Criminal Law Barrister Salman Safdar Course Outline

The Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS)

[The Law and Policy Department]

BA-LL.B CRIMINAL LAW BARRISTER SALMAN SAFDAR COURSE OUTLINE

OVERVIEW:

The purpose of this course is to inculcate in students the philosophical aspects relating to the inception of criminal law in our society and its basic conceptions before students start studying substantive provisions of PPC.

The system of criminal law may be justified as a mechanism for the preservation of social order. There was no criminal law in uncivilized society, and the prevalent law was the principle of might is right. The system was entirely retributive, “a tooth for a tooth, an eye for an eye, a life for a life”. Gradually, however the system of retribution was overtaken by rehabilitation and reformation. An understanding, therefore, of the ingredients of crime, case law developed over the years by the judiciary in Pakistan, together with comparative study of the English common-law will be the primary focus of learning to acquire conceptual clarity of the nature, ingredients and mental element(s) required for various criminal offences.

The criminal law of Pakistan has mainly been codified in the Pakistan Penal Code, 1860 (“PPC”) and the Criminal Procedure Code, 1898 (“CRPC”). The PPC deals primarily with various types of criminal offences and states what matters will afford an excuse or a defence to a charge of an offence. The aim of this course is also to introduce some of the common criminal offences under Pakistani law and to apprise the students of the relevant defences that may be available to each offence.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

By the end of this course students must have understood, the definition, nature and scope of crime, criminal behavior, theories of punishment and efficacy of various punishment mechanisms and the comparison between Western and Islamic concept of punishment. Furthermore, students must have understood the physical element of crime, the all important distinction between act and omission, the mental element of crime as well as the distinction between various levels of culpability. Also the students would be expected to understand general defences to criminal liability and more specifically the right to private defence of self and property.

In the substantive study of PPC students by the end of the course must have understood criminal prosecution in Pakistan, concepts relating to burden and standard of proof and the shifting of burden in certain circumstances, non-fatal offences against the person, different types of Murder and the debate on abolition of capital punishment, concepts relating to sexual offences; issues of consent and the problem of evidence in such matters, crimes against property and white collar crime, specifically criminal fraud and dishonoured cheques. Students must also have understood reasons leading to the enactment of Women Protection Act, the substantive content of the act and its effect. Finally students must have grasped the new law on cyber crime, the act of 2008 as well as the Legislation relating to Juvenile Justice in Pakistan.

Lecture Areas/Topic Research Texts 1 Introduction  Smith & Hogan, 10th Ed. Definition of Crime, pp. 15-21  Criminal Law by C.M.V Clarkson and H.M. Keating 4th Ed., pp. 3- Definition of Crime 25  Criminal Law by C.M.V Clarkson and H.M. Keating 4th Ed, Theories of Punishment Punishment, pp. 26-71

Islamic Law of Articles & Extracts Punishment  Gusfield, “On legislating Morals: The Symbolic Process of Designating Deviance” 1968) 56 Cal.L.Rev 54 at 55-56  L. Farmer, ‘The Obsession with Definition’ (1996) Social and Legal Studies, pp. 64-66  Scott Alan Kugle, Framed, Blamed and Renamed: The Recasting of Islamic Jurisprudence in Colonial South Asia, Modern Asian Studies 35, 2 (2001), pp. 257-313.  Elizabeth Kolsky, Codification and the Rule of Colonial Difference: Criminal Procedure in British India, (2005) 23 Law & Hist. Rev. 631.  Sources and Fundamental Principles, Pillai pp. 5-6

2  David Garland, Punishment in Modern Society (OUP, 1990) pp. 252- 253  Theories of Punishment, Nyazee pp. 35-54, 28-34  Crime and the Punishment of Crime – The Role of the Legal Profession, K.O. Shatwell, PLD 1965  What is Punishment? Why Punish? Kadish & Schulhofer pp. 95- 135  Islamic Punishments: A fresh insight, by Shezad Saleem  Distinction Between Offence and Crime, Nyazee pp. 13-28

Cases PLD 1958 SC (Ind.) 115; PLD 1957 (W.P.) Lah 31; 1991 SCMR 1622; 2001 YLR 715; 2002 MLD 1193; 1999 MLD 556

Text 2 Theories of Criminal  Australian Criminal Justice by Mark Findlay, Stephen Odgers & Law Stanley Yeo, Aims and Functions of Criminal Law, pp. 1-7  Criminal Law, by Joel Samaha, The Nature, Origins and Purposes of Criminal Law, pp. 3-36

Articles & Extracts  Packer, The Limits of the Criminal Sanction (1969)  Gusfield, “On Legislating Morals: The Symbolic Process of Designating Deviance” (1968) 56 Cal.L.Rev 54 at 55-56  Islamisation of Law in Pakistan, Nasim Hasan Shah, PLD 1995  Constitutional Vacuum in the Law Relating to Offences Against Human Body, Asif Saeed Khosa, PLD 1994  Concept of Law, HLA Hart, Chap 1-3

3 Burden & Standard of Texts Proof  The Criminal Major Acts 2009, by Rifaqat Ali Sohal, Qanon-e- Shahadat, Chap IX, Of the Burden of Proof, pp. 1689-1701  Law of Crimes, The Major Acts 2009, by M. Mahmood, Qanon-e- Shahadat, Chap IX, Of the Burden of Proof pp. 1057-1064

Articles & Extracts  Criminal Law Revision Committee (1972), Eleventh Report Evidence (General), (London: HMSO) Cmnd 4991  Ashworth and Blake (1996) ‘The Presumption of Innocence in English Criminal Law’ [1996] Crim LR 306.

Cases

3 Sheldrake v DPP [2003] EWHC 273 (Admin); Salabiaku v France (1988) 13 EHRR 379; R v Lambert [2001] 2 Cr App R 511, HL; R v Whyte (1988) 51 DLR (4th) 481; R v Drummond, [2002] EWCA Crim 527, [2002] RTR 21; 2006 P.Cr.L.J 34; 2006 P.Cr.L.J 338; 2006 YLR 1775 Texts 4 Actus Reus  Smith & Hogan, 10th Ed. Actus Reus pp. 28-37  Criminal Law by C.M.V Clarkson and H.M. Keating 4th Ed, Actus Nature and Analysis Reus, pp. 93-106  Australian Criminal Justice by Mark Findlay, Stephen Odgers & Insane and non-insane Stanley Yeo, Elements of a Crime, pp. 13-15 automatism  Criminal Law, by Joel Samaha, The General Principles of Criminal Liability, Actus Reus, pp. 88-109 Involuntariness not arising from automatism Articles & Extractss  Smith & Wilson, “Impaired Voluntariness and Criminal Responsibility: Reworking Hart’s Theroy of Excuses—The English Judicial Response” (1993) 13 O.J.L.S. 69 at 74  Automatism as a Defence in Criminal Law, Dr. Ch. M. Hanif

Cases R v Deller (1952) 36 Cr App 184, CCA; R v Dadson (1850) 2 Den 35, SHC 7; Ryan v R (1967) 121 CLR 205, [1967] ALR 577; R v Hennessy [1989] 2 All ER 9; R v Burgess [1991] 2 All ER 769, [1991] 2 QB 92; 1989 PCrLJ 1445; PLD 1988 SC 186

Texts 5 & 6 Actus Reus  Smith & Hogan 10th Ed. Omissions pp. 60-68  Criminal Law by C.M.V Clarkson and H.M. Keating 4th Ed, Omissions Omissions pp. 99-125  Smith & Hogan 10th Ed. Causation, pp. 42-57 Causation  Criminal Law by C.M.V Clarkson and H.M. Keating 4th Ed, Causation, pp. 437-463

Articles  ‘The scope of criminal liability for omissions’ by Andrew Ashworth, Law Quarterly Review Vol. 105 (1989), pp. 424-425  Lord Lane’s judgment in R v Stone; R v Dobinson [1977] QB 354, [1977] 2 All ER 341; [1977] 2 WLR 169, 64 Cr App Rep 186, 141 JP 354 Court of Appeal, Criminal Division  Padfield, “Clean Water and Muddy Causation: Is Causation a Question of Law or Fact, or Just a way of Allocating Blame?” [1995] Crim.L.R. 683 at 692-693  “A Critique of Criminal Causation” (1991) 54 M.L.R. 685 at 692

4 Cases PLD 1956 SC (Ind) 249; R v Shama [1990] 2 All ER 602; R v Firth (1989) 91 Cr App Rep 217; PLD 1963 Dacca 413; 1980 PCrLJ 429; Om Prakash v State of Punjab; R v Miller [1983] 2 AC 161; R v Church [1966] 1 QB 59; R v Le Brun [1992] QB 61; AG’s Ref (No. 4 of 1980); PLD 2003 Khi 618; R v Dalloway (1847) 2 Cox CC 273; R v Cheshire [1991] 3 All ER 670; R v Blaue [1975] 3 All ER 446 at 450; PLD 1966 Dacca 491; PLD 1957 (W.P.) Lah 332; 1981 SCMR 663

Texts 7 Mens Rea  Smith & Hogan, 10th Ed. Mens Rea pp. 69-70  Smith & Hogan, 10th Ed. Intention, pp. 70-77 Blame and  Criminal Law by C.M.V Clarkson and H.M. Keating 4th Ed. pp. Responsibility 126-129  Criminal Law by C.M.V Clarkson and H.M. Keating 4th Ed. p. 131- Blame and Mens Rea 154 Ignorance of Law and  Australian Criminal Justice by Mark Findlay, Stephen Odgers & Mens Rea Stanley Yeo, Elements of a Crime, pp. 15-18  Criminal Law, by Joel Samaha, The General Principles of Criminal Intention Liability, Mens Rea, pp. 110-127

Articles & Extracts  Cambridge Law Journal p. 212 Stonchouse and Another v. Mason [1921] 2 K.B. 818; 37 T.L.R. 621  Lacey, State Punishment: Political Principles and Community Values (1988), p. 66  Jacobs, Criminal Responsibility (1971), p. 13  Islamic Law and Mens Rea, Nyazee

Cases United States v Currens, 290 F.2d 751 (3rd Cir. 1961) (United States Court of Appeal); Hyam v DPP [1975] AC 55; R v Moloney [1985] A.C. 905 (House of Lords); R v Hancock and Shankland [1986] A.C. 455 (House of Lords); R v Nedrick [1986] 1 W.L.R. 1025 (Court of Appeal, Criminal Division); R v Woollin [1990] 1 Cr.App.R.97 (Court of Appeal, Criminal Division); R v Steane [1947] K.B. 997 (Court of Criminal Appeal); 1981 SCMR 663; 1991 SCMR 2339; 2002 YLR 234

Texts 8 Mens Rea  Smith & Hogan, 10th Ed. Recklessness pp. 77-84  Criminal Law by C.M.V Clarkson and H.M. Keating 4th Ed, Subjective Recklessness Recklessness, pp. 154-183  Smith & Hogan, 10th Ed. Negligence pp. 85 Objective Recklessness

5  Criminal Law by C.M.V Clarkson and H.M. Keating 4th Ed, Negligence Negligence, pp. 184-189

Knowledge Articles & Extracts  Law Commission, Report on the Mental Element in Crime (Law Com. No. 89), 1978, paras 20, 21  Norrie, “Subjectivism, Objectivism and the Limits of Criminal Recklessness” (1992) 12 O.J.L.S 45  Williams, “Recklessness Redefined” [1981] C.L.J 252 at 278-281  Negligence and Mens Rea, Nyazee  Law Commission, Working Paper No. 31, p. 57  Hart, Negligence, Mens Rea and Criminal Responsibility, Oxford Essays in Jurisprudence, 29

Cases Cunningham [1957] 2 QB 396; Caldwell [1982] A.C. 341 (House of Lords); R v G and another; 1984 PCrLJ 2599; 1986 PCrLJ 330; PLD 2001 Lah 113; 1992 MLD 262; PLD 1973 Khi 427; City of Sault Ste Marie (1978) 40 CCC (2d) 353; Sweet v Parsley [1969] 1 All ER 347 at 351; Gammon (Hong Kong) Ltd v A-G of Hong Kong [1985] AC 1, [1984] 2 All ER 503 at 509

Texts 9 Mens Rea and Motive  Law of Crime, The Major Acts 2009 by M. Mahmood p. 26-27 Evolution of Motive in  Law of Crimes, by Justice V.V Raghavan, pp. 795 & 884 Pakistani Criminal Law  Pakistan Penal Code, by Shaukat Mehmood 7th Ed., Motive pp. 1128- 1144

Articles & Extracts

 Requirement in cases of circumstantial evidence (Batuklal, ‘The Law of Evidence’, Sixteenth Edition, Reprinted 2007, Central Law Agency, Allahabad)

 Motive not an Element of Offence, Smith & Hogan pp. 95-96

Cases [AIR 1997 SC 318]; 2005 S C M R 1110; Woolmingtin's case 1935 AC 462; Talib Hussain v. State 1995 SCMR 1776; 2005 S C M R 1568; Nanavati’s case AIR 1962 SC 605

Texts 10 Crimes of Strict  Criminal Law by C.M.V Clarkson and H.M. Keating 4th Ed, Strict

6 Liability Liability, pp.192-227  Smith & Hogan, 10th Ed, Crimes of Strict Liability, pp. 115-137

Articles & Extracts  Nemerson, “Criminal Liability without Fault: A Philosophical Perspective” (1975) 75 Col. L.R. 1517  Brady, “Strict Liability Offences: A Justification” (1972) 8 Crim.L.Bull 217

Cases R v Lemon [1979] A.C. 617 (House of Lords; Sweet v Parsley [1970] A.C. 132 (House of Lords); Staples v United States 511 U.S. 600 (1994) Supreme Court of United States

11 Quiz

Texts 12 & 13 Murder  Pakistan Penal Code Vol II, by Shaukat Mahmood & Nadeem Shaukat, S. 300 PPC Qatl-e-Amd, pp. 862-907 Qatl-e-Amd; Qatl shibh-  Law of Crime, 5th Ed. by Justice V.V. Raghavan, S. 300 IPC Murder, i-amd pp. 798-922  Criminal Law by C.M.V Clarkson and H.M. Keating 4th Ed, Qatl-i-khata; Qatl-bis- Homicide pp. 627-723 sabab Cases Comparative analysis of 2007 MLD 935; 2005 P.Cr.L.J 182; 1999 P.Cr.L.J 9; 1995 SCMR 1765; common law concept of PLD 1976 SC 377; PLD 2001 SC 333; 2001 P.Cr.L.J 1548; PLD 1997 murder/manslaughter Lah 110; PLD 1994 SC 885; PLD 2007 Lah 121; PLD 1994 Lah 442; PLD FSC 1; 1992 P.Cr.L.J 1993; PLD 1997 SC 377

Articles & Extracts 14 Death Penalty Debate  JSTOR: The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973 -) Vol. 74. No. 3 Autumn, 1983), pp. 1033-1065”. International Law &  “The High Cost of the Death Penalty”. Death Penalty Focus. Domestic Law  History of Capital Punishment  Article from the Connecticut Courant (December 1, 1803)  www.amnesty.org/en/death-penalty.com

Texts 15 Offences Affecting the  Law of Crime, 5th Ed. by Justice V.V. Raghavan, pp. 231-293 Human Body  Law of Crimes, The Major Acts 2009, by M. Mahmood, pp. 223-237

Injuries and Assaults Cases 1973 SCMR 108; PLD 1963 SC 152; 1979 SCMR 193; 1972 SCMR

7 Section 332 (Hurt) to 401; 1970 SCMR 667; PLD 1964 SC 177; PLD 1996 Lah 126; 1999 338-G of PPC P.Cr.L.J 230

16 Movie (Any Court Room Drama from a select list)

Texts 17 & 18 General Defences:  Criminal Law by C.M.V Clarkson and H.M. Keating 4th Ed, General Defences-Justification and Excuse, pp. 276-287 Justification and Excuse  Smith & Hogan, General Defences, pp. 210-289  Australian Criminal Justice by Mark Findlay, Stephen Odgers & Insanity Stanley Yeo, Elements of a Crime, Defence, pp 21-15

Diminished Articles & Extracts Responsibility  Rethinking Criminal Law, p 759-Reconstructing Criminal Law, by Lacey, Wells & Quick, 3rd Ed. pp 62-66 Duress  Williams, “The Theory of Excuses” [1982] Crim.L.R 732 at 735 Mistake  Infancy and Islamic Law, Nyazee  Coercion and Duress in Islamic Law, Nyazee Infancy  Mistake in Islamic Law, Nyazee

Cases PLD 2002 Khi 152; 1993 SCMR 633; PLD 1979 Lah 711; PLJ 2001 CrC (Lahore) 953 (DB); PLD 1988 SC 25; Vishwanath v State of UP; PLD 2001 Lah 219; PLD 1960 SC 344; PLD 2002 SC 92; 1994 SCMR 1517; PLD 1962 SC 472; PLD 2003 Lah 60; 1974 SCMR 295; Basdev v State of Pepsu; State of Orissa v Ram Bahadur Thapa; Pappu v Damodaran; PLD 1988 Lah 581; PLD 2000 Lah 425; PLD 1964 SC 266; 2003 YLR 2234; 1981 PCrLJ 100; PLD 1981 Lah 651; PLD 1959 (WP) Lah 38; 1992 PCrLJ 1766; 1986 PCrLJ 626

Text 19 Self Defence &  Criminal Law, by Joel Samaha, Defences to Criminal Liability, Self Defence of Sudden and Defence pp. 227-252 Grave Cases R v Rose (1984) 15 Cox 540; Palmer v R [1971] AC 814; R v Clegg [1995] 1 All ER 334; R v Scarlett [1994] Crim LR 288; R v Bird [1985] 1 WLR 816; Beckford v R [1988] AC 130; R v Williams (Gladstone) (1984) 78 Cr App R 276; R v O'Grady [1987] 3 WLR 321; R v O'Connor [1991] Crim LR 135; 2008 SCMR 922; 2008 SCMR 1565

8 Texts 20 Sexual Offences  Law of Crimes, The Major Acts 2009, by M. Mahmood, S. 375-377 PPC Rape, pp. 256-258 Social context of sexual  Law of Crime, 5th Ed. by Justice V.V. Raghavan, S. 375-376 IPC offences Rape, pp. 384-429  Criminal Law by C.M.V Clarkson and H.M. Keating 4th Ed, Sexual Definition of rape Offences, pp. 606-626  Reconstructing Criminal Law, LexisNexis Butterworths 3rd Ed, Sexual Offences Act Construction of sexuality and bodily autonomy: trust and integrity, 2003 pp. 454-515  Criminal Law, by Joel Samaha, Criminal Sexual Conduct, pp. 406- 432

Cases 1992 P.C.L.J 42; 1990 MLD 138; 1990 MLD 1389; 1989 MLD 464; AIR 1958 Punj. 133; 1990 Cr.L.J. 650 at 652 (Cal); AIR 1934 Lah 797; (1931) 3 State Trials 401 (HL); (1974) Cr.L.J. 1098 (Goa) (Menezes J.C)

Texts 21 & 22 Women Protection Act,  Law of Crimes The Major Acts 2009 “Offence of Zina (Enforcement Hudood Ordinance and of Hudood) Ordinance, 1979”, pp. 1339-1370 Reforms in the area  Pakistan Law Site, Statutes, “Women Protection Act”  Pakistan Law Site, Statutes, “Offence of Zina (Enforcement of Hudood) Ordinance, 1979”

Articles & Extracts  Pakistan despite Women’s Protection Act (www.global-sisterhood- network.org)  In Pakistan, Rape Victims Are the 'Criminals' By SETH MYDANS, New York Times, May 17, 2002  http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/legislation/2006/wpb.html  http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/legislation/zia_po_1979/ord7_197 9.html

Texts 23 & 24 Offences against  Law of Crimes The Major Acts 2009, by M. Mahmood, S. 378-462 Property & White PPC Of Offences against Property. pp 259-294 Collar Crime  Law of Crime, 5th Ed. by Justice V.V. Raghavan, S. 378-462 IPC Of Offences against Property, pp. 436-691 Cheating, Fraud & Forgery Cases PLD 1957 SC 257; 1980 SCMR 356; 2003 YLR 1471; 2005 P.Cr.L.J Criminal breach of trust 882; 1998 P.Cr.L.J 347; 2000 P.Cr.L.J 1230; PLD 2002 Lah 164; PLD

9 Dishonouring of 2003 Lah 1; 2003 P.Cr.L.J 1545; 2004 YLR 2867; PLJ 2004 Lah 1577; Cheques 2008 MLD 159; 2007 P.Cr.L.J 997; 2004 SCMR 1755; 2005 P.Cr.L.J 1330; 208 YLR 2695

Texts 25 Electronic & Cyber  Law of Crimes The Major Acts 2009“Prevention of Electronic Crime Crimes Ordinance 2008”, pp. 1823-1836  Pakistan Law Site, Statutes, “Prevention of Electronic Crimes Ordinance 2008”  Pakistan Law Site, Statutes, “Electronic Transaction Ordinance 2002”

26 Quiz

Texts 27 Juvenile Justice System  Law of Crimes, The Major Acts 2009, by M. Mahmood, “Juvenile Justice System Ordinance 2000” pp. 1629-1636

Cases  PLD 2002 Kar. 18; 2004 YLR 2879; PLD 2005 Lah 15; PLD 2004 Pesh 70; PLD 2004 Lah 779; PLD 2007 Lah 650; PLD 2008 Lah 26; PLJ 2004 FSC 72

28 Overview/Revision

ESSENTIAL READING TEXT: . “Pakistan Penal Code: Commentary”, by Shaukat Mahmood. . “Criminal Law text and material” by C.M.V Clarkson and H.M Keating. . “Criminal Law”, by Michael J Allen. . “Principles of Criminal Law”, by Andrew Ashworth. . “Criminal Law” by Smith & Hogan. . “Elliot & Woods Case Book on Criminal Law”, by D.W Elliot & Michael J Allen. . “Criminal Law: ‘Theory and Doctrine”, by A.P Simester & G.R Sullivan. . “Law of Crimes”, The Major Acts 2009, by M. Mahmood . “Law of Crime”, by Justice V.V. Raghavan

10 . “Australian Criminal Justice”, by Mark Findlay, Stepehn Odgers & Stanley Yeo . “Criminal Law”, by Joel Samaha