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Canada aims to work towards the gradual implementation of a “Guaranteed Livable

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However, in years to come, it could very well be that “basic income” becomes a

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VWRFNFRPSDQ\&KDVH&XQOLIIH(UUH\JHUV6Sence’s system more closely resembles what today is called a “citizen’s dividend,” paid from rents not taxes,

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Spence’s preoccupation with equality in land is rooted in D/RFNHDQVWDWHRIQDWXUH

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Chase (1988) argues that Spence’s radical agrarianism then, is not an anti

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HFRQRPLFIRXQGDWLRQIRULQGXVWULDOFDSLWDOLVPThe extent to which Spence’s envisioned societal arrangement can be called industrial capitalism is debatable. Given Spence’s

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Spence’s contribution to basic income a precursor of later proposals.

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Fourier identifies poverty as the “principal cause of social disorders” (Fourier,

,QRUGHUWRFRPEDWWKHLOOVRISRYHUW\)RXULHUVXJJHVWVD“decent minimum”

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ODERXUFDSLWDODQGWDOHQWCunliffe and Erreygers (2001) note that Fourier uses “decent minimum” in a variety of ways throughout his writings, but idHQWLILHVWKUHHIXQGDPHQWDO

FKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHVFKHPHWKHPLQLPXPLVVXSSOLHGRQO\WRWKHSRRUWKH

PLQLPXPLVSDLGLQNLQGDQGWKHPLQLPXPLVDGYDQFHGLWKRXWDQ\RUNUHTXLUHPHQW

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(UUH\JHUV

)RXULHULVGHFLGHGO\OHVVURRWHGLQ/RFNHDQWKHRU\WKDQ6SHQFH,QGHHG

WKURXJKRXWKLVULWLQJV)RXULHUXVHVWKHWHUP“philosophers” LQFOXGLQJ/RFNHLQWKH

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Fourier’s harmonious society inspired some twoGR]HQH[SHULPHQWDO)RXULHULVW FRPPXQLWLHVLQ1RUWK$PHULFDLQWKHPLGQLQHWHHQWKFHQWXU\+RHYHUWKHIDLOXUHVRI WKHVHFRPPXQLWLHVWRDFKLHYHWKHLUHQGVDQGWKHWURXQFLQJRIWKH(XURSHDQ/HIWLQ HIIHFWLYHO\VSHOOHGWKHHQGRI)RXULHULVPDVDGLVWLQFWVRFLDOPRYHPHQW%HHFKHU For these reasons, Beecher (1986) explains, Fourier’s thoughtLVW\SLFDOO\FRQVLGHUHGLQ UHODWLRQWRV\VWHPVRIWKRXJKWWKDWIROORHGLWRUDVDSUHFXUVRUWRWKHWKRXJKWRIPRUH SUDFWLFDODQGSURIRXQGWKLQNHUV HVWURLVQRHGVGHPRHPHQW VRFLDOFRQFHUQRIWKHPRGHUQDJH–SURYLGLQJVXEVLVWHQFHIRUDOO)RXULHUVKXQQHGWKH

NH\OLEHUDOLGHDVRIOLEHUW\DQGHTXDOLW\DVFKLPHUDVRUGVLWKRXWPHDQLQJEHFDXVHWKH

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6SHQFHthe concept of the state of nature permeates Fourier’s thought. )RXULHUVXJJHVWV

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Fourier’s version of the basic income is part of a wider goal of social

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Fourier also uses “civilisation” as a pejorative term in KLVULWLQJVKLJKOLJKWLQJ LPSHUIHFWLRQ%HHFKHU FRQFHUQIRUFROOHFWLYHFDWHJRULHVLQVRFLHW\QRWLQJDGLYLVLRQEHWHHQODERXUDQGFDSLWDO

DQGGHVLUHVWRFRQVWUXFWDKDUPRQLRXVVRFLDOIDEULFDWWKHFRUHRIKLVWKHRU\LVDQ

LQGLYLGXDOSV\FKRORJ\–the “anatomy of the passions.” It is the SRHURIWKHVHSDVVLRQV

WKDWGULYHKXPDQEHLQJVWRDFWLRQFourier’s individualist and deductiveLQYHVWLJDWLYH

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Fourier’s assumptions of individual behaviours and psychology facilitate his

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EDVLFLQFRPHSURSRVDOVDQGLVRUWKFRPPHQWLQJRQTXLFNO\KHUH&RQWHPSRUDU\EDVLF

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RYHU3RRU/DDGPLQLVWUDWLRQLQ%ULWDLQ-RVHSK7RQVHQGDQG7KRPDV0DOWKXVXVHG arguments based on biological ‘rules’ to argue against the Poor Laws. Supporting the

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SRROIRUWKH6RFLDODULQLVW7RQVHQGDQGSURORQJLQJWKHSRSXODWLRQFULVLVIRU0DOWKXV

DYLG5LFDUGRDJUHHGthat the Poor Laws should go. He agreed with Malthus’

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WRWKHPDUJLQVE\LQGXVWU\2QFHDOOODQGDVXWLOLVHGDQGLQKLJKGHPDQGODQGORUGV

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PDLQVWUHDPSROLWLFDOHFonomy’s opposition to poor relief. This development of

‘knowledge’ provides a backdrop to the ‘laws’ that underpin marginal utility theory.

2QHof Fourier’s followers,-RVHSK&KDUOLHUD%HOJLDQKRVHOIGHVFULEHVDW

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/LNH)RXULHU&KDUOLHUVHHVSRYHUW\DVWKHSULQFLSOHLQLTXLW\RI

PRGHUQVRFLHW\DQGOLNH6SHQFHVHHVSULYDWHSURSHUW\DWWKHURRWRILW

7KLVPDMRUDEHUUDWLRQE\PDQDVWRWKHULJKWWRSURSHUW\RIWKHODQGKLFK FRQVWLWXWHVWKHEDVLVRIFLYLOL]HGVRFLHWLHVIRUPVWKHVWXPEOLQJEORFNWKDWKDV UHFNHGDQGLOOUHFNHYHU\DWWHPSWWRLPSURYHWKHFRQGLWLRQRIthe masses… S $GLVWLQFWLRQEHWHHQODQGHGDQGPRYHDEOHSURSHUW\is present in Charlier’s thought DQG

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&KDUOLHUDGGVDQRWKHUGLPHQVLRQE\LQWHUMHFWLQJWKHQRWLRQRIYLWDODQGDFTXLUHGQHHGV

LWKWKHIRUPHUWLHGWRWKHODQGDQGHPDQDWLQJIURPDSUHHPLQHQWULJKWWROLIHDQGWKH latter the product of the “refinement of the senses” and met with the acquisition of

PRYHDEOHSURSHUW\&KDUOLHUS7KHIXOILOOPHQWRIDFTXLUHGQHHGVWKHQLVD

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Van Trier (1995) suggests that Milner’s State Bonus Scheme (1918) is actually the first “fullblown modern” basic income scheme because land does not play an important part LQWKHDUJXPHQWS IXQGDPHQWDOULJKWWKHULJKWWROLIHLVKDPSHUHGLQFDSLWDOLVWFLYLOLVDWLRQDVWKHSXUVXLWRI

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Fourier’s followers, Victor &RQVLGHUDQWWKDWFRPSHQVDWLRQEHRIIHUHGLQWKHIRUPRID

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LQIOXHQFH&XQOLIIH(UUH\JHUV&KDUOLHUfinds the state’s principle

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FROOHFWLYH7RDFFRPSOLVKWKLVCharlier’s SURSRVDOUHVWVRQWKHUHDVVHUWLRQRIFROOHFWLYH

ODQGULJKWVKHUHE\WKHVWDWHRQVDQGPDQDJHVDOOODQG7KHVWDWHWDNHVWKH

UHVSRQVLELOLW\IRUHQVXULQJWKHEHVWXVHRIWKHODQGDQGFROOHFWVDOOUHQWV7KHVHUHQWVDUH

WKHQUHGLVWULEXWHGWRWKHSROLW\WKURXJKDV\VWHPRIPXWXDOFRPSHQVDWLRQ/DQGORUGVDUH

&KDUOLHUGRHVQRWFRQFHGHWKDWSULYDWHSURSHUW\LQODQGLVMXVWPHUHO\EHFDXVH WKHOHJDOIUDPHRUNRIFRQWHPSRUDU\VRFLHW\GHFODUHVLWVR:KLOHWKHLQGLYLGXDOWKDW acquires title to land commits no illegality, “the illegality resides in the eaUOLHUSULQFLSOH under the authority of which the act is performed” (p. 106). (QJHOVLQDOHWWHUWR%HUQVWHLQLQQRWHVWKDWWKHULJKWWRRUNKDGEHHQ implemented in France, Britain and Germany “LQWKHRQO\D\FDSLWDOLVWVRFLHW\FRXOGSXW LWLQWRSUDFWLFH–E\EXLOGLQJQRQVHQVLFDOQDWLRQDORUNVKRSV.” Engels continues to argue that the right to work is a “cowardly regression” in comparison to the advances of the ODERXUPRYHPHQWLWKUHJDUGVWRLWVDELOLW\WRWUDQVIRUPFDSLWDOLVP0DU[(QJHOV SDUWO\FRPSHQVDWHGIRUWKHORVVRIUHQWVGHULYHGIURPODQGHGSURSHUW\WKURXJKDQQXDO

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TXDUWHUO\“guaranteed minimum” payments. 7KHPLQLPXPLVSDLGHTXDOO\WRDOO

UHJDUGOHVVRIJHQGHURUDJHEDVHGRQWKHLQGLYLVLEOHULJKWWROLIHCharlier’s proposal is,

LQPDQ\UHspects, very similar to Spence’s, though CharliHUKDVPRUHIDLWKLQQDWLRQDO

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Building on Fourier’s work disincentive argument, Charlier insists that if a person

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VXEVLVWHQFHDQGWKHEDVLFLQFRPHRUJXDUDQWHHGPLQLPXPLVQRWPHUHO\FRPSHQVDWRU\ as it is in Fourier’s system, but is in fact an assertion of the equal nature of human beings.

&KDUOLHUDOVRHQYLVLRQVDUDGLFDOUHVWUXFWXULQJRIVRFLHW\OLNH)RXULHUDQG6SHQFHEHIRUH

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EXWUDWKHULVSDUWRIDLGHULQVWLWXWLRQDOWUDQVIRUPDWLRQ7KHQH[WVHWRIEDVLFLQFRPH philosophers appear in the twentieth century and treat basic income as a “patch up [to] the system of private enterprise,” to borrow Joan Robinson’s (SKUDVHS

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“social problem” to solve:

3UREDEO\WKHPRVWJHQHUDOO\DFFHSWDEOHGHILQLWLRQRIWKH6RFLDO3UREOHPLVWKH LGHVSUHDGXQKDSSLQHVVRIWKHSRRUHUFODVVHVVHHQPRVWVWULNLQJO\LQWKHVTXDORU DQGUHWFKHGQHVVRIWKHVOXPVDQGIRUFHGRQRXUDWWHQWLRQPRVWE\WKH

SUHYDOHQFHRILQGXVWULDOXQUHVWOHDGLQJFRQVWDQWO\WRVWULNHVDQGHYHQYLROHQFH S The “comprehensive” and “simple” solution proposed by the Milners is:

D7KDWHYHU\LQGLYLGXDODOOWKHWLPHVKRXOGUHFHLYHIURPDFHQWUDOIXQGVRPH VPDOODOORDQFHLQPRQH\KLFKRXOGEHMXVWVXIILFLHQWWRPDLQWDLQOLIHDQG OLEHUW\LIDOOHOVHIDLOHG E7KDWDVHYHU\RQHLVWRJHWDVKDUHIURPWKLVFHQWUDOIXQGVRHYHU\RQHKRKDV DQ\LQFRPHDWDOOVKRXOGFRQWULEXWHDVKDUHHDFKLQSURSRUWLRQWRKLVVLF FDSDFLW\S 7KH0LOQHUVJRRQWRVXJJHVWWKDWWKH%RQXVVKRXOGPHHWEDVLFQHHGVVRDVWR

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WKRXJKOLNH&KDUOLHUWKH\DUJXHD%RQXVWKDWPHHWVEDVLFQHHGVLOOQRWOHDGWRLGOHQHVV

EHFDXVHRIWKHSRVLWLYHLQFHQWLYHVSDLGODERXUSURYLGHVLQWKHIRUPRIKLJKHULQFRPHWKH

SD\PHQWDQGFROOHFWLRQV\VWHPVVKRXOGEHVLPSOHDQGUHTXLUHQRQHLQIUDVWUXFWXUHDQG

WKDWWKHSD\PHQWLVIXQGHGLQODUJHSDUWWKURXJKDIODWWD[RQLQFRPHDQG

GHGXFWLRQVIURPGLYLGHQGVDQGSURILWV7KH0LOQHUVXUJHthat their scheme “is a

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H[LVWLQJVRFLDODUUDQJHPHQWV–such as the Poor Law, Health Insurance, Charities, etc.”

S7KH6WDWH%RQXV6FKHPHWKH\DUJXHLVDPRUHHIIHFWLYHDSSOLFDWLRQRIWKLV

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SUHFXUVRUWR6RFLDO&UHGLWVHHEHORWKH)RXULHULVWVDQGWKH6SHQFHDQV“[o]bviously

JLYLQJWKHHTXLYDOHQWLQFDVKLVDJUHDWGHDOVLPSOHUWKDQUHRUJDQLVLQJRXUKROHODQG system!” (p. 131).

7KH0LOQHUVDUULYHDWDEDVLFLQFRPHIURPDFRQFHUQIRUPRUDOLW\DQG

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Bonus the “minimum income for all” and pitches the idea as a boon to business. 9DQ

7ULHUILQGVWKUHHGLPHQVLRQVE\KLFKERWKHPSOR\HUVDQGHPSOR\HHVEHQHILW according to Milner’s book:KHUHODERXUHUVJHWEHWWHUQXWULWLRQHPSOR\HUVJHWEHWWHU

SURGXFWLYLW\:KHUHRUNHUVDUHJXDUDQWHHGVXEVLVWHQFHGXULQJHFRQRPLFGRQWRQ

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KLFKWKHPLQLPXPLQFRPHLVSDLG

Between the Milners’ 1918 state bonus pamphlet and Dennis Milner’s 1920 book

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LGHDXGLHQFHDQGDPRUHVSHFLILFDUJXPHQWIURPWKHOHQVRILWVEHQHILWVWRHPSOR\HUV

LVGHYHORSHGDQGLQWHQGHGIRUDQDUURHUDXGLHQFHSROLF\PDNHUV7KH6FKHPHDSSHDUV

WRKDYHJDWKHUHGDWWHQWLRQIURPSURPLQHQWLQWHOOHFWXDOVDQG/DERXU3DUW\RIILFLDOVFLUFD

DVHOO9DQ7ULHU,QDIXQGUDLVLQJOHWWHUIURPHQQLV0LOQHUDVFLWHGLQ

9DQ7ULHUSUHVXPDEO\VHQWLQ0DUFK-$+REVRQDQG6LGQH\:HEEDUH listed as showing “sympathetic interest” in the idea, while G.D.H. Cole is said WREH

“definitely agreed” (p. 7KHODWWHUDOVRPHQWLRQVWKH6WDWH%RQXVDQGHQQLV

7KLVLVKRWKHDUJXPHQWIRUDOLYLQJDJHLVSUHVHQWHGWRGD\ $OOWKUHHHUHOHDGLQJILJXUHVLQ%ULWLVKSURJUHVVLYHSROLWLFV+REVRQSURSHUO\ IRUPXODted underconsumptionism and theorised imperialism, inspiring Lenin’s famous WUHDWLVH,PSHULDOLVPWKHLJKHVWWDJHRIDSLWDOLVP+HMRLQHGWKH/DERXU3DUW\LQ :HEEDVDPHPEHURIWKH)DELDQ6RFLHW\WKDWKHOSHGIRUPWKH/RQGRQ6FKRRORI 0LOQHULQULWLQJVWKURXJKRXWWKHV9DQ7ULHUDOVRILQGVWKDWWKH6FKHPHLV

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Milners’ FKHPHIRUDWDWHRQVLQKH(FRQRPLF-RUQDOand suggests, “the demerits of such a proposal are too obvious to need enumeration” (p. 241). $IWHUWKH/DERXU

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Trier (1995) argues that the Labour Party’s contentions are rooWHGPRVWO\LQSROLWLFDO

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(FRQRPLFVDQGKHOSHGULWHWKH/DERXU3DUW\FRQVWLWXWLRQ&ROHURWHH[WHQVLYHO\RQWKH KLVWRU\RIVRFLDOLVPDQGDVDPHPEHURIERWKWKH)DELDQ6RFLHW\DQGWKH/DERXU3DUW\ WRWKHLUQHHG”0RUHRYHUWKHSDUW\RIILFLDOVH[SUHVVHGFRQFHUQVDERXWWKH6FKHPH

LQFOXGLQJWD[HYDVLRQLQIODWLRQDQGWKHHDNHQLQJRIODERXUXQLRQSRHU7KHQHJDWLYH reaction from the Labour Party certainly didn’t do the State Bonus League any favours.

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6WDWH%RQXV9DQ7ULHUVXJJHVWVDVHFRQGUHDVRQIRUWKHIOHHWLQJPRPHQWXPRI the State Bonus Scheme and that is the arrival of a more “uplifting” social movement –

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LWK6RFLDO&UHGLWRLQJWRWKHPDMRULW\LQRIWKH$OEHUWD6RFLDO&UHGLW3DUW\LQWKH province’s SURYLQFLDOHOHFWLRQ)LQOD\VXJJHVWVWKDWWKHULVHRI6RFLDO&UHGLW

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FHQWXU\DQGLQWRWKHHDUO\twentieth, capitalism had reached its “logicalculmination” (p.

–PRQRSRO\FDSLWDOLVPFinlay (1972) finds five reasons for which an “underworld”

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)LQOD\SERUURVWKLVWHUPIURP.H\QHVKRVXJJHVWVWKDW HFRQRPic theories of deficiencies and excesses in effective demand can only be found “in the underworlds of Karl Marx, Silvio Gesell or Major Douglas” (p. 32). The latter is FUHGLWHGDVWKHIRXQGHURI6RFLDO&UHGLW)LQOD\:DOWHU WRILJXUHLQ%ULWLVKHFRQRPLFOLWHUDWXUHDQGHQWHUWKHPLQGVRIDQLQFUHDVLQJO\OLWHUDWH

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“underconsumptionism” and “distributism.” The former UHIHUVWRWKHLGHDWKDWHFRQRPLF

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)LQOD\FLWHV6LU/HR&KLR]]D0RQH\DXWKRURILFKHVDQGRHUW 0RQH\XVHVDVDEDVH\HDUDQGILQGVWKDWLQSURILWVHUHDQGLQ HUH,QWKHVDPH\HDUVDJHVHUHDQGUHVSHFWLYHO\ +REVEDPQRWHVWKDWWKHILUVW*UHDWHSUHVVLRQRIKLOHQRWDV disastrous as the 1830s and 1840s or the 1920s and 1930s, marks “a new state of mind of uneasiness and gloom about the prospects of the British economy” (p. 127). +RHYHU&KDUOLHUOLNH0DOWKXV(who theorised “gluts”) EHIRUHDQGWKH

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7KHRIWFUHGLWHG‘engineer’ of Social Credit is Major (Clifford Hugh) Douglas.

Douglas’ system of thought, Douglasism, forms the backbone of Social Credit 7KHRU\

Finlay (1972) suggests that Douglas’ knowledge of economic theory KHDVDWUDLQHG

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which the Social Crediters term, “national dividend”)RXWRIIHDURIFRPPXQLVPRUDW

WKHYHU\OHDVWWKHFHQWUDOLVLQJWHQGHQFLHVRILWRXJODVIHDUVRUJDQLVDWLRQDQG

FRQFHQWUDWLRQRIDQ\VRUWH[WUHPHOHIWRUULJKWDQGLQVLVWVRQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIRUJDQLF relations in society (Finlay, 1972). “Any policy which aims at the establishment of a

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SROLF\RIRPLQDWLRQLUUHVSHFWLYHRIWKHILQHRUGVLWKKLFKLWPD\EHDFFRmpanied,”

ULWHVRXJODVS)LQOD\DUJXHVWKDWDouglas’ antiRUJDQLVDWLRQVWDQFH

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‘laws’ that govern human behaviour.

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RUJDQLVDWLRQV)RURXJODVDGXDOLVPH[LVWVLWKLQDOOSURGXFWLYHRUJDQLVDWLRQV7KH\

KDYHDSURGXFWLYHUROHDVWKHSURGXFHUVRIJRRGVRUVHUYLFHVin the “real” economy7KH\

DOVRSOD\DUROHLQthe “financial” economy.,QWKLVFDSDFLW\SURGXFWLYHRUJDQLVDWLRQV

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7ULHU–LQFOXGLQJ-DPHV0HDGHDQG-RDQ5RELQVRQKRFRQWLQXHWRSD\DWWHQWLRQ

WRWKH7KHRUHPVRPH\HDUVDIWHURXJODVLQLWLDOO\SURSRVHVLWIf ‘A’ represents

SD\PHQWs for wages and salaries and ‘B’ represents payments for raw materials, overhead

DQGRWKHUFRVWVRISURGXFWLRQLWLVFOHDUWKDWJRRGVFXUUHQWO\RQWKHPDUNHWDUHSULFHG according to the cost of both ‘A’ and ‘B.’ HoweverRXJODVwrites, “since A wLOO

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JUouped under A” S6DYLQJVDORQHFDQQRWILQDQFHDQGSXUFKDVHIXWXUHSURGXFWLRQ

DQGFUHGLWGRPHVWLFRUH[SRUWPXVWEHLQMHFWHGLQWRWKHV\VWHPWKHNHHSWKHSD\PHQWV

PRYLQJ7KLVFUHGLWGRHVQRWFRPHIUHH7KHYDOXHRIWKHPRQH\LQMHFWHGLVUHIOHFWHGLQ

VHOOLQJSULFHVDQGHYHQWXDOO\SDLGE\FRQVXPHUVLQRUGHUIRUSURGXFWLYHRUJDQLVDWLRQVWR

SD\WKHEDQNVWKDWOHQWWKHPWKHPRQH\RXJODVThe “allimportant point” for

RXJODVLQWKLVVHULHVRIHYHQWVLVKLOHWKHSULFHV\VWHPGLVWULEXWHVJRRGVWRFRQVXPHUV

WKHSULFHRIDQ\JRRGLQFOXGHVWKHSURGXFWLRQUHDOFRVWRIWKDWJRRGODERXUUD

PDWHULDOVRYHUKHDGFRVWVHWFDQGWKHFDSLWDOILQDQFLDOFRVWRIWKDWJRRGWKHFRVWRI money borrowed to finance production). This leaves the community “in the position of

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–of the product” (Douglas, 1920S

:KDWDUHWKHLPSOLFDWLRQVRIWKH$%7KHRUHP)ROORLQJIURPWKHWKHRU\ itself, the implications are debated. This is due to Douglas’ unusual and ambiguous

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insists that in all of Douglas’ writings some mention of insufficient purchasing power is present, suggesting that the “inherent lack of purchasing power hypothesis”LV the “constitutive metaphor” in Douglas’ work (p. 172). Van Trier (1995) also suggests that the “inherent lack of purchasing power hypothesis” is, for Douglas, an inGLFDWLRQRI

HYHQWXDOEUHDNGRQ$FFRUGLQJWRWKLVYLHLQWHQVLILHGSURGXFWLRQDQGWHFKQRORJLFDO progress is a law of capitalist society for Douglas, meaning that the gap between ‘A’ and

‘A + B’ will continue to growHYHQWXDOO\GHVWUR\LQJSURILWDELOLW\0DF3KHUVRQ

VKDUHVWKLVSRVLWLRQRQO\KHVXJJHVWVWKDWWKHORJLFDOFRQFOXVLRQLVFRQWLQXDOFRQWUDFWLRQ

RIWKHHFRQRP\QRWIXOOVFDOHEUHDNGRQ

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SRHUHVSRXVHGLQWKH7KHRUHP7KHUHDOSUREOHPWKDWWKH\VXJJHVWLVFHQWUDOIRU

RXJODVLVWKHLQFUHDVLQJFRQWUROWKDWSRHURYHUFUHGLWLVVXHDIIRUGVILQDQFLHUV%\ controlling the flow of ‘B’ payments, financiers, in effectKDYHDQRQHUVKLSFODLPRQ

IXWXUHSURGXFWLRQ)RU)LQOD\WKLVFODLPRQIXWXUHSURGXFWLRQNHHSVFRQVXPHUVLQ

DVWDWHRIVHUYLOLW\WRWKHLUILQDQFLDOPDVWHUV%\ILQDQFLQJWKHH[SDQVLRQDQGHYROXWLRQRI

WKHHFRQRP\ILQDQFLHUVH[HUFLVHJUHDWHUDQGJUHDWHUFRQWURORYHULWVWUDMHFWRU\–GHQ\LQJ

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)RU6RFLDO&UHGLWDEDVLFLQFRPHRUQDWLRQDOGLYLGHQGLVDORJLFDOUHSO\WRD

VLWXDWLRQLQKLFKWKURXJKDUHGXFHGQHHGIRUKXPDQODERXUWKHDJHV\VWHPEHFRPHV

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6RFLDO&UHGLW0RYHPHQWSODFHVWKH1DWLRQDOLYLGHQGDWWKHFHQWUHRILWVSROLWLFDO

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DQDQDORJ\WRWKH2OG$JH3HQVLRQILUVWLQWURGXFHGLQWKH8.+XWFKLQVRQ

%XUNLWW7KHUHFHLSWRIWKH2OG$JH3HQVLRQDVEDVHGVROHO\RQPHPEHUVKLSLQ the community, why shouldn’t this be the case for all?6RFLDO&UHGLWDGYRFDWH&

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The Community’s CUHGLW+DWWHUVOH\FRQWHQGVWKDWDOOSURGXFWLRQLVWKH

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LQKHULWDQFHRIWKHFRPPXQLW\,QWKHODWWHUJURXS+DWWHUVOH\LQFOXGHVRUGHUHG

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“hundred and one amenities of civilisation” and concludes that all members of the community are the heirs of this “splendid heritage.” “So much is this the case that it is,

VWULFWO\VSHDNLQJLPSRVVLEOHIRUDQ\RQHPDQVLFWREHVDLGWREHWKHVROHFUHDWRURI even ‘his own’ [VLFLGHDRULQYHQWLRQ+HVLFKDVPHUHO\PDQLSXODWHGPHQWDOO\WKH inventions and ideas of a hundred others” (p. 143).7KLVFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH+DWWHUVOH\

JRHVRQWRGHILQHas a community’s “real credit” (p. 144). To ensure that each member

RIWKHFRPPXQLW\VKDUHVLQWKLVOHJDF\+DWWHUVOH\VXJJHVWVD1DWLRQDOLYLGHQGWREH

GLVWULEXWHGWRDOOUHJDUGOHVVRIHPSOR\PHQWVWDWXVRUILQDQFLDOPHDQV+DWWHUVOH\

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7KH6RFLDO&UHGLW0RYHPHQWDVDEOHWRJDLQSRSXODUDSSHDOXQOLNHWKH6WDWH

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Douglas’ position is the result of the ambiguous style in which Douglas presents it.

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%XUNLWWwrite, “[t]he emergence of the career economist, dependent on his/her profession for a livelihood … restricts validation of economic theory to areas which conform with prevailing financial jurisdiction” (p. 93). 7KDWVDLGDVSLULQJHFRQRPLVWV

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$VVHHQDERYHDFRQFHUQIRUKDW.H\QHVRXOGODWHUSRSXODULVHDV the “principle of effective demand” pervaded the thinking of WKHXQGHUFRQVXPSWLRQLVWV

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QRWSURIHVVLRQDOHFRQRPLVWV7KHLGHDRIDEDVLFLQFRPH, or “social dividend” as the

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LQFHQWLYHVVWUXFWXUHVWKDWSHUYDGHRUNHrs’ decisions to work and employers’ decisions to

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Van Trier (1995) argues that the “steering mechanism” function of the social

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policy ‘experts’ in which the frame for analysing the basic income idea was inconsistent

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Also in 1964, Johnson declared a “War on Poverty” and established the Office for

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HOOdefined) strategy of Johnson’s War on Poverty followed from the blueprint laid

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Master’s degrees instead of putting money into the hands of the poor (p. 54). The OEO

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ULVLQJVXSSRUWIURPSURJUHVVLYHEXUHDXFUDWV3UHVLGHQW-RKQVRQQHYHUGLGHQGRUVHD negative income tax. Williams (1972) posits several reasons for Johnson’s reluctance to

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The myriad conditions that contributed to Johnson’s apathy towards a negative

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Experiment.” Williams (1972) notes that the policy analysts and academics that

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‘prove’ its virtues

As the Johnson administration moved towards the end of its tenure, “well advanced” preparations for negative income tax legislation were prepared (Anderson,

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Stock Exchange. The committee released its report in 1968 and declared that, “it leans in

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Luther King, Jr., who wrote in his last book before his assassination: “I am now

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HSDUWPHQWRI+HDOWK(GXFDWLRQDQG:HOIDUH+(:KHOGRYHUIURPWKH-RKQVRQ administration drafted the basic outline of FAP and the plan gained traction in Nixon’s

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Nixon announced FAP in a nationally televised address in August 1969 and called it “the most significant piece of social legislation in our nation’s history” (cited in Moynihan,

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WD[. “The5XUDO,QFRPHMaintenance Experiment” in Iowa and North Carolina (1970

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H[SHULPHQWVSURYHG1,7WREHDIDLOHGSROLF\IRUWKH\VDDQ\VL]HRUNUHGXFWLRQDVWRR much. The “workeffort reduction” was also misinterpreted as meaning a reduction in the

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WKHIHGHUDOgovernment was pushing to ‘repatriate’ the Canadian constitution. Efforts to

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Experiment Project officially commenced to review Canada’s social security system in

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QHLJKERXUKRRGRIKLFKLWLVDSDUW5DSRSRUWDOVo divides the “components” of housing satisfaction into “physical” and “sociocultural” (p. 61). Cantor and Rees (1982)

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FRQGLWLRQ&DPSEHOO&RQYHUVHDQG5RGJHUVRQWKHRWKHUKDQGXQGHUVWDQG people’s housing environments as “nested environmental realms” (p. 249), where the

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(1975) stress cultural norms in their classification. They find that “[h]ousing needs GR

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Churchman, 1984). More objective measurements of a dwelling’s physical condition

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“enrolment” interview (Sabourin, 1979). Due to the financial constraints of Mincome,

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LD]Serrano, L. (2009). “Disentangling the Housing SatisIDFWLRQ3X]]OHRHV Homeownership Really Matter?” -RUQDORI(FRQRPLFVFKRORJ RXJODV&+UHGLWRHUDQGHPRFUDF/RQGRQ&HFLO3DOPHU RXJODV&+KHVHUHVHQWLVFRQWHQWVDQGWKHDERUDUWDQGRFLDO UHGLW/RQGRQ&HFLO3DOPHU Economic Council of Canada. (1968). “The Problem of Poverty.” Fifth Annual Review. Ottawa: Queen’s Printer. Elsinga, M. & Hoekstra, J. (2005). “Homeownership and Housing Satisfaction.” -RUQDORIRVLQJDQGWKHLOW(QLURQPHQW Evans, P.M. (1984). “Work and Welfare: a Profile of /R,QFRPHSingle Mothers.” DQDGLDQRFLDO:RUNHLH Faris, S. (2014, January 16). “The Swiss Join the Fight Against Inequality.” ORRPEHUJ VLQHVV:HHN5HWULHYHGIURPKWWSEXVLQHVVHHNFRPDUWLFOHV LQHTXDOLW\ILJKWVLVVLOOYRWHRQPLQLPXPLQFRPH )LQOD\-/RFLDOUHGLWKH(QJOLVKULJLQV0RQWUHDO0F*LOOQueen’s 8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV Forget, E. (2011). “The Town with No Poverty: The Health Effects of a Canadian Guaranteed Annual Income Field Experiment.” DQDGLDQEOLFROLF Fourier, C. (1972). “Letter to the High Judge.” In KH8WRSLDQLVLRQRIKDUOHV )RULHUHOHFWHGHWVRQ:RUNRHDQGDVVLRQDWHWWUDFWLRQ5HWULHYHG IURPKWWSVPDU[LVWVRUJUHIHUHQFHDUFKLYHIRXULHURUNVFKKWP 5HSURGXFHGIURP )ULHGPDQ0DSLWDOLVPDQG)UHHGRP&KLFDJR7KH8QLYHUVLW\RI&KLFDJR 3UHVV2ULJLQDOO\SXEOLVKHG Galster, G.C. & Hesser, G.W. (1981). “Residential Satisfaction: Composition and Contextual Correlates.” (QLURQPHQWDQGHKDLRU *LQVEHUJ<Churchman, A. (1984). “Housing Satisfaction and the Intention to Move: Their Explanatory Variables.” RFLR(FRQRPLFODQQLQJFLHQFHV Green Party of Canada. (2014). “Vision Green, Part 4, Section 12: Eliminating Poverty.” RetrievHGIURPKWWSJUHHQSDUW\FDHQYLVLRQJUHHQS

Gruber, K.J. & Shelton, G.G. (1987). “Assessment of Neighbourhood Satisfaction by Residents of Three Housing Types.” RFLDO,QGLFDWRUVHVHDUFK +DDUPDQQ&Haarmann, D. (2012). “Namibia: Seeing the Sun Rise –7KH5HDOLWLHV and Hopes of the Basic Income Grant Pilot Project.” In M.C. Murray & C. 3DWHPDQ(GVDVLF,QFRPH:RUOGLGHRULRQVRIHIRUP1H

+XP6LPSVRQ:D). “Whatever Happened to Canada’s Guaranteed Income Project?” DQDGLDQEOLFGPLQLVWUDWLRQ +XPSimpson, W. (1993b). “Economic Response to a Guaranteed Annual Income: Experience from Canada and the United States.” -RUQDORIDERU (FRQRPLFVSDUW6 Hum, D. & Simpson, W. (2001). “A Guaranteed Annual Income? From Mincome to WKe Millenium.” ROLFSWLRQV +XWFKLQVRQ)%XUNLWW%KHROLWLFDO(FRQRPRIRFLDOUHGLWDQGLOG RFLDOLVP1H

Kurz, M. (1979). “An Evaluation of theExperimental Sample of Mincome Manitoba.” ? 7HFKQLFDO5HSRUW1R0LQFRPH0DQLWRED Lane, S. & Kinsey, J. (1980). “Housing Tenure Status and Housing Satisfaction.” KH -RUQDORIRQVPHUIIDLUV Laurent, T. & L’Horty, Y. (2002). “Back to Work Incentives in a Dynamic Perspective: An Application to French Labor Markets.”,Q.:LGHUTXLVW0$/HLV6 3UHVVPDQ(GVKH(WKLFVDQG(FRQRPLFVRIWKHDVLF,QFRPHDUDQWHH 1H

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3UHVFRWW6LGLQVN\5Wilton, D.A. (1986). “Labour Supply Estimates for /R ,QFRPHFemale Heads of Household Using Mincome Data.” DQDGLDQ-RUQDORI (FRQRPLFV Purdy, D. (1994). “Citizenship, Basic Income and the State.” 1HHIWHLH 1RYHPEHUHFHPEHU 5DSRSRUW$PDQVSHFWVRI8UEDQ)RUPRDUGVD0DQ(QLURQPHQW SSURDFKWR8UEDQ)RUPDQGHVLJQ2[IRUG3HUJDPRQ3UHVV Rent, G.S. & Rent, C.S. (1978). “/R,QFRPH+RXVLQJ)DFWRUV5HODWHGWR5HVLGHQWLDO Satisfaction.” (QLURQPHQWDQGHKDLRU 5K\V:LOOLDPV-RPHWKLQJWRRRN)RUDUGRJJHVWLRQIRUD1H RFLDORQWUDFW,Q-&XQOLIIH*(UUH\JHUV(GVKHULJLQVRI8QLHUVDO UDQWV+DPSVKLUH3DOJUDYH0DFPLOODQ5HSULQWHGIURP /RQGRQ0DFGRQDOG&R 5RELQVRQ-,QWURGFWLRQWRWKHKHRURI(PSORPHQW/RQGRQ0DFPLOODQ &R2ULJLQDOO\SXEOLVKHG Rossi, P.H. (1975). “A Critical Review of the Analysis of Nonlabor Force Responses.” ,Q-$3HFKPDQ307LPSDQH(GV:RUN,QFHQWLHVDQG,QFRPH DUDQWHHVKH1H-HUVH1HJDWLH,QFRPHD(SHULPHQW :DVKLQJWRQ%URRNLQJV,QVWLWXWLRQ Sabourin, D. (1979). “Sample Development Over Time, Participation and Attrition.” 7HFKQLFDO5HSRUW1R0LQFRPH0DQLWRED Sabourin, D. & Hum, D. (1979). “An Analysis of Non5HVSRQVHWRWKH0DQLWRED%DVLF Annual Income Experiment.” Technical Report, No. 7. Mincome Manitoba. Sabourin, D., Hum, D., Harrar, W. & Basilevsky, A. (1979). “Program Participation in the Saturation Site of the Manitoba Basic Annual Income Experiment.” Technical 5HSRUW1R0LQFRPH0DQLWRED Schorr, A.L. (1966). “Slums and Social Insecurity.” VLDDFLILF-RUQDORIPDQ HVRUFHV Sen, A. (1999). “The Possibility of Social Choice.” KHPHULFDQ(FRQRPLFHLH Solow, R. (1986). “An Economist’s View of the Income Maintenance Experiments.” In $0XQQHO(GHVVRQVIURPWKH,QFRPH0DLQWHQDQFH(SHULPHQWV%RVWRQ

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Upton, L. (2015, June 16). “Finland: New Government Commits to a Basic Income Experiment.” DVLF,QFRPH(DUWK1HWRUN5HWULHYHGIURP KWWSEDVLFLQFRPHRUJQHVILQODQGQHJRYHUQPHQWFRPPLWVWR DEDVLFLQFRPHH[SHULPHQW van Draanen, J. (2015, May 12). “Canada: New PEI Premier Supports Basic Income.” DVLF,QFRPH(DUWK1HWRUN5HWULHYHGIURP KWWSEDVLFLQFRPHRUJQHVFDQDGDQHSHLSUHPLHUVXSSRUWV EDVLFLQFRPH

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