Análisis Histórico Del Nombre De Marca De Las Empresas De Zapatillas Deportivas

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Análisis Histórico Del Nombre De Marca De Las Empresas De Zapatillas Deportivas Análisis histórico del nombre de marca de las empresas de zapatillas deportivas Jorge Muñoz Victoria Curso 2014/2015 Director: José A. Martínez García Trabajo Fin de Grado para la obtención del título de Graduado/a en Administración y Dirección de Empresas Agradecimientos Quiero agradecer a José Antonio Martínez que aceptara ser mi tutor de proyecto. El interés que pone en lo que hace y la profesionalidad que manifiesta en su trabajo fueron los motivos que me hicieron acudir a él en una calurosa mañana de verano. La paciencia y dedicación que ha demostrado conmigo y con este trabajo ha sido exquisita. Su apoyo y su ayuda incondicional desde el inicio de este proyecto han sido claves tanto para mí como para la consecución del mismo. Gracias José. También quisiera dar las gracias a todas aquellas personas que, desinteresadamente, me han ayudado en la realización de este trabajo facilitándome información de sus respectivas empresas cuando me he puesto en contacto con ellas. Sin su colaboración, este trabajo no podría haber sido tan completo. Análisis histórico del nombre de marca de las empresas de zapatillas deportivas Índice de contenidos Índice de contenidos ......................................................................................................... 1 Índice de tablas ................................................................................................................. 2 Resumen ........................................................................................................................... 3 1. INTRODUCCIÓN ........................................................................................................ 5 2. REVISIÓN DE LA LITERATURA ............................................................................. 6 2.1. Las zapatillas deportivas. Breve historia e importancia económica ...................... 6 2.2. La importancia del nombre de marca .................................................................. 11 2.3. La creación del nombre de marca ........................................................................ 14 3. METODOLOGÍA ....................................................................................................... 25 3.1. Diseño .................................................................................................................. 25 3.2. Procedimiento y muestra ..................................................................................... 29 3.3. Análisis de datos .................................................................................................. 31 4. RESULTADOS .......................................................................................................... 32 4.1. Significado del nombre ........................................................................................ 32 4.2. Referencia a personas, dioses, lugares o animales .............................................. 32 4.3. Descriptivo, sugestivo, arbitrario, o de fantasía .................................................. 33 4.4. Relacionado o no relacionado con el producto .................................................... 34 4.5. Fonética: oclusivas iniciales y presencia de “p” o “k” en el nombre .................. 34 4.6. Ritmo ................................................................................................................... 35 4.7. Univervales/pluriverbales, y longitud del nombre .............................................. 36 4.8. Alfanuméricas ...................................................................................................... 36 4.9. Paranomasia, acrónimos y homofonía ................................................................. 37 4.10. Diversidad de opciones ...................................................................................... 37 5. DISCUSIÓN E IMPLICACIONES ........................................................................... 39 6. CONCLUSIÓN .......................................................................................................... 45 REFERENCIAS ............................................................................................................. 46 APÉNDICE .................................................................................................................... 55 1 Análisis histórico del nombre de marca de las empresas de zapatillas deportivas Índice de tablas Tabla 1. Categorías propuestas 26 Tabla 2. Distribución de países en la muestra 30 Tabla 3. Fiabilidad de la codificación de categorías 31 Tabla 4. Significado del nombre 32 Tabla 5. Referencia a personas, dioses, lugares o animales 33 Tabla 6. Descriptivo, sugestivo, arbitrario, o de fantasía 34 Tabla 7. Relacionado o no relacionado con el producto 34 Tabla 8. Fonética: oclusivas iniciales y presencia de “p” o “k” en el nombre 35 Tabla 9. Ritmo 35 Tabla 10. Univervales/pluriverbales 36 Tabla 11. Alfanúmericas 36 Tabla 12. Paranomasia, acrónimos y homofonía 37 Tabla 13. Nombres en función del principal recurso empleado para elegirlos 38 2 Análisis histórico del nombre de marca de las empresas de zapatillas deportivas Análisis histórico del nombre de marca de las empresas de zapatillas deportivas1 Jorge Muñoz Victoria Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena. Departamento de Economía de la Empresa [email protected] José A. Martínez. Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena. Departamento de Economía de la Empresa. [email protected] Resumen En la literatura de marketing se considera que la elección de un nombre de marca es una manera de construir valor de marca para un nuevo producto (Aaker, 1996). Centrándose en un sector industrial de gran dinamismo y expansión, como es el de zapatillas deportivas, esta investigación realiza el análisis de las tipologías de nombres de marcas de este producto, con el fin de establecer una descripción de las diferentes formas existentes para construir un nombre de marca, así como su evolución histórica, desde finales del siglo XIX hasta la actualidad. A través del análisis de 196 enseñas originarias de diversos países, y empleando la metodología del análisis de contenido, los resultados muestran un dibujo completo de las formas de nombrar a una marca de calzado deportivo, además de ciertos cambios sustanciales en la tipología de los nombres, tanto a nivel semántico, como fonético y morfológico. Las implicaciones para la gestión de este tipo de productos son discutidas finalmente. Palabras clave: Zapatillas deportivas, marketing, identidad de marca, análisis histórico 1 Parte de este trabajo ha sido publicado con la siguiente referencia: Martínez, J.A. y Muñoz, J. (2014). Análisis y evolución histórica de los nombres de marcas de zapatillas deportivas. RICYDE. Revista internacional de ciencias del deporte, 37(10), 235-263http://dx.doi.org/10.5232/ricyde2014.03705 3 Análisis histórico del nombre de marca de las empresas de zapatillas deportivas Analysis and historical evolution of the names of sport footwear brands Abstract The marketing literature considers that choosing the name of a brand is an important concern for executives, in order to build brand equity for a new product (Aaker, 1996). In a dynamic and growing industry such as sport footwear, this research achieved an analysis of the different types of brand names, with the aim to establish a description of the disparate forms of creating a brand name. In addition, this study showed the historical evolution of brand names, from the end of the XIX century to the current days. Through the analysis of 196 brand names coming from divergent countries, and after applying the content analysis method, results showed a complete picture about how to name a sport footwear brand. Moreover, findings indicated several significant changes along time, regarding the form of naming a brand, from the semantic, phonetic and morphologic viewpoint. Implications for the managing of this type of products were finally discussed. Keywords: Sports shoes, marketing, brand identity, historical analysis 4 Análisis histórico del nombre de marca de las empresas de zapatillas deportivas 1. INTRODUCCIÓN En el año 1844 el inventor Charles Goodyear patentó el proceso de vulcanización (Goodyear, 1844), lo que convertía al caucho en un material más duro e impermeable, y permitía la creación de calzado con suela de goma. Ya durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX varias empresas de diferentes países comenzaron a producir zapatillas con ese tipo de suela (Vanderbilt, 1998). A partir de entonces, el desarrollo de esta industria ha sido extraordinario. Un aspecto que tradicionalmente ha preocupado bastante a las empresas de zapatillas deportivas ha sido la elección del nombre de marca, tal y como han indicado Smit (2008) o Hollister (2008). Como muestra Smit (2008), los hermanos Dassler fundaron Puma y Adidas en 1948 y 1949, pero ese no había sido el nombre inicialmente escogido. Adolf Dassler trató de registrar “Addas” (acrónimo de Adolf Dassler), pero fue rebatido por una compañía de zapatos para niños de nombre similar. Por tanto, tuvo que variar el acrónimo, y como sus más allegados le llamaban Adi en lugar de Adolf, Adidas fue la elección final. Rudolf, por su parte, en un principio registró “Ruda” (acrónimo de Rudolf Dassler), pero la compañía que gestionaba sus relaciones públicas le convenció de que ese era un nombre poco elegante, que “Puma” era más comercial, y que ese animal representaba mejor los ideales de la marca. Hollister (2008), asimismo, relata las discusiones vividas en el seno de la empresa Blue Ribbon Sports,
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