA, which consists of ten designated counties and the Warm Springs Indian Reservation in Oregon and two designated counties in Idaho, is governed by an Executive Board comprised of 16 voting members and four ex-officio non-voting members who represent the participating agencies. The Oregon HIDTA Executive Board, through subcommittees as needed, oversees and coordinates the integration and synchronization of efforts to reduce drug trafficking, eliminates unnecessary duplication of equipment or effort, and systematically improves the sharing of drug intelligence and targeting information. The Executive Board reviews all initiative requests for approval and submission to the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP). The Oregon HIDTA Management and Coordination initiative and the Oregon HIDTA Director support the Executive Board and provide guidance to Oregon HIDTA initiatives.

During 2016 the Oregon HIDTA Management and Administration initiative will conduct on-site fiscal and programmatic reviews of each initiative to evaluate their effectiveness and progress. These review findings will be reported, in written form, and discussed formally with the Executive Board during scheduled meetings throughout the year.

The Executive Board is involved in all aspects of the intelligence, enforcement, prosecution and support activities. The Executive Board provides a forum to share important trends in drug trafficking, gathers information on which drugs are being distributed throughout the region, and supports the identification, investigation and disruption and dismantlement of drug trafficking organizations (DTO) by Oregon HIDTA funded enforcement initiatives. The Executive Board also addresses important administrative issues in its oversight capacity. The Executive Board has established a Finance Subcommittee that supports the Oregon HIDTA initiatives and its participating agencies on a wide variety of program and budget issues, computer technology and other matters. The success of the Oregon HIDTA Program is measured by results, and each Oregon HIDTA initiative is fully accountable for its success or failure in meeting its objectives.

X. MISSION AND VISION STATEMENTS

The overall HIDTA Mission is embodied by the National HIDTA Mission Statement:

NATIONAL HIDTA MISSION

The mission of the HIDTA is to disrupt the market for illegal drugs in the United States by assisting Federal, state, local and tribal law enforcement entities participating in the HIDTA program to dismantle and disrupt drug trafficking organizations, with particular emphasis on drug trafficking regions that have harmful effects on other parts of the United States.

Oregon HIDTA Program

In conjunction with the national program mission and goals, the Oregon HIDTA Program operates in accordance with the following mission:

OREGON HIDTA MISSION

The Oregon HIDTA mission is to facilitate, support and enhance collaborative drug control efforts among law enforcement agencies and community-based organizations, thus significantly reducing the impact of illegal trafficking and use of drugs throughout Oregon and Idaho.

The Oregon HIDTA Executive Board developed the following vision statement that clearly reflects what outcomes the Oregon HIDTA strives to achieve:

OREGON HIDTA VISION

Collaborate with law enforcement and community-based organizations to provide a common voice and unified strategy to eliminate illicit drug trafficking and use in Oregon and Idaho.

The Oregon HIDTA values represent the core priorities of the program and are incorporated in the decision making process and behavior of the Executive Board and the Oregon HIDTA participants.

OREGON HIDTA VALUES

Partnership Innovation Leadership Excellence

XI. CONCEPT OF STRATEGY

Oregon HIDTA funds will be allocated to those initiatives that demonstrate that they are truly full-time, multi-agency, Federal, state, local and tribal partnerships successfully investigating and disrupting drug trafficking organizations that impact the drug threat in their regions, the state, and other parts of the United States. This does not preclude initiatives from doing local drug enforcement; however, HIDTA

Oregon HIDTA Program funds will need to be primarily focused on this objective and the results of their efforts will be measured through the HIDTA Performance Management Program (PMP) database.

The Executive Board recognizes that the missions of Federal, state, local and tribal law enforcement agencies and personnel are different, and yet, need and compliment one another. Their areas of responsibility are different, but the citizens they serve are the same. The Oregon HIDTA Executive Board will only approve focused initiatives that bring together Federal, state, local and tribal personnel in order to leverage their talents and expertise to effectively target and disrupt mid to upper level drug traffickers and DTOs in the state.

Key Components of the Oregon HIDTA Counter-drug Strategy

The key components of the Oregon HIDTA Counter-drug strategy which are being implemented in order to achieve the mission of the Oregon HIDTA as well as the goals of the National Drug Control Strategy are:

1. Promote and facilitate the creation of, and support established, collocated and commingled interagency - Federal, state, local and tribal - intelligence-driven drug enforcement task forces whose missions are to eliminate domestic production, trafficking and use of methamphetamine, heroin, cocaine, marijuana and other dangerous drugs to include the abuse of prescription drugs.

2. Identify and target the most serious and prolific drug trafficking and money laundering organizations (DTOs & MLOs) operating in the Oregon HIDTA region.

3. Conduct field operations and investigations, which disrupt and dismantle DTOs and MLOs through systematic and thorough investigations that lead to successful criminal prosecutions and forfeiture of illicit assets.

4. Foster, support, promote and facilitate the proactive sharing of criminal intelligence with law enforcement agencies along the I-5 corridor and nationwide, as appropriate, by providing an Investigative Support Center (ISC) Analytical Unit and Watch Center that:

a. Serves as a “one-stop research shop” and “coordination umbrella” that provides accurate, detailed and timely tactical and strategic drug intelligence to HIDTA initiatives, HIDTA participating agencies, and other law enforcement agencies as appropriate both locally and nationally.

b. Serves as a primary investigative resource for technical support and equipment, to include state-of-the-art Title III and Pen Register equipment, Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking equipment, crime analysis equipment, electronic surveillance equipment, undercover equipment, video enhancement services, and computer forensic services.

5. Provide quality training to law enforcement personnel to enhance their investigative, management and officer safety skills in order to successfully eliminate drug trafficking and use at all levels.

Oregon HIDTA Program

6. Promote the creation, and support of existing, community based drug prevention and recovery initiatives whose missions are to significantly reduce the impacts of illegal drug use in the Oregon HIDTA region.

Methodology

The methodology used to prepare this Oregon HIDTA Counter Drug Strategy Report of Program Year (PY) 2016 was to evaluate the Oregon HIDTA Threat Assessment Supplemental Report, the Oregon HIDTA Initiative’s PMP statistical reports, and other classified and open source information collected during the previous year.

Oregon HIDTA Organizational Composition

A. Oregon HIDTA Organizational Chart

►ONDCP

►Oregon HIDTA Executive Board

►Oregon HIDTA Director

►Oregon HIDTA Initiatives

B. Oregon HIDTA Executive Board Composition by Agency

The agency composition of the Oregon HIDTA Executive Board is as follows:

1 Federal - Steven Cagen, Assistant Special Agent in Charge Homeland Security Investigations (HSI) 2 Federal - Cam Strahm, Assistant Special Agent in Charge Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) 3 Federal - Gregory Bretzing, Special Agent in Charge Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) 4 Federal - Thomas Guiterrez , Assistant Special Agent in Charge Internal Revenue Service (IRS) 5 Federal - Billy J. Williams, Acting United States Attorney United States Attorney’s Office (USAO), District of Oregon 6 Federal - Russ Burger, U.S Marshal United States Marshal Service (USMS), District of Oregon 7 Federal - Loren Good, Special Agent in Charge United States Bureau of Land Management (BLM) 8 Federal - Colene Domenech , Resident Agent in Charge Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (BATF) 9 Local - L. Shane Nelson, Deschutes County Sheriff

Oregon HIDTA Program

Deschutes County Sheriff's Office (DCSO) 10 Local - James Ferraris, Deputy Chief of Police Salem Police Department (SPD) 11 Local - John Foote, District Attorney Clackamas County District Attorney's Office (CCDA) 12 Local - Stuart Roberts, Chief of Police Pendleton Police Department 13 Local - Craig Roberts, Clackamas County Sheriff Clackamas County Sheriff's Office (CCSO) 14 State - Darin Tweedt, Chief Counsel Oregon Department of Justice (ODOJ) 15 State - Mike Bieniewicz, Colonel, Counter Drug Support Program Oregon National Guard (ONG) 16 State - Patrick Ashmore, Deputy Superintendent Oregon State Police (OSP) Ex-Officio Michael Loudermilk, Assistant Special Agent in Charge United States Forest Service (USFS) Dwight Holton, Chief Executive Officer Lines for Life (LFL) Tim Hartnett, Executive Director Comprehensive Options for Drug Abusers (CODA) Erik Fisher, President Oregon Narcotics Enforcement Association (ONEA)

Oregon HIDTA Program

C. List of Participating Agencies

The number of full–time participants in the Oregon/Idaho HIDTA Program are as follows:

Federal Law Enforcement: 69 State Law Enforcement: 47 Local Law Enforcement: 129 National Guard: 6 Tribal Law Enforcement: 3 Other: 1 Total: 255

Agencies with full-time participants in HIDTA Initiatives are as follows: Federal agencies: Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (BATF) - Idaho Immigration and Customs Enforcement Homeland Security Investigations (HSI) Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) – Oregon & Idaho Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) – Oregon & Idaho United States Marshals Service (USMS) State agencies: Idaho Department of Corrections (IDOC) Idaho State Police (ISP) Oregon Department of Justice (ODOJ) Oregon Department of Public Safety Standards and Training (DPSST) Oregon National Guard (ONG) Oregon State Police (OSP) Local agencies: Ada County Sheriff’s Office (ACSO) - Idaho Ashland Police Department (APD) Beaverton Police Department (BPD) Bend Police Department (BPD) Boardman Police Department (BPD) Boise Police Department (BPD) - Idaho Caldwell Police Department (CPD) - Idaho Canyon County Sheriff’s Office (CCSO) - Idaho Clackamas County District Attorney’s Office (CCDA) Clackamas County Parole & Probation Clackamas County Sheriff’s Office (CCSO) Crook County Sheriff’s Office (CCSO) Deschutes County Sheriff’s Office (DCSO) Douglas County District Attorney’s Office (DCDA) Douglas County Sheriff’s Office (DCSO) Eugene Police Department (EPD) Hermiston Police Department (HPD) Hillsboro Police Department (HPD)

Oregon HIDTA Program

Jackson County Parole & Probation Jackson County Sheriff’s Office (JCSO) Keizer Police Department (KPD) Lane County District Attorney’s Office (LCDA) Lane County Parole & Probation Lines for Life Malheur County Sheriff’s Office (MCSO) Marion County Sheriff’s Office (MCSO) Medford Police Department (MPD) Meridian Police Department (MPD) - Idaho Milton-Freewater Police Department (MFPD) Milwaukie Police Department (MPD) Morrow County Sheriff’s Office (MCSO) Multnomah County Sheriff’s Office (MCSO) Nampa Police Department (NPD) - Idaho Ontario Police Department (OPD) Oregon City Police Department (OCPD) Payette County Sheriff’s Office (PCSO) – Idaho Payette Police Department (PPD) - Idaho Pendleton Police Department (PPD) Portland Police Bureau (PPB) Prineville Police Department (PPD) Redmond Police Department (RPD) Roseburg Police Department (RPD) Salem Police Department (SPD) Springfield Police Department (SPD) Tigard Police Department (TPD) Umatilla County Sheriff’s Office (UCSO) Umatilla Tribal Police Department Warm Springs Police Department (WSPD) Washington County Sheriff’s Office (WCSO) - Idaho Washington County Sheriff’s Office (WCSO) Part-time only Amtrak Police Department Fruitland Police Department (FPD) - Idaho Gladstone Police Department (GPD) Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Jackson County District Attorney’s Office (JCDA) Multnomah County Community Justice Nyssa Police Department (NPD) Port of Portland Police Department Social Security Administration (SSA) United States Attorney’s Office (USAO) – Oregon United States Customs & Border Patrol (CBP) United States Forest Service (USFS) United States Postal Service – Office of Inspector General United States Marshals Service (USMS) – Idaho

Oregon HIDTA Program

XII. HIDTA GOAL 1: DISMANTLE AND DISRUPT DRUG TRAFFICKING ORGANIZATIONS

The enforcement components of the Oregon HIDTA will aggressively pursue criminal drug smuggling, manufacturing, distribution, and money laundering organizations in order to disrupt and reduce the supply of illegal drugs in the state, region and country. The Oregon HIDTA enforcement initiatives are responsible for achieving the following performance targets in 2016:

Goal 1 Performance Targets

A. Drug Trafficking Organizations and Money Laundering Organizations Disrupted/Dismantled:

The number of DTOs/MLOs expected to be disrupted/dismantled for 2016 is 60.

The actual number of DTOs/MLOs disrupted/dismantled for 2014 is 55.

B. HIDTA Cases Opened

The estimated number of HIDTA cases opened for 2016 is 3,637.

The actual number of HIDTA cases opened for 2014 is 3,500.

C. Return on Investment (ROI) for Drugs Removed from the Marketplace by Law Enforcement Initiatives:

The estimated Return on Investment for 2016 is $23.00.rr

The actual Return on Investment for 2014 is $25.66.

D. Return on Investment (ROI) for Assets Removed from the Marketplace by Law Enforcement Initiatives:

The estimated Return on Investment for 2016 is $.

The actual Return on Investment for 2014 is 1.98.

E. Return on Investment (ROI) for Drugs and Assets Removed from the Marketplace by Law Enforcement Initiatives:

The estimated Return on Investment for 2016 is $25.15.

The actual Return on Investment for 2014 is $25.66.

rr The estimated performance output reduction in 2015 from the 2013 actual performance output is in anticipation of a reduction in the amount of marijuana that will be seized as a result of a recently passed a voter initiative (M-91) that allows for recreational use, production and sales of marijuana. The resulting law will partially take effect in July, 2015.

Oregon HIDTA Program

G. HIDTA Clandestine Laboratory Activities:

The expected clandestine methamphetamine laboratory activities for 2016 is:

CLANDESTINE LABORATORY CASES, 2016 OUTPUTS EXPECTED Methamphetamine Labs Dismantled 1 Lab Dump Sites Seized 5 Chemical/Glassware/Equipment Seized 31 Children Affected 2

The actual clandestine methamphetamine laboratory activities for 2014 is

CLANDESTINE METHAMPETIME LABORATORY ACTIVITIES, 2014 OUTPUTS ACTUAL Methamphetamine Labs Dismantled 4 Lab Dump Sites Seized 5 Chemical/Glassware/Equipment Seized 59 Children Affected 0

H. HIDTA Fugitive Apprehensions:

The estimated number of fugitive apprehensions for 2016 is 1,191.

The actual number of fugitive apprehensions for 2013 is 1,322.

Goal 1 Initiatives

A. Enforcement Subsystem

During PY 2016 The Oregon HIDTA Executive Board and ONDCP will support nineteen (19) multi- agency drug enforcement (investigation, interdiction and prosecution) initiatives – which include 5 sub- initiatives - in the Oregon HIDTAss:

ss The Oregon HIDTA DEA includes 4 sub-initiatives; DEA Portland, Salem, Eugene and Medford Task Forces. The Central Oregon Drug Enforcement Task Force includes 2 sub-initiatives; Central Oregon Drug Enforcement Task Force (CODE) and Warm Springs Police Department (WSPD).

Oregon HIDTA Program

OREGON

Clackamas County 1. Clackamas County Interagency Task Force (CCITF)

Deschutes County 2. Central Oregon Drug Enforcement Task Force

I. Central Oregon Drug Enforcement Task Force (CODE)(Central Oregon Drug Enforcement Task Force Sub-Initiative)

Douglas County 3. Douglas Interagency Narcotics Team (DINT)

Jackson County 4. Medford Area Drug and Gang Enforcement Team (MADGE)

II. DEA Medford Task Force (Oregon HIDTA DEA Sub-Initiative)

Lane County 5. Lane County Interagency Narcotics Enforcement Team (INET)

III. DEA Eugene Task Force (Oregon HIDTA DEA Sub-Initiative)

Malheur County 6. High Desert Task Force

Marion County 7. Oregon State Police Domestic Highway Enforcement

IV. DEA Salem Task Force (Oregon HIDTA DEA Sub-Initiative)

Multnomah County 8. HIDTA Interdiction Team (HIT)

9. Multnomah County Dangerous Drug Team (DDT)

10. Oregon Financial Crimes Task Force

11. Portland Area Metro Gang Task Force (PAMGTF)

12. United States Marshal’s Service HIDTA Fugitive Task Force

13. Oregon HIDTA DEA

V. DEA Portland Task Force (Oregon HIDTA DEA Sub-Initiative)

Umatilla County 14. Blue Mountain Enforcement Narcotics Team (BENT)

Oregon HIDTA Program

Warm Springs Indian Reservation VI. Warm Springs Police Department (WSPD)(Central Oregon Drug Enforcement Task Force Sub-Initiative)

Washington County 15. Westside Interagency Narcotics Team (WIN)

IDAHO

Ada and Canyon County 16. Canyon Ada Domestic Highway Enforcement (CADHE)

17. DEA Boise Resident Office Task Force (BROTF)

18. Treasure Valley Metro Violent Crimes Safe Streets Task Force

19. HIDTA Special United States Attorney, District of Idaho (Idaho SAUSA)

All nineteen (19) of the Oregon HIDTA enforcement initiatives implement the strategy by concentrating the “value-added” HIDTA resources on enforcement and investigative enhancements which enable them to target the members of high-value drug trafficking and money laundering organizations (DTOs & MLOs) which results in better cases, targeted prosecutions, reduced drug trafficking, reduced drug use, reduced drug availability, improved community livability, and reduced drug-related crime and violence.

These enforcement and investigative enhancements are primarily targeted at identified drug trafficking organizations and their members by utilizing additional HIDTA funds to purchase evidence and information, analyze the meaning of that information, work additional overtime, employ new technology and obtain training to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of investigators. Every effort is made by HIDTA initiatives to leverage resources and information by enhancing collaboration between Federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies.

B. Prosecution Subsystem The HIDTA Special United States Attorney, District of Idaho (Idaho SAUSA) initiative utilizes Oregon HIDTA funds to pay for a full time Special United States Attorney from the Ada County Prosecutor’s Office. This prosecutor is cross-designated to bring cases in both Federal and state court. This enhanced prosecution component provides direct case consultation for major investigations and enables the prosecution of targeted and complex drug cases including additional prosecutions of appropriate cases in Federal court. This component increases the impact of enforcement and the investigative capabilities of initiatives located in Idaho.

Every other Oregon HIDTA enforcement initiative has created close working relationships with the Federal and state prosecutors that work within their jurisdictions. The non HIDTA funded Federal and state prosecutors in the Oregon HIDTA areas also provide ongoing case consultation for major investigations which enhance the prosecution of targeted and complex drug cases in Federal and state court. As is the case in Lane County, the relationships that have been built between the enforcement initiatives and prosecutors in the other HIDTA designated areas in Oregon increase the impact of enforcement and the investigative capabilities of each Oregon HIDTA initiative.

Oregon HIDTA Program

XIII. HIDTA GOAL 2: INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES PARTICIPATING IN HIDTAS

The Oregon HIDTA Program has created and implemented four initiatives that are designed to assist, complement and enhance the enforcement components of the Oregon HIDTA. The four support initiatives, which are described in the Goal 2 Initiatives section that follows, are responsible for achieving the following targets in 2016:

Goal 2 Performance Targets

A. HIDTA Training Assistance:

The expected HIDTA training assistance to be provided for 2016 is:

TRAINING ASSISTANCE TO BE PROVIDED, 2016 COURSES TO BE OFFERED EXPECTED Number of Students for Analytical Courses 5 Number of Students for Enforcement Courses 305 Number of Students for Management/Administrative Courses 12 Number of Students for Demand Reduction Courses 0 Hours of Training Provided for Analytical Courses 60 Hours of Training Provided for Enforcement Courses 7,790 Hours of Training Provided for Management/Administrative Courses 110 Hours of Training Provided for Demand Reduction Courses 0

The actual training assistance provided for 2014 is:

TRAINING ASSISTANCE PROVIDED, 2014 COURSES OFFERED ACTUAL Number of Students for Analytical Courses 1

Oregon HIDTA Program

Number of Students for Enforcement Courses 268 Number of Students for Management/Administrative Courses 23 Number of Students for Demand Reduction Courses 0 Hours of Training Provided for Analytical Courses 20 Hours of Training Provided for Enforcement Courses 6,684 Hours of Training Provided for Management/Administrative Courses 202 Hours of Training Provided for Demand Reduction Courses 0

B. Event and Case Deconflictions:

The expected HIDTA event and case deconflictions for 2016 is:

EVENT AND CASE DECONFLICTIONS SUBMITTED, 2016 OUTPUTS EXPECTED Event Deconflictions Submitted 2700 Case Deconflictions Submitted 134,000

The actual HIDTA event and case deconflictions for 2014 is:

EVENT AND CASE DECONFLICTIONS SUBMITTED, 2013 OUTPUTS ACTUAL Event De-conflictions Submitted 2,696 Case De-conflictions Submitted 133,952

C. Cases Provided Analytical Support:

The expected number of cases to be provided analytical support for 2016 is 537.

The actual number of cases provided analytical support for 2014 is 587.

D. Leads Referred to Other HIDTAs and Other Agencies:

The expected number of leads to be referred for 2016 is 1622.

Oregon HIDTA Program

The actual number of leads referred for 2014 is 1719.

Goal 2 Initiatives

A. Intelligence and Information Sharing Initiatives

Investigative Support Center

The Oregon HIDTA/Oregon Department of Justice (ODOJ) has one Intelligence and Investigative Support Center (ISC) located in Salem, Oregon. The key functional components and services of the ISC are:

1. A Watch Center staffed five days per week, 10 hours per day with 24-hour remote coverage for event deconfliction and officer safety.

2. Post seizure analysis services are available through assigned intelligence analysts on a case- by-case basis.

3. Long term analytical case support is available through assigned intelligence analysts on a case-by-case basis.

4. Electronic, secure, email connectivity is available for Federal, state, local and tribal law enforcement agencies, criminal databases, national intelligence centers, WSIN, El Paso Intelligence Center (EPIC), and other databases via RISSNET.

5. The ISC Strategic Analytical Unit develops and publishes an Annual Drug Threat Assessment, the HIDTA Annual Report, and other drug related informational and criminal intelligence bulletins.

6. All clan lab data is entered in the Regional Information Sharing Service Intelligence database (RISS Intel.) and forwarded to EPIC.

7. The ISC initiative supports and implements the strategy by providing a “one stop” law enforcement resource and service center accessible both by phone, and electronically via RISS, for authenticated law enforcement personnel anywhere in the nation to securely, and reliably:

 Electronically share criminal intelligence with the appropriate Federal, state, or local agencies and/or databases.  Electronically query appropriate databases for investigative leads.  Electronically share criminal case and officer safety information.  Electronically deconflict cases or events.  Electronically communicate crime trends.  Electronically communicate training information.

Oregon HIDTA Program

 Electronically share case photographs and reports.  Electronically communicate via secure e-mail.

B. Support Initiatives

Management and Administration (Marion County)

The Administrative Initiative handles the day-to-day business for the Oregon HIDTA and is the primary point of contact between each initiative, the Oregon HIDTA Executive Board, ONDCP, the National HIDTA Assistance Center (NHAC), and other private and government agencies. This initiative is staffed by one (1) full-time contract employee, the Oregon HIDTA Director, and two (2) full-time Oregon Department of Public Safety Standards and Training (DPSST)tt employees, the financial manager and the administrative assistant.

Duties of all administrative staff are to manage the day-to-day HIDTA functions on behalf of the Oregon HIDTA Executive Board. The first priority is programmatic support, information coordination, fiscal and technical service to the HIDTA participating agencies.

The duties include: the administration and/or developing of the four annually required documents of the HIDTA program: The annual Threat Assessment, the annual Counter-Drug Strategy, the annual Initiative Budget Proposal, and the Annual Report.

Additional duties include programmatic, administrative, and fiscal oversight in support of all HIDTA initiatives to ensure they are in compliance with the ONDCP/HIDTA program policy, and other program requirements; establish and maintain a central inventory tracking system for property purchased with HIDTA funds; assist HIDTA agencies/initiatives in establishing and recording measurable outcomes and outputs based upon the PMP; provide advice and counsel to the Executive Board concerning the status, direction, and success of the HIDTA initiatives, programs, and ONDCP requirements; establish an internal review process to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of each initiative in achieving its targeted outputs and outcomes.

Oregon HIDTA Training Initiative (Marion County)

The Oregon HIDTA Training Initiative is managed by the Oregon Department of Public Safety Standards and Training (DPSST) with part-time staff. The mission of the Oregon HIDTA Training Initiative is to provide the Oregon HIDTA, participating agencies, task forces and regional law enforcement officers with targeted, high priority training and an information sharing forum that directly enhances their effort to measurably disrupt and/or dismantle drug trafficking organizations, money laundering operations and related violent crime groups in accordance with ONDCP and HIDTA strategy.

Oregon HIDTA initiatives and participating agencies are surveyed every year relating to their training needs necessary to assist them with their operations that support the Oregon HIDTA strategy. The surveys are used to identify, prioritize and schedule training. Efforts are made to ensure equitable training opportunities are available for all initiatives and participating agencies.

tt On July 1, 2015 the Oregon Department of Public Safety Standards and Training became the lead agency for the Management and Administration initiative.

Oregon HIDTA Program

Lines for Life (Multnomah County)

Lines for Life, a non-profit drug and suicide prevention organization, is a demand reduction initiative supported by the Oregon HIDTA with supplemental funding. Lines for Life leads the “Oregon Coalition for Responsible Use of Meds” (OrCRM) initiative which is a statewide coalition launched to prevent overdose, misuse and abuse of amphetamines, benzodiazepines and opioid, both prescription and illicit, among Oregonians. The initiative’s work is grounded in “Rx Summits”. These summits are developed to address three strategic areas:

1. Educating the Public about the Problem: Oregon is in need of a quality, public information campaign regarding prescription drug abuse. Providers need better education on narcotics prescription; consumers need to know the risks associated with powerful medicines; adults need to lock up their meds and dispose of them properly; educators need to be aware of the use of drugs by students; and young people need to know the dangers of illicit use of prescription medications. OrCRM is in the process of identifying key messages for each audience, the best medium for reaching each group, and strategies for how such a public campaign could be funded. HIDTA funding will ensure the development of an effective messaging campaign that can coincide with and build upon the OrCRM Regional Summits, thus ensuring pro bono media interest as well as appropriate and engaging educational materials for patient distribution. 2. Reduce the Volume of Unwanted Meds: Encourage Oregonians through media and public outreach campaigns to clean out their drug cabinets and safely dispose unused prescription medications at secured drop boxes. OrCRM Regional Summits: provide training to ensure pharmacies and long-term care facilities are aware of the change in DEA regulations on “Take Back” locations; and facilitate effective action planning with regional partners and law enforcement on making drop boxes more widely available and on removing barriers to secure disposal at pharmacies and elder care facilities. 3. Improve and Expand Access to Treatment: Reduce and prevent overdose deaths by promoting prescriptions of Naloxone whenever prescribing opioid analgesics. Encourage Naloxone rescue program to implement an intervention protocol that connects opioid overdose victims to treatment services. Provide Law Enforcement training program at OrCRM Regional Summits on use of Naloxone as a first responder to opioid overdose victims.

Oregon HIDTA Program

XIV. APPENDICES – Oregon HIDTA 2016 Drug Threat Tables

Appendix A

Acronyms

CPDs Controlled Prescription Drugs CPOT Consolidated Priority Organization Targets DCE/SP DEA Domestic Cannabis Eradication/Suppression Program DDT Multnomah County Dangerous Drugs Team DEA Drug Enforcement Administration DEC Drug Evaluation Classification Program DHE Domestic Highway Enforcement DINT Douglas County Interagency Narcotics Team DMT Dimethyltryptamine DTO Drug Trafficking Organization FDA Food and Drug Administration GAO Government Accountability Office HIDTA High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area HIT HIDTA Interdiction Team INET Lane County Interagency Narcotics Team LSD Lysergic acid diethylamide MADGE Medford Area Drug and Gang Enforcement MDMA 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine MNDTO Mexican National Drug Trafficking Organization OCDETF Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Force OMG Outlaw Motorcycle Gang OMMP Oregon Medical Marijuana Program ONDCP Office of National Drug Control Policy OSP Oregon State Police PDMP Prescription Drug Monitoring Program PDX Portland International Airport POE Point-of-Entry RPOT Regional Priority Organization Targets SAR Suspicious Activity Report THC Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol USMS United States Marshal’s Service USPS United States Postal Service WIN Westside Interagency Narcotics Team

Oregon HIDTA Program

Appendix B

Oregon Medical Marijuana Program Statistics, April 1, 2015

Number of persons currently holding medical marijuana cards 71,317 Number of persons holding caregiver cards 35,707 Number of Oregon-licensed physicians with current OMMP patients (MDs and DOs only) 1,682 Number of applications denied/rejected between 1/1/14 and 12/31/14 1,106

Reported medical conditions include: Agitation related to Alzheimer’s disease 84 Cachexia 1,163 Cancer 3,886 Glaucoma 1,075 HIV+/AIDS 777 Nausea 9,704 PTSD 4,231 Severe pain 66,364 Seizures, including but not limited to epilepsy 1,907 Persistent muscle spasms, including but not limited to those 18,875 caused by Multiple Sclerosis

Source: Oregon Medical Marijuana Program, April 2015.

Oregon HIDTA Program

Appendix C

Marijuana Plants Seized in Oregon HIDTA Region, 2008-2014 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Total Plants Total Plants Total Plants Total Plants Total Plants Total Plants Total Plants HIDTA Region (In/Outdoor) (In/Outdoor) (In/Outdoor) (In/Outdoor) (In/Outdoor) (In/Outdoor) (In/Outdoor) 691 8,379 1,025 3,602 425 1,331 639 Clackamas, OR (689/2) (773/7,606) (700/325) (3,486/116) (347/78) (928/403) (632/7) 943 809 199 357 786 58 227 Deschutes, OR (943/0) (624/185) (199/0) (357/0) (781/5) (58/0) (182/45) 10,581 22,492 3,907 138 476 3,998 25 Douglas, OR (696/9,885) (618/21,874) (164/3,743) (52/86) (254/222) (363/3,635) (5/20) 520 26,880 28,504 3,255 9,340 4,874 9,309 Jackson, OR (227/293) (8/26,872) (337/28,167) (383/2,872) (376/8,964) (450/4,424) (325/8,984) 8,948 9,129 2,726 2,888 3,640 4,836 334 Lane, OR (2,547/6,401) (8,349/780) (1,904/822) (2,640/248) (3,534/106) (570/4,266) (0/334) 0 Malheur, OR ------(0/0) 368 590 653 215 10 248 78 Marion, OR (303/65) (113/477) (184/469) (99/116) (4/6) (248/0) (51/27) 2,804 4,295 8,348 5,505 3,009 3,261 1,083 Multnomah, OR (2,615/189) (4,167/128) (8,327/21) (5,494/11) (2,959/50) (3,233/28) (1,066/17) 22 7,365 3,873 3,318 164 388 768 Umatilla, oR (21/1) (0/7,365) (62/3,811) (24/3,294) (164/0) (260/128) (0/768) 12,828 1,630 0 3 0 0 0 Warm Springs, OR (0/12,828) (0/1,630) (0/0) (3/0) (0/0) (0/0) (0/0) 608 2,857 1,338 332 823 2,114 8 Washington, OR (5/603) (107/2,750) (882/456) (319/13) (702/121) (2,089/25) (8/0) 0 Ada, ID ------(0/0) 150 Canyon, ID ------(150/0

38,313 84,426 50,573 19,613 18,673 21,108 12,621 HIDTA Total (8,046/30,267) (14,759/69,667) (12,759/37,814) (12,857/6,756) (9,121/9,552) (8,199/12,909) (2,419/10,202)

Note: Malheur (OR), Ada (ID) and Canyon (ID) were designated as HIDTA counties in 2014. Source: DEA Domestic Cannabis Eradication/Suppression Program (DCE/SP).

Oregon HIDTA Program

Appendix D

Lab Seizures, Methamphetamine and Other Labs, Oregon, Idaho, HIDTA Region, 2005, 2009-2014

2012 2013 2014 2005 2009 2010 2011 Total Labs Total Labs Total Labs (Meth only) (Meth only) (Meth only) (Meth only) (Meth/Other labs) (Meth/Other labs) (Meth/Other labs)

12 16 17 Oregon 192 13 13 10 Meth (7); Other (5) Meth (10); Other (6) Meth (9); Other (8) Idaho 11 16 8 4 Meth (8) Meth (2) Meth (4) HIDTA Area Oregon Clackamas 15 1 1 Meth (1) Deschutes 0 MDMA (1) BHO (1) Meth (2); DMT (1); Douglas 14 1 1 Hash oil (1) Jackson 6 1 Meth (1) DMT (1) Meth (1) Lane 12 DMT (1) Meth (1); DMT (1) Meth (1); BHO (1) Malheur 1 Marion 11 Meth (1) Multnomah 33 2 7 3 Meth (2) Meth (2) BHO (2) Umatilla 39 5 1 1 Meth (1) Meth (1) Washington 12 1 Meth (1); DMT (1) Meth (2) Honey Oil (1) Idaho Ada 6 5 2 1 Meth (1) Canyon 1 1 2 2 Meth (2) Meth (2) Meth (8); DMT (3); Meth (7); DMT (2); Meth (7); BHO (4); HIDTA Region 150 14 14 10 Hash Oil (1) MDMA (1) Honey Oil (1) Note: Collection and reporting of other clan labs seized began in 2012. Sources: Oregon Department of Justice; DEA Idaho.

Oregon HIDTA Program

XV. ENDNOTES

1 Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014 (NST-EST2014-01), U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division, May 2015. 2 State and County QuickFacts, Oregon, U.S. Census Bureau, 2014. 3 State and County QuickFacts, Idaho, U.S. Census Bureau, 2014. 4 National Threat Assessment: The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society. National Drug Intelligence Center, Department of Justice, May 2011. 5 What America’s Users Spend on Illegal Drugs, 2000-2010, RAND Corporation, February 2014. 6 Table 1. Illicit Drug Use in Past Month, by Age Group and State: Annual Averages Based on 2012 and 2013 NSDUHs, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, downloaded April 2015. 7 Population Demographics, Oregon Department of Corrections, December 1, 2014. 8 Inmate Population Profile for 04/01/2015, Oregon Department of Corrections. 9 DOC Admissions for Drug Possession /Manufacturing/Delivery, Theft, and ID Theft, Oregon Department of Corrections, March 2015. 10 Drug Related Deaths 2014, Oregon State Medical Examiner, Oregon State Police. 11 Annual Reports 2003-2013, Idaho Vital Statistics, Bureau of Vital Records and Health Statistics, Idaho Department of Health and Welfare; Drug-Induced Deaths Data Summary, Idaho, Drug-Induced Deaths to Idaho Residents and Drug- Induced Deaths Occurring in Idaho, 2009. 12 HIDTA Performance Management Process database, April 2015. 13 United States Marshal's Service, District of Oregon, e-mail correspondence, March 2014. 14 National Southwest Border Counternarcotics Strategy, Office of National Drug Control Policy, 2013. 15 Gangs Beyond Borders, California and the Fight Against Transnational Organized Crime, California Department of Justice, March 2014. 16 HIDTA Performance Management Process database, May 2015. 17 Mexican drug cartels move deeper into United States to maximize profits, Associated Press, 4/1/13. 18 Oregon HIDTA Performance Management Process database, April 2014; Oregon HIDTA Drug Threat Assessment Survey, March 2014. 19 Drug cartels in Oregon: Violence in the Northwest, Oregonian, 6/21/13. 20 HIDTA Performance Management Process database, January 2015. 21 Oregon HIDTA Threat Assessment Survey, March 2013 and 2014. 22 2010 National Drug Threat Assessment, National Drug Intelligence Center, U.S. Department of Justice. 23 Freight Railroads in Oregon: Rail Fast Facts for 2012, Association of American Railroads, July 2014. 24 Freight Railroads in Idaho: Rail Fast Facts for 2012, Association of American Railroads, July 2014. 25 Oregon Titan Fusion Center analysis, April 2010; Idaho Statewide Freight Study, Prepared for the Idaho Transportation Department, David Evans and Associates Inc., February 5, 2013. 26 December, 2014: Calendar Year Report, Monthly Traffic Report, Portland International Airport. 27 Idaho Statewide Freight Study, Prepared for the Idaho Transportation Department, David Evans and Associates Inc., February 5, 2013. 28 Oregon Pot Getting Mailed: $1M Found in 2014, KGW.com, December 9, 2014. 29 Oregon HIDTA Performance Management Process database, January 2015. 30 Oregon HIDTA Drug Threat Assessment Survey, March 2012-2015. 31 Drug Dealers Sentenced in Major Boise Oxycodone Case, Idaho Statesman, January 16, 2015. 32 Port of Portland Marine Terminal Statistics, 1984 – 2014, Port of Portland. 33 Email communication, Strategic Services Division, Drugs and Vice Division, Portland Police Bureau, 4/22/14. 34 Oregon HIDTA Drug Threat Assessment Survey, April 2015. 35 Ibid. 36 Ibid. 37 DEA Drug Fact Sheet: Methamphetamine, Drug Enforcement Administration, U.S. Department of Justice. 38 Oregon HIDTA Drug Threat Assessment Survey, April 2015. 39 Ibid. 40 HIDTA Performance Management Process database, February 2015. 41 Oregon Domestic Highway Enforcement program data, January 2008 through December 2014. 42 Domestic Highway Enforcement, Detail and Summary Report, 2012-2013, EPIC, extracted May 27, 2015. 43 Data obtained from the Oregon State Police, Forensic Services Division, March 2015. 44 Addictions and Mental Health Division, Oregon Department of Human Services, April 2015. 45 Ibid.

Oregon HIDTA Program

46 Drug Related Deaths 2014, Oregon State Medical Examiner, Oregon State Police. 47 Drug Related Deaths 2013, Oregon State Medical Examiner, Oregon State Police; Oregon meth-related deaths jump 22 percent in 2010, most in a decade, OregonLive.com, May 13, 2010. 48 Oregon Drug Arrest Graphs, Oregon Criminal Justice Commission, March 2015. 49 Idaho Statistical Analysis Center, Idaho State Police, May 2015. 50 Methamphetamine laboratory seizures reported to the Oregon Department of Justice, May 2015. 51 DEA Idaho, e-mail correspondence, May 12, 2015 52 Methamphetamine laboratory seizures reported to the Oregon Department of Justice, May 2015. 53 EPIC, data extracted May 2015. 54 Gangs Beyond Borders, California and the Fight Against Transnational Organized Crime, California Department of Justice, March 2014. 55 World Drug Report 2012, United Nations; Central Valley California HIDTA Drug Market Analysis 2011. 56 Update on Substance Abuse Trends in the U.S.: 2012, Gulf Coast Addiction Technology Transfer Center, Addiction Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin; National Methamphetamine Threat Assessment 2010, National Drug Intelligence Center, U.S. Department of Justice. 57 Philippines raid reveals Mexican drug cartel presence in Asia, CNN.com, 2/25/2014. 58 Gangs Beyond Borders, California and the Fight Against Transnational Organized Crime, California Department of Justice, March 2014; Business Plan Remakes Meth Market, Wall Street Journal, September 13, 2012. 59 Business Plan Remakes Meth Market, Wall Street Journal, September 13, 2012. 60 Oregon Department of Justice/Oregon HIDTA Drug Threat Assessment Survey, March 2013and March 2014; Drug Bust Reveals Meth Now Being Disguised as Liquor, ABC news, November 20, 2012. 61 OSP Traffic Stop Leads to Seizure of 20 lbs of Liquid Methamphetamine, Arrest of California Man – Highway 97 North of Madras, News Release, Oregon State Police, October 4, 2014. 62 Drug Bust Reveals Meth Now Being Disguised as Liquor, ABC news, November 20, 2012. 63 Methamphetamine laboratory seizures reported to the Oregon Department of Justice, May 2015. 64 Oregon HIDTA Drug Threat Assessment Survey, April 2015. 65 Oregon Domestic Highway Enforcement program data, January 2008 through December 2014. 66 Oregon HIDTA Drug Threat Assessment Survey, March 2012 and 2013. 67 Oregon HIDTA Drug Threat Assessment Survey, April 2015. 68 Police net 40 arrests, 8 pounds of meth in gang bust, The Columbian, 12/9/2013. 69 Oregon HIDTA Drug Threat Assessment Survey, April 2015. 70 Oregon HIDTA Performance Management Process database, March 2014. 71 Data obtained from the Oregon State Police, Forensic Services Division, March 2015. 72 Why Heroin has made a comeback in America, The Economist, 11/23/14. 73 The Great American Relapse, The Economist, 11/22/14. 74 The International Heroin Market, Office of National Drug Control Policy, http://www.whitehouse.gov/ondcp/global- heroin-market; World Drug Report 2013, United Nations; National Drug Threat Assessment Summary 2013, Drug Enforcement Administration, U.S. Department of Justice. 75 National Drug Threat Assessment Summary 2013, Drug Enforcement Administration, U.S. Department of Justice. 76 Oregon Drug Arrest Graphs, Oregon Criminal Justice Commission, April 2015. 77 Idaho Statistical Analysis Center, Idaho State Police, May 2015. 78 Addictions and Mental Health Division, Oregon Department of Human Services, April 2015. 79Treatment Episode Data Set -- Admissions (TEDS-A) - Idaho 2002-2013, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 80 Treatment Episode Data Set -- Admissions (TEDS-A) - Oregon, 2002, 2009-2012, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 81 Oregon Office of Rural Health; Addictions & Mental Health Division, Oregon Department of Human Services, March 2014. 82 Addictions and Mental Health Services Division, Oregon Department of Human Services, March 2014. 83 Drug Related Deaths 2012, Oregon State Medical Examiner, Oregon State Police. 84 WHO recommends Naloxone to Prevent 20,000 Overdose Deaths in U.S., Reuters, November 4, 2014. 85 Community-Based Opioid Overdose Prevention Programs Providing Naloxone – United States, 20101, MMWR News Synopsis for February 16, 2012, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Legal Interventions to Reduce Overdose Mortality: Naloxone Access and Overdose Good Samaritan Laws, The Network for Public Health Law, April 2015. 86 Overdose Prevention and Naloxone Distribution in the Portland Metro Area, Multnomah County Health Department, Outside In, October 14, 2014.

Oregon HIDTA Program

87 Overdose Prevention and Naloxone Distribution in the Portland Metro Area, Multnomah County Health Department, Outside In, October 14, 2014. 88 Ibid. 89 Email correspondence, Oregon HIDTA Director, Oregon HIDTA Program, February 17, 2015. 90 Preventing Opiate Overdose Deaths: Examining Objections to Take-Home Naloxone, Journal of Health Care Poor Underserved, November 2010, Vol 21, No. 4, 1108-1113; Naloxone Distribution and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Training for Injection Drug Users to Prevent Heroin Overdose Deaths: A Pilot Intervention Study, Journal of Urban Health, June 2005, Vol 82, No. 2, 303-311. 91 Nonmedical Use of Pain Relievers in the Past Year, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages Based on 2012 and 2013 NSDUHs, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 92 DrugFacts: Heroin, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Revised April 2013. 93 Associations of nonmedical pain reliever use and initiation of heroin use in the United States, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, August 2013. 94 Overdose Prevention and Naloxone Distribution in the Portland Metro Area, Multnomah County Health Department, Outside In, October 14, 2014. 95 Heroin on the Rise in Southern Oregon, KDRV.com, February 15, 2012; 55 Pounds of Heroin Found During Traffic Stop, KPTV.com, August 26, 2012; Domestic Highway Enforcement Program statistics, January 2008 through December 2014. 96 Domestic Highway Enforcement, Detail and Summary Report, 2012-2013, EPIC, extracted May 27, 2015. 97 Oregon HIDTA Drug Threat Assessment Survey, April 2015. 98 Ibid. 99 DEA Domestic Cannabis Eradication/Suppression Program (DCE/SP) data reported to the Oregon Department of Justice, 2014. 100 Eradication Estimates, Domestic Cannabis Cultivation Assessment 2007, National Drug Intelligence Center, U.S. Department of Justice, February 2007. 101 Oregon HIDTA Drug Threat Assessment Survey, March 2013. 102 Dispensary Directory, Medical Marijuana Dispensary Program, Oregon Health Authority, updated 6/3/15. 103 The Legalization of Marijuana in Colorado: The Impact, Rocky Mountain High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area, Volume 2/August 2014; Legalizing Marijuana in Washington and Colorado Hasn’t Gotten Rid of the Black Market, Business Insider, January 2, 2015; Local Law Enforcement Reacts to Legalization, The Bulletin, November 18, 2014. 104 Results from the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, Highlights, Office of Applied Studies, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2014. 105 Ibid. 106 Table 3. Marijuana Use in Past Month, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages Based on 2012 and 2013 NSDUHs, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, downloaded April 2015. 107 Ibid. 108 Addictions and Mental Health Division, Oregon Department of Human Services, April 2015. 109 Oregon Drug Arrest Graphs, Oregon Criminal Justice Commission, March 2015. 110 Treatment Episode Data Set, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2008-2012. 111 Idaho Statistical Analysis Center, Idaho State Police, May 2015. 112 DRE Year-End Summary Report 2014, Oregon Drug Evaluation Classification Program, Oregon State Police. 113 2014 National Drug Threat Assessment, U.S. Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration. 114 High-Potency cannabis and the risk of psychosis, British Journal of Psychiatry, 2009; Non-Medical Marijuana III: Rite of Passage or Russian Roulette?, The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University, June 18, 2008. 115 Brain changes are associated with casual marijuana use in young adults, News Releases Archives, Society for Neuroscience, 4/15/14; Topics in brief: Marijuana, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Revised December 2011. 116 Marijuana users have abnormal brain structure and poor memory, Northwestern University, 12/16/13. 117 Casual marijuana use linked with brain abnormalities, study finds, FoxNews.com, 4/15/14. 118 Data collected through DEA Domestic Cannabis Eradication/Suppression Program (DCE/SP) and National Marijuana Initiative (NMI). 119 Liquid THC, Information Bulletin, Investigative Support Network, Gulf Coast HIDTA. 120 Honey Oil Extractors, Officer Safety, Oregon State Police Bulletin, 4/24/14. 121 Butane hash oil: A single spark can lead to an explosion during production, The Oregonian, 5/12/14. 122 Firefighters Link Butane Hash Oil Extraction to Tigard Parking Lot Explosion, Fox 12 Oregon, July 29, 2014. 123 National Northern Border Counternarcotics Strategy, Office of National Drug Control Policy, August 2014. 124 DEA Domestic Cannabis Eradication/Suppression Program (DCE/SP), April 2015.

Oregon HIDTA Program

125 Data collected through the DEA Domestic Cannabis Eradication/Suppression Program (DCE/SP) and National Marijuana Initiative (NMI). 126 Ibid. 127 Estimated Cost of Production for Legalized Cannabis, Working Paper, RAND Drug Policy Research Center, July 2010. 128 Marijuana Trend Analysis Update (FOUO), Oregon HIDTA, 2/25/14. 129 Oregon HIDTA Threat Assessment Survey, March 2015. 130 10 Leading Causes of Unintentional Injury Deaths 2013, United States, Office of Statistics and Programming, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Prescription drug deaths rise with opioid sales, www.Medscape.com, 11/12/13. 131 Results from the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality 2014. 132 Oregon HIDTA Drug Threat Assessment Survey, March 2013, March 2014, April 2015. 133 Vital Signs: Variation Among States in Prescribing of Opioid Pain Relievers and Benzodiazepines – United States, 2012, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, July 4, 2014. 134 Prescription Drug Monitoring Year-to-Date Report, January 2014 - December 2014, Issue 19, Year 4. 135 High School Seniors Who Misuse Prescription Narcotics Most Likely to Obtain Drugs from a Friend/Relative or a Personal Prescription, CESAR FAX, Center for Substance Abuse Research, University of Maryland, College Park, April 23, 2012; PATS Key Findings: Released April 23, 2013, 2012 Partnership Attitude Tracking Study; Policy impact: Prescription Painkiller Overdoses, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 136 Oregon HIDTA Drug Threat Assessment Survey, April 2015. 137 Table 8. Nonmedical Use of Pain Relievers in the Past Year, by Age Group and State: Percentages, Annual Averages Based on 2012 and 2013 NSDUHs, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 138 Ibid. 139 Ibid. 140 2014 Drug Overdose Deaths, Hospitalizations, Abuse & Dependency among Oregonians, Oregon Health Authority, Center for Prevention and Health, 5/30/2014. 141 Addictions and Mental Health Division, Oregon Department of Human Services, April 2015. 142 Treatment Episode Data Set, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2008-2012. 143 Oregon State Medical Examiner Releases 2014 Drug-Related Death Statistics, Oregon State Police. 144 Oregon State Medical Examiner Releases 2012 Drug-Related Death Statistics, Oregon State Police, June 4, 2013. 145 Prescription Drug Poisoning/Overdose in Oregon, Public Health Division, Injury and Violence Prevention Program, January 5, 2014. 146 Ibid. 147 DEA Issues Nationwide Alert on Fentanyl as Threat to Health and Public Safety, Headquarters News, Drug Enforcement Administration, March 18, 2015. 148 Ibid. 149 Ibid. 150 Email correspondence, Oregon State Police Forensic Services Division, March 4, 2015. 151 Oregon HIDTA Drug Threat Assessment Survey HIDTA, March 2014. 152 Prescription Pill Use Among Teens Leads to Heroin Addiction, NJ Experts Testify, JoinTogether, June 16, 2011; Painkiller Use Breeds New Face of Heroin Addiction, NBC News, June 19, 2012. 153 Initiation into Prescription Opioid Misuse Amongst Young Injection Drug Users, International Journal of Drug Policy, June 19, 2011. 154 Associations of Nonmedical Pain Reliever Use and Initiation of Heroin Use in the United States, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, August 2013. 155 Oregon Prescription Drug Monitoring Program, Oregon Health Authority, Public Health Division, Injury and Violence Prevention Program, December 30, 2014. 156 Ibid. 157 Oregon Working to Lower Heroin Overdose Deaths, The Bulletin, 3/5/15. 158 DEA to Publish Final Rule Rescheduling Hydrocodone Combination Products, Press Release, August 21, 2014. 159 FDA Approves New Formulation for OxyContin, FDA News Release, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, April 5, 2010. 160 Results from the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 161 Oregon HIDTA Drug Threat Assessment Survey, March 2013, March 2014, April 2015. 162 Oregon HIDTA Drug Threat Assessment Survey, March 2014, April 2015. 163 Oregon HIDTA Performance Management database, January 2015. 164 Most Rogue Sites Operate from Abroad, and Many Sell Counterfeit Drugs, Government Accountability Office, 2/27/14.

Oregon HIDTA Program

165 Internet Drug Outlet Identification Program, Progress Report for State and Federal Regulators: January 2015, National Association of Boards of Pharmacy. 166 National Drug Threat Assessment, Drug Enforcement Administration, U.S. Department of Justice, November 2013; Survey Shows Significant Drop in Cocaine Production in Colombia, Office of National Drug Control Policy, The White House, July 30, 2012; World Drug Report 2013, United Nations. 167 Oregon HIDTA Drug Threat Assessment Survey, April 2015. 168 Ibid. 169 Oregon HIDTA Performance Management database, January 2015. 170 Data obtained from the Oregon State Police, Forensic Services Division, March 2015. 171 Oregon Domestic Highway Enforcement program data, January 2008 through December 2014. 172 Domestic Highway Enforcement, Detail and Summary Report, 2012-2013, EPIC, extracted May 27, 2015. 173 Oregon HIDTA Drug Threat Assessment Survey, April 2015. 174 Oregon Drug Arrest Graphs, Oregon Criminal Justice Commission, March 2015. 175 Addictions and Mental Health Division, Oregon Department of Human Services, April 2015. 176 Treatment Episode Data Set, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2008-2012. 177 Drug Related Deaths 2012, Oregon State Medical Examiner, Oregon State Police. 178 National Northern Border Counternarcotics Strategy, Office of National Drug Control Policy, August 2014. 179 Oregon HIDTA Drug Threat Assessment Survey, March 2013. 180 2013 National Drug Threat Assessment, Drug Enforcement Administration, U.S. Department of Justice, November 2013. 181 “Synthetic Marijuana” -- Nothing Like Real Marijuana, Expert Explains, JoinTogether, January 28, 2015. 182 Oregon HIDTA Drug Threat Assessment Surveys, April 2015. 183 Cannabis, Synthetic Cannabinoids, and Psychosis Risk: What The Evidence Says, Current Psychiatry, Vol 10, No. 9. September 2011. 184 Kidney Failure Cases Linked to Synthetic Marijuana, News Release, Oregon Health Authority, October 5, 2012. 185 The Drug Threat in Plain Sight, TIME, 4/21/14. 186 Oregon HIDTA Performance Management Process database, May 2015. 187 Situation Report: Synthetic Cathinones (Bath Salts): An Emerging Domestic Threat, National Drug Intelligence Center, U.S. Department of Justice, July 2011. 188 Oregon HIDTA Performance Management Process database, May 2015. 189 Ibid. 190 Buprenorphine, Drug Enforcement Administration, Office of Diversion Control, Drug & Chemical Evaluation Section, July 2013. 191 Drug Alert Watch: Misuse of Buprenorphine-Related Products, National Drug Intelligence Center, U.S. Department of Justice, February 22, 2011; Buprenorphine Now More Likely Than Methadone to Be Found in U.S. Law Enforcement Drug Seizures, CESAR FAX, Center for Substance Abuse Research, University of Maryland, College Park, April 2, 2012. 192 HIDTA Performance Management Process database, May 2015. 193 25I-NBOMe 25C-NBOMe, and 25B-NBOMe, Drug Enforcement Administration, Office of Diversion Control, Drug & Chemical Evaluation Section, November 2013. 194 HIDTA Performance Management Process database, May 2015. 195 Ibid. 196 World Drug Report 2012, United Nations. 197 Methamphetamine laboratory seizures reported to the Oregon Department of Justice, April 2015. 198 Oregon HIDTA Drug Threat Assessment Survey, March 2013 and 2014. 199 Methamphetamine laboratory seizures reported to the Oregon Department of Justice, May 2015. 200 2013 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, March 1, 2013; Synthetic Drugs, Royal Canadian Mounted Police, February 2, 2011. 201 National Northern Border Counternarcotics Strategy, Office of National Drug Control Policy, August 2014. 202 Assessment (U//FOUO) MDMA (Ecstasy) Trafficking Along the Pacific Coast, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, November 3, 2010. 203 Oregon HIDTA Drug Threat Assessment Survey, March 2013 and March 2014. 204 International Designer Drug Leader Gets 8 Years in Prison, KOIN 6, December 18, 2014. 205 Oregon HIDTA Drug Threat Assessment Survey, April 2015. 206 Money Laundering, DEA Programs. Drug Enforcement Administration, U.S. Department of Justice. 207 US Fed cash-flow data called underused weapon in war on drugs, Complinet Special Report, January 31, 2011. 208 National Drug Threat Assessment 2010, National Drug Intelligence Center, U.S. Department of Justice. 209 Oregon HIDTA Drug Threat Survey, April 2015. 210 National Drug Threat Assessment 2010, National Drug Intelligence Center, U.S. Department of Justice.

Oregon HIDTA Program

211 FinCEN, data request, May 2014. 212 Money Laundering, DEA Programs, Drug Enforcement Administration, U.S. Department of Justice; Factsheets, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, U.S. Department of Homeland Security. 213 National Northern Border Counternarcotics Strategy, Office of National Drug Control Policy, August 2014. 214 Oregon Domestic Highway Enforcement program data, January 2008 through December 2014. 215 HIDTA Performance Management Process database, April 2015.