Challenges and Opportunities for EVs and AVs integration Dr. Liana Cipcigan Reader, Energy Institute, School of Engineering Co-director EVCE Electric Vehicle Centre of Excellence [email protected]

1 Cardiff University Integrated approach of EVs integration

Automotive Behavioral DNO/DSO Electricity Markets Automotive Edge devices R&D Business Models Ancillary Services Innovation SO Flexibility

Power electronics converters

Intelligent infrastructure / Smart Grids Data management Resilience Cybersecurity

INTEGRATED MODEL Electricity and transport systems 3 Grant Title Amount Sponsor Period 2012-2014 Smart management of electric vehicles http://gow.epsrc.ac.uk/NGBOViewGrant.aspx EPSRC ?GrantRef=EP/I038756/1 2011-2012 Pathways” – Electric Vehicle Value Chain, Bridging the http://evvc.engineering.cf.ac.uk/ EPSRC gaps 2012-2013 Agent-based controllers for EVs and micro-generators http://evvc.engineering.cf.ac.uk/ Innovate UK

2011-2013 Scenarios for the development of smart grids in the www.smartgridscenarios.org.uk UKERC UK 2010-2011 Mobile Energy Resources in Grids of Electricity http://www.ev-merge.eu/ EC FP7 (MERGE) 2010-2012 European network on electric vehicles and http://www.enevate.eu/ EC, INTERREG IVC transferring expertise (ENEVATE)

2013-2016 SCADA Cyber Security Lifecycle (SCADA-CSL): £277,000 EADS Innovation Works

2014-2017 Ebbs and Flows of Energy System www.eandfes.co.uk EPSRC/Innovate UK £1.9M

2014-2017 Grid Economics, Planning and Business Models for £325,170 EPSRC Smart Electric Mobility

2011-2015 COST https://helios.hud.ac.uk/cost/ EC Autonomic Road Transport Support

2013-2016 eBRIDGE: empowering e-fleets for business and http://www.ebridge- Intelligent Energy Europe private purposes in cities project.eu/en/about/introduction

2014-2017 I CVUE : Incentives for Clean Vehicles in Urban http://icvue.eu/ Intelligent Energy Europe Europe 2014-2017 MAS2TERING http://www.mas2tering.eu/ EC Multi-Agent Systems and Secured coupling of ICT-Smart Energy Grids Telecom and Energy gRIds for Next Generation smart 10 grid services EVCE Activities

Welsh Automotive Forum

Low Carbon Vehicle Steering Group Welsh Government

Climate Change Commission for Wales

European Network on EV and Transferring Expertise

BSI technical committee ESL/120 Electrical Energy Storage Invited expert - Working Group Smart Charging under CEN/CENELEC M468 and M490 IEEE Standards Association Member of WG p.2030.1, Guide for Transportation Electrification SC C2 System Operation and Control 11 Regulatory & Policy Framework

• Government's ambition to ban petrol and diesel cars by 2040

• Electric and Autonomous Vehicle Bill passage through the Parliamentary process.

• This bill will create the regulatory framework for Autonomous Vehicles and aims to improve the network of charging points for electric vehicles. – All charge points will have to be ‘smart’, meaning they can interact with the grid in order to manage demand for electricity across the country. – A new amendment to this bill aims to make it mandatory for charging point operators to transmit power consumption data to Britain's National Grid and local electricity DNO. – All drivers of automated vehicles will be required to be insured and victims of collisions involving an automated vehicle will have quick and easy access to compensation, in line with existing insurance practices.

5 Why go Electric? 4 Key Reasons

Key Issues Electric Transportation as a Solution Decreasing fossil fuel resources Foreign oil Transportation sector uses ¼ of the total energy dependency consumption and 2/3 of world oil consumption

Climate change/ High emissions from transportation sector air quality

Energy cost An answer to the high petrol prices (transportation costs) To fuel an electric car £1 to 2 /100 km

Electric vehicle and related technologies can Jobs influence “green” jobs development

6 Air quality Good cities and bad cities…

InCalgary Calgary 90% of trips are by car In Hong Kong less than 20% of trips are by car 7 8 Our cities and regions

• The Scottish Government has pledged to phase out new petrol and diesel cars and vans across Scotland by 2032, and "massively expand" charging points and set up pilot projects to encourage uptake of EVs.

• Oxford to ban all petrol and diesel vehicles and become ‘world’s first zero-emissions zone’ • Council plans to start phasing out polluting vehicles barred from six streets in the city centre including taxis, cars and buses from city centre area in 2020

• The Cambridge City Council is looking into the possibility of banning petrol and diesel cars in certain parts of Cambridge city centre, as part of their efforts to reduce congestion and improve air quality. • Areas that might see the ban of petrol vehicles include Market Square, in the hope that the suppression of petrol and diesel vehicles will encourage the use of clean, electric operators.

9 Electric Busses • Local authorities and bus companies in Bristol, York, Brighton, Surrey, Denbighshire and Wiltshire have been awarded the funding under the government’s ‘Low emission bus scheme’ to help them buy 153 cleaner buses (Government announcement) • Six Wrightbus StreetAir vehicles will take on a route serving much of central Edinburgh • Lothian Buses has invested more than £2.7m in the service.

10 Electric Busses

• A further 36 electric buses are to go into service in the UK’s capital following a new contract with bus operator London United. (June 2017)

• The UK has the highest number of electric buses in Europe

• The UK has the largest number of these buses with over 18% of the total European fleet, followed by the Netherlands, Switzerland, Poland and Germany, with around 10% each. • The report reveals that 19 public transport operators and authorities, covering around 25 European cities, have published strategies that should see more than 2,500 electric buses operating in those cities by 2020, 6% of their combined fleets.

Zero Emission Urban Bus System (ZeEUS) project 11 Electric Taxis

• Electric black cabs – London • More than 9,000 such taxis, roughly half the current black cab fleet, are expected on London's roads by 2021. • The new TX can travel 80 miles on a single battery charge and is fitted with a 1.5 litre petrol engine to assist with longer journeys. • Electric Blue is offering Electric taxis Dedicated rapid charger network - will allow you to recharge in as little as 20 minutes -

12 13 14 Electric Vehicles uptake (NG FES)

15 16 What demand are we expecting?

• National Grid 2017 FES document which indicate that there is a lack of electricity generation capacity to support the forecasted increase in the EVs uptake.

17 What demand are we expecting?

18 19 Why go Electric? 4 Key Reasons

Key Issues Electric Transportation as a Solution Decreasing fossil fuel resources Foreign oil Transportation sector uses ¼ of the total energy dependency consumption and 2/3 of world oil consumption

Climate change/ High emissions from transportation sector air quality

Energy cost An answer to the high petrol prices (transportation costs) To fuel an electric car £1 to 2 /100 km

Electric vehicle and related technologies can Jobs influence “green” jobs development

20 Foreign Oil Dependency • Oil is predominately a transportation energy problem 68.3% (USA) • America is the largest consumer of energy per capita • Largest consumer of energy overall 1/4 of global total • Largest emitter of carbon And, China is trying to catch up…

21 22 Why go Electric? 4 Key Reasons

Key Issues Electric Transportation as a Solution Decreasing fossil fuel resources Foreign oil Transportation sector uses ¼ of the total energy dependency consumption and 2/3 of world oil consumption

Climate change/ High emissions from transportation sector air quality

Energy cost An answer to the high petrol prices (transportation costs) To fuel an electric car £1 to 2 /100 km

Electric vehicle and related technologies can Jobs influence “green” jobs development

23 Cost of Electricity as a transportation fuel

24 Independent drivers for E-mobility

Transport: Sustainable urban mobility Energy: Smart Grids Smart Cities

Electromobility as part of the Smart Grid Electromobility as integral part of urban mobility • As mobile loads, sufficient energy to charge the • CO2 reduction through electric car electric car • Complete urban mobility through integration if • Control charging individual and public transport •Electric car as storage devices through V2G •Infrastructure interdependencies 25 Power of Flexibility from EVs

• EVs could offer benefits to the grid • Mobile battery resource with a geographically distributed energy storage capacity through V2G. • Smart charging arrangements for peak shaving using Time of Use tariffs • Demand Side Response to provide balancing services to NG.

26 EVs moderate the electricity prices

• An interesting analysis in USA shows that EVs have the potential to decrease, or at least moderate the growth of, utility rates. • For a technology that will increase total demand for electricity, this may seem counter-intuitive. • EV typically charge at night, when electricity is cheapest to generate. By balancing the demand for electricity between day and night, EV decrease the average cost of electricity. Thus, overall rates decrease.

27 High Solar Impacts on System Operability

Continuous trend of an increase in distributed solar generation Falling of peak electricity demand, particularly during summer. 28 High Solar Impacts on System Operability

Afternoon transmission system demand falls below overnight demand for the first time due to solar generation

Propose and demonstrate new balancing services: Demand Side Response from Electric Vehicles and storage (V2G) facilitated by Virtual Power Plant

29 The relationship between EVs and AVs

ELECTRIFICATION AUTOMATION • • Replace existing technology New technology • Driven by investment • Driven by regulation • Outpacing regulation and law • Resistant in market • Experts from leading • EV is the foundation for AV manufacturer's BMW and Ford • EVs are set to succeed agreed that AV are likely to be • The price of EV batteries capable of making decisions in the event of an accident (that has fallen by 65% since 2010 could result in life or death) (NG FES 2017) before regulation can catch up.

30 Moral Machine MIT

• Play this killer self-driving car ethics game

• In, This new game called the “Moral Machine” from MIT’s researchers, a car’s breaks fail and you have to choose whether it crashes into a barrier, killing the passengers, or swerves into the cross- walk, killing pedestrians. • The game lets you make the calls in the famous “trolley problem” and see analytics about your ethics.

• Who should be responsible for these choices?

• The non-driving passenger, the company who made the AI or no one? http://moralmachine.mit.edu/ 31 Moral Machine MIT

The test is premised on indifference to death.

There are no other options only to cause death.

The question is just how technology can allocate that indifference as efficiently as possible.

32 2 days ago …

• Tempe police said the self-driving car was in autonomous mode at the time of the crash and that the vehicle hit a woman, who was walking outside of the crosswalk and later died at a hospital. • There was a vehicle operator inside the car at the time of the crash.

33 34 Conditions for Success in EVs and AV deployment

• Policy and legislation – Pilar 1 • A proactive government that attracts partnership with manufacturers

• Technology & Innovation – Pilar 2 • Private-sector investment and innovation

• Infrastructure – Pilar 3 • Excellent road and mobile network infrastructure

• Consumer Acceptance – Pilar 4

35 36 37 Why go Electric? 4 Key Reasons

Key Issues Electric Transportation as a Solution Decreasing fossil fuel resources Foreign oil Transportation sector uses ¼ of the total energy dependency consumption and 2/3 of world oil consumption

Climate change/ High emissions from transportation sector air quality

Energy cost An answer to the high petrol prices (transportation costs) To fuel an electric car £1 to 2 /100 km

Electric vehicle and related technologies can Jobs influence “green” jobs development

38 Reason 4 Potential Job Creation

Batteries Smart metering and charging Vehicle Conversions Advanced electronics and chargers

Grid hardware and charging infrastructure

Major Vehicle Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs)

39 Example Vehicle conversion – job creation

40 Think the cost of dong nothing!

• Keeping everything else about our system the same, will be a disaster.

• Present - our “roads - individuals driving alone in their cars (75% of all trips).

• Future - our streets with 50% of the cars have no people in them at all (AV)

• In the next five years, over 120 electric vehicle models will be available to the public.

41 Car Sharing autolib Paris

• Autolib is run by the Groupe Bolloré. • Integrating battery technology, customer interface and project management • Unique design of car developed by CeComp and built by Pininfarina in Italy after mainstream car makers expressed no interest. • The Autolib’ service is available in 90 communes in the Paris region. • In 2015, the cars have covered a total of 50 million kilometers.

42 Car Sharing autolib Paris

• Bolloré makes chargers, card readers, and batteries. …and manages the call centre. • When local authorities invest, Autolib pays for parking spaces.

43 Car Sharing autolib Paris

44 Bluecity London

• The successful implementation of a public electric car-sharing in Paris proves that it can be implemented everywhere. • The rapid expansion of this service in Paris was made possible by the strong support of local authorities, which were committed to the development of car-sharing. • It was the first time that a city manages a car sharing system. • Following the success of this service in Paris, Autolib has expanded to Lyon and Bordeaux in France, London in UK and as a small-scale service in Indianapolis in the USA • Bluecity was launched in London in April 2017

45 https://www.blue-city.co.uk/ 46 • Autolib charging points are compatible with the following vehicles: – Nissan e-nv200 evalia; – Mitsubishi Outlander hybrid ; – Ion (Customer must provide their own cable // Recent models since 2013 are compatible); – C0 (Models prior to May 2013: only on the « scooter » outlet on the charging points (Customer must provide their own cable) // – Recent models since 2013 : compatible) ; – Citroën Berlingo Electric ; – Peugeot Partner Electric ; – Zoé ; – Renault Twizy ; – Renault Kangoo Van Z.E. ; – Renault Fluence Z.E. ; – Mia Electric ; – Nissan Leaf ; – Toyota Prius ; – BMW : I3 225xe Serie 2 Active Tourer 330e, I8, X5 xDrive40e ; – Scooter BMW C Evolution; – Mini CountryMan ; – Volvo: XC60 Plug in Hybrid, V90 Plug in Hybrid, S90 Plug in Hybrid, XC90 Plug in Hybrid ; – Mercedes-Benz : Classe B 250 e, Classe C 350 e (all body types), GLC 350 e 4MATIC (all body types), Classe E 350 e (all body types), Classe S 500 e L, GLE 500 e ; – Smart: fortwo electric drive, fortwo cabrio electric drive and forfour electric drive (models since march 2017) ; – Volkswagen: Golf GTE Hybrid, E-Up, E-Golf, Passat GTE, Passat SW GTE ; – Kia: Soul, Optima, Niro PHEV ; – Audi: A3 Sportback e-tron, A3 Sportback e-tron facelift, Q7 e-tron ; – Hyundai: IONIQ ; – Tesla: model S, model X ; – Porsche: Cayenne, Panamera ; – : e-Aixam 47 AV start-up race

• Nuro and Udelv bet autonomous delivery vans will be first vehicles in self-driving sector - unmanned delivery vans • Competitor companies in Silicon Valley • Advantage - smaller than ordinary cars. • Nuro’s prototype is about half the width of a standard sedan Unlike other delivery robot start-ups, which design machines to travel at low speeds on pavements alongside pedestrians, these new vehicles will drive on the road and follow the same rules as regular traffic.

48 Udelv start-up

• Packages delivered - the compartment opens with one tap from the right phone. It’s simple and secure • Users have full control over delivery time and location. No more restrictions due to human drivers and scheduling issues. • Udelv is the first public-road autonomous and electric delivery vehicle resulting in dramatic decrease in the cost of local deliveries, add delivery window flexibility, and significantly reduce a city’s carbon footprint.

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