HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE WORLD

An introduction to the study of the international protection of

Fourth edition

A. H.- ROBERTSON B.C.L., S.J.D. former Professeur Associe, University of Paris I former Simon Visiting Professor at the University of Manchester former Director of Human Rights, Council of

J. G. MERRILLS B.C.L., M.A. Professor of Public at the University of Sheffield

MANCHESTER UNIVERSITY PRESS Manchester and New York Distributed exclusively in the USA by St. Martin's Press Contents

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Preface page vii 1 International concern with human rights 1 The idea of international human rights 1 Different cultures and their approach to human rights 2 The first international measures for the protection of human rights 15 2 The United Nations and human rights 1: the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 25 The Charter 25 The Universal Declaration 27 The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 30 Individual communications: the Optional Protocol 54 3 The United Nations and human rights II: other instruments and procedures 77 Standard setting 77 The Resolution 1503 procedure 78 Investigation of particular countries 83 Investigation of particular issues 89 Monitoring treaty compliance 95 The Commissioner for Human Rights 112 Appraisal 114 4 Human rights in Europe 1: the European Convention on Human Rights 120 The origin and history of the Convention 120 The rights guaranteed 124 The system of international control 127 The application of the Convention 135 The Convention and the future 147 Vl Contents 5 Human rights in Europe II: other instruments and procedures 160 The promotional activities of the 160 The European Convention for the Prevention of Torture 165 The 168 The Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe 179 Conspectus 190 6 The American Convention on Human Rights 197 The origin and history of the Convention 197 The rights protected 202 The system of international control 205 The work of the Court 218 Other regional developments, 230 7 Regional co-operation on human rights elsewhere 238 Introduction 238 The Permanent Arab Commission on Human Rights 238 The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights 242 Regionalism and universalism 266 8 Economic, social and cultural rights 274 The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 275 Economic and social rights: the ILO 282 Cultural rights: UNESCO 288 Some other proposals: 'new human rights' 292 9 Humanitarian law 299 The legal foundations 299 The Geneva Protocols 302 Human rights and humanitarian law 310 Recent developments 315 10 International human rights law today and tomorrow 325 The growth of human rights law 325 The reality of human rights law 330 The politics of human rights 335 The theory of human rights 340 Conclusion 343

Index 346