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Government of Tamilnadu Government of Tamilnadu Department of Employment and Training Course : TNPSC Group II Exam Subject : Indian Polity Topic : Constitution of India Copyright The Department of Employment and Training has prepared the TNPSC Group-II Preliminary and Main Exam study material in the form of e-content for the benefit of Competitive Exam aspirants and it is being uploaded in this Virtual Learning Portal. This e-content study material is the sole property of the Department of Employment and Training. No one (either an individual or an institution) is allowed to make copy or reproduce the matter in any form. The trespassers will be prosecuted under the Indian Copyright Act. It is a cost-free service provided to the job seekers who are preparing for the Competitive Exams. Commissioner, Department of Employment and Training. CONSTITUTION OF INDIA The British came to India in 1600 as Pitt's India Act of 1784: traders, in the form of East India In a bid to rectify the defects of the Company, which had the exclusive Regulating Act of 1773, the British right of trading in India under a charter Parliament passed the Amending granted by Queen Elizabeth I. In 1858, Act of 1781, also known as the Act in the wake of the 'sepoy mutiny', the of Settlement. The next important British Crown assumed direct act was the Pitt's India Act of 1784. responsibility for the governance of India. In 1765, the company got rights Features of the Act : over revenue and Civil Justice of ie. It distinguished between the Diwani Rights, over Bengal, Bihar and commercial and political functions Orissa. In 1934 Constituent Assembly of the company. was formed by the suggestion of Mr. It allowed the Court of Directors to M.N. Roy. manage the commercial affairs but created a new body called Board of COMPANY RULE (1773 - 1858) : Control to manage the political REGULATING ACT OF 1773 : affairs. Thus, it established a Features of the Act : system of double government ie. It designated the Governor of Dyarchy. Bengal as the 'Governor-General of The British government got the Bengal'. The first such Governor- Supreme control over the General was Lord Warren Hastings. companys affairs. It provided for the establishment of a Supreme Court at Calcutta (1774) Charter Act of 1833 : comprising one chief justice and This Act was the final step towards three other judges. centralisation in British India. It prohibits the servants of company for accepting presents. Page 1 Constitution of India Features of the Act : It introduced an open competition It made the Governor-General of system of selection and recruitment Bengal as the Governor-General of Civil servants. The covenanted civil India and vested in him all civil and service was thus thrown open to the military powers. Lord William Indians also. Accordingly, the Bentinck was the first governor Macaulay Committee (the general of India. Committee on the Indian Civil The charter Act of 1833 attempted Service) was appointed in 1854. to introduce a system of open competition for selection of civil THE CROWN RULE (1858-1947) : servants. Government of India Act of 1858: East India Company became as a This Significant Act was enacted purely administrative body. in the wake of the Revolt of 1857- also known as the First War of Charter Act of 1853 : Independence or the 'sepoy mutiny'. This was the last of the series of The act known as the Act for the Good Charter Acts passed by the British Government of India, abolished the Parliament between 1793 and 1853. East India Company rule, and transferred the powers of government, Features of the Act : territories and revenues to the British It separated, for the first time, the Crown. legislative and executive functions of the Governor General's council. It Features of the Act of 1858 : provided for addition of six It changed the designation of the members called legislative Governor-General of India to that of councillors to the council. Viceroy of India. He (viceroy) was Out of the six members four the direct representative of the members were selected from local British Crown in India. Lord Canning government of Madras, Bombay thus became the first Viceroy of Bengal & Agra. India. Page 2 Constitution of India It ended the system of double in the council. It also gave a government by abolishing the Board recognition to the 'portfolio' system, of Control and Court of Directors. introduced by Canning in 1859. It created a new office, Secretary of It empowered the Viceroy to issue State India, vested with complete ordinances, without the authority and control over Indian concurrence of the legislative administration. council, during an emergency. The It established a I5-member to assist life of such an ordinance was six the secretary of state for India. The months. council was an advisory body. INDIAN COUNCILS ACT OF 1861, Featuresof the Act of 1892 : 1892 AND 1909 : It increased the number of Features of the Act of 1861 : additional (non-official) members in It made a beginning of the Central and provincial legislative representative institutions by councils, but maintained the official associating Indians with the law- majority in them. making process. In 1862 Lord It increased the functions of Canning nominated 3 Indians to his legislative councils and gave them council, the Raja of Benaras, the power of discussing the budget Maharaja of Patiula and Sir Dinakar and addressing questions to the Rao. executive. It also provided for the Indirect provision for election was establishment of new legislative used. councils for Bengal, North-Western Frontier Province (NWFP) and Features of the Act of 1909: Punjab, which were established in This Act is also known as Morley- 1862, 1866 and 1897 respectively. Minto Reforms (Lord Morley was Decentralisation process started. the then Secretary of State for It empowered the Viceroy to make India and Lord Minto was the then rules and orders for more Viceroy of India). convenient transaction of business Page 3 Constitution of India It considerably increased the size of of 'separate electorate'. Under this, the legislative councils, both Central the Muslim members were to be and provincial. The number of elected only by Muslim voters. members in the Central Legislative Thus, the Act 'legalised Council was raised from 16 to 60. communalism' and Lord Minto The number of members in the came to be known as the Father of provincial legislative councils was Communal Electorate. not uniform. Provided separate representation It retained official majority in the for Presidency, Corporations, Central Legislative Council but Chambers of Commerce, allowed the provincial legislative University, Zamindars. councils to have non- official GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT OF majority. 1919 : It enlarged the deliberative On August 20, 1917, the British functions of the legislative councils Government declared, for the first at both the levels. For example, time, that its objective was the members were allowed to ask gradual introduction of responsible supplementary questions, move government in India. resolutions on the budget, and so The Government of India Act of on. 1919 was thus enacted, which It provided (for the first time) for the came into force in 1921. This Act is association of Indians with the also known as Montagu-Chelmsford executive Councils of the Viceroy Reforms (Montagu was the and governors Satyendra Prasad Secretary of State for India and Sinha became the first Indian to Lord Chelmsford was the Viceroy of join the Viceroy's Executive council. India). He was appointed as the law member. Features of the Act : It introduced a system of The central and provincial communal representation for legislatures were authorised to Muslims by accepting the concept make laws on their respective list of Page 4 Constitution of India subjects. However, the structure of statutory commission under the government continued to be chairmanship of Sir John Simon to centralised and unitary. report, on the condition of India It further divided the provincial under its new Constitution. subjects into two parts-transferred All the members of this commission and reserved. The transferred were British hence all parties subjects were to be administered by boycott the commission. the governor with the aid of In Tamilnadu the boycott was ministers responsible to the headed by Thiru. Sathyamoorthy. legislative Council. The reserved subjects, on the other hand, were to Communal Award In August 1932 : be administered by the-governor Ramsay MacDonald, the British and his executive council without Prime Minister, announced a scheme being responsible to the legislative of representation of the minorities, Council. This dual scheme of which came to be known as the governance was known as 'dyarchy' Communal Award. The award not only It introduced, for the first time, continued separate electorates for the bicameralism and direct elections in Muslims, Sikhs, Indian Christians, the country. Anglo-Indians and Europeans but also It created a new office of the High extended it to the depressed classes Commissioner for India in London (scheduled castes). It provided for the appointment of a Gandhiji was distressed over this statutory commission to inquire into extension of the principle' of communal and report on its working after ten representation to the depressed years of its coming into force. classes and undertook fast unto death in Yeravada Jail (Poona) to get the Simon Commission: award modified. At last, there was an In November 1927 itself (i.e., 2 agreement between the leaders of the years before the schedule), the Congress and the depressed classes. British Government announced the The agreement, known as Poona Pact, appointment a seven-member retained the Hindu joint electorate and Page 5 Constitution of India have reserved seats to the depressed It provided for the adoption of classes.
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