Fourteenth International Seaweed Symposium Developments in Hydrobiology 85

Series editor H. J. Dumont Fourteenth International Seaweed Symposium

Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Seaweed Symposium held in Brest, France, August 16-21, 1992

Edited by A.R.O. Chapman, M.T. Brown & M. Lahaye

Reprinted trom Hydrobiologia, vols 260/261 (1993)

....

Springer-Science+Business" Media, B.V. library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

International Seaweed Symposium (14th: 1992 : Brest. France) Fourteenth International Seaweed Symposium I edited by A.R.O. Chapman and M.T. Brown and M. Lahaye. p. cm. -- (Oevelopments in hydrobiology 85) Includes indexes. ISBN 978-94-010-4882-8 ISBN 978-94-011-1998-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-1998-6

1. Marine algae--Congresses. 2. Marine algae culture--Congresses. 1. Chapman. A. R. O. 11. Brown. M. T. III. Lahaye. M. IV. Title. V. Series. SH390.A15I58 1992 639' .89--dc20 93-3975

ISBN 978-94-010-4882-8

Printed on acid-tree paper

All Rights Reserved © 1993 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originaily published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1993 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1993

No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission fram the copyright owner. v

Contents

Committees of the Fourteenth International Seaweed Symposium ...... Xl Warning to Laminaria, by Ralph Lewin ...... Xll Acknowledgements ...... Xlli Marinalg International Awards ...... xv Student Paper Awards...... XVll List of participants ...... XIX Addresses B. Santelices, President, International Seaweed Association...... xliv J. Y. Floc'h, Chairman, National Organizing Committee, XIVth International Seaweed Symposium ...... xlv J. C. Bodere, President Universite de Bretagne Occidentale ...... xlvii

1. Plenary lectures Environmental and internal control of seasonal growth in seaweed by K. Luning ...... 1 Present and future needs for algae and algal products by A. Jensen ...... 15 Importance of basic research in applied phycology by F. Magne ...... 25

2. Taxonomy and general biology Intraspecific sterility barrier confirms that introduction of Sphaerotrichia divaricata (Phaeophyceae, Chordariales) into the Mediterranean was from Japan by A. F. Peters, H. Kawai and I. Novaczek ...... 31 Virus infections in three marine brown algae: Feldmannia irreguiaris, F. simplex, and Ectocarpus siliculosus by D. G. Muller and K. Frenzer ...... 37 Gelidiaceae (Rhodophyta) in Bahia de Banderas, Western Pacific, Mexico by E. Serviere-Zaragoza, D. Rodriguez-Vargas and J. Gonzalez-Gonzalez ...... 45 Preliminary comments on a redescription of Pseudolithophyllum fuegianum and Titanoderma con- spec tum (Rhodophyta, Corallinales) in Tierra del Fuego, Argentina by M. L. Mendoza and S. Molina...... 51 Mass distribution in the fronds of Macrocystis pyrifera from New Zealand and California by M. A. Nyman, M. T. Brown, M. Neushul, B. W. W. Harger and J. A. Keogh...... 57 An examination of the population genetics of Laminaria and other brown algae in the Laminariales using starch gel electrophoresis by C. D. Neefus, B. P. Allen, H. P. Baldwin, A. C. Mathieson, R. T. Eckert, C. Yarish and M. A. Miller...... 67 Numerical taxonomy of some taxa of the genus Fucus in the Iberian Peninsula by I. Perez-Ruzafa, T. Gallardo and R. Gomez-Cancio ...... 81 VI

Morphological and taxonomic studies on some little-known species of Graci/aria (Gracilariales: Rhodophyta) from Venezuela. 1. G. damaecornis by E. K. Ganesan ...... 91 Vegetative and reproductive morphology of Herpochondria corallinae (Martens) Falkenberg and H. elegans (Okamura) Itono (Ceramiaceae, Rhodophyta) from Korea by Y.-S. Keum and I. K. Lee ...... 97 New perspectives in the taxonomy of the Gigartinaceae (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) by M. H. Hommersand, M. D. Guiry, S. Fredericq and G. L. Leister ...... 105 Vertical distribution of coralline algae in the rocky intertidal of northern Chile by I. Meneses C...... 121 Differences in response between haploid and diploid isomorphic phases of Graci/aria verrucosa (Rhodophyta: Gigartinales) exposed to artificial environmental conditions by C. Destombe, J. Godin, M. Nocher, S. Richerd and M. Valero...... 131 Differential reattachment capacity of isomorphic life history phases of Gelidium sesquipeda/e by J. A. Juanes and A. Puente ...... 139 Morphogenetic effects of daylength in Schottera nicaeensis by C. Perrone and G. P. Felicini ...... 145 The systematics of Porphyra: character evolution in closely related species by S. C. Lindstrom and K. M. Cole...... 151 Assessment of allozyme variation among New Zealand populations of Gracilaria chi/ensis (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) using starch-gel electrophoresis by S. Intasuwan, M. E. Gordon, C. H. Daugherty and G. C. Lindsay...... 159 Microtubule organization in the apical cell of Sphacelaria (Phaeophyceae) and its related proto- plast by A. M. Rusig, H. Le Guyader and G. Ducreux ...... 167

3. Ecology Allocation of blade surface to reproduction in Laminaria longicruris of Long Island Sound (USA) by M. S. Van Patten and C. Yarish ...... 173 A methodology for parameter estimation in seaweed productivity modelling by P. Duarte and J. G. Ferreira ...... 183 Population studies on a South African carrageenophyte: Iridaea capensis (Gigartinaceae, Rhodo• phyta) by J. J. Bolton and M. A. P. Joska ...... 191 Characterization of tidal pool algae in the Mexican tropical Pacific coast by H. Leon, D. Fragoso, D. Leon, C. Candelaria, E. Serviere and J. Gonzalez-Gonzalez. 197 Size distribution, growth and production of Sargassum thunbergii in an intertidal zone of Padori, west coast of Korea by C.-H. Koh, Y. Kim and S.-G. Kang...... 207 Population studies of Laminaria hyperborea from its northern range of distribution in Norway by K. Sj0tun, S. Fredriksen, T. E. Lein, J. Rueness and K. Sivertsen ...... 215 Life history and reproductive potential of the agarophyte Gelidium robustum in California by R. A. Melo and M. Neushul ...... 223 A comparison between two populations of Lessonia trabeculata (Phaeophyta: Laminariales) mi• croscopic stages by M. E. Edding, E. Fonck, P. Orrego, M. Venegas and J. Macchiavello ...... 231 VB

Changes and degradation of seaweed stands in the northern Adriatic by 1. M. Munda ...... 239 Resource biology of Pterocladia capi/lacea (Gelidiales, Rhodophyta) populations in Brazil by E. C. Oliveira and F. A. S. Berchez ...... 255

4. Resources 'Hard' data for matrix modelling of Laminaria digitata (Laminariales, Phaeophyta) populations by A. R. O. Chapman ...... 263 Plucking or cutting Gelidium sesquipedale? A demographic simulation of harvest impact using a population projection matrix model by R. Santos ...... 269 History of kelp beds (Macrocystis) in Orange and San Diego Counties, California by W. J. North, D. E. James and L. G. Jones ...... 277 The role of herbivores in the collapse of the Gracilaria resource at Saldanha Bay, South Mrica by R. J. Anderson, G. J. Levitt, D. W. Keats and R. H. Simons...... 285 Recent changes in the seaweed community of western Prince Edward Island: Implications for the seaweed industry by G. J. Sharp, C. Tetu, R. Semple, D. Jones ...... 291 Spatial distribution and quantification of Fucus species and Ascophyllum nodosum beds in intertidal zones using spot imagery by B. Guillaumont, L. Callens and P. Dion ...... 297 Evaluation of remote sensing techniques for monitoring giant kelp populations by L. E. Deysher ...... 307 Limiting factors in optimizing seaweed yield in Chile by J. A. Vasquez and R. Westermeier ...... 313 Changes in the population structure of Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le J olis due -to mechanical harvesting by P. O. Ang, G. J. Sharp and R. E. Semple ...... 321

5. Cultivation, tissue culture Exudates from Graci/aria chilensis stimulate settlement of epiphytic ulvoids by B. Santelices and D. Varela...... 327 Recent status of Graci/aria cultivation in Taiwan by T. Ajisaka and Y.-M. Chiang...... 335 Some aspects of the growth of Graci/aria tenuistipitata in pond culture by C. Wu, R. Li, G. Lin, Z. Wen, L. Dong, J. Zhang and X. Huang ...... 339 Interaction mechanisms between Graci/aria chi/ensis (Rhodophyta) and epiphytes by A. H. Buschmann and P. G6mez ...... 345 Farming Eucheuma in Zanzibar, Tanzania by T. Lirasan and P. Twide ...... 353 Environmental variation and large-scale Gracilana production by A. Pizarro and B. Santelices ...... 357 Aspects of the farming and processing of Kappaphycus and Eucheuma in Indonesia by D. M. Luxton...... 365 A Eucheuma (Solieriaceae, Rhodophyta) cultivation test on the south-west coast of Madagascar by J. Mollion and J.-P. Braud...... 373 Vlll

Clonal propagation of Eucheuma denticulatum and Kappaphycus alvarezii for Philippine seaweed farms by C. J. Dawes, G. C. Trono Jr. and A. O. Lluisma ...... 379 Regeneration from callus of Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar (Laminariales, Phaeophyta) by Y. Kawashima and H. Tokuda ...... 385 Graci/aria conferta and its epiphytes: (2) Interrelationship between the red seaweed and Ulva cf. lactuca by E. Svirski, S. Beer and M. Friedlander ...... 391 Life cycle of Porphyra vietnamensis Tanaka and Pham-Hoang Ho from Thailand by K. Lewmanomont and O. Chittpoolkusol ...... 397 Apical callus formation in Solie ria filiformis (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) cultured in tanks by D. R. Robledo and G. Garcia-Reina ...... 401 Development of callus-like structures and plant regeneration in thallus segments of Grateloupia filiformis Kiltzing (Rhodophyta) by N. S. Yokoya, S. M. P. B. Guimaraes and W. Handro ...... 407 Culture of Hypnea musciformis (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) on artificial substrates attached to linear ropes by F. A. S. Berchez, R. T. L. Pereira and N. F. Kamiya ...... 415 Protoplasts of Gelidium robustum (Rhodophyta) by D. A. Coury, T. Naganuma, M. Polne-Fuller and A. Gibor ...... 421 Regeneration of whole plants from Graci/aria asiatica Chang et Xia protoplasts (Gracilariaceae, Rhodophyta) by X.-H. Yan and S.-J. Wang ...... 429

6. Physiology

Cell-cell-recognition during fertilization in Ectocarpus si/iculosus (Phaeophyceae) by C. E. Schmid ...... 437 Physiological comparison between gametophytes and tetrasporophytes of Gelidium canariensis (Gelidiaceae: Rhodophyta) by P. A. Sosa, M. Jimenez del Rio and G. Garcia-Reina...... 445 The use of acetic acid as a source of carbon by cultured Chondrus crispus (Gigartinales, Rhodo• phyta) Stackhouse by M. A. Amat and J.-P. Braud ...... 451 The effect of water flow on photosynthetic processes of the alga Ulva lactuca L. by E. W. Koch ...... 457 A comparative analysis of wild and laboratory grown Laminaria abyssalis (Phaeophyta) using modulated fluorescence by M. A. Rodrigues, Y. Yoneshigue-Valentin and C. P. Dos Santos...... 463 Light quality effects on subsequent dark 14C02-fixation in Fucus serratus by G. Tremblin, P. Jolivet and A. Coudret ...... 471 Response of Audouinella saviana (Meneghini) Woelkerling (Nemaliales, Rhodophyta) cultures to monochromatic light by L. Talarico and A. Cortese...... 477 The pattern of cell wall adhesive formation by Fucus Zygotes by V. Vreeland, E. Grotkopp, S. Espinosa, D. Quiroz, W. M. Laetsch and J. West ...... 485 IX

Effect of relative water motion on photosynthetic rate of the red alga Graci/aria conferta by Y. Gonen, E. Kimmel and M. Friedlander ...... 493 Enhanced development and differentiation of protoplasts and spores of green and red seaweeds by a Pterocladia agar from New Zealand by M. Polne-Fuller, H. Amano, T. Fujimura, Y. K. Hong, D. A. Coury, 1. Sousa-Pinto and A. Gibor ...... 499

7. Chemical composition

A further fractionation of agarose by K. B. Guiseley, F. H. Kirkpatrick, R. B. Provonchee, M. M. Dumais and S. Nochumson ...... 505 Determination of alginate composition by a simple enzymatic assay by K. 0stgaard ...... 513 Phospholipase A2 inhibitors from marine algae by A. M. S. Mayer, V. J. Paul, W. Fenical, J. N. Norris, M. S. de Carvalho and R. S. Jacobs...... 521 Influence of mineralisation methods on the determination of the mineral content of the brown seaweed Undaria pinnatifida by atomic absorption spectrophotometry by J. Fleurence and C. Le Creur ...... 531 Natural occurrence of denatured phycoerythrin during Porphyra cultivation by H. Amano and H. Noda ...... 535 Seasonal variation in the physical properties of agar and biomass of Gracilaria sp. (chorda type) from Tosa Bay, southern Japan by A. Chirapart and M. Ohno ...... 541 The use of diterpenoids as chemotaxonomic markers in the genus Cystoseira by R. Valls, L. Piovetti and A. Praud ...... 549 Kinetics and specificity of alginate lyases by B. Larsen, K. H00en and K. 0stgaard ...... 557 Gel strength of Ca-limited alginate gels made in situ by K. 1. Draget, M. K. Simensen, E. Ons0yen and O. Smidsf0d ...... 563 High performance liquid chromatography of biliprotein from Bangia atropurpurea 'Conchocelis' by H.-N. Chou and J.-M. Jeng ...... 571 Mannuronan C-5 Epimerase activity in protoplasts of Laminaria digitata by R. S. Hagen R0dde, K. 0stgaard and B. A. Larsen ...... 577 U sing elasticity/temperature relationships to characterise gelling carrageenans by A. Parker ...... 583 Marine algallectins: new developments by D. J. Rogers and K. Hori ...... 589 Stable isotope labelling method for studies of saccharide metabolism in Agardhiella subulata by Y. Wu and M. R. Gretz ...... 595 Carrageenan yield and properties of Eucheuma uncinatum (Seth. & Gard.) Daw. cultured under natural conditions by J. A. Zertuche-Gonzalez, 1. Pacheco-Ruiz and 1. Soria-Mercado...... 601 Annual variations of the biochemical composition of Gelidium latifolium (Greville) Thuret et Bornet by A. Mouradi-Givernaud, T. Givernaud, H. Morvan and J. Cosson ...... 607 x

The yield, physical and chemical properties of agar gel from Gracilaria species (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) of the Kenya coast by H. A. Oyieke ...... 613 Incorporation of 14C-radioactivity into lipid classes at different maturity of Laminaria japonica Aresch. cultured under natural and partially controlled conditions by M. Honya, Y. Kashiwabara and K. Nisizawa ...... 621 Seasonal changes in the chemical and gelling characteristics of agar from Gracilaria verrucosa collected in Turkey by M. Yenigill ...... 627 Effect of dark treatment on the starch degradation and agar quality of cultivated Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis (Rhodophyta, Gracilariales) from Venezuela by R. E. Rincones ...... 633

8. Chemical structure

A new chemical tool for characterization and partial depolymerization of red algal galactans by A. I. Usov ...... 641 The chemical structure of the polysaccharide from Dasyc/onium incisum by I. J. Miller, R. Falshaw and R. H. Furneaux ...... 647 Biologically active oxylipins from seaweeds by W. H . Gerwick, P. J. Proteau, D. G. Nagle, M. L. Wise, Z. D. Jiang, M. W. Bernart and M. Hamberg ...... 653 Molecular cut-off values of dialysis membranes for alginate and kappa-carrageenan oligosaccha• rides by S. H. Knutsen, S. T. Moe, B. Larsen and H. Grasdalen ...... 667 Purification and properties of tauropine dehydrogenase from a red alga, Rhodoglossum japonicum by M. Sato, M. Takeuchi, N. Kanno, E.Nagahisa and Y. Sato ...... 673

9. Molecular biology

Quanhtification and characterization of nuclear genomes in commercial red seaweeds: Gracilari• ales and Gelidiales by D. F. Kapraun, J. A. Dutcher and D . W. Freshwater ...... 679 Revision of the kelp family Alariaceae and the taxonomic affinities of Lessoniopsis Reinke (Lam• inariales, Phaeophyta) by G. W. Saunders and L. D. Druehl ...... 689 Phylogeny of the northeast Pacific brown algal (Phaeophycean) orders as inferred from 18S rRNA gene sequences by I. H. Tan and L. D. Druehl ...... 699

Subject index ...... 705 Chemical components index ...... 709 Taxonomic index ...... 714 Author index ...... 723

Contents of Journal of Applied Phycology, Vol. 5, No.2 (April 1993) ...... 725 Xl

XIVth International Seaweed Symposium

held in Brest and Saint-Malo, France, August 16-21,1992

INTERNATIONAL SEAWEED ASSOCIATION COUNCIL

B. Santelices (Chile) (President) Y. Aruga (Japan) J. T. Baker (Australia) A. Jensen (Norway) K. Luning (Germany) D. McHugh (Australia) J. L. McLachlan (Canada) E. C. de Oliveira (Brazil) M. A. Ragan (Canada) W. J. Sander (USA) C. K. Tseng (P.R. China)

B. A. Larsen (Norway) P. Laite (USA) (Secretary) (Treasurer)

ORGANIZING COMMITTEE IN FRANCE

J. Y. Floc'h (Chairman) J. Cabioch (Vice Chairman) H. Didou (Vice Chairman) J. Le Grill (Vice Chairman) M. Diouris (Secretary) E. Deslandes (Treasurer) C. Bodeau-Bellion C. F. Boudouresque J. P. Braud D. Brault M. T. Brown J. P. Carval T. Chopin J. Cosson A. Coute A. Dizerbo 1. Herve B. Kloareg M. Knoepffier-Peguy M. Pellegrini C. Pensec D. Poder B. Potin B. Queguiner XlI

A warning to Laminaria

BEWARE THE DREADFUL SCOUBIDOU (IF YOU'RE A BRETON KELP), FOR IF BY CHANCE IT CATCHES YOU, YOU CAN EXPECT NO HELP. IT PULLS YOU FROM THE SOLID ROCK TO WHICH GOOD KELPS ATTACH, AND TAKES YOU TO THE HARVEST DOCK IN MASSES, BATCH BY BATCH. YOU CAN'T EVADE THE SCOUBIDOU SUSPENDED FROM A CRANE: A SICKLE WELDED TO A SCREW APPLIES BOTH TORQUE AND STRAIN. IT GRABS YOU FIRMLY BY YOUR STIPE (THE USUAL POSITION, COLLECTING KELP OF ANY KIND) AND PULLS YOU TO PERDITION YOU ALGAE FACE A SORRY FATE: MANKIND IS AFTER YOU TO TURN YOU INTO ALGINATE BY MEANS OF SCOUBIDOU.

RALPH A. LEWIN (August 1992) Hydrobiologia 260/261: xiii-xiv, 1993. A. R . O. Chapman, M . T. Brown & M. Lahaye (eds), Fourteenth International Seaweed Symposium Xlll

Acknowledgements

The Executive of the International Seaweed Association gratefully acknowledges the support of:

1. Marinalg International (Paris, France) and its Chambre Syndicale Regionale des Industries member organizations: chimiques de Bretagne, Rennes CEAMSA S.A., Spain Chambre Syndic ale Nationale des Algues China Seaweed Industrial Association, P.R. Marines, Gouesnou China Colloides N aturels International, N euilly / Copenhagen Pectin Ltd., Denmark Seine FMC Litex A/S, Denmark Credit Mutuel de Bretagne, Brest Food Ingredients Division of FMC Corp., Goemar, Saint-Malo U.S.A. Le Tertre Sarl, Hennebont Grindsted Products A/S, Denmark Phytomer, Saint-Malo Kelco Division of Merck & Co. Inc., U.S.A. Science et Mer, Le Relecq Kerhuon Kelco International, U.K. Sobalg, La Forest Landerneau Marokagar, Morocco Somodia, Plouescat Prot an Biopolymer A/S, Norway Quest/Biocon Ltd., Ireland 3. Other organizations (Japan) Sanofi Bio Industries S.A., France Chuo-Kasei Corporation, Osaka Sobigel/Prona Group, Spain Fuji Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Wakayama City Fujicco Co., Ltd., Kobe 2. Other organizations (France): Kadoya and Company, Kobe Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres Kimitsu Industries Co., Tokyo Ministere de l'Education N ationale Marine Science Co., Ltd., Tokyo Ministere de la Mer Matsuura Co., Ltd., Tokushima Prefecture Ministere de la Recherche et de l'Espace Mitsuru Ogama and Co., Ltd., Nagano Ville de Brest Prefecture Ville de Saint-Malo Miwon Japan Inc., Tokyo Conseil General du Finistere Nabocal Cosmetics Ltd., Tokyo Conseil General d'Ille et Vilaine Nihon Phytomer-Hiyoki Ltd., Tokyo Conseil General des Cotes d' Armor Riken Food Co., Ltd., Miyagi Prefecture Conseil Regional de Bretagne Seitaro Arai and Co., Ltd., Yokohama CEV A, Pleubian Shimizu Shokuhin Co., Ltd. (Agar Div.), CNRS, Paris Shizuoka Prefecture IFREMER, Issy les Moulineaux Shirakio Co., Ltd., Tokyo Universite de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest Suzuki Consulting Engineer Office, Numazu Agrimer, Plouguerneau City Agrocean, Ploudaniel Taitoco, Ltd. (Research Laboratory), Kobe Air France, Paris Tokyo University of Fisheries (Dr. Yusho Algotherm, Landerneau Aruga), Tokyo Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie de Yamagataya Noriten Co., Ltd., Tokyo Saint-Malo, St-Malo Yamamoto Noriten Co., Ltd., Tokyo xiv

4. Other organizations (worldwide): Phillip Rockley, Ltd., New York, New York Acadian Seaplants Ltd., Dartmouth, Nova Productos Quimicos Algina Ltda., Santiago, Scotia, Canada Chile ARADP Incorporated Hawaii, Honolulu, Productura de Algas Marinas Tala Limited, Hawaii Antofagasta, Chile Marcel Trading Corp., Manila, Philippines Setexam, Kenitra, Morocco MCPI Corporation, Cebu City, Philippines Shemberg Marketing Corporation, Cebu City, Multi Export Ltda., Santiago, Chile Philippines Myeong Shin Chemical Ind. Co. Ltd., Busan, Soriano, S.A., Buenos Aires, Argentina Korea Hydrobiologia 260/261: xv-xvi, 1993. A. R. O. Chapman, M. T. Brown & M. Lahaye (eds). Fourteenth International Seaweed Symposium xv

Marinalg International Awards

Speech from Mr. Lyle Nehls:

'Good morning. My name is Lyle Nehls. I am Vice President of Marinalg International, an association of companies who extract food additives from seaweed. I am standing in today for Wayne Sanders, the President of Marinalg, who sends his regrets because his company has required his presense elsewhere this week. You can be assured he would rather be here in Brest than where he is. It is quite a pleasure for me to be here with you today. This is the first time I've attended an Inter• national Seaweed Symposium and I've been looking forward to it for a long time. I am very pleased to see so many people interested in seaweed. My young son, when asked at school what his father is in• terested in tells his classmates. 'My father likes seaweeds.' His little friends find it strange that anyone should actually be interested in that smelly stuff that washes up on the beach. Strange, but in a way wonderful, too. It is a pleasure for me to be in the company of so many other strange and wonderful people! It is my pleasure to present the Marinalg Awards for the papers presented at the 13th International Seaweed Symposium in Vancouver. This award has been established by our association to recognize the authors of those papers judged to be the most useful to the economic development of the seaweed industry. We do this to encourage work on subjects of commercial value. Selecting the winners was no easy task, as there were a great many good papers. The way Marinalg went about the task was to have a technical expert from each member company read all the papers and vote for the three best papers, assigning three points to his top choice, two to the second and one to the third. These votes were submitted to Mr. Jean Jacques Piot, General Secretary of Marinalg, who merely added up the points. Each of the experts who voted attested to the difficulty of the task. The first prize this year is US$ 5000 and second prize is US$ 2000. Because of the closeness of the vote, we have decided to name third and fourth prize winners also who will receive special certificates especially designed by artists at Protan, one of our member companies. Mr. Jean Jacques Piot will assist me in handing out the awards and certificates.

The prize winners are:

First prize: Drs. Charles Yarish (University of Connecticut) & G. Wamukoya (Kenya Marine Fisher• ies Research Institute) 'Seaweeds of potential economic importance in Kenya: field survey and future prospects'.

Second prize: Drs. Rhodora Azanza-Corrales & P. Sa-a (Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines) 'The farmed Eucheuma species (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) in Danajon Reef, Philippines: carrageenan properties' .

Third prize: Drs. Rosa M. Saito (Instituto Pesquisas Tecnologico Sao Paulo SjA) and Eurico C. de Oliveira (Universidad Sao Paulo) 'Chemical screening of Brazilian marine algae producing carrageenans'. XVI

Fourth prize (tie): Drs. Hiroyuki Noda, Hideomi Amano, Koichi Arashima (Mie University) & Kazutosi Nisizawa (Nihon University) 'Antitumor activity of marine algae' Drs. Li Rui and Wu Chaoyuan (Institute of Oceanology, Academia Sinica) 'Effect of ammonium on growth and carrageenan content in Kappaphycus alvarezii (Gigartinales, Rhodo• phyta)'.

[All papers were published in the Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Seaweed Symposium.]

Finally, Marinalg is pleased to announce that we will again present awards for papers to be presented here at the Fourteenth Internatonal Seaweed Symposium which are most useful to the economic de• velopment of the seaweed industry. The winners will be announced and the prizes presented at the next International Seaweed Symposium in 1995.' Hydrobiologia 260/261: xvii, 1993. A. R. O. Chapman, M. T. Brown & M. Lahaye (eds), Fourteenth International Seaweed Symposium xvn

Student Paper Awards

International Seaweed Association Fellowship (courtesy of Dr. R Bulchand): X. Yan for 'Regeneration of whole plants from the isolated protoplasts in Gracilaria asiatica', R Santos for 'Plucking or cutting Gelidium sesquipedale? A demographic simulation of harvest impact using a transition probability matrix modeL'

University of British Columbia Botany Department Best Student Paper award: 1. H. Tan for 'Phylogeny of the northeast Pacific brown algal (Phaeophyceae) orders as inferred from I8s rRNA sequences', M. Keusgen for 'Unusual phlorotannins from the brown alga Sargassum spinuligerum', C. Scholfield for 'Fingerprinting of red algal genomes by DNA amplification using arbitrary primers'.

Universite de Bretagne Occidentale, Institut d'Etudes Marines, Best Student Paper Award. R Forster for 'The role of blue light in optimising the photosynthetic capacity of carbon-limited brown algae'. E. Koch for 'The effect of flow on photosynthetic processes of Ulva lactuca'. M. Ciancia for 'Alkaline treatment of carrageenans'. X, Molina for 'Effect of Membranipora tuberculata (Bryozoa) on the photosynthesis and growth of Gelidium rex (Rhodophyta)'. Hydrobiologia 260/261: xviii, 1993. XVlll A. R. O. Chapman, M. T. Brown & M. Lahaye (eds), Fourteenth International Seaweed Symposium

XIVth I.S.S. Members of the French Organizing Committee and Secretariat ready to welcome the delegates

Top row: E. Deslandes, I. Fournet, P. Potin, D. Arion, M. H. Caraes, M. Diouris, B. Queguiner Bottom row: J. Y. Floc'h, F. Barbier, D. Civel-Guillerm, V. Beaupre, A. H. Dizerbo Hydrobiologia 260/261: xix-xlviii, 1993. A. R. O. Chapman, M. T. Brown & M. Lahaye (eds), Fourteenth International Seaweed Symposium XIX

List of participants

Aberg, Per Almeida Braga, Maria do Rosario Anson, Kambamba Mzaley University of Gothenburg Instituto de Botanica/Ceparnic C.R.D.I.B. Carl Skottsbergs Gata 22 Caixa Postal 43 B.P. 16383 Goteborg 413 19 Cananeia Kinshasa I Sweden SP 11990 Zaire Brazil Aponte, Nilda Aguirre-Lipperheide, Mercedes University of Puerto Rico University of Leeds Amano, Hideomi Dept Marine Science Dept Pure & Applied Biology Mie University PO Box 5000 Leeds LS2 9JT Faculty of Bioresources Mayaguez United Kingdom 1515 Kamihama-cho Puerto Rico 00681 Mie 514 USA Tsu Ajisaka, Tetsuro Japan Kyoto University Apple, Martha Faculty of Agriculture University of Rhode Island Kitashirakawa-oiwake-cho Amat, Mireille Botany Dept Sakyo-ku Sanofi Bio-Industries Kingston Kyoto 606 Zone Aquacole RI02883 Japan Biainville/Mer 50910 USA France Apt, Kirk Akatsuka, Isamu Carnegie Inst. of Washington Kyuayuu Kankyou Kanri Kyoukai Anderson, Robert 290 Panama Street 1-10 Madaka-Dai Seaweed Unit Stanford Higasi-ku Sea Fisheries Research Inc. California 94305 Hukuoka-si 813 Private Bag BRGX2 USA Japan Roggebari 8012 South Africa Arad, Shoshana Aken, Mark Ben Gurion University Andersson, Sylvia University of Natal Institute for Applied Research Stockholm University Department of Botany PO Box 1025 Dept of Systems Ecology PO Box 375 Beer Sheva 84110 Stockholm 10691 Pietermaritzburg 3200 Israel Sweden South Africa Araki, Shigeru Andrew, Neil Yamamato Nori Research Alfsen, Annette Universidad de Oviedo Laboratory CNRS Dpto de Biologia 5-4-6 Oamori 45 rue des Saint-Pres Oviedo 33005 Higashi Paris 75006 Spain Oota Tokyo 143 France Japan Ang, Put Allwright, Kristie Halifax Fisheries Research Areces, A. Jose Bristol University Laboratory Instituto de Oceanologia Dept of Botany PO Box 550 lera N18406 Woodland Road Halifax Apto Flores Bristol BS8 IUG N.S. B3J 2S7 La Habana United Kingdom Canada Cuba xx

Armisen, Rafael Austin, Alan Beigbeder, Anne Hispanagar SA University of Victoria Station Biologique c/Lopez Bravol Dept of Biology Place Georges Teissier Pol. Industrial Villalonquejar Box 1700 Roscoff 29680 Apdo Postal 392 Victoria B.C. V8W 2Y2 France Burgos 09080 Canada Spain Bekheet, Inaan Abdou Avila, Marcela Botany Dept Instituto de Fomento Pesquero Faculty of Science Aruga, Yusho Jose Domingo Canas No. 2277 The University Tokyo University of Fisheries Santiago Moharrem Bey Konan-4 Chile Alexandria Minato-ku Egypt Tokyo 108 Ayer, Stephen Japan Institute for Marine Biosciences National Research Council Belay, Amha 1411 Oxford Street Earthrise Farms Arzel, Pierre Halifax PO Box 270 Ifremer - Centre de Brest N.S. B3H 3Z1 Calipatria B.P. 70 Canada CA 92233 Plouzane 29280 USA France Back, Saara University of Helsinki Belsher, Thomas Dept of Botany Asensi, Aldo Ifremer/Centre de Brest Unioninkatu 44 Station Biologique Plouzane 29280 Helsinki 00170 Place Georges Teissier France Finland Roscoff 29680 France Baker, Joseph Benet, Helene Australian Inst. of Marine Science Station Biologique de Roscoff Place Georges Teissier Asgeirsson, Pall PMB N3-MC Townsville Roscoff 29682 Thorverk H.F. Queensland 4810 France Karlsey Australia Reykholar 380 Ballantine, David Berchez, Flavio A. Souza Iceland University of Puerto Rico Universidade Silo Paulo Dept of Marine Sciences Instituto Biociencias Athanasiadis, Athanasios Mayaguez Caixa Postal 11461 University of G5teborg Puerto Rico 00691 Sao Paulo 05499 Department of Marine Botany USA Brazil Carl Skottsbergs Gata 22 Barbaroux, Olivier G5teborg 41319 Berger, Yvette Ifremer Sweden C.N.R.S. Station Biologique BP 1049 Roscoff 29680 Nantes 44037 France Auchincloss, Leslie France Ouest Ireland (Biocon Ltd) Berkaloff, Claire Kilnagleary Barbeyron, Tristan Ecole Normale Superieure Carrigaline CNRS-CEOBM 46 rue d'Ulm County Cork Place Georges Teissier Paris Ireland Roscoff 29680 France Cedex 0575230 France Audit, Christine Barnes, William Universite Pierre et Marie Curie Ouest Ireland (Biocon Ltd) Bernard, Cecile Lab. BioI. Animale Kilnagleary Ecole Normale Superieure Bat. Cj30 Carrigaline 46 rue d'Ulm Paris Cx 0575252 County Cork Paris Cedex 0575230 France Ireland France XXI

Bert, J ean-J acques Blunden, Gerald Borjesson-Westphal, Karin Universite de Caen Portsmouth Polytechnic Botanical Institute Laboratoire d'Algologie School of Pharmacy & Biological Marine Biological Station 39 rue Desmouex Sciences Kristineberg Caen 14000 King Henry I Street Fiskebacskil 45034 France Portsmouth PO 1 2DZ Sweden United Kingdom Billard, Chantal Borowitzka, Lesley Universite de Caen Boalch, Gerald T. Western Biotechnology Ltd Laboratoire d'Algologie Marine Biological Association 2-6 Railway Parade Caen 14000 The Laboratory - Citadel Hill Bayswater 6053 France Plymouth PLl 2PB Australia United Kingdom Binard, Andre Borowitzka, Michael Sea's Algues Murdoch University Bodeau, Christine 14 Rue Verlaine School of Biological & Science et Mer Guipavas 29490 Environmental Sciences Z.I. de Kerscao France Murdoch 6150 B.P.50 Australia Bird, Carolyn Relecq Kerhuon 29480 France Institute for Marine Biosciences Bougie, Dominique National Research Council U.C.L. Isigny-Sainte Mere 1411 Oxford Street Boisson-Vidal, Catherine 2 rue du Docteur Boutrois Halifax CNRS Isigny sur Mer 14230 L.R.M. N.S. B3H 3Z1 France Canada Universiti: Paris-Nord Avenue J.B. Clement Bourgougnon, Nathalie Villetaneuse 93430 Bird, Kimon T. Universite de Nantes-UFR University of North Carolina at France Pharmacie Wilmington Groupe SMAB - Pharmacognosie 7205 Wrightsville Ave. Bokn, Tor Nantes 44000 Wilmington Norwegian Institute for Water France NC 28403 Research USA PO Box 33 Boyen, Catherine Blindern Station Biologique de Roscoff Birkett, Daryl Oslo 3, 0313 Place Georges Teissier Queen's University of Belfast Norway Roscoff 29682 Marine Station France Portaferry Bolton, John County Down University of Cape Town BT221PF Bragg, Aline Botany Dept United Kingdom Pesquera Aquamar S .A. Private Bag Tobalaba 175 Rondebosch 7700 Bjork, Mats Santiago South Africa Uppsala University Chile Dept of Physiological Botany Box 540 Boo, Sung Min Braud, Jean-Paul Uppsala 751 21 Chungnam National University Sanofi Bio-Industries Sweden Department of Biology Usine de Baupte Daejon 305-764 Carentan 50500 Blakemore, William Republic of Korea France FMC Corporation 150 Beach Road Borja, Angel Brault, Dominique # 17-05/06 Azti-sio Directeur du C.E.V.A. Gateway West Avda Satrustegui 8 Presqu'ile de Pen Lan - B.P. 3 Singapore 0718 San Sebastian 20008 Pleubian 22610 Singapore Spain France XXll

Bresdin, Fabienne Cadiu, Michel Cavaloc, Eric Ocean Biotechnologies SA Sanofi Bio-Industries C.E.V.A. B.P. 194 - La Forest Z.I. Menez-Bras Presqu'ile de Pen-Lan Landerneau B.P.13 B.P.3 Landerneau Cedex 29411 Lannilis 29870 Pleubian 22610 France France France

Callens, Laure Bressan, Guido Cecere Alabiso, Ester C.E.V.A. Consorz. per Lo Studio delle Aighe Istituto Talassografico Presqu'ile de Pen-Lan Dip. Biologia Via Roma 3 Pleubian 22610 Via A. Valrio 32/34 Taranto 74100 France Trieste 34127 Italy Italy Calumpong, Hilconida Cembella, Allan D. Silliman University NRC Institute for Marine Brigand, Gerard Dumaguete City 6200 Bioresources Sanofi Bio-Industries Philippines 1411 Oxford Street Laboratoire de Recherches Halifax Baupte Campos, Jean-Robert U niversite Aix Marseille 2 N.S. B3H 3Z1 Carentan 50500 Canada France Lab. BioI. Marine Fond. & App. Marseille 13288 Chamberlain, Yvonne France Brin, Andre Jean Marine Laboratory Laboratoire Payot S.A. Candelaria, Carlos Ferry Road 8/14 rue Cuny Universidad Nacional de Mexico Hayling Island POll ODG Bois Facultad de Ciencias United Kingdom Colombes 92270 Ficologia France Mexico FD 04510 Chandrkrachang, Suwalee Mexico Srinakarinwirot University BRU Prasanmit Brodie, Juliet Capecchi, Maria Sukhumvit 23 Bath College of Higher Education Center for Marine Science Research Bangkok 10110 Newton Park 7205 Wrightsville Avenue Thailand Newton Wilmington St Loe N.C. 24803 Chapman, Anthony R.O. Bath BA 29 BN USA Institut fiir Meereskunde United Kingdom Diisternbrooker Weg 20 Cardinal, Andre Kiel, 24105 Brown, Murray Universite de Laval Germany University of Otago Giroq Botany Department Departement de Biologie Chasse, Claude PO Box 56 Quebec G lK 7P4 CNRS - Universite de Brest Dunedin Canada Avenue Le Gorgue New Zealand Brest Cedex 29287 Caron, Lise France CNRS-Ecole Normale Superieure Buschmann, Alejandro Lab. Biomembranes Chen Pei-chung Instituto Profesional 46 rue d'Ulm National Chung Hsing University Avda Fuschlocher SIN Paris Cedex 0575230 Dept of Botany Casilla 933 France Taichung Osorno Taiwan Chile Casares Pascual, Coro Sociedad Oceanografia de Chen, Iiaofen Cabioch, Jacqueline Guipuzcoa Institute of Oceanology Universite de Paris VI Aquarium Academia Sinica Station Biologique Muelle sin 7 Nanhai Rd Roscoff Cedex 29682 San Sebastian 20003 Qingdao 226071 France Spain PR China XX111

Chen, Lawrence C.-M. Buenos Aires 1428 Catania 95125 NRC Institute for Marine Argentina Italy Bioresources 1411 Oxford Street Claire, Corinne Correa, Juan Halifax C.A.E.C. - Universite de Nantes Universidad Catolica N.S. B3H 3Z1 68 Boulevard Eugene Orieux Facultad Ciencias Biologicas Canada Nantes 44000 Depto Ecologia France Santiago 114-D Chile Cheney, Donald P. Clayton, Margaret Northeastern University Monash University Cortese, Antonella Biology Department Dept of Ecology & University of Trieste Boston Environmental Biology Dept Biology MA 02115 Clayton 3168 Via A. Valerio 32/34 USA Victoria Trieste 34127 Australia Italy Chiang Young-meng Codomier, Louis Taiwan University Cosson, Joel Faculte des Sciences Institute of Oceanography Universite de Caen Dept Biologie Taipei 107 Laboratoire d'Algologie Anvenue de Villeneuve Taiwan 39 rue Desmoueux Perpignan Cx 66025 Caen 14000 France Chirapart, Anong France Kochi University Cohen, Ephraim U sa Marline Biological Institute Ben-Gurion University Court, Samantha Usa-cho Institute for Applied Research London University Tosa Kochi 781-11 Beer Sheva 84110 Kings College Japan Israel Campden Hill Road London W8 7AH Chiu May Chun Helen Collen, Jonas United Kingdom University of Hong Kong Uppsala University Botany Dept Dept of Physiological Botany Coury, Daniel A. Pokfulam Road Box 540 University of California Hong Kong Uppsala 751 21 Marine Science Institute Hong Kong Sweden Santa Barbara CA 93106 Connor, Judith USA Chopin, Thierry Monterey Bay Aquarium University of New Brunswick 886 Cannery Row Craigie, James Dept of Botany Monterey NRC Institute for Marine PO Box 5050 CA 93940-1085 Bioresources Saint John USA 1411 Oxford Street NB E2L 4L5 Halifax Canada Coppejans, Eric N.S. B3H 3Z1 University of Ghent Canada Chou Hong-Nong Ledeganckstraat 35 Ghent 9000 Institute of Fisheries Science Critchley, Alan T. Belgium 1, Sec 4 University of Portsmouth Roosevelt Rd. Coquelin, Fabienne Marine Laboratory Taipei 10764 Colloides Naturels Inst. (CN) Ferry Road Taiwan 4 rue Frederic Passy Hayling Island PO 11 ODG NeuillylSeine 92200 Hants Cianci a, Marina France United Kingdom Universidad de Buenos Aires Cividad Dpto. Quim. Org. Cormaci, Mario Cuomo, Vincenzo Fac. Ciencia Istituto di Botanica dell'Universita Ecolmare Pabellon 2 Via A. Longo 19 Via Delle Rose 50/A xxiv

Piano di Sorrento 80063 Dessaux, Frant;oise De Rinaldini, Vittorio Italy Iranex Technologies Roic International AG Route de Neufchatel Via Al Forte 3 Daklia, N abil Serqueux 76440 Lugano 6901 SCPA (Recherche Agronomique) France Switzerland Centre d'Aspach Ie Bas Aspach Ie Bas 68700 Destombe, Christophe De Roeck-Holtzhauer, Yannick France Laboratoire Genetique C.A.E.C. - Universite de Nantes Univ. Lille 1 68 Bd Eugene Orieux Dawes, Clinton URA CNRS 1185 N antges 44000 University of South Florida Bat SN2 France Biology Department Villeneuve ASCQ 59695 Cedex Tampa FL 33620 France USA De Victor, Pierre Coletica Deveau, Jean Paul Dawes, Christopher Paul 32 rue St Jean de Dieu Acadian Seaplants Ltd Seaweed Supplies Ltd Lyon 69007 202 Brownlow Ave. Isle of Man France S304 Tower D Port Island Dartmouth B3B 1T5 Derby Haven Canada Dias, Gilberto Isle of Man Univ. Federal Fluminense United Kingtom Av Bento Maria da Costa 115A Deveau, Louis Niteroi 24260 Delepine, Rene Acadian Seaplants Ltd Brazil Univ. Pierre et Marie Curie 202 Brownlow Ave. Laboratoire B.V.A. 304 Tower D Bat. C Dartmouth B3B IT5 Didou, Henri 2 etage Canada Ifremer Paris Cedex 05 75252 B.P.70 France Deysher, Lawrence Plouzane 29280 Coastal Resources Associates France Dumoulin, Vincent 2270-L Camino Vida Roble Universite de Liege Carlsbad Didou, Pierre Departement de Botanique B22 CA 92009 Sobalg Liege 4000 USA B.P. N 6 Belgium Landerneau 29207 De Goer, Susan France Depolo, Miguel Station Biologique Algas Marinas S.A. B.P. 74 Algamar Dion, Patrick Roscoff Cedex 29682 Fid. Oteiza 1956, Piso 14 C.E.V.A. France PO Box 9529 Presqu'ile de Pen Lan - B.P. 3 Santiago Pleubian 22610 De Lara-Issassi, Graciela Chile France Uiversidad Iztapalapa Dept Hydrobiologia Derrien, Anne Diouris, Marcel Universite de Nantes Av. Michoacan y Purissima Mexico Universite Bretagne Occidentale Lab. de CosmHologie Institut d'Etudes Marines 68 Bd Eugene Orieux D.F.09340 Mexico Brest Cedex 29287 Nantes 44000 France France De Lestang Bremond, Genvieve Deslandes, Eric Univ. Catholique de I'Ouest Dizerbo, Auguste Universite Bretagne Occidentale Lab. Physio!. Vegetale Universite Bretagne Occidentale Institut d'Etudes Marines B.P. 808 Faculte des Sciences Brest Cedex 29287 Angers Cedex 01 49008 Brest Cedex 29287 France France France XXV

Dondain, Gontran Dunton, Kenneth Elman, Solly Colloides Naturels Int. (CNI) University of Texas at Austin Phillip Rockley Ltd 4 rue Frederic Passy Marine Science Institute PO Box 20505 Neuilly/Seine 92200 PO Box 1267 Dag Hammarskiold Conf. Ctr. France Port Aransas New York NY 10017 TX 78373-1267 USA USA Dos Santos, Cesar Pereira Emiliozzi, Romeo Universidade Federal Durairatnam, Muttutamby Universite de Nice Bloco A 7 Andar Rua Joaquim Inacio 1675 FacuIte des Sciences Ilha do Fundao Edificio Giorgio 2 Laboratoire Chimie des Hormones Rio De Janeiro 21910 Apt. 303 Brazil BP 71 Lagoa Seca Nice Cx 2, 06108 Natal 59020 France Draget, Kurt Ingar Brazil NTH Durand, Patrick Errea, Maria Ines Norwegian Biopolymer Lab Ifremer Universidad de Buenos Aires Institute of Biotechnology Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu Dpto Quimica Org - Trondheim 7034 BP 1049 FCEYN - Pab. 2 Norway Nantes 44037 Buenos Aires 1428 France Argentina Drobychev, Vitaly P. St Petersburg University Duval, Jean-Claude Escoubet, Pierre 7/9 University Emb. Ecole Normale Superieure Marineland/UCA 306 St Petersburg 199034 46 rue Ulm Avenue Mozart Russia Paris Cedex 05 75230 Antibes 06400 France France

Druehl, Louis Duwel, Elene Barnfield Marine Station University of Copenhagen Ewart, Bruce Bamfield Institut for Sporeplanter Atoll Seaweed Co. Ltd B.C. VOR IBO Farimagsgade 2D PO Box 508 Canada Copenhagen 1353 Betio Denmark Republic of Kiribati South Pacific Duarte, Pedro Ecalard, Jean-Pierre Universidade Groupe Even Faculdade de Ciencias Faanes, Steinar B.P.67 Quinta da Torre Protan Biopolymer A/S Lesneven 29260 Monta da Caparica 2825 PO Box 494 France Portugal Drammen 3002 Norway Edding, Mario Dubacq, Jean Paul Universidad Cat6lica del Norte Fall, Bock Ecole Normale Superieure Depto BioI. Marina Sodecolen Lab. Biomembranes Larrondo 1281 70 Avenue de la Republique 46 rue d'Ulm Casilla 117 Dakar 3767 Paris 75230 Coquimbo Senegal France Chile

Ellouali, Mostafa Farnham, William Ducreux, Georges CNRS Laboratoire Recherche Portsmouth Polytechnic Universite Paris Sud Macromolecules Marine Laboratory Lab. Morphogenese Vegetale Universite Ferry Rd Bat. 360 Ave. J.B. Clement Hayling Island Orsay Cedex 91405 Villetaneuse 93430 POll ODG France France United Kingdom XXVI

Fei, Xiugeng Forsyth, Juan Frutos, Marie Jose Institute of Oceanology AIgaex S.A. Hispanagar S.A. Academia Sinica Av. Argentina C(Lopez Bravo 1 7 Nanhai Rd 3250 Callao Pol. Industrial Villalonquejar Qingdao 266071 Lima Apdo Postal 392 PR China Peru Burgos 09080 Spain

Fletcher, Robert Fossa, Jan Helge Furneaux, Richard Portsmouth Polytechnic University of Bergen DSIR Chemistry Marine Laboratory Dept Fisheries Private Bag Ferry Road Bergen High Technology Centre Petone Hayling Island Bergen 5020 New Zealand POll ODG Norway United Kingdom Gabrielsen, Bjorn Olav Foxall, Roger Algae Produkter A(S Fleurence, Joel NRC Institute for Marine PO Box 494 C.E.V.A. Biosciences Dramnen 3002 Presqu'ile de Pen Lan - B.P. 3 1411 Oxford Street Norway Pleubian 22610 Halifax France N.S. B3H 3Z1 Gacesa, Peter Canada University of Wales Fleury, Nathalie Biochemistry Dept PO Box 903 INRA - LBTG Fredericq, Suzanne Cardiff CFl 1ST Rue de la Graudire University of North Carolina United Kingdom BP 527 Dept. Biology Nantes Cedex 44026 CB* 3280 France Chapel Hill Gallardo, Thomas NC 27599-3280 Universidad Complutensis Facultad Biologia Floc'h, Jean-Yves USA Depto Biologia Universite Bretagne Occidentale Madrid 28040 Institut d'Etudes Marines Fredriksen, Stein Spain Brest Cedex 29287 University of Oslo France Department of Biology( Ganesan, E. Kandaswamy Marine Botany Universidad de Oriente Folcher, Michel POB 1069 Depto Biologicas Marinas Sanofi Bio-Industries Blindern Inst. Oceanogr. Baupte 50500 Oslo 0316 Apdo Post. 195 France Norway Cumana 6101-A Venezuela

Fontaine, Jean Marc Freile-Pelegrin, Yolanda Garcia-Reina, Guillermo Station Biologique University of Las Palmas University of Las Palmas B.P.74 Marine Plant Biotechnology Lab. Depto Biologia Roscoff Cedex 29682 Box 550 Box 550 France Las Palmas 35017 Las Palm as Spain Spain Forster, Rodney Queen's University of Belfast Friedlander, Michael Garnier, Florence Biology School Israel Oceanographic and Ecole Normale Superieure 97 Lisburn Road Limnological Research (Biomembranes) Belfast BT71 NN PO Box 8030 F 46 rue d'Ulm Northern Ireland Haifa 31080 Paris Cedex 05 75020 United Kingdom Israel France XXVll

Gayral, Paulette Godin, Jose Greig, Tokia 12 rue Lucien Feuchot Universite Lille I Ministry of Environment & Meudon 92190 Laboratoire Genetique & Evolution Natural Resources France URA CNRS-1185 PO Box 64 Villeneuve d'Ascq Baikiri Gendy, Cyrille 59655 Cedex Republic of Kiribati C.N.R.S. France South Pacific Avenue de la Terrasse Bat 23 Golven, Patrick Gretz, Michael R. Gif-sur-Yvette 91190 C.E.V.A. George Mason University France Presqu'ile de Pen Lan - B.P. 3 Dept of Biology Pleubian 22610 Fairfax Gerwick, William France VA 22030-4444 Oregon State University USA College of Pharmacy Gomez Garreta, Amelia Corvallis Universidad Barcelona Guesdon, Karin OR 97331 Laboratorio Botanico Laboratoires Goemar S .A. USA Facultad Farmacia B.P. 55 Avda Diagonal sin Zac de la Madeleine Gibor, Aharon Barcelona 08028 Saint Malo 35413 University of California UCBS Spain France Biology Dept Santa Barbara, CA 93106 Gomez Pinchetti, Juan Luis Guillaumont, Brigitte USA University of Las Palmas Ifremer - Centre de Brest DROIOS Marine Plant Biotechnology B.P. 70 Gidley, Mike Laboratory Plouzane 29280 Unilever Research Box 550 France Colworth House Las Palmas 35017 Sharnbrook Spain Bedford NK 44 ILQ Guiry, Michael United Kingdom University College Galway Gonen, Yael Dept of Botany Gilje, Magne Technion-Israel Institute of Galway Protan Biopolymer AIS Technology Ireland PO Box 2045 Agricultural Engineering Haugesund 5501 Technion Guiseley, Kenneth Norway Haifa 32000 FMC Bioproducts Israel 191 Thomaston St. Givernaud, Thierry Rockland ME 04841 Universite de Caen Gordon, Margaret USA Laboratoire d'Algologie Victoria University of Wellington 39 rue Desmoueux PO Box 600 Guist, Gordon Caen 14000 Wellington 6015 Food Ingredients Division France New Zealand FMC Corporation Crocketts Point Glombitza, Karl-Werner Gorostiaga, Jose Maria PO Box 308 Institut fUr Pharmazeutische Biologie Universidad del Pais Vasco Rockland ME 04841 Nussallee 6 Depto BioI. Vegetale & Ecologia USA Bonn 5300 Bilbao 48080 Germany Spain Hallam, Neil Monash University Glynn, Charles D. Gourdon, Isabelle Dept of Ecology & Evolutionary Irish Marine Products Ltd Archimex P.I.B.S. Biology Kilrush Case Post ale N31 Clayton 3168 County Clare Vannes 56038 Victoria Ireland France Australia xxviii

H andj ani-Vila, Rose-Marie Harrison, Paul J. Honya, Masura L'Oreal University of British Columbia Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy 188 rue Paul Hochart Dept of Oceanography Industries Research Institute BP 553 Vancouver BC V6T IZ4 3-1-15 Toyosu Rungis Cedex 94152 Canada Koto-ku France Tokyo 135-91 Hauperich, Sabine Japan Institut fUr Pharmazeutische Biologie Hanisak, Dennis Hori, Kanji Nussallee 6 Harbor Branch Oceanographic Faculty of Applied Biological Science Bonn 5300 Institution Hiroshima University Germany 5600 Old Dixie Highway Kagamiya 1-4-4 Fort Pierce FL 34946 Higashi USA Hay, Cameron Hiroshima 724 Department of Conservation Japan PO Box 10-420 Hankins, Simon Wellington Horne, Peter Maxicrop International Ltd New Zealand Altigweg 37 Weldon Road Schopfheim 7860 Lorby Germany Northants Hee, Torben Corby NN14 2DZ FMC Litex Horvath, Gabor United Kingdom Risingevej 1 Institue for Plant Physiology Vallensbaek S 2665 Biological Research Centre Denmark PO Box 521 Hardy, Gavin Szeged 6701 University of Newcastle Henley, William Hungary Dept of Marine Science University of Texas at Austin Ridley Building Hubert, Achille Marine Science Institute Newcastle-upon-Tyne NEl 7RU Pecheries Hubert Inc. PO Box 1267 United Kingdom Havre aux Maisons Port Aransas IIe Madeleine TX 78373-1267 Quebec GOB IKO Hare, Joan USA University of Massachusetts Canada Botany Dept. Henocq, Vincent Hublot, Bernard Morrill Bldg 130 Avenue de Dunkerque Laboratoires Biocodex Amherst MA 01003 Lille 59000 Chemin d'Armancourt USA France Zac de Merceres Compiegne 60200 Haritonidis, Savas Holt, Terence James France University of Thessaloniki University of Liverpool Hudhomme, Fabienne Institute of Botany Port Erin Marine Laboratory Laboratoires Goemar S.A. Thessalonika 54006 Isle of Man Greece B.P. 55 Zac de la Madeleine United Kingdom Saint Malo 35413 France Harlin, Marilyn Hommersand, Max H. University of Rhode Island University of North Carolina Huisman, John Department of Botany Department of Biology Murdoch University Kingston RI 02881 CB-3280 Chapel Hill Dept Biological & USA NC 27599-3280 Environmental Sciences (Biology) USA Murdoch WA 6150 Australia Haroun, Ricardo J. University of Las Palmas Hommery, Cecile Hurd, Catriona Dpto Biologia Musee Maritime de Tatihou University of British Columbia Campus Univ. de Tafira Saint Vaast Dept of Oceanography Las Palmas 35017 La Hougue 50550 Vancouver V6T lZ4 B.C. Spain France Canada XXIX

Imada, Osamu Jimenez Del Rio, Miguel Julin Nielsen, Bent Marine Biotechnology Institute University of Las Palmas Grinsted Products 2-35-10 Hongo Marine Plant Biotechnology Edwin Rahrs Vej 38 Bunkyo-ku Laboratory Braband 8220 Tokyo 113 Box 550 Denmark Japan Las Palmas 35017 Spain Kadoya, Kiyoshi lri, Tadao Kadoya & Company Proagar S.A. John, David Michael Boeki Building No 123-1 Mirafiores 222 The Natural History Museum Higashi-Machi Piso 26 Dept of Botany Chuo-kie Santiago Cromwell Road Kobe 657 Chile London SW7 5BD Japan United Kingdom Ivanac, Ivo D. Kajiwara, Tadahiko Algas Marina S.A. Jones (Kain), Joanna M. Yamaguchi University Algamar University of Liverpool Dept of Biological Chemistry Fid. Oteiza 1956 Port Erin Marine Laboratory Yamaguchi 753 Pi so 14 Provo Port Erin Japan PO Box 9529 Isle of Man Santiago United Kingdom Kalvas, Arja Chile Stockholm University Jouannic, Stephane Department of Botany Iwamoto, Katsuaki Station Biologique B74 Stockholm 106 91 Marine Science Company Ltd Roscoff 29682 Cx Sweden 811,1-11-7 Higashi-Kanda France Chiyoda-ku Kanno, Nobuhiro Tokyo 101 Kitasato University Japan Joubert, Charles School of Fisheries Science Colloides Naturels Internationale (CNI) 160-4 Sanriku-Cho Jana, Anggadiredja Kesen-Gun Ministry of State for Research 4 rue Frederic Passy NeuillyjSeine 92200 Iwate 022-01 Jln Veteran III Japan 2nd Floor France Jakarta 10110 Kapraun, Donald Indonesia Jouhier, Michel CMSR - Boehringer Mannheim France University of North Carolina Jeantet, Romain 2 Avenue du Vercors 7205 Wrightsville Ave. Meylan 38240 Cirad-sar Wilmington 73 Rue J.F. Breton France NC 28403 Montpellier 34000 USA France Juanes, Jose A. Universidad de Cantabria Karlsson, Jan J egou, Dominique Dept de Ciencias Tecnicas del Agua University of GOteborg Inra-LBTG Santander 39005 Dept of Marine Botany Rue de Graudire Spain Carl Skottsbergs gata 22 BP 527 GOteborg 413 19 Nantes Cedex 44026 Judson, Donald Sweden France Prince Edward Island Department of Fisheries Kataoka, Heizo Jensen, Arne PO Box 2000 Chuo Kasei Norwegian Institute of Technology Charlottetown 4-3-11 Minamisemba chuoku Trondheim 7034 P.E.1. CIA 7N8 Osaka Norway Canada Japan xxx

Kautsky, Lena Kim, Kil Jae Kristiansen, Aase Stockholm University Myeong Shin Chemical Ind. Co. University of Copenhagen Department of Botany PO Box 433 Institute for Sporeplanter Stockholm 10691 Pusan Oster Farimagsgade 2D Sweden Republic of Korea Copenhagen 1353 Denmark Kim, Kwang-Ho Kawai, Masanobu Myeong Shin Chemical Ind. Co Shirako Co. Ltd Lahaye, Marc PO Box 433 Naka-Kasai 7-5-9 INRA - LBTG Pusan Edogawa Ward Rue de la Graudire Republic of Korea Tokyo 134 B.P.527 Nantes 44026 Cedex Japan Kloareg, Bernard France C.E.O.B.M. - CNRS Kawashima, Yukio Roscoff Station Biologique Laite, Parker Japan Nus Co. Ltd B.P.70 International Seaweed Consultants 3-6-12-9F Shin-Yokohampa Roscoff Cedex 29682 Belfast Road Kohuku-ku France PO Box 279 Yokohama 222 Camden Japan Knappe, Johanna University of Marburg Maine 04843 Fachbereich Biologie/Botanik USA Keum, Yeon-Shim K.V. Frisch Strasse Seoul National University Marburg 3550 Lanka, Stephan Department of Biology Germany University of Konstanz Seoul 151-742 FakulHit fUr Biologie Republic of Korea Knutsen, Svein Halvor AG Muller University of Trondheim Konstanz 7750 Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry/ Keusgen, Michael Germany Biotechnology Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology Trondheim 7034 Nussallee 6 Larsen, Bjorn Norway Bonn 5300 University of Trondheim Germany Institute of Biotechnology Koch, Eva Maria Sem Selandsvej 6 University of South Florida Trondheim 7034 Kevekordes, Karen Dept of Marine Science Norway Monash University St Petersburg Dept of Ecology & Evolutionary FL 33705 Larsen, Arnold Biology USA University of Helsinki Clayton Vanrikki Stoolink. 2A3 HKI 10 Melbourne 3168 Koch, Marie Louise Helsinki 00100 Australia Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology Finland Nussallee 6 Bonn 5300 Kim, Gwang Hoon Germany Larson, Bruce NRC Institute for Marine FMC Corporation Food Ingredients Bioresources Kodama, Masaaki Division 1411 Oxford St Kitasato University 191 Thomaston St. Halifax Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry Rockland N.S. B3H 3Z1 Sanriku 022-01 ME 04841 Canada Japan USA

Kim, Myung-Sook Koh, Chul-Hwan Larsson, Christer Seoul National University Seoul National University Kristineberg Marine Biological Department of Biology Dept of Oceanography Station Seoul 151-742 Seoul 151-742 Fiskebiickskil 450 34 Republic of Korea Republic of Korea Sweden XXXI

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Molloy, Fergus Muller, Dieter J. Navarrete, Vicente Jr Biocon Inc. Ltd Universitat Konstanz Productos Quimicos Aigina Kilnagleary Fakultat fUr Biologie Andres Bello 1051 Carrigaline Konstanz 7750 of. 2703 County Cork Germany Santiago llTtajamar Ireland Chile Mumford, Thomas Marine Agronomics Neefus, Christopher Monnet, Bernard 4004 Cooper Point Rd NW Tileo Biochemie GMbH University of New Hampshire Olympia Gutinerstr. 31 Biometrics Office W A 98502-3733 305 Pettee Hall Bad Segeberg 2360 USA Germany Durham NH 03824 Munda, Ivka Maria USA Morand, Philippe Biological Institute Crema I'Houmeau Slovene Academy of Sciences and Nehls, Lyle CNRS Ifremer Arts FMC Litex B.P. 5 Novi trg 3 Risingevej 1 L'Houmeau 17137 Ljubljana 61000 Vallensbaek S 2665 France Slovenia Denmark

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Rico, Jose M. Rodde, Ruth S. Hagen Rueness, Jan Universidad Oviedo University of Trondheim University of Oslo Fac. Biologica Laboratory of Biotechnology Dept of Biology Dpto B.O.S. (Unidad Ecologia) Trondheim 7034 PO Box 1069 Oviedo 33071 Norway Blindern Spain Oslo 0316 Norway Rodriguez, Deni Rincones, Raul Universidad Nacional de Mexico Uppsala University Facultad de Ciencias Rusig, Anne Marie Dept Physiological Botany Ficologia Universite Paris XI Box 540 Mexico DF 04510 CNRS URA 115 Uppsala 751 21 Mexico Bat. 360 Sweden Orsay Cedex 91405 France Rizzo, Roberto Rogers, David Universita di Trieste Portsmouth Polytechnic Rystedt, Jorn Erik Dept of Biochemistry School of Pharmacy & Biological FMC Litex V. Valerio 38 Sciences Risingevej 1 Trieste 34100 King Henry I St Vallensbaek S2665 Italy Portsmouth PO 1 2DZ Denmark United Kingdom Robert, Dominique Thalgo Cosmetic Sada, Davide Domaine des Chataigniers RN7 Rotmann, Klaus Consorz. per 10 Studio delle Alghe Roquebrunej Arg. 83520 Taurus Products (PTY) Ltd C/O Finsa Sr France PO Box 68327 Via Manzoni Bryanston 2021 Monza 20052 South Africa Roberts, Wayne A. Italy University of Alaska

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U soy, Anatoly 1. Tittley, Ian Vignon, Michel R. N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic The Natural History Museum Cermav-CNRS Chemistry Cromwell Road Grenoble 601 Leninsky Prospect 47 London SW7 5BD Ave. de la Chimie Moscow B-354 United Kingdom BP53X Russia 117913 St Mart. d'Heres 38400 France Tokuda, Hiroshi Valdes, J. Luis Japan Nus Co. Ltd Instituto Espanol Oceanografia Voronova, Julia 3-6-12 Nisso Dai-12 Bldg Promontorio de San Martin sin V.N.I.R.O. Shin Yokohama Santander 39080 17 V Krasnoselkaya Kohoku-ku Spain Moscow B-140 107140 Yokohama 222 Russia Japan Valero, Myriam Laboratoire Genetique & Evolution Vreeland, Valerie Torsbjerg Moller, Torben Ura CNRS 1185 University of California Grindsted Products Bat SN2 Dept of Plant Biology Edwin Rahrs Vej 38 Univ. Lille I 111 GPBB Berkeley Braband 8220 Villeneuve ASCQ 59655 CA 94720 Denmark France USA xlii

Walker, Diana Weykam, Gabriele Wu, Chaoyuan University of Western Australia Alfred-Wegener-Institut Institute of Oceanology Botany Department Am Handelshafen 12 Academia Sinica Nedlands 6009 Bremerhaven 2850 7 Nanhai Rd Australia Germany Qingdao 266071 PR China

Wallentinus, Inger Whapham, Catherine Portsmouth Polytechnic University of Goteborg Yamanaka, Ryoichi School of Pharmacy & Biological Dept of Marine Botany Riken Food Co. Ltd Sciences Carl Skottsbergs gata 22 2-5-60 Miyauchi King Henry I Street Goteborg 413 19 Tagajo Portsmouth POI 2DZ Sweden Miyagi 985 United Kingdom Japan Ward, Barbara Queen's University of Belfast Widdowson, Thomas Van, James School of Biology & Biochemistry 4635 West Saanich Road Ministry of Environment & Natural Belfast BT9 78L Victoria Resources Northern Ireland B.C. V8Z 3G7 PO Box 64 United Kingdom Canada Baikiri Republic of Kiribati Wilce, Robert Wegeberg, Susse South Pacific University of Massachusetts University of Copenhagen Department of Botany Institut for Sporeplanter Amherst Oster Farimagsgade 2D Yan, Xinghong MA 01003 Copenhagen l353 Shanghai Fisheries University USA Denmark Aquaculture Dept 334 Jungong Rd Wilkinson, Martin Shanghai 200090 Weinberger, Florian Heriot -Watt University PR China Biologische Anstalt Helgoland Dept of Biological Sciences Notkestr. 18 Riccarton 2000 Hamburg 52 Yarish, Charles Edinburgh EH14 4AS Germany University of Connecticut United Kingdom Dept of Ecology 641 Scofieldtown Road Weiland, Robert Wisnu, Permadi Stamford Kenney & Ross Ltd Pt. Wijoc Manag. Konsultindo CT 06903 RR 3 Shelburne Jln Krekot J aya USA N.S. BOT lWO Blok 1/5 Canada Jakarta 10710 Indonesia Yenigiil, Mesut Westermeier, Renato Ege University Faculty of Engineering Universidad Austral de Chile Woekerling, William Dept of Chemical Engineering Instituto de Botanica La Trobe University Bornova Casilla 117 Botany Department Izmir 35100 Valdivia Bundoora Turkey Chile Victoria 3083 Australia Wetherbee, Richard Yokoya, Nair Sumie University of Melbourne Wong, Shu Yung Instituto de B6tanica School of Botany New Manila Chemical Trading Ficologia Parkville Company Ave. Miguel Stefano 3687 Victoria 3052 Manila 1006 Sao Paulo 4005 Australia Philippines Brazil xliii

Yoneshigue- Valentin, Yocie Yvin, Jean-Claude Zheng, Guobiao Instituto Estudos do Mar Alto Paulo Laboratoires Goemar SA China Seaweed Industrial Moreira Zac La Madeleine Association Rua Kioto 253 B.P.55 No. 11 Nongzhanguan Arraial do Cabo 28910 Saint-Malo 35413 Nanli Brazil France Room 944 Beijing 100026 PR China

Yu, Shukun Zertuche-Gonzalez, Jose Antonio Zinoun, Mustapha Institute of Physiological Botany Universidad Autonoma de Baja Universite de Caen University of Uppsala California Laboratoire Algologie Box 540 Apdo Postal 453 39 rue Desmoueux Uppsala 751 21 Ensenada 22800 Caen 14000 Sweden Mexico France Hydrobiologia 260/261: xliv-xlviii, 1993. xliv A . R . O. Chapman, M . T. Brown & M . Lahaye (eds), Fourteenth International Seaweed Symposium

Addresses

Ladies and Gentlemen:

As president of the International Seaweed Association, it is a great honour for me to open the XIVth International Seaweed Symposium here in Brest. First I must acknowledge, with appreciation, the in• vitation extended to the International Seaweed Association by the Universite de Bretagne Occidentale and the French Organizing Committee. It is indeed a pleasure to be here as their guests. This is the second time an International Seaweed Symposium has been held in France. As many of you are aware, the First International Seaweed Symposium was held in Edinburgh in 1952. During the past 40 years, we have met in 12 different nations; infrequently, we have met twice in the same coun• try. Our return to France is a demonstration of the importance that seaweeds have for academia and for the industry of this country. The French community is highly representative of European leadership in the application of multi-disciplinary approaches to the advancement of scientific understanding of seaweeds and to the improvement of production and utilization. It is well known that the organization of an International Seaweed Symposium is a major responsi• bility. In the present instance, we are attending one of the largest of the Symposia with almost 700 participants, in addition to accompanying persons, representing 53 countries. It is a formidable task to accommodate and to coordinate the activities of so many people. We are, therefore, grateful to the French National Committee, headed by Professor Jean-Yves Floc'h, for the splendid organization of this Symposium. During the coming week, we will learn of recent scientific developments in various areas of research, and some of the significant advancements that have occurred are already evident from the printed program. The blending of molecular biology with traditional taxonomy is, for example, improving our understanding of phylogeny and of species relationships among many of the economically important algae. Such information is basic and necessary for implementing diversified uses of seaweeds, and molecular studies have been helpful where other approaches have been deficient. A new generation of biologically-based management models is gradually incorporating experimental field testing, concepts from ecological theory and principles from population biology. There is an attempt to improve predic• tion and to achieve an appropriate balance between commercial exploitation and preservation of wild seaweed resources. Cell and tissue culture of seaweeds, opened as a new area of research a few years ago, is now entering a phase where mass production is feasible. Field-farming, which used to be merely an experimental activity in many of the western countries, is now focusing on problems of large-scale production. New biologically-active compounds from algae are being reported, and new tools to char• acterize the structure or to improve the utilization of phycocolloids are being described. Our involve• ment with micro-algae, that started a few Symposia ago and was directed principally towards species as sources of fine chemicals, is now expanding to include algal blooms and toxins. It is, therefore, ap• parent that, beside experiencing warm hospitality and excellent organization, we will also enjoy a sci• entifically stimulating Symposium here in Brest. Since the last Symposium in Vancouver, the International Seaweed Association Council has been involved in several inter-symposium activities. We co-sponsored a symposium on Gelidium in Spain, and co-organized a symposium on applied phycology during the last International Phycological Congress. The International Seaweed Symposium has, in addition, taken responsibility for sponsoring and co- xlv editing Applied Phycology Forum, a publication that has been extremely effective in maintaining commu• nication among members of the International Seaweed Association. In the three years since the immediate-past Symposium in Vancouver, three additional members have joined the International Seaweed Association Council. We are pleased to welcome Professor Klaus Luning from Germany, Professor Dennis McHugh from Australia and Mr Wayne Sander from the United States. They join the other nine members of the Council with responsibility for securing the continuation of the International Seaweed Symposia and promotion of applied phycology on a global basis and to stimulate interactions among research workers and industrialists. We trust that the present Symposium will contribute to these goals, and I hereby declare the XIVth International Seaweed Symposium open.

BERNABE SANTELICES President International Seaweed Association

The XIVth International Seaweed Symposium was held from August 16th to August 21st in that part of France called Brittany or 'Penn -ar-Bed' that is, in the Breton language: 'the End of the World'. Here, as the delegates were able to see for themselves, amidst the evidence of an ancient culture carved in granite, many up-to-date activities are being carried out either on sea or land. Here industrial seaweed uses started some time in the XVIIth century. Ever since those remote times when seaweeds were harvested and burnt for soda production and later for iodine production, seaweed gathering activities have never stopped on these rocky shores among the richest in seaweeds in the world. 700 species have been identified along 1000 km shoreline producing a 10 million ton biomass. Nowadays harvesting brown and red phycocolloid producing seaweeds is a well organised business. Thus, short of having found the 'golden seaweed', the XIVth I.S.S. delegates have been able to get acquainted with the 'scoubidou', this strange device (cf: poem by Ralph Lewin) which for about twenty years has been foraging into the waters, snapping the precious Laminaria digitata before it is sent to the alginate plants in Landerneau and Lannilis. More recently, searching for new ways of using seaweeds has lead many Breton industrialists to ex• periment with new directions, using seaweeds as a fertilizer for agriculture (leaf fertilizer) as well as for cosmestics. The latest use as a food product is trying to find its way on to the tables in French restaurants where, however, competition is tough. Whatever may come out of these attempts, it shows how brisk and active research is in this area where, as from now the cultivation of some large algae has been mastered (Undaria). The delegates were able to visit a few of these firms as well as some research centers: Goemar, CEV A, IFREMER, Roscoff Biological Station. The delegates were also able to visit the 'goemoniers' coast, the Natural Park of Armorique as well as the old medieval town of Quimper. Brittany's marine flora has been known for quite a long time. Following the Crouan brothers' works, researchers have never stopped exploring the coasts. The delegates were able to follow the steps of those phycologists who bequeathed us important seaweed collections. We are indebted to our colleague A.H. Dizerbo for staging the beautiful exhibitions at Brest municipal library on the occasion of the Sympo• SlUm. - 725 participants (including 601 delegates and 124 accompanying persons) from 53 countries attended the Symposium. - 225 oral communications were given, 116 posters were presented, 2 workshops were organised, 3 films were shown, 3 plenary sessions were held, all of these chaired by 86 chairpersons. xlvi

Holding this symposium on two different locations, first in Brest, then in Saint-Malo, was a novelty. We undoubtedly ran a risk that there wouldn't be the same number of participants at either location. This didn't happen. Everyone was able to see that every conference room was full up to the end. Maybe the journey from Brest to Saint-Malo gave the delegates the possibility to recover some strength? Whatever the explanation may be, the happy look on the faces of the participants who remained apparently in• different to the cloudy skies and rainy spells testified to their pleasure to be together in Brittany. But as a reward for our patience, the sun shone on us for the reception within the Saint-Malo City Hall ram• parts. Preparing this XIVth Symposium was a full four-year task. Our colleague R. Delepine initially pre• sented the French candidacy. We do wish to thank him sincerely for this. The French organizing committee was brought together in 1988. It included researchers and industrialists. I am happy to thank all of them most sincerely, and especially the scientists who contributed actively, reviewing the abstracts submitted to us and who helped to sort them out. We are also indebted to our two colleagues J. Cabioc'h from Roscoff Biological Station, for supervising the general organization of the excursions and M. Knoepffier-Peguy who organized the pre-Symposium excursion 'Following J. Feldmann's steps' around Banyuls, in the Mediterranean. I am happy to express my deepest gratitude to our colleagues from U.B.O. who energetically devoted a large part of their time to organizing this Symposium: A. H. Dizerbo, D. Poder, B. Queguiner. I am particularly indebted to M. Diouris, our scientific secretary, and to E. Deslandes, our treasurer. They both have given me their constant unfailing support and help throughout these four years of prepara• tion, often at the expense of their own research work. I would also like to thank the staff of the Symposium secretariat: D. Civel-Guillerm, V. Beaupre, M-H. Caraes, D. Arion, F. Barbier as well as the volunteer students who, through their friendliness and ef• ficiency, have greatly contributed to giving the delegates a warm welcome. But I shan't forget that this Symposium couldn't have been held without the financial help provided by the Breton local authorities and municipalities, the French ministries as well as the private businesses that also helped us. We are indebted to them for the possibility of a permanent secretariat, a professional caterer's services and for the get-together party and the banquets, as well as the many cultural activi• ties. On behalf of the delegates, I am happy to express our deepest gratitude to all of them. Among other institutions thanked in this place, the University of Western Brittany (Universite de Bretagne Occidentale) richly deserves special mention. Through its President, F. Tuffin, who has just ended his tenure, U.B.O. has given us more than lip service. By the coordination role played in this venture, this young European university deserves credit. And last but not least, I thank all the participants to the XIVth I.S.S. The quality of their scientific contributions made this Symposium a great one. May their stay in Brittany have been as enjoyable and fruitful as they had wished it to be. May they also have taken home the memory of the precious and friendly encounters they had perhaps hoped for.

Au revoir it tous,

Kenavo ar wech all e Chili e miz genver 1995.

J. Y. FLOC'H Chairman of the XIVth I.S.S. Universite de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France xlvii

I am very happy to attend the opening ceremony of the XIVth International Seaweed Symposium and there are at least four motives behind this feeling of mine. The first one has to do with my personal extensive experience in seaweed-gathering. As a school-boy, and later on as a student, I used to pick up various kinds of seaweeds (Fucus, Ascophyllum, Laminariales, Chondrus) during the holidays and for many a summer I dried and sold tons of these. That was a quite lucrative activity whereby I earned much more than the usual sum awarded as pocket-money by par• ents! It was also a great experience indeed, so rewarding and formative in many ways-and all the more so as I was quite free to conduct it in my own way. The second reason springs from the trust placed in us by the Organizing Committee of the Brest & Saint-Malo Symposium. This is a event which may indeed be described as international since it gath• ers participants from over fifty countries. It is the first Symposium on that scale ever organized by this University. The third motive for my happiness is linked up with the very close cooperation brought about by this Symposium between researchers and executives in the economic field. I particularly appreciate the way in which the research workers of the UBO (University of Western Brittany), and the research teams of the Observatoire Oceanologique in Roscoff, of the IFREMER (Institut Fran~ais pour la Recherche et l'Exploitation de la Mer), and of the Centre d'Etudes et de Valorisation des Algues in Pleubian appear to be complementary to each other. The fourth reason why I am feeling quite pleased to be here has to do with the high standard and quality of this event which will act as a springboard for the creation of a European Institute of Marine Stud• ies (Institut Europeen d'Etudes Marines). Needless to say, the specialists in Seaweed Sciences will duly find their niche in this Institute. My predecessor, President Firmin Tuffin, was very keen on initiating the project; together with my collaborators I shall monitor the operation according to plan. Please allow me to say a few more words about our future IEEM. The basic idea is the federation of anything in Brest connected with sea and shore studies. The future centre will stand west of the city of Brest, in the vicinity of the IFREMER, and we aim to concentrate there university research at large, and to create closer links between the various graduate and post-doctoral courses - in other words our objective is the creation of a centre of excellence. This should materialize the impetus and drive of the research teams in Brest who are working in connection with the CNRS (National Centre of Scientific Research) and who are involved in international programs of fundamental or applied research in Ma• rine Sciences. There is a triple source to this IEEM Scheme. First, the university wants to structure its marine studies, in the context of an extension of its campus. Second, local and regional Councils (Brest City, Commu• naute Urbaine de Brest, Departement, Region) want to increase the potentialities of our university in the field of marine sciences. Third, our governing bodies and authorities on high (Ministere de L'Education Nationale et de la Culture, Ministere de la Recherche et de la Technologie, CNRS) want to build in Brest a Centre of Marine Studies on a European scale, at the very least. The operation relies on an Ecole Doctorale des Sciences de la Mer, a research team in marine sci• ences federating six post-graduate courses. It is an essentially multidisciplinary affair since it associates chemists, economists, jurists and specialists in international law, geologists, geographers, biologists, specialists in medial sciences, oceanographers, marine physiologists and physicists. Besides, the struc• ture of the Institute will enable us to build bridges and gateways to other university courses and to other structures existing outside university in western France: this will generate what we refer to as 'The Blue Network', which will weave together a coherent set of functions: teaching and research admittedly but also techological transfer, management and conservation of sea and shore. Indeed, the creation of a library centre, shared both by the IEEM and IFREMER, should be one of the earliest collective initi• atives in this respect. xlviii

The XIVth International Seaweed Symposium seems to me to occur at the best of times: it offers to us a superb opportunity to further establish our identity and to publicize our potentialities and ambi• tions in a field where our UBO should, in the near future, occupy a priviledged position. Therefore in the name of all the staff and personnel of our University I welcome in Brest all the participants of this Symposium, I warmly thank the Organizing Committee for the trust they have placed in us and I con• gratulate my friend and colleague Jean-Yves Floc'h for gathering in Brest and Saint-Malo such a dis• tinguished conference of scientists whose presence here is a source of pride for our university.

JEAN-CLAUDE BODERE President de l'Universite de Bretagne Occidentale Brest - France