An Updated Review on Solanum Viarum Dunal

Recent Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Volume 2, Issue 1

An Updated Review on Solanum viarum Dunal

Kamalika Mandal1*, Yogita Dobhal2, Bhuwan Chandra Joshi3 1Research Scholar, 2Associate Professor, 3Assistant Professor Sardar Bhagwan Singh Post Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences & Research, Balawala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India

INFO ABSTRACT Corresponding Author: E-mail Id: The Solanum viarum Dunal is commonly known as [email protected] Sodom apple belonging to the family Solanaceae and the family consist of 75 genera and over 2000 species. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3383407 The main chemical constituents of the plant are steroidal glycoside alkaloid like solasonine, solasodine, solamargine and also have flavonoids, saponins, minerals etc. The various parts of the plant like root, stem, fruit seeds, and flower are used medicinally. The pharmacological property of a plant depends on the presence of phyto constituents in the plant. As per the literature survey, Solanum viarum is reported for number of pharmacological activities, i.e., antioxidant antipyretic, antimicrobial, antifungal, analgesic, anticancer activity, in the treatment of anaemia etc. This review is aim at summarising the published knowledge of the ethno medicinal use, pharmacognosy, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of Solanum viarum.

Keywords: Pharmacological use, Solanum viarum dunal, solasodine

INTRODUCTION tropical soda apple belonging to the family The therapeutic effect of herbal medicines of Solanaceae and the family consist of 75 in India conducts to the progression of the genera and over 2000 species [5]. The Ayurveda [1]. Aside from Ayurveda, the mature fruits of the plant are eating by traditional medicinal system is also used as cattle’s, white tailed deer, feral pigs and household remedies [2]. Nowadays, herbal other animals [6]. plants are widely used for the medicinal purpose due to its minimum side effect and from research it shows high effectiveness also. Solanum viarum (S. viarum) is an invasive herbs or shrubs. Recently it becomes very problematic in United States for its invasive nature [3]. It is native to Argentina and Brazil and become weed to other countries like Mexico, South America, and U.S. and in India, West Indies, Nepal, Africa, and the Honduras

[4]. The plant commonly known as Figure 1: Solanum viarum fruit [7].

Recent Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Volume 2, Issue 1

TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION completely covered on the stem and Table 1: Taxonomical classification. [8] calyces and on the leaves present the Kingdom Plantae velvet hairs [4]. The flowers are white in Subkingdom Viridiplantae colour with yellow colour stamens and this Superdivision Embryophyta is developed on the stems and on the lower Division Tracheophyta portion of the leaves [14]. The fruits are Class Magnoliopsida striped green and light green in unripe Subclass Asteranae condition and when it is ripe the colour is Order Solanales Family Solanaceae yellow. The leaves are alternate, oval Genus Solanum L. shape in the outline with broad end at base Species Solanum viarum with slightly wavy margins especially on Synonyms Solanum khasianum. the young leaves. The colour of upper Solanum chloranthum. surface of leave is grey-green and the Solanum viridifiorum. colour of lower surface is greenish-white. And it is 6 to 20 cm in length and 6 to 15 VERNACULAR NAMES cm wide [4]. The diameter of the roots are English: Tropical soda apple. 0.6 to 2.5 cm and it situated few inches Assamese: Tit-bhekuri, Hati-bhekuri. below the soil [15]. Malayalam: Kandakarichunda. Others: Tropical soda apple, Sodom CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS Apple. The main chemical constituents found in this plant are solasodine, solasonine, DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT solamargine, diosgenin, khasianine, The tropical soda apple is distributed saponins-solakhasianin, natigenin, etc. all throughout the north-eastern Argentina, is steroidal glycoalkaloid in nature. In the south-eastern Brazil, Uruguay, and mature condition of the fruit of this plant it Paraguay. Due to its medicinal values it is highly contains solasodine [10]. It also also cultivated throughout the Asia country contains flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, like India Nepal and many countries. In steroids etc. It also contains phenolic the Morni hill tract, the plant tropical soda compounds which are used in the natural apple grown at altitude about 700m from industries for its potential therapeutic the sea level [9]. activity [11]. It contains also contain chemical constituents like Caffeoylquinic BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION acid (CQA) derivatives, quinic acid and 5- S. viarum is mainly known as herb and it caffeoyl and 3-malonyl-5-caffeoyl-[4- also considered as soft wooded shrub (1beta-[6-(5-caffeoyl) quinate] native to Florida. The height of the herbs is glucopyranosyl)] [20]. Glycoside has two up to 3 to 6 feet [13]. The thorns which are skeleton one is glycone part another is around 1 to 2 cm in long and the colours of agylcone part, and the solasodine the thorns are white to yellowish, are structured as agylcone glycoside [12].

Table 2: Chemical constituents isolated from various parts of Solanum viarum dunal. Class Chemical Constituents Origins Reference Phenolics Viarumacid A Fruits 20 Viarumacid B Steroidal Glycosides Solaviaside A Fruits 22 Solaviaside B Solaviaside C Glyco-alkaloids Solasodine Seed 10

Recent Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Volume 2, Issue 1

MEDICINAL USES PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES Though the plant S. viarum is unknown to The plant shows different pharmacological all but from, its existing literature survey it activities due to presence of its specific shows that the plant is used for the chemical constituents, like the alkaloids treatment of cancer therapy, Addison’s are shows analgesic property, flavonoids disease (it is a chronic endocrine disorder present in the plants shows antioxidant in which the adrenal gland does not generate enough steroidal hormones) [13]. property. For the treatment of bronchitis It is also used for the treatment for steroids are useful [16]. Several rheumatism, chronic asthma, skin disease, pharmacological activities like obesity, and leukaemia [13]. The chemical antibacterial activity, antifungal activity, constituents which is derived from the anti-insecticidal activity, anti-pyretic plant is also used for the treatment for activity, analgesic activity, antioxidant Palsy disease in which the facial muscle activity, anti-cancer activity have been temporarily lost the ability of the strength reported by researchers. The Solanum which leads to paralysis of the face [13]. viarum is a rare plant and in this plant few The chemical constituents like solasodine, and other glycoalkaloid are used for the work has been done, which is enlist below synthesis of several steroidal products like in Table 3. cortisone [6].

Table 3: List of research reported on Solanum viarum dunal. Sr. Year Authors Research Parts Extract Dose Model Finding No. work used Range 1. 2018 MeenaKa Pharmacologi Leaf Ethanolic 100mg/ Animal From this study it usaret al. cal evaluation extract kg, model concluded that the of Solanum 200mg/ (wistar rat) leaves extract of viarumdunal kg Solanum viarum has leaves extract antipyretic activity at a for analgesic single dose level of and 100mg/kg and antipyretic 200mg/kg. The result activity. also shows that the extract has analgesic activity. And it work through both central and peripheral route and also supressing the prostaglandin synthesis [17].

2. 2013 V. Determinatio Fruit n-hexane In a Poison food The plant has the potent Ramesh et n of lethal and benzene, ratio of bioassay insecticidal activity. In al. concentration benzene and 50: 50 (Leaf disc this study different of tropical ethyl acetate, bioassay) solvent systems are used soda apple, ethyl acetate like benzene and ethyl Solanum and acetone acetate in 1:1 ratio, n- viarum hexen and benzene (1:1) (dunal) and ethyl acetate and against acetone but there is not common shown any significant cutworm, effect. But in water and Spodopteralit acetone alone shows ura. potent insecticidal effect [18]. . 2013 S.Arivudai Anti-Insect Fruit n-hexane In a Poison food It shows insecticidal -nambiet Activity of and benzene, ratio of bioassay activity against A. al. Fruit Extract benzene and 50: 50 (seedling gossypii, and 33% from Tropical ethyl acetate, spray mortality shows. The Soda Apple ethyl acetate bioassay), extraction is done by

Recent Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Volume 2, Issue 1

(Solanum and acetone and Tropical aqueous method as well viarum individually bioassay soxhlation process [18]. Dunal) and also in (Direct Against Aphis combination bioassay) gossypii (Glover) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) 4. 2012 Jaishree. A Fruit Methanolic 1000 In-vitro In this investigation in- V et al. Comparative extract. µg/ml, model vitro evaluation is done Evaluation of 500 for antioxidant, In Vitro µg/ml, anticancer and Antioxidant, 250 antibacterial activity by Antimicrobial µg/ml, two process one is and 125 soxhlet extraction Cytotoxic µg/ml, method and microwave Properties of 62.5 assisted method. The Microwave µg/ml, results shows that is has and Soxhlet 31.25 antioxidant activity in Assisted µg/ml soxhlet extraction rather Extracts of than microwave assisted. Solanum And shows anticancer viarum Fruits activity against HeLa cell line at different dose level. It also shows antibacterial effect [19]. 5. 2012 Shi-Biao Antioxidant Fruit Methanolic - In-vitro In this investigation they Wu et al. Glucosylated extract. isolate two new Caffeoylquini molecule from Solanum c Acid viarum fruit in Derivatives in methanolic extract. the From this study is also Invasive conclude that the plant Tropical Soda shows antioxidant Apple, activity [20]. Solanum viarum 6. 2011 V. Studies on In-vitro In this experiment they Manimega Isolation and isolate laiet al. Identification arbuscularmycorrhizal of VAM fungi from the root of Fungi in the Solanum viarum Solanum plant [21]. viarum Dunal of Medicinal Plants 7. 2009 Masateru Isolate Fruit Methanolic - Invitro In this investigation they O No et Steroidal extract. (by NMR isolated 10 compound al. Glycosides spctroscopy) from methanolic extract from the of fruit by the NMR Fruits of spectroscopy and HPLC. Solanum In this experiment viarum temethanolic extract of Solanum viarum fruit was introduce to the silica gel and Diaion HP20 and then isolated the compound [22].

CONCLUSION safer for human beings. S. viarum is a Nowadays, the herbal medicines are medicinal plant which is used as widely used for its high therapeutic effect traditionally for its high therapeutic values and as well as low side effect, and also are due to its phytoconstituents. The

Recent Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Volume 2, Issue 1

solanaceae family along with S. viarum is Weed Technology, Volume 7, Issue 3, more popular for the main pp. 783−786. phytoconstituents solasodine which is 5. Das M, Barua N (2013), glycol-alkaloidal in nature. Along with “Pharmacological activities of solasodine, solamargine is also an active Solanum melongena Linn. (Brinjal constituent of the plant and for the plant)”, International Journal of Green presence of solamargine the plant shows Pharmacy (IJGP), Volume 7, Issue 4. anti-cancer activity. S. viarum is 6. Cuda JP, Gandolfo D, Medal JC, superabundant source of minerals, Charudattan R, Mullahey JJ (2002), vitamins, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides “Tropical soda apple, wetland etc. The conventional uses of S. viarum are nightshade, and turkey berry. treatment for Addison disease, in cancer Biological Control of Invasive Plants therapy, skin disease, in obesity, in the Eastern United States”, USDA rheumatism etc. However, much more Forest Service, Publication# FHTET- work has to be done on this plant to 2002-04. USDA Forest Service, explore its phyto-pharmacological Morgantown, WV. pp. 293−309. activities and the mechanism of action of 7. United States Department of the reported active principles has to be Agriculture identified in future. https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/pla nts/forb/solvia/fruit.jpg Consulted on ACKNOWLEDMENT May 16, 2019. We express our sincere thanks to 8. ITIS Standard Report Page: Solanum management for providing necessary viarum facilities. https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/ SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_ CONFLICT OF INTEREST value=505273#null Consulted on May None 16, 2019. 9. Nee M, Hawkes JG, Lester RN, REFERENCES Estrada N (1991), “Synopsis of 1. Chatterji A, Prakashi SC (1997), “The Solanum Section Ancanthophora: a treatise on Indian medicinal plants”, revision of interest for glyco- National Institute of Science alkaloids”, Solanaceae III: Taxonomy, Communication. (Publication and Chemistry, Evolution. Kew, Information Directorate), Volume 5. Richmond, Surrey, UK: Royal Botanic 2. Satyabati GV (2006), “History of Gardens, pp. 258−266. pharmacology of medicinal plants in 10. Srinivas M, Joshi S, Krishnan R (1 India. In: Patil PN, Gulati OD, Jun, 1998), “Ontogeny of solasodine- Balaraman R, editors. Topics in the containing mucilage layer inSolanum History of Pharmacology”, viarum Dunal, ploidy types”, Journal Ahmedabad: BS Shah Prakashan, pp. of biosciences, Volume 23, Issue 2, pp. 22−23. 155−162. 3. Sellers B, Ferrell J, Mullahey JJ, 11. Ma C, Whitaker BD, Kennelly EJ (1 Hogue P (2010), University of Florida Oct, 2010), “New 5-O-caffeoylquinic IFAS Extension Publication, SS-AGR- acid derivatives in fruit of the wild 77. eggplant relative Solanum viarum”, 4. Mullahey JJ, Nee M, Wunderlin RP, Journal of agricultural and food Delaney KR (Sep 1993), “Tropical chemistry, Volume 58, Issue 20, pp. soda apple (Solanum viarum): a new 11036−11042. weed threat in subtropical regions”, 12. Kanika Patel, Ravi B Singh, Dinesh K

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