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The Signs of Life Detector (SOLID) Instrument Concept for Planetary Exploration

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The Signs of Life Detector (SOLID) Instrument Concept for Planetary Exploration The Signs Of Life Detector (SOLID) instrument concept for planetary exploration Victor Parro Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Carretera de Ajalvir km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850, Madrid, Spain RIA-SpaceTec: Instrumentación astronómica en España, CSIC, 2018 379 ky 75% H 0 200 My 1000 My Elements, molecules, and first exoplanets Diversity of Planetary systems 10000 My and environments Origin and evolution 9500 My of life Complex chemistry 2 Controversial deffinitions of life. A “consensus” “Life is a self-sustaining chemical system capable of Darwinian evolution” Three essential components Darwinian evolution Ruiz-Mirazo et al Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 285−366 How to identify life or signs of life? Direct visualization Through Biochemistry Biology mediated Constructs Preserved Biomarkers We know they are biomarkers because we know them very well. Biochemistry: the low energy, non-covalent bonding kingdom Modified from Parro and Muñoz-Caro 2009 The search for life using life properties: the bio-affinity recognition of biological structures Bioaffinity: Immunological assays Antibodies are big molecules (150 kDa) that can be modified (fluorescent labeling) without affecting their binding specificities Hsieh-Wilson et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A. 93, 5363 (1996) 9 nm Biochemical evidences of life in planetary exploration Multiplex Fluorescent Sandwich Microarray Immunoassay LDChip From Dirt To Data McKay and Parro (2014) Sci Am. Biochemical targets Structure: Polysaccharides Structure: Lípids and LPS Structure and metabolism: Proteíns Information: Nucleic Acids (NA) Betaproteobacteria A collection of more than 450 Abs: The main phylogenetic groups of prokaryotes are represented in LDChip (Life Detector Chip) Gammaproteobacteria Several metabolisms are Alphaproteobacteria coverered Deltaproteobacteria Epsilonproteobacteria Bacteroidetes Nitrospira Actinobacteria Acidobacterium Verrucomicrobium Deinococcus-Thermus Firmicutes (G+ Low GC) Abs to proteins from key, ancient and well evolutively conserved metabolisms Nitrogen Fixation, Methanogenesys, Iron Cyanobacteria oxidation, Iron reduction, Iron storage, Sulphur uptake, S reduction, Planctomycetes Nitrate/Nitrite/Perchlorate reduction/ Thermotogae Aquificae Hydrogenases, Photosynthesis, Chaperones, ATPases Archaea LDCHip is a powerful tool for detecting microbial life in terrestrial analogues: Detecting cyanobacteria at 413 m depth in the Iberian Pyrite Belt. BH10_413_3 Puente-Sánchez et al. 2018, PNAS 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 Viable cyanobacteria in the deep continental subsurface of Iberian Pyrite Belt 420 m 607 m Puente-Sánchez et al., 2018, www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1808176115 SOLID3: TWO SEPARATED FUNTIONAL UNITS SPU SAU SAU SPU Parro, V. et al . (2011) Astrobiology 11, 29-54. Functional diagrams of SPU and SAU Parro, V. et al . (2011) Astrobiology 11, 29-54. Testing the SOLID3 signal readout module Full CCD image spots 120 um Quantification Parro, V. et al . (2011) Astrobiology 11, 29-54. 20000 16000 sp 12000 sp FControl sp Pseudomonas sp 8000 HallothiobacillusDesulfotalea Paenibacillus A.thiooxidans 4000 DI_ext2&3 0 SOLID 3.1 SPU: TRL 5-6 SPU Re-utilizable FLUÍDICA EN TITANIO SINTERIZADO Tested under relevant Mars environment EFFECT OF THE IONIZING RADIATION ON THE IMMUNOASSAY COMPONENTS g, e-, p 3 M 48 M Relative fluorescence (%) De Diego Castilla et al., 2011, Astrobiology SOLID’S TARGET MOLECULES SURVIVE COSMIC RADIATION 1-10 MY Lineal Model Blanco et al., 2018, AstrobioloGy Recent (<10 My) Obliquity changes have allowed higher insolation from the Sun, Warmer summers and higher atmospheric humidity McKay et al., IceBreaker, 2014 Phoenix site is safe for landing IceBreaker Payload Deck 7 2 SOLID coupled to NASA-Ames robotic drilling Acidithiobacillus sp platform. LMAP2017 in Rio Tinto. 1 Life-Detection Mars Analog Project (LMAP) Lead by Brian 3 Glass 6 5 4 Integración de SOLID en IceBreaker ARADS in Atacama: SOLID integration on a rover in 2018 SOLID-LDChip to help in human exploration Instrumentation for organics and/or life detection Method Instrumentation Sample Target Size Reference Elemental, Elemental GC-MS Novotny et al., 1975 gases, PAHs, to 500 Da Heating and /Viking, Cassini- (Viking); Niemann Volatiles aliphatic [12-220 Pyrolysis Huygens, SAM et al., 2005 hydrocarbons, (Viking) (MSL) (Cassini) etc 2-146 (Cassini)] Capillary Aa, Water /solvent Volatiles/extr Up to 500- electrophoresis nucleobases, Aubrey et al., 2008 extraction + acts 600 Da /Urey PAHs, etc. volatilization IR, Raman Solid Chemical Edwards et al., Spectrometric Any Spectrometers surfaces bonds, 2003 pigments, etc Desorb Laser Desorption Laser neutral and Oligo and 500 to Evans-Nguyen et LD-MS desorption ionized small polymers 2000 Da al., 2008 /MOMA Es como llevar un pequeñomolecules sistema inmunológico y preguntar Laser Laser Desorption ¿HayIonized algún alérgeno?Oligo and 500 to Todd et al., 2007 desorption Time of Flight TOF- molecules small polymers 5000 Da MS Parro et al., 2005; Ab microarrays Liquid From aa, nt, 100 Da to Fernandez-Calvo et Bioaffinity /SOLID suspension to whole cells kDa. al., 2006 Microscopic Solid Micro- Cells, Microscope Imager Pullan et al., 2008 structures surfaces structures colonies, etc The SOLID People Centro de Astrobiología INDUSTRY (Engineering) • Biology • SENER Ingeniería y Sistemas S.A. – Victor Parro – Carlos Compostizo – Mercedes Moreno – Pedro L. Herrero – Yolanda Blanco – Adolfo García Marín – Luis A Rivas – Graciela de Diego-Castilla • International Collaborations – Miriam García-Villadangos – Chris Mckay (NASA-Ames) – Ignacio Gallardo-Carreño – Carol Stoker (NASA-Ames) – Brian Glass (NASA-Ames) • Engineering – Javier Gómez-Elvira – Lyle Whyte (McGill Univ., Canada) – Juan M. Manchado – Alfonso Davila (SETI Institute) – Jose A. Rodríguez-Manfredi – Dr. Mary Sceweitzer (North Carolina – Eduardo Sebastián University) – Javier Martín – Esta van Heerden (University of Free State, Southafrica – Julio Romeral – Cecilia Demergasso, Universidad – Josefina Torres Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, • Geology and Planetary Exploration Chile – Olga Prieto-Ballesteros – John Coates (Berkely Univ.) – Alberto G. Fairén.
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