Bikini and Nearby Atolls Part 4. Paleontology Fossil Calcareous Algae from Bikini Atoll Smaller Foraminifera from Bikini Drill Holes Larger Foraminifera and Smaller Diagnostic Foraminifera from Bikini Drill Holes Fossil Corals from Bikini Drill Holes
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 260-M, N, O, P Bikini and Nearby Atolls Part 4. Paleontology Fossil Calcareous Algae from Bikini Atoll By J. HARLAN JOHNSON Smaller Foraminifera from Bikini Drill Holes By RUTH M. TODD and RITA POST Larger Foraminifera and Smaller Diagnostic Foraminifera from Bikini Drill Holes By W. STORRS COLE Fossil Corals from Bikini Drill Holes By JOHN W. WELLS
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 260-M, N, O, P
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1954 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Douglas McKay, Secretary
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W. E. Wrather, Director
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. - Price $2.50 (paper cover) CONTENTS
[The letters in parenthesis preceding the titles are those used to designate the individual papers] Page (M) Fossil calcareous algae from Bikini Atoll, by J. Harlan Johnson.______537 (N) Smaller Foraminifera from Bikini drill holes, by Ruth M. Todd and Rita J. Post______547 (O) Larger Foraminifera and smaller diagnostic Foraminifera from Bikini drill holes, by W. Storrs Cole______569 (P) Fossil corals from Bikini drill holes, by John W. Wells.__..--_-_____.-__--_---_--______-_____ 609 m
Fossil Calcareous Aleae From Bikini Atoll
By J. HARLAN JOHNSON
Bikini and Nearby Atolls, Marshall Islands
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 260-M
Descriptions of 2O species^ including 4. that are new and 8 still living
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1954
CONTENTS
Page Page Abstract.._-___---__-____---______-_-___ 537 Systematic descriptions—Continued Introduction. __^____-___.______.__ 537 Porolithon_____ . . _-__-___-____ 541 Systematic descriptions..-----.--___.-_____-_--__ 538 Lithoporella. ______542 Lithothamnion. _-._--_--.____-______-____ 538 Halimeda ______-____---____. 543 Mesophyllum. __-__---_--_____-______538 Selected bibliography—_____-____-, 543 Lithophyllum--- --______-----______--___-_-_-___ 538 Index._____-____------_--_ 545 Goniolithon_ -----__-_-__-______-____ 541
ILLUSTRATIONS [Plates follow index]
PLATE 188. Beach rock: Porolithon, Halimeda, and Foraminif era. 189. Organisms forming beach rock. 190. Lithophyllum sp. A.; Lithophyllum sp. D.; Lithothamnion biJciniensum Johnson, n. sp.; Lithophyllum sp. C; Lithothamnion cf. L.'laminithallum Johnson and Ferris. 191. Lithophyllum oblongum Johnson, n. sp.; Goniolithon cf. (?. frutescens Foslie; Lithophyllum profundum Johnson, n. sp.; Mesophyllum aff. M. prepulchrum Johnson and Ferris. 192. Lithophyllum Jcladosum Johnson, n. sp. 193. Porolithon craspedium Foslie. 194. Porolithon onkodes CH.ejdrich), Porolithon craspedium Foslie. 195. Goniolithon frutescens Foslie, Porolithon gardinerei Foslie. 196. Porolithon gardineri Foslie. 197. Porolithon marshallense Taylor, Lithoporella melobesioides (Foslie), Amphiroa sp., Halimeda sp. vn
BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS
FOSSIL CALCAREOUS ALGAE FROM BIKINI ATOLL
By J. HARLAN JOHNSON
ABSTRACT the reefs and the work of calcareous algae in building Calcareous algae play a very important part in building the the reefs. In later 1947 and throughout 1948 and early reefs and associated deposits at Bikini Atoll, and their remains 1949 he studied specimens collected in the course of the are abundant in the beach rock and well samples. expedition and the samples and cores obtained from the The algae that could be identified are described. They belong to 8 genera and include 20 species, of which 4 are described as several wells drilled into Bikini island (for location new. Of these, eight are forms found growing now on the of numbered drill holes see Geological Survey Profes modern reef. sion Paper 260-J, fig. 123). The genera represented are Lithothamnion, 3 species; Meso- Calcareous algae play a very important part in build phyllum, 1 species; Lithophyllum, 1 species; Ooniolithon, 2 species; Porolithon, 4 species; Lithoporella, 1 species; Amphi- ing the reefs and associated deposits at Bikini Atoll. roa, 1 species; Halimeda, 1 species). Studies of a number of strips across the reef indicate The species described as new are Lithothamnion MMniensum, they contribute from 40 to 90 percent of the bulk of the Lithophyllum oblongum, Lithophyllum kladosum, and Litho reef. Laboratory studies of numerous hand specimens phyllum profundum. of the beach rock show about the same percentage of INTRODUCTION algal material. (See pis. 188, 189.) The distribution As a member of the Bikini Resurvey Expedition of of the algae in the well samples is shown in the follow 1947, the author spent 6 weeks at Bikini Atoll studying ing table.
Occurrence of Calcareous Algae
Drill holes Present reef [Depths in feet] Beach Litho rock o thamnion Reef § •*g t- 8 g g | CO 1 § I 1 i ?31 91 ridge flat 1 1 11 s 1 I 1 1 1I I11 X X X LUhophyttum oblongum Johnson, n. sp ______. _ X X X X kladosum Johnson, n. sp _____ ...... X X X y " profundum Johnson, n. sp.. - - - X X X sp. A ____ . ______.-.„-. X X sp.B...... X sp.C...... sp. D...... ___ ...... X X X Goniolitnon frutescens Foslle ______...... X X cf. 0. frutescens Foslie.. ______...... X aflf. Q. frutescens (Foslie) ______Porolithon craspedium (Foslle) Foslle . ______. ... X X gardineri (Foslle) Foslie ______X X X X X X X X ...... X X X X X X acguinoctiale (Foslie) .. ______... . . X X X X X 'V? X Halimeda sp...... X
The algal specimens belong to either of two groups, The coralline algae are classified and subdivided as the red corallines and the green Halimeda. follows: 537 538 BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS Class Rhodophyta thin, composed of rows of cells measuring 11-15^ by Family Corallinaceae 8-13/*. Subfamily Melobesieae Genus Archaeolithothamnion Age.—Miocene. Genus Lithothamnion Locality.—Hole 2A, depth, 1,320 feet. Genus Hesophyllum Remarks.—Known only from several small frag Genus Lithophyllum ments. The growth habit, appearance of tissue, and Genus Tenarea cell dimensions are very close to L. laminithallum de Genus Ooniolithon Genus Porolithon scribed by Johnson and Ferris from the Miocene of Genus Lithoporella (Melobesia) Lau, Fiji Islands. Subfamily Corallineae Genus Amphiroa Genus MESOPHYLLUM Lemoine Genus Arthrocardia Mesophyllum aff. M. prepulchrum Johnson and Ferris Genus Corallina Genus Jania • Plate 191, figure 8 Class Chlorophyta Family Codiaceae Mesophyllum prepulchrum Johnson and Ferris, 1950, Bernice Genus Halimeda. P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 201, p. 15, pi. 5 A, B. SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS Thallus crustose or nodular with short stubby projec Class RHODOPHYTA tions. Tissue shows strongly developed growth zones, Family CORALLINACEAE each formed of crescentic layers. Cells of lower Subfamily MELOBESIEAE layers of each zone tend to be longer than in the upper Genus LITHOTHAMNION Philippi layers of the zone. Cells rectangular, measuring 23-26jn Lithothamnion Mkiniensum Johnson, n. sp. by 12-14/A. Around margins of branches appears a Plate 190, figure 5 perithallus of smaller nearly square cells, 11-14/* by Crustose. Several thalli 0.009-0.06 mm thick super 8-1 I/A. Conceptacles unknown. imposed to form a crust. Hypothallus thin, of curved Age.—Miocene. rows of irregular rectangular cells measuring 0.012- Locality.—Hole 2A, depth 1,340 feet. 0.022 (37) mm by 0.01-0.0018 mm. Perithallus com Remarks.—Represented by only one fragment. In posed of rectangular cells arranged in vertical rather appearance, growth habit, and cell dimensions, the tissue than horizontal rows. Growth zones indistinct. Ver resembles that of M. prepul&hrum except this specimen tical partitions more strongly developed and continuous shows a better development of a marginal perithallus than the horizontal ones. Cells measure 0.011-0.023 mm on the branch than was observed in the specimens from long and 0.01-0.013 mm wide. Conceptacles unknown. the Miocene of the Fiji Islands. Age—Early Miocene. ' Genus LITHOPHYLLUM Philippi Location.—Hole 2B, depth 2,410 feet, Bikini island. Remarks.—This species belongs to the same group of Lithophyllum ohlongum Johnson, n. sp. encrusting Lithothamnium as L. aggregatum Lemoine; Plate 191, figures 1-3 L. roveretori Airoldi, and L. laminasium Howe. All A branching form which develops large fairly long these are characterized by developing crusts formed of branches. The tissue consisted of a medullary hypo many superimposed thin thalli. Each thallus has a thallus surrounded by a narrow marginal perithallus. thin hypothallus with a more strongly developed peri- The hypothallus formed of regular, arched rows of rec thallus. tangular cells. Both the horizontal partitions (between Among previously described species the one closest the rows of cells) and the longitudinal partitions (be to this is L. aggregatum Lemoine from the Oligocene tween the cells) distinct. Cell measurements from of Algeria. However, L. ~bikiniensum has somewhat numerous rows in three specimens tabulated below. larger cells. Without a knowledge of the concep- tacles, it seems wise to consider it as a different species. Specimen Medullary hypothallus Perithallus Holotype slide USNM 51408. (ton) (in n) Lithothamnion cf. L. laminithallum Johnson and Ferris 85 (b)__ — ___ — _ — _ 42-45 by 9-20 __ ___ 9-13 by 8-13. Plate 190, figure 7 85____. ______36-44 by 10-19. ____ 10-14 by 8-13. 91___. ______40-42 by 9-18. _____ 9-13 by 9-14. Lithothamnion laminithallum Johnson and Ferris, 1950, Ber- nice P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 201, p. 12-13, pi. 9 A, B, E. Extremes. ______36-45 by 9-20__.___ 9-14 by 8-14. Fragments of thick crust probably a nodular mass. Consists of many superimposed thalli. Each thallus Conceptacles unknown. FOSSIL CALCAREOUS ALGAE FROM BIKINI ATOLL 539 Age.—Miocene. pared to the medullary hypothallus. The cells of the Locality.—Hole 2B, depths 2,040-2,350 feet. hypothallus are considerably longer than the average Remarks.—This species is very close to L. quad- of the genus. It suggests a GonioUthon but lacks the rangulvm Lemoine var. welschi (Lemoine, 1939, p. (heterocyst) groups of large cells scattered through 96) but appears to have relatively narrower cells in the tissue. The cell dimensions closely resemble ma both the hypothallus and perithallus. Without a terial described by Lignac-Grutterink (1943, p. 290) knowedge of the conceptacles of the two forms, it is from the Miocene of Indonesia under the name Litho impossible to say whether they belong to the same spe phyllum fosliei (Heydr) Hey dr. However, she does cies. L. quadrangulum is known from beds ranging in not give an illustration and does not mention whether age from Eocene to Miocene and from many localities it is a crustose or branching form. Obviously she con in France, Spain, and Algeria. Mme. Lemoine (1939) siders it the same as the modern GonioUthon fosliei mentions a fragment from the Miocene of Persia. This (Heydr) Foslie. This, however, is not only a true unfortunately consists of only a fragment of hypo GonioUthon with heterocysts but also is stated to form thallus with much wider cells, 37-50/* by 10-30/*. Under thick crusts without branches; consequently, it differs the circumstances it seems wise to call this a new spe from our form in those respects. cies, while recognizing a close relationship to L. quad A number of fragments of this form were obtained rangulum. from sample 89. Holotype, USNM 51396. Holotype, USNM 51399. Lithophyllum cf. L. fortunatum Lemoine Lithophyllum kladosum Johnson, n. sp. Lithophyllum fortunatum Lemoine, 1928, Inst. Catalafia de Plate 192, figures 1-8 Historia Natural. Bull. 2d ser., v. 8, p. 102-103. Fragments of a strongly branching form with long, Specimen consists of a fragment of a thick branch relatively thin branches containing a well-developed or mammilated crust. It consists mainly of medullary medullary hypothallus and a very thick marginal peri hypothallus. The perithallus worn off except on one thallus. Hypothallus of gently arched, wavy rows corner. of long rectangular cells. Horizontal partitions irreg Perithallus consists of rectangular cells regularly ular and not much stronger than the longitudinal. arranged in well-defined vertical and fairly good hori Perithallus built of short layers of squarish cells nearly zontal rows. Cells measure 0.018-0.037 mm long and perpendicular to the layers of the hypothallus. The 0.01-0.019 mm wide. Hypothallus cells in short hori cells show a considerable range in size, especially in dif zontal rows. Between the hypothallus and perithal ferent rows in other parts of the same specimen. The lus, they curve sharply. Hypothallus cells measure following table shows the results of measurements of 0.016-0.025 (36) mm long and 0.010-0.015 mm wide. a number of rows on a series of specimens. Conceptacles unknown. Age.—Early Miocene.
Specimen Medullary hypothallus Perithallus Locality.—Hole 2B, depth 2,503 feet. Remarks.—The cell dimensions and general features
INDEX [Italic numbers indicate descriptions]
Page LUhophyllum—Continued Abstract__..---.-...... _...... _--.....-.-..----. 537 sp. A...... 537,540,pi. 190 acguinoctiale, LUhophyllum...... 542 sp. B..______...... 537.540 Porolithon...... _..__...... __...... ___...... __.. 537,542 sp. C...... 537,540,pi. 190 aggregatum, Lithothamnion...... 538 sp. D...... 537,540,pi. 190 Amphiroasp...... 537,548, pi. 197 LUhoporella...... 542 atlantica, Lithoporella...... 543 atlantica...... 543 conjuncta...... '...... 543 bikiniensum, Lithothamnion...... ___.. 537, 588, pi. 190 melobesioides...... 537,542,543,pi. 197 (Melobesia) melobesioides...... 543 Codiaeeae...______.....______...._.-.__ ...... • 543 (LUhoporella) conjuncta, Mastophora...... 543 conjuncta, Lithoporella...... _...... -.-.—...... __ 513 (Lithoporella) melobesioides, Mastophora...... 542 Mastophora (Lithoporetta)...... 543 (LUhoporella) melobesioides, Melobesia...... 543 CoraUineae...... __.._ __._...... 543 Lithothamnion aggregatum...... 538 craspedium, LUhophyllum...... ______541 bikiniensum...... 537,538, pi. 190 Porolithon...... 537, 641, pis. 193,194 laminithallum...... 537,535, pi. 190 j roveretori...... 538 fortunatum, LUhophyllum...... ___.____...... 537,539 fotliei, Ooniolithon...... 539 marshallense, Porolithon...... 537,54$, pi. 197 LUhophyllum...... 539 Mastophora melobesioides...... 542 frutescens, Ooniolithon...... 537, 641, pis. 191,195 (Lithoporella) conjuncta...... 543 LUhophyllum...... —...... 541 melobesioides...... 542 Melobesia (Lithoporella') melobesioides...... —————. —.. 543 (Melobesia) melobesioides, Lithoporella...... 543 gardineri, LUhophyllum...... 542 melobesioides, Lithoporella...... 537,542,543,pi. 197 Porolithon...... 537,54#, pis. 188,194,196 . LUhoporella (Melobesia)...... 543 Qoniolithonfosliei...... ^...... 539 Mastophora. ______.____...... ———— —————————— 542 frutescens...... 537,541, pis. 191,195 (Lithoporella)...... 542 Melobesia (LUhoporella)...... ————————— 543 Halimeda...... 5$, pi. 189 Mesophyllum prepulchrum...... 537,538, pi. 191 sp._._..._-.-.-_._____._.______.__.______._._.___._.____ 537,5^3, pi. 197 oblongum, LUhophyllum...... —... —... — .—— — ———— — — 537,535, pi. 191 Introduction...______.______._._.____ 537-538 onltodes, Porolithon...... 537, 5$, pis. 194,195
kladosum, LUhophyllum...... 537,539, pi. 192 parvicellum, LUhophyllum...... ------... 537,540 Porolithon acguinoctiale...... 537,54% laminithallum, Lithothamnion.-...... 537, 538, pi. 190 craspedium...... -.-.---.------..---.-.------. 537, 541, pis. 193,194 Ltihophyllum aeguinoctiale...... 542 gardineri-...... 537,542, pis. 188,194,196 craspedium...... 541 marshallense...... 537,542,pi. 197 fortunatum...... 537,539 onkodes-...... 537,542,pis. 194,195 fosliei___-----______-....___...______.__._..._.-.___ 539 prepulchrum, Mesophyllum...... 537,53S, pi. 191 frutescens...... 541 profundum, LUhophyllum...... ------.-.----.--..--.------537,539, pi. 191 gardineri...... _.___.__..._...... ___ 542 kladosum...... 537,539,pi. 192 guadrangulum, LUhophyllum.----...... -. 539 oMongum——.—— — .—— — —...... 537,538, pi. 191 guadrangulum welschi, LUhophyllum.....-...--...... — ....-...... 539 parvicellum...... _...__..._...... 537,540 profundum...... 537,539,pi. 191 roveretori, Lithothamnion...... 538 guadrangulum...... _..._.....__...... 539 welschi...... 539 welschi, LUhophyllum guadrangulum..-..-.--...... -.----...... 539 545
294856—54-
PLATES 188-197 PLATE 188 [Figure size indicated on plate] 1. Beach rock composed largely of Foraminifera and algae. 2. Beach rock from a portion of raised reef on the reef platform showing portion of a colony of PoroUthon gardineri Foslie in position of growth. Space between the algal branches filled mainly with Foraminifera. North shore of Bikini island. USNM 51412. 3. Beach rock composed of fragments of algae (PoroUthon, Goniolithon, and Halimeda) and Foraminifera. East end of Bikini island. USNM 51411. 4. Section of beach rock, showing fragments of PoroUthon (black masses) and several types of Foraminifera. USNM 51413. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 260 PLATE 188
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BEACH ROCK GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 260 PLATE 189
ORGANISMS FORMING BEACH ROCK PLATE 189 [Figure size indicated on plate] FIGTJBE 1. A foraminifer and an oblique section of an echinoid spine. USNM 51414. 2. Section of an echinoid spine. USNM 51415. 3. Section of a shell fragment. 4. Section of a fragment of coral. USNM 51416. 5. Section of beach rock with Foraminifera, fragments of algae (black), and pieces of coral. USNM 51417. 6. Section of beach rock composed largely of coral (white), coralh'ne algae (black), and Halimeda (black with white tubes) USNM 51418. PLATE 190 [Figure size indicated on plate] FIGURES 1-2. Lithophyllum sp. A (p. 540). 1. A section of the tissue, showing detail of medullary hypothallus. USNM 51405. 2. Another section of hypothallic tissue. USNM 51406. 3-4. Lithophyllum sp. D (p. 540). 3. Longitudinal section. USNM 51407. 4. Perpendicular section. USNM 51404. 5. Lithothamnion bikiniensum Johnson, n. sp. (p. 538). Detail of medullary hypothallus. Holotype, USNM 51408. 6. Lithophyllum sp. C (p. 540). Section of a fragment, showing details of the tissue. USNM 51409. 7. Lithothamnion cf. L. laminithallum Johnson and Ferris (p. 538.) Detail of a portion of the crust. USNM 51410. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPKR 260 PLATE 190
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LITHOPHYLLUM SP. A.; LITHOPHYLLUM SP. D.; LITHOTHAMNION BIKINIENSUM JOHNSON, N. SP. LITHOPHYLLUM SP. C.; LITHOTHAMNION CF. L. LAMINITHALLUM JOHNSON AND FERRIS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 260 PLATE 191
LITHOPHYLLUM OBLONGUM JOHNSON, N. SP.; GONIOLITHON CF. G. FRUTESCENS FOSLIE; LITHOPHYLLUM PROFUNDUM JOHNSON, N. SP.; MESOPHYLLUM AFF. M. PREPULCHRUM JOHNSON AND FERRIS PLATE 191 [Figure size Indicated on plate] FIGURES 1-3. Lithophyllum oblongum Johnson, n. sp. (p. 538). 1. A slightly oblique section, showing growth zones. USNM 51400. 2. A longitudinal section. Holotype, USNM 51399. 3. Longitudinal section, showing not only the medullary hypothallus but some of the marginal perithallus. USNM 51394. 4. Goniolithon cf. G. frutescens Foslie (p. 541). 5-7. Lilhophyllum profundum Johnson, n. sp. (p. 539). 5. Detail of hypothallus. Holotype, USNM. 51402. 6. Hypothallus and boundary with perithallus. USNM 51403. 7. Detail of medullary hypothallus. USNM 51399. 8. Mesophyllum aff. M. prepulchrum Johnson and Ferris (p. 538) detail of medullary hypothallus. USNM 51404. PLATE 192 [Figure size indicated on plate FIGURES 1-8. Lithophyllum kladosum Johnson, n. sp. (p. 539). 1. Long section of branch, showing medullary hypothallus and wide penthallus. USNM 51392. 2. Long section of a branch, showing medullary hypothallus and wide penthallus. USNM 51393. 3. Long section of a branch, showing both hypothallus and perithallus. USNM 51392. 4. Long section of a branch giving detail of perithallus. USNM 51395. 5. Section of a branch, showing both hypothallus and perithallus. Holotype; USNM 51396. 6. Detail of medullary hypothallus. USNM 51397. • 7. Section through a curved branch. USNM 51398. 8. Detail of boundary between hypothallus and perithallus. USNM 51394. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 260 PLATE 192
LITHOPHYLLUM KLADOSUM JOHNSON, N. SP. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 260 PLATE 193
POROLITHON CRASPEDIUM FOSLIE PLATE 193 [Figure size indicated on plate] FIGURES 1-5. Porolithon craspedium Foslie (p. 541). 1. Top view of specimen from Bikini island. USNM 51419. 2. Side view of same specimen. USNM 51421 3. Section of the tissue parallel to growth. USNM 51422. 4. Side view of an elongated specimen. USNM 51420. 5. A section of tissue perpendicular to growth. USNM 51422. PLATE 194 [Figure size indicated on plate] FIGUBES 1-4. Porolithon onkodes (Heydrich) (p. 542). 1. A crust encroaching upon a small specimen of Porolithon gardineri Foslie. Top view. Inner portion of Litho- thamnion ridge. Bikini island. 2. Nodular masses from reef flat about 100 yards inside Lithothamnion ridge. Bikini island. TJSNM. 3. Top view of a crust. Inner side of Lithothamnion ridge. Bikini island. Specimen from Taylor Collection, University of Michigan. 4. A section of the tissue, with conceptacles and heterocysts. Slide 46-372, Taylor Collection, University of Michigan. 5. Porolithon craspedium Foslie (p. 541). A section of tissue, with heterocysts. USNM 51422. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 260 PLATE 194 ;•*
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POROLITHON ONKODES (HEYDRICH), POROLITHON CRASPEDIUM FOSLIE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 260 PLATE 195
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GONIOLITHON FRUTESCENS FOSLIE, POROLITHON GARDINEREI FOSLIE PLATE 195 [Figure size indicated on plate] FIGUKES 1-2. Ooniolithon frutescens Foslie (p. 541). 1. A colony associated with a coral; inner reef platform, Bikini island. 2. A section of tissue. 3-4. Porolithon gardineri Foslie (p. 542). 3. Section of tissue. Taylor Collection, University of Michigan, Slide 46-284. 4. A specimen partly overgrown by an encrusting alga probably Porolithon onkodes (Heydrich). Inner portion of Lithothamnion ridge of reef. Bikini island. PLATE 196 [Figure size indicated on plate FIOUBES 1-4. Porolilhon gardineri Foslie. (p. 542). 1. Side view of a small specimen from the Lithothamnion ridge, Bikini island. 2. Top view of a colony from the Lithothamnion ridge, Bikini island. 3. A longitudinal section of the tissue of a branch, showing medullary hypothallus and the perithallus with groups of heterocysts. Taylor Collection, University of Michigan, slide 46-491. 4. A section of a thick mass, showing irregular growth zones and groups of heterocysts. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL, PAPER 260 PLATE 106
POROLITHON GARDINERI FOSLIE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 260 PLATE 197
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3 5 POROLITHONMARSHALLENSETAYLOR, LITHOPORELLA MELOBESIOIDES (FOSLIE), AMPHIROA SR, HALIMEDA SR PLATE 197 [Figure size indicated on plate] FIGURE 1. Porolithon marshallense Taylor (p. 542). Two hand specimens. Taylor Collection, University of Michigan. 2—3. Lithoporella melobesioides (Foslie) (p. 542). 2. Section of a crust, showing superimposed thalli. USNM 51389. 3. Section of a crust, showing superimposed thalli and scars of two conceptacles. USNM 51389. 4. Amphiroa sp. (p. 543). A badly worn fragment. USNM 51390. 5. Halimedasp. (p. 543). A fragment. USNM 51391.
Smaller Foraminifera From Bikini Drill Holes
By RUTH TODD and RITA POST
Bikini and Nearby Atolls, Marshall Islands
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 260-N
Descriptions and illustrations of about species offossil Foraminifera, including 1 8 new species
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1954
CONTENTS
Page Page Abstract—.--_--_---__---__--_-___- -_-_.._---__ 547 List of samples studied. 553 Introduction ______-.-._.._____ 547 Systematic descriptions- 553 Shallow drill holes..______.______-_._ 547 Selected bibliography— 565 Lists of species foundJn holes 1 and 3. ______548 Index._„______-- 567 Deep drill holes______551
ILLUSTRATIONS
[Plates 198-203 follow Index] PLATE 198. Valvulinidae, Miliolidae, Nonionidae. 199. Peneroplidae, Buliminidae, Rotaliidae. 200. Rotaliidae, Globorotaliidae, and Cymbaloporidae. 201. Amphisteginidae, Calcarinidae, and Planorbulinidae. 202. Peneroplidae, Alveolinellidae, and Rotaliidae. 203. Foraminifera in thin sections of core material. Pan FIGURE 166. Composite distribution chart of diagnostic smaller Foraminifera in the Bikini drill holes. 552
TABLE Page TABLE 1. Distribution of smaller Foraminifera in two shallow drill holes. 549 ni
294856—54——3
BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS
SMALLER FORAMINIFERA FROM BIKINI DRILL HOLES
By RUTH TODD and RITA POST
ABSTRACT SHALLOW DRILL HOLES Smaller Foraminifera were studied as loose specimens and Samples from the three shallow holes contain very in thin sections from 5 holes drilled on Bikini Atoll. The abundant specimens of Galcarina spengleri (Gmelin) deepest hole reached a depth of 2,556 feet. A few of the Recent from the surface to 95 feet in hole 1, to 95 feet in hole forms, present in the upper parts of the holes, are mentioned. Exclusive of the Recent forms, about 55 other species and 2, and to 63i/£ feet in hole 3. At these levels, this varieties are described and illustrated, of which 18 species are large reef-dwelling Galcarina is largely if not entirely new, and 8 species and 2 varieties are indeterminate. A com replaced by 0. hispida H. B. Brady, a species indica posite distribution chart of 60 species and varieties shows tive of lagoon conditions and outer slope conditions to several tops of occurrence in the holes, corresponding to the moderate depths. Another reef-dwelling form, Mar- stages as set up on the basis of larger Foraminifera. The hole apparently reached the Miocene at a depth of about 850 feet. ginopora vertebralis Blainville, occurs in abundance The evidence for the top of the Oligocene is not conclusive and at the top and decreases downward, but reappears in it is possible that Eocene was reached. The abundance of abundance at the top of the Miocene. Baculogypsina miliolid and peneroplid Foraminifera indicates deposition sphaerulata (Parker and Jones), a species character under shallow, warm conditions, probably not more than about istic of reefs but not found living in (the Marshall 40 fathoms, throughout the entire section. Islands, is fairly abundant at 115 and 136 feet. Other INTRODUCTION species comprising the bulk of the Foraminifera pres ent in the upper parts of the subsurface are Amphiste- The holes drilled on Bikini Atoll present a unique gina madagascariensis D'Orbigny, Heterostegina svfo- opportunity for studying both the age of the sediments orbicularis D'Orbigny, Homotrema rubrum (Lamarck), underlying a coral atoll and the ecologic conditions and encrusting Carpenteria. Rotalia calcar (D'Or under which the sediments were deposited. bigny) and Galcarina delicata Todd and Post, n. sp., Holes 1, 2, and 3, were shallow, drilled to 300, 190, are found as high as 179 and ISi1/^ feet respectively. and 118 feet respectively. Holes 2A and 2B were Hole 2, situated on the lagoon side of the reef, differs deeper, drilled to 1,346 and 2,556 feet respectively. For from holes 1 and 3 in containing at the top a very rich two of the shallow holes, species are listed together with foraminiferal fauna typical of the present fauna in notes regarding the changes in ecologic conditions. Bikini Lagoon, with the addition of abundant. worn The two deeper holes were close together and were specimens of Galcarina spengleri (Gmelin). This fauna studied as one well. A distribution chart was con persists to 95 feet. In the cuttings at 121 feet, Baculo- structed, showing the tops of occurrence of the signifi gypsina sphaerulata (Parker and Jones) first appears. cant species. This chart also includes the significant In the core from 116 to 137 feet Galcarina hispida H. records from the shallower holes. B. Brady is present without C. spengleri (Gmelin), cor In nearly all cases, the cuttings were contaminated responding to a similar change in holes 1 and 3. from above and thus many species known to be living Rotalia calcar (D'Orbigny) is found in the core at in the Marshall Islands are found throughout the sec 179-190', its highest occurrence. No lists of Foraminif tion. With a few exceptions, these are omitted from study. The reader is referred to Cushman, Todd, and era are given for hole 2. Post, "Recent Foraminifera of the Marshall Islands," The combined evidence from the three shallow holes chapter H of the present report, for description of is as follows (from the surface downward): these species. 1. A fauna dominated by Calcarina spengleri (Gmelin), indi cating reef deposition, from the surface to about 95 feet. Our work has profited from discussions of our prob 2. A change from <7. spengleri (Gmelin) to C. hispida H. B. lems with Miss Irene Crespin of the Bureau of Mineral Brady, indicating somewhat deeper water conditions (10 Resources, Canberra, Australia. fathoms or deeper), below about 95 feet. 547 548 BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS
3. The occurrence of Baculogypsina sphaerulata (Parker and ValvuUna davidiana Chapman—rare Jones), another reef-dwelling species, between about 115 and Triloculina terquemiana (H. B. Brady) 136 feet. Heterostegina suborbicularis D'Orbigny 4. The appearance of Rotalia calcar (D'Orbigny) and Cal- Marginopora vertebralis Blainville carina delicata Todd and Post, n. sp., at about 179 feet. Amphistegina madagascariensis D'Orbigny Calcarina hispida H. B. Brady—rare LISTS OF SPECIES FOUND IN HOLES 1 AND 3 Calcarina spengleri (Gmelin) Hole 1 Cuttings about 105': This seems to be a lagoonal fauna. The Depth: 300 feet. presence of Baculogypsina sphaerulata (Parker and Jones) Location: 2700 feet from outer reef edge. may indicate an old reef level nearby. Core 42^-53', sample 1-3-1, -1A, B: Consolidated pieces of ValvuUna davidiana Chapman coral with Halimeda and Foraminifera comprising about half Clavulina angularis D'Orbigny—rare the material. Hauerina diversa Cushman Amphistegina madagascariensis D'Orbigny Triloculina cf. T. bassensis Parr Calcarina spengleri (Gmelin)—abundant Triloculina terquemiana (H. B. Brady) Core 53-63^', sample 1-4-1: Fragments of coral and cemented Heterostegina suborbicularis D'Orbigny detritus containing Halimeda and Foraminifera. Marginopora vertebralis Blainville N onion paciflcum (Cushman)—rare Borelis pulchra (D'Orbigny) Heterostegina suborbicularis D'Orbigny—rare Asterigerina sp. Marginopora vertebralis Blainville—common Asterigerina sp. Amphistegina madagascariensis D'Orbigny—abundant Amphistegina madagascariensis D'Orbigny Calcarina spengleri (Gmelin)—abundant Calcarina hispida H. B. Brady—abundant Anomalinella rostrata (H. B. Brady)—rare Baculogypsina sphaerulata (Parker and Jones)—abundant Cibicides lobatulus (Walker and Jacob)—rare Cymbaloporetta squammosa (D'Orbigny) Sample 1-4-2: Fragments of coral and cemented detritus Tretomphalus planus Cushman? containing Foraminifera and Halimeda segments. Cibicides lobatulus (Walker and Jacob) Marginopora vertebralis Blainville Planorbulina acervalis H. B. Brady Reussella simples (Cushman)—rare Homotrema rubrum (Lamarck) Amphisteyina madagascariensis D'Orbigny Cuttings about 116': Calcarina spengleri (Gmelin)—abundant Textularia conica D'Orbigny—rare Tretomphalus planus Cushman—rare ValvuUna davidiana Chapman—rare Core 63^4-74', sample 1-5-1: Fine-grained cemented limestone. Quinqueloculina sulcata D'Orbigny—rare Spirillina sp.—rare Heterostegina suborbicularis D'Orbigny—rare Amphistegina madagascariensis D'Orbigny (young speci Marginopora vertebralis Blainville—rare men) Calcarina hispida H. B. Brady—abundant Calcarina spengleri (Gmelin)—abundant Baculogypsina sphaerulata (Parker and Jones)—abundant Sample 1-5-8: Well cemented limestone. Cavities filled with Core 126%-137', sample 1-11-1A: Consolidated detritus with friable white chalk. white, friable chalk filling the cavities. Triloculinaterquemiana (H. B. Brady) Amphistegina madagascariensis D'Orbigny Sample 1-5-10: Coral in cemented detritus. Thin section Calcarina hispida H. B. Brady—rare shows Calcarina spengleri (Gmelin), Carpenteria, Homotrema, Core 137-158', sample 1-12-2: Piece of coral about 5 inches long and a high percentage of coral. with the pores filled with white chalk and Halimeda segments. Elphidium cf. E. milletti (Heron-Alien and Ear land)—rare Elphidium advenum (Cushman) Reussella simplex (Cushman)—rare Heterostegina suborbicularis D'Orbigny Asterigerina sp. Amphistegina madagascariensis D'Orbigny Calcarina spengleri (Gmelin)—abundant Calcarina hispida H. B. Brady Core 74.5-85', sample 1-O-9: Partly altered coral with Halimeda Calcarina spengleri (Gmelin)—as contamination? and Foraminifera well cemented. Cymbaloporetta bradyi (Cushman) Amphistegina madagascariensis D'Orbigny—abundant Globigerinoides sacculifera (H. B. Brady) Calcarina spengleri (Gmelin) (very spiny and fresh look Sample 1-12-4: Coral filled with white chalk. ing)—abundant Elphidium advenum (Cushman) Sample 1-6-12: Thin section shows many C. spengleri, much Marginopora vertebralis Blainville Carpenteria, and some Homotrema. Siphogenerina raphana (Parker and Jones) Core 85-95', sample 1-7-2: Coral fragments with some friable Eponides sp. material in cavities. Material down to this depth probably Poroeponides cribrorepandus Asano and Uchio accumulated on or near a reef as indicated by the abundance Asterigerina sp. of unworn specimens of Calcarina spengleri (Gmelin). Amphistegina madagascariensis D'Orbigny N onion paciflcum (Cushman) Calcarina hipida H. B. Brady—abundant Asterigerina sp. Calcarina spengleri (Gmelin)—as contamination? Calcarina spengleri (Gmelin) (very spiny) Epistominella tubulifera (Heron-Alien and Barland) Carpenteria proteiformis Gee's Globigerinoides sacculifera (H. B. Brady) Cuttings about 95': This is the first appearance in the well of Core 158^-169', sample 1-13-4: Coral fragment with well ce Calcarina hispida H. B. Brady, a species not found on the reef mented detritus. fiats. Heterostegina suborbicularis D'Orbigny SMALLER FORAMINIFERA FROM BIKINI DRILL HOLES 549
TABLE 1.—Distribution of smaller Foraminifera in two shallow drill holes [Key to Symbols: X=Present B=Rare (?)=Present, probably as contamination from above]
Sample numbers
Holel Hole3
•«« <0 •< t- o w S 1O £H £< 7 1 s C4 7 lr X I 3 4 s 3 ofc 2 1 2 1" 7 9 9 T ? ? ? 2 ? ? 10 3 1 73 1 1 i i 37 1 1 1 1 i 1 7 ? i s 2 ? ? ? ? 1 1 1? 3 3 3 cJb J & tj i iII 5 Calcarina spengleri X X X X X X X X X (?) (?) X X X X X X X (?) X X X X __ X X X X X X X X R X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X R X X X X -- X X X X X X X X X X - X X - X - -- .... R X X R X X X X X X X X v X X X X X X X R v X X X X -- -- X R R X R R v R X R R X X X X X R X X X X X X R X X X X
R X X R X X -- X X X R X R X X R X X X X TrUoculinellalabipsa...... X X X X X X X X X X R R X X X -- -- " X X X X X v
v
X X
R X X X X X X X X X X X X - X X X X X X X X X v
v
X Af«to?Swe«asp.__ — ...... X X v 550 BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS Marginopora vertebralis Blainville Triloculina terquemiana (H. B. Brady) Amphistegina madagascariensis D'Orbigny Guttulina sp. Baculogypsina sphaerulata (Parker and Jones) Nonion paciflcum (Cushman) Globigerinoides sacculifera (H. B. Brady) Heterostegina suborbicularis D'Orbigny Planorbulina acervalis H. B. Brady Marginopora vertebralis Blainville Gypsina vesicularis (Parker and Jones) Rotalia calcar (D'Orbigny)—abundant Core 169-179%', sample 1-14-2: Coralliferous limestone with Poroeponides cribrorepandus Asano and Uchio encrusting Homotrema rubrum (Lamarck) and poor speci Asterigerina sp. mens of Heterostegina suborbicularis D'Orbigny and Am Amphistegina madagascariensis D'Orbigny phistegina madagascariensis D'Orbigny. Calcarina delicata Todd and Post, n. sp. Sample 1-14-13: Well-consolidated limestone. The outline Globigerinaf sp. of a large Tesetularia is visible on the surface. In thin section Homotrema rubrum (Lamarck) the following are seen: Core 232-242%', sample 1-19-1: Detrital limestone. Miliolid Foraminifera Marginopora vertebralis Blainville Nonionf sp. Rotalia calcar (D'Orbigny) Marginopora vertebralis Blainville—rare Amphistegina madagascariensis D'Orbigny Borelisf sp. Calcarina hispida H. B. Brady Rotalia calcar (D'Orbigny)—rare. This is its highest oc Sample 1-19-3: Thin section shows: currence. Textularia Amphistegina madagascariensis D'Orbigny—rare Miliolid Foraminifera—abundant Carpenteria Marginopora vertebralis Blainville—common Halimeda is rare. Rotalia calcar (D'Orbigny) Core 1841/2-200%', sample 1-16-2: Limestone and well-ce Amphistegina madagascariensis D'Orbigny mented Foraminifera. Core 242%-253', sample 1-20-1: Limestone and coral with Triloculina kerimbatica (Heron-Alien and Earland) white chalk filling the pores. Marginopora vertebralis Blainville—abundant Triloculina terquemiana (H. B. Brady) Rotalia calcar (D'Orbigny)—abundant Rotalia calcar (D'Orbigny) Calcarina delicata Todd and Post, n. sp. Amphistegina madagascariensis D'Orbigny Core 200%-211', sample 1-17-16: Well-cemented limestone Calcarina hispida H. B. Brady containing some altered coral. Core 253-263%', sample 1-21-1: Fairly well consolidated Quinqueloculina bidentata D'Orbigny detrital limestone. Some cavities are filled with calcite Marginopora vertebralis Blainville crystals. Rotalia calcar (D'Orbigny) Marginopora vertebralis Blainville—common Thin section shows much coral and Rotalia calcar (D'Orbigny) Rotalia calcar (D'Orbigny)—abundant Amphistegina madagascariensis D'Orbigny Amphistegina Sample 1-21-7: Thin section shows : Core 211-232', sample 1-18-1: Granular detrital limestone. Miliolid Foraminifera N onion paciflcum (Cushman) Marginopora vertebralis Blainville—abundant Discorbis patelliformis (H. B. Brady) Rotalia calcar (D'Orbigny) Rotalia calcar (D'Orbigny) Amphistegina madagascariensis D'Orbigny Asterigerina sp. Cymbaloporettaf sp. Carpenteria Core 263%-269', sample 1-22-8 : Thin section shows : Sample 1-18-5 : Fragments of detrital limestone. Marginopora vertebralis Blainville Valvulina davidiana Chapman Rotalia calcar (D'Orbigny) Nonion paciflcum (Cushman) Amphistegina madagascariensis D'Orbigny Operculina Sample 1-22-13: Compact limestone. Marginopora vertebralis Blainville Amphistegina madagascariensis D'Orbigny Rotalia calcar (D'Orbigny)—abundant Cuttings about 270': Asterigerina sp. Valvulina davidiana Chapman Amphistegina madagascariensis D'Orbigny Quinqueloculina sulcata D'Orbigny Calcarina delicata Todd and Post, n. sp. Triloculina cf. T. bassensis Parr Globigerinoides sacculifera (H. B. Brady) Marginopora vertebralis Blainville Cibicides Rotalia calcar (D'Orbigny) Acervulina inhaerens Schultze Amphistegina madagascariensis D'Orbigny Homotrema rubrum (Lamarck) Calcarina hispida H. B. Brady Sample 1-18-6A: Poorly consolidated detrital limestone. Nonion paciflcum (Cushman) Baculogypsina sphaerulata (Parker and Jones) Reussella simplex (Cushman) Core 269-284%', sample 1-23-17: Well-consolidated limestone. Rotalia calcar (D'Orbigny)—abundant Miliolinella sp. Amphistegina madagascariensis D'Orbigny Cymbaloporettaf sp. Calcarina delicata Todd and Post, n. sp. Thin section shows: Globigerinoides sacculifera (H. B. Brady) Miliolid Foraminifera Sample 1-18-7: Fragments of detrital limestone. Marginopora vertebralis Blainville Valvulina davidiana Chapman Rotalia calcar (D'Orbigny) SMALLER FORAMINIFERA FROM BIKINI DRILL HOLES 551 Core 284%-300', sample 1-24-7: Dense but cavernous limestone, The material from 96'9" to the bottom of the core is Quinqueloculina neostriatula Thalmann very consolidated limestone. No Foraminifera could Elphidium striatopunctatum (Fichtel and Moll) Marginopora vertebralis Blainville be determined. Discorbia patelliformis (H. B. Brady) DEEP DRILL HOLES Rotalia calcar (D'Orbigny) Amphisteffina madagascariensis D'Orbigny Holes 2A and 2B, having been drilled closely adja cent to each other, are best studied as one hole. Hole 2A Although Oalcarina spengleri (Gmelin) is found in samples start at the depth where hole 2 samples end. the core and cuttings below 95 feet, we assume that is Hole 2B samples do not start until 400 feet. its lowest occurrence, as below 95 feet it is found only The highest sample in hole 2A, at 192-2001/£', consists in loose material, some of which is drill mud. In thin chiefly of the typical Eecent lagoon fauna. This fauna section it is not seen below 95 feet. together with abundant specimens of Rotalia calcar Hole 3 (D'Orbigny) and less frequent ones of Calcarina deli- Depth: 118 feet cata Todd and Post n. sp. continues without much Location: South end of Bikini island, about 800 feet from the change down to sample 2A-25-15, 316-3261/^', where a seaward margin of the reef and 8 feet above the reef flat. rather rich fauna including abundant planktonic forms Core 10.8-22', sample 3-1-1: Hard, compact foraminiferal lime is found. This change indicates an increase in acces stone. sibility to oceanic water but not necessarily an increase Calcarina spengleri (Gmelin)—abundant Homotrema rubrum (Lamarck) in depth. Sample 3-1-20: Well-consolidated coralliferous limestone. Taking both holes 2A and 2B into consideration, Calcarina spengleri (Gmelin) there are several tops of occurrence between this level Sample 3-1-23: Thin section shows: and about 850 feet, but no great change in the fauna. Marginopora vertebralis Blainville Between 852 and 925 feet an easily recognizable Calcarina spengleri (Gmelin) Homotrema rubrum (Lamarck) break occurs which we believe to be the top of the Halimeda segments Miocene. The following species are first encountered Core 32^^43', sample 3-3-2: Coralliferous limestone in a matrix here: of Halimeda segments and Foraminifera. Marginopora vertebralis Blainville Valvulammina marshallana Todd and Post, n. sp. Calcarina spengleri (Gmelin) Peneroplis carinatus D'Orbigny Homotrema rubrum (Lamarck) Spirolina sp. Core 43-53', sample 3-4-2: Coralliferous limestone with Carpen- Marginopora vertebralis Blainville * teria and Homotrema encrusting the surface. Borelis schlumbergeri (Reichel) Core 58-63%', sample 3-6-2: Coralliferous limestone in a matrix Alveolinella quoii (D'Orbigny) of Halimeda and Foraminifera. Tubulogenerina tubulifera (Parker and Jones) Amphistegina madagascariensis D'Orbigny Trimosina spinulosa (Millett) Calcarina spengleri (Gmelin)—very abundant Pavonina triformis Parr Sample 3-6-4: Similar to sample 3-6-2. Rotorbinella sp. Clavulina paciflca Cushman The above group of species suggests reef conditions. Calcarina spengleri (Gnielin) In addition the following species disappear or become Sample 3-6-18: Coral and Halimeda. Marginopora vertebralis Blainville less abundant at this level: Calcarina spengleri (Gmelin) Rotalia beccarii (Linn§), var. Core Q3y2-Q8y2 ', sample 3-7-2: Carpenteria makes up almost 50 Rotalia calcar (D'Orbigny) percent of the sample. The rest is Halimeda, Lithottiamnion, Between 11451/^ and 1209 feet there is another even and coral. No Calcarina spengleri (Gmelin). Nonion padficum (Cushman) more striking break which corresponds approximately Sample 3-7-3 : Similar ta sample 3-7-2. to the top of Tertiary /!_2 as established on the basis of Sample 3-7-6: Coral with white chalk filling the pores. larger Foraminifera. This break is marked by the dis Some encrusting Carpenteria. appearance or decrease in frequency of the following: Triloculinella, labiosa (D'Orbigny) Amphistegina madagascariensis D'Orbigny Elphidium striatopunctatum (Fichtel and Moll) Sample 3-7-8: Coral. Some Halimeda and a small amount Marginopora vertebralis Blainville (brown specimens) of encrusting Carpenteria. Alveolinella quoii (D'Orbigny) Core 86'3"-96'9", sample 3-11-1: Coralliferous limestone with Reussella sp. C encrusting Carpenteria and Homotrema on the surface. Pavonina triformis Parr Spiroloculma angulata Cushman Calcarina delicata Todd and Post, n. sp. Calcarina spengleri (Gmelin) 1 Although Recent specimens of this species occur with decreasing Joshua I. Tracey considers this piece of core out of place. It frequency from the tops of the holes downward, dark-colored specimens, may be a fragment of core that fell in from above. It is believed easily distinguishable from the Recent white ones, appear at this level that Calcarina spengleri (Gmelin) does not occur as deep as this. fairly abundantly and indicate a reappearance in the hole of this species. Cm Cm to
DEPTH IN FEET 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 Calcarina spengleri Marginopora vertebralis Elphidium cf. E. milletti Calcarina hispida Spirillina operculoides Baculogypsina sphaerulata Anomalinella rostrata Rotalia calcar Rotalia beccarii, var. Elphidium striatopunctatum Calcarina delicata n. sp. Quinqueloculina reticulata var. elongata Guttulina regina var. crassicostata Gypsina howchini Calcarina rustica n. sp. Asterigerina indistincta n. sp. Rectobolivina sp. of Boomgaar^ Nonion grateloupi Reussella sp. C Alveolinella quoii Valvulammina marshallana n. sp. Peneroplis carinatus Borelis schlumbergeri Trimosina spinulosa Pavonina triformis Rotorbinella sp. Tubulogenerina tubulifera Clavulina difformis var. ornata Clavulina serventyi Buliminella madagascariensis Austrotrillina howchini Valvulina? prominens n. sp. Rotalia canalis n. sp. Asterigerina tentoria n.. sp. Triloculina fusa n. sp. Spirillina papillosa Eponides sp. ALeRoy Epistomaria sp. Clavulina angularis Peneroplis honestus n. sp. Bolivina marshallana n. sp. Triloculina fusa n. sp., var. Reussella sp. B. Valvulina martii Liebusella exigua n. sp. Reussella decorata Bolivina marginoserrata Spirolina sp. Asterigerina marshallana sp. Austrotrillina striata n. sp. Rotalia tectoria n. sp. Elphidium marshallana n. sp. Cycloloculina sp. Amphistegina bikiniensis n. sp. Archaias? sp. Reussella sp. A Discorbis "globularis" Massilina placida n. sp. Rotalia floscula n. sp. Halkyardia bikiniensis FIG. 166.—Composite distribution chart of diagnostic smaller Foraminifera in the Bikini drill holes. SMALLER FORAMINIFERA FROM BIKINI DRILL HOLES 553 Calcarina rustioa Todd and Post, n. sp. aminifera. The top of the Oligocene(?) and the top Anomalinella rostrata (H. B. Brady) of Tertiary d( ?) at about 2070 feet is not evident from and by the first appearance of the following: the distribution of the smaller Foraminifera. Valvulina martn Cushman and Bermudez Ecologio conditions: Throughout the section, most Valvulina f prommens Todd and Post, n. sp. of the species of smaller Foraminifera belong in genera Clavulina angularis D'Orbigny found commonly under shallow or reef conditions in Lieousella estigua Todd and Post, n. sp. present day seas. The presence of planktonic species in Triloculina fusa Todd and Post, n. sp. TriloouUna fusa Todd and Post, n. sp., var. dicates that this area of deposition was open to oceanic Austrotrillma howchini (Schlumberger) water, probably more so at certain times. Peneroplis honestus Todd and Post, n. sp. Bulimmella madagascariensis (D'Orbigny) LIST OF SAMPLES STUDIED Bolivina marshallana Todd and Post, n. sp. Reussella sp. B Hole 1. Cores and cuttings from 42% feet to the bottom of Eponides sp. A of LeRoy the hole at 300 feet. Rotalia canalis Todd and Post, n. sp. Hole 2. Cores from 43% feet to the bottom of the hole at 190 Epistomaria sp. feet. Asterigerina tentoria Todd and Post, n. sp. Hole 3. Cores from 10.8 feet to 96 feet, 9 inches. Hole 2A. Cores and cuttings from 192 to 1303 feet, mostly at The above group of species suggests shallow or lagoonal 50 foot intervals. conditions, but not reef conditions. Hole 2B. Cuttings from 400% feet to the bottom of the hole at Downward in the hole the next apparent break is at 2556 feet, mostly at 50 foot intervals. about 1600 feet, which corresponds to the base of the SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS Miogypsinoides dehaarti zone of Tertiary e. It is marked by the first appearance of the following species: Family VALVTTLINIDAE AustrotrilUna striata Todd and Post, n. sp. Genus VALVTJXINA D'Orbigny, 1826 Bolivina marginoserrata LeRoy Valvulina martii Cushman and Bermudez Asterigerina marshallana Todd and Post, n. sp. Plate 198, figure 1 At 1800 feet a break is marked by the first apearance of: Valvulina martii Cushman and Bermudez, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Contr., v. 13, p. 7, pi. 5, figs, la, b, 1937. Elphidium marshallana Todd and Post, n. sp. Cushman, idem, Special Pub. 8, p. 9, pi. 1, figs. 19a, b, 1937. Rotalia tectoria Todd and Post, n. sp. Cole, Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 19, p. 22, pi. 1, fig. 12,1941. and by the disappearance of Tululogenerina tubulifera Applin and Jordan, Jour. Paleontology, v. 19, no. 2, p. 131 (Parker and Jones). [list], 1945. At about 1900 feet the smaller Foraminifera indicate Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Special Pub. 8A, p. 3,1947. another break which does not correspond to any of the Bermudez, idem, Special Pub. 25, p. 78, pi. 4, figs. 3, 4, 1949. zones based on larger Foraminifera. It is marked by Specimens which seem to be identical with types of the disappearance or decrease in abundance of the fol this species known from the Eocene of Cuba, Florida, lowing species: and the Dominican Republic, are fairly common from Clavulina serventyi Chapman and Parr 1209 to 1303i/£ feet and again between 2451 and 2503^ Bolivina marshallana Todd and Post, n. sp. Rotalia canalis Todd and Post, n. sp. feet in Well 2B, and at 1240-1250^' in hole 2A. They are distinguishable from V. davidiana Chap and by the first appearance of: man in the Kecent sediments, by their slenderer test Archaias? sp. and irregular and strongly cut-in early portion. Amphistegina likiniensis Todd and Post, n. sp. Cycloloculina sp. Valvulina? promiuens Todd and Post, n. sp. Near the bottom of hole 2B, between about 2150 and Plate 198, figure 2 2350 feet, the following species are first encountered: Test of medium size for the genus, rapidly enlarging Massilina placida Todd and Post, n. sp. Reussella sp. A from the acute initial end to the greatest diameter across Discorlis "glolularis (D'Orbigny)" the last whorl of chambers, apertural end convex and Rotalia fioscula Todd and Post, n. sp. protruding; chambers few, distinct, rapidly increas Halkyardia biJciniensis Cole ing in size as added, slightly inflated, evenly rounded; The appearance of Rotalia floscula and Halkyardia sutures distinct, incised; wall finely arenaceous, smooth bikiniensis together at about 2350 feet corresponds to ly finished; aperture rather large, apparently filled by the top of Tertiary c( ?) as indicated by the larger For an elongate tooth. 554 BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS Length 0.75 to 1.00 mm, greatest diameter 0.50 to Genus VALVTOAMMINA Cushman, 1933 0.75 mm. Valvulammina marshallana Todd and Post, n. sp. Holotype (USNM 547744) from 124G-1250i/2' in hole Plate 198, figure 3 2A, Bikini island, Marshall Islands. The poor preservation and obscuring of the structures Test of medium size for the genus, compressed, pe by matrix makes it impossible to be sure of the generic riphery rounded, lobulate; chambers few, elongate and determination of this species. The tooth is visible in curved, 5 or 6 in the* last whorl, early ones very small only two specimens and then indistinctly. In the other and coiled in a small raised spire, later ones large and not much increasing in size; sutures distinct, depressed, specimens the aperture appears as a rather large de strongly curved; wall composed of fairly coarse frag pressed area. ments, smoothly finished; aperture concealed under a This species differs from other species of this genus in large, irregular, and pitted mass of arenaceous mate its smoothly rounded form throughout and its protrud rial with numerous small openings under its edge. ing apertural end. Length 0.75 to 1.05 mm, breadth 0.62 to 0.80 mm, The species is found in both wells with a short verti thickness 0.50 to 0.60 mm. cal range, from 11451/4 to 1303% feet, in the Tertiary Holotype (USNM 547760) from 1209-1219%' in /i-2 section. hole 2B, Bikini island, Marshall Islands. It is found fairly commonly from this level to the Genus CIAVUIINA D'Orbigny, 1826 bottom of hole 2B, but only a single specimen was found Clavulina angularis D'Orbigny above, at 852-862%'. This species differs from V. affinis Cushman and Ber- Clavulina angularis D'Orbigny, Annales sci. nat, v. 7, p. 268, no. 2, pi. 12, fig. 7,1826. mudez in its more compressed and more elongate test Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Special Pub. 8, with a small but definitely raised spire of early cham p. 19, pi. 2, figs. 29-33,1937. bers on the dosal side, and in having few chambers in Rare specimens of a tricarinate form seem to belong the adult whorl. This genus is most characteristic of Eocene beds but to this widely recorded species. has also been reported from beds of late Oligocene and Clavulina difformis H. B. Brady var. ornata Cushman early Miocene age in Puerto Rico. Clavulina difformis H. B. Brady var. ornata Cushman, Cush Genus LIEBUSELLA Cushman, 1933 man Lab. Foram. Research Special Pub. 6, p. 25, pi. 4, Liebusella exigua Todd and Post, n. sp. figs. 4a, b, 1936; idem, Special Pub. 8, p. 24, pi. 3, figs. 11,12,1937. Plate 198, figures 5, 6 Typical specimens were found at 946-956%' and Test slender, elongate, very slightly enlarging toward 1046-1051' in hole 2A. The form is characteristic of the apertural end, the initial end unknown as all avail shallow water. able specimens are fragmentary, circular in section; chambers numerous, low, not much increasing in size Clavulina serventyi Chapman and Parr as added, not inflated; sutures distinct, slightly incised, irregularly lobed due to the overlapping of subsequent Plate 198, figure 4 chambers over the earlier ones; wall very finely arena Clavulina serventyi Chapman and Parr, Royal Soc. West Aus ceous, polished around the aperture, with 11 to 14 radi tralia Jour., v. 21, p. 5, pi. 1, figs. 7a, b, 1934-5. ating partitions extending inward; aperture terminal, Chapman, Royal Soc. South Australia Trans., v. 65, p. 192, appearing radiate when slight erosion of the wall ex 1941. poses the ends of the radiating partitions, sometimes Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Special Pub. 8A, p. 7, pi. 1, figs. 12a, b, 1947. nearly closed and complex or cribrate. Length of longest fragmentary specimen 1.25 mm, A few specimens seem to be close to this species known diameter 0.44 to 0.55 mm. from the coast of Australia at 100 to 300 fathoms depth. Holotype (USNM 547775) from 2451-2461i/2' in hole They are smaller than the types and are all fragmen 2B, Bikini island, Marshall Islands, where specimens tary. They are distinctive, even as fragments, in the are fairly common. The species was also found more coarse texture of the wall and circular section of the rarely at 1209-1219y2', 1293-1303%', 2298%-2307' and later chambers. They occur between 946 and 1891 feet 2493-2503%' in the same drill hole. in hole 2B, and a single specimen was found at 946- This species seems distinctive in its slender and very 956%'in hole 2A. slightly tapering test. It differs from L. jamaicensis SMALLER FORAMINIFERA FROM BIKINI DRILL HOLES 555 (Cushman and Jarvis) in its cylindrical form and some Holotype (USNM 547791) from 1996i/2-2007' in what higher chambers. hole 2B, Bikini island, Marshall Islands. The species occurs fairly commonly to abundantly from 1167 feet Family MILIOLIDAE to the bottom of the hole. Genus QUINQUELOCULINA D'Orbigny, 1826 This species differs from T. schreibersiana D'Orbigny Quinqueloculina reticulata (D'Orbigny) var. elongata leRoy in the chambers being less embracing, often barely at Quingueloculina reticulata (D'Orbigny) var. el&ngata LeRoy, taining the triloculine stage, and in the less inflated Colorado School of Mines Quart., v. 36, no. 1, pt. 2, p. 71, chambers with more sharply angled periphery. pi. 5, figs. 13,14,1941. Triloculina fusa Todd and Post, n. sp., var. Our specimens are very similar to LeEoy's figures but differ in being smaller. LeRoy described this vari Plate 198, figure 8 ety from the late Tertiary of the Netherlands East Variety differing from the typical form in the cham Indies and it is considered late Miocene or early Plio ber walls being corrugated by four to seven low and cene in age. heavy transverse ridges, especially well developed on In our material, it was found in only one sample, the periphery. from 316-3261/0' in hole 2A and is not abundant there. This variety occurs with but is much less common than the typical form. Genus MASSILINA Schlumberger, 1893 Genus ATTSTROTRILLINA Parr, 1942 Massilina placida Todd and Post, n. sp. Austrotrillina howchini (Schlumberger) Plate 198, figures 11, 12 Trillina howchini Schlumberger, Soc. ggol. France, 3d S6r. Test slightly longer than broad, compressed, periph tome 21, p. 119, woodcut, fig. 1; pi. 3, fig. 6,1893. ery rounded, apertural end not projecting; chambers Chapman, Linnean Soc. New South Wales Proc., v. 32, indistinct, last two comprising most of the surface; p. 749, pi. 39, figs. 7-9, 1907 (1908) ; Royal Soc. Victoria sutures not visible; wall with numerous, very fine, Proc., v. 26, p. 169, pi. 16, fig. 4,1913. curved, longitudinal costae; aperture rounded with a Silvestri, Soc. geol. italiana Boll., v. 39, p. 77, pi. 4, figs. 9, 10, 1920. slightly thickened rim, and a simple tooth. Van der Vlerk, Wetenschappelijke Mededeelingen, no. 9, Length 0.70 to 0.95 mm, breadth 0.55 to 0.75 mm, p. 16, 1929. thickness 0.25 mm. Bockh and Viennot, Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci., tome 189, Holotype (USNM 547783) from 22981/2-2307'in hole p. 1001, 1929. 2B, Bikini island, Marshall Islands. Cushman, Cushman Lab. Poram. Research Special Pub. 4, pi. 14, fig. 12,1933; idem, Special Pub. 5, pi. 15, fig. 4,1933. This species differs from Massilina glabricostata Crespin, Palaeont. Bull., no. 2, p. 6, pi. 1, figs. 1, 2, 1936. Cushman from the lower Oligocene of Mississippi in Reichel, Eclogae geol. Helvetiae, v. 29, p. 136,1936. its larger and less compressed test, more numerous and Silvestri, Palaeont. Ital., v. 32, suppl. 2, p. 81, pi. 5 (2), finer costae over the entire surface of the test and the figs. 2, 3; pi. 6 (3), fig. 3,1937. Rao, Mysore Univ. Jour., sec. B-Sci., v. 2, pt. 2, p. 17, pi. 2, aperture having a tooth. fig. 7, 1941. This species is restricted to the deepest part of hole Austrotrillina howchini Parr, Mining and Geol. Jour., v. 2, no. 2B, from 22981/2' to the bottom, and should form a 6, p. 361, figs. 1-3,1942. useful marker for that part of the section. Crespin, Commonwealth of Australia, Min. Res. Survey, Bull. 9 (Pal. Ser. No. 4), p. 77 (list), 1943. Genus TRILOCULINA D'Orbigny, 1826 Glaessner, Royal Soc. Victoria Proc., v. 55 (n. ser.), pt. 1, p. 68 [list], 1943. Triloculina fusa Todd and Post, n. sp. This species occurs very rarely between 1145 and Plate 198, figure 7 1272 feet. The present specimens have been compared Test of medium size for the genus, about equally with one kindly furnished by Miss Irene Crespin of the tapering at basal and apertural ends, rounded triangu Bureau of Mineral Eesources at Canberra City, from lar in transverse section; chambers elongate, slightly the middle Miocene of a bore in NW. Victoria, and seem curved at the basal end, bluntly angled at the periph to be identical except smaller. ery; sutures indistinct, very little if at all depressed; Austrotrillina striata Todd and Post, n. sp. wall unornamented; aperture circular, at the end of a short neck, probably with a simple tooth, but in the Plate 198, figure 9 available specimens this is obscured by matrix. Test slightly longer than broad, basal end rounded, Length 0.72 to 1.15 mm, breadth 0.40 to 0.60 mm. apertural end very slightly projecting, triangular in 556 BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS transverse section, peripheral angles rounded; chambers Family NONIONIDAE indistinct, curved, not inflated, quinqueloculine or trilo- Genus NONION Montfort, 1808 culine; sutures indistinct, very slightly depressed; wall Nonion grateloupi (D'Orbigny) thick and alveolate on the outer portion of each cham ber, thin and solid on the inner portion in contact with Plate 198, figure 10 the previous whorl, surface of the wall polished and Nonionina grateloupi D'Orbigny, Annales sci. nat, tome 7, p. 294, very finely striated longitudinally when well preserved, no. 19, 1826; (in De la Sagra), Histoire physique, poli- the alveolate character showing through the surface as tique et naturelle de 1'Ile de Cuba, ForaminifSres, p. 46, a dark regularly mottled pattern, when eroded the wall pi. 6, figs. 6,7,1839. appears coarsely punctate; aperture rather large, elon Nonion grateloupi Cushman, U. S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 104, pt. 7, p. 10, pi. 3, figs. 9-11; pi. 4, figs. 1-4, 1930; Florida Geol. gate, without a thickened rim or any internal tooth, but Survey Bull. 4, p. 36, pi. 6, figs. 1-3, 1930; U. S. Geol. when the cribrate plate is absent, there appear to be Survey Prof. Paper 191, p. 21, pi. 6, figs. 1-7, 1939. numerous, small inward-projecting teeth from the outer Chapman, Royal Soc. South Australia Trans., v. 65, p. 181, border. 1941. Dorsey, Maryland Dept. Geol., Mines and Water Resources, Length 0.90 to 1.00 mm, thickness 0.45 to 0.50 mm. Bull. 2, p. 300, pi. 35, figs. 5a-c, 1948. Holotype (USNM 547817) from 2049-20591/2' in hole Boomgaart, Thesis Univ. Utrecht, p. 92,1949. 2B, Bikini island, Marshall Islands. Cuvillier and Szakall, Foram. Aquitaine, Prem. Part., p. This species differs from A. howchini ( Schlumberger) 88, pi. 32, fig. 7,1949. in its striated surface and the much coarser-textured Bermudez, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Special Pub. 25, p. 165, pi. 11, fig. 15,1949. alveolae, and in being less distinctly triangular in trans verse section. It has a lower range in the hole than A. Specimens similar to those known from the Recent howchini. and Miocene of the Western Atlantic region occur fair ly commonly in the middle part of the section, from AustrotriUina striata^ n. sp., occurs very abundantly 747 to 13031^ feet and rarely below, and are found in in the Bikini wells and many specimens show excellent preservation. Its highest occurence is at 15971/£ feet both holes. but it does not become abundant until 1702^ feet and Genus ELPHIDIUM Montfort, 1808 below in hole 2B. Its greatest abundance is from 1996^ to 2256 feet. Elphidium marshallana Todd and Post, n. sp. Plate 198, figure 13 Family POLYMORPHINIDAE Genus GTTTTTTLINA D'Orbigny, 1839 Test of medium size for the genus, compressed, periphery bluntly acute, slightly lobulated at the last Guttulina regina (H. B. Brady, Parker, and Jones) var. crassicostata Cushman and Ozawa few chambers, unbones large and prominent but not much raised, darker in color than the rest of the test, Guttulina regina (H. B. Brady, Parker, and Jones) var. cras sicostata Cushman and Ozawa, U. S. Natl. Mus. Proc., marked by 4 or more large pits; chambers distinct, not v. 77, art. 6, p. 35, pi. 11, fig. 5,1930. much increasing in size as added, later ones slightly Parr and Collins, Royal Soc. Victoria Proc., v. 50 (n. ser), inflated, about 18 comprising the adult whorl; sutures pt. 1, p. 194, pi. 12. fig. 6,1937. distinct, slightly curved, bridged by about 8 short retral Parr, Mining and Geol. Jour., v. 1, no. 4, p. 67, fig. 2, 1939. Cushman, Great Barrier Reef Comm. Repts., v. 5, p. 114 processes on each side of the test; wall smooth, thick; (et seq.) [lists], pi. 11, fig. 4,1942. aperture a row of pores along the base of the apertural Crespin, Commonwealth of Australia, Min. Res. Survey, face. Bull. 9 (Pal. Ser. No. 4), p. 80 [list], 1943. Diameter 0.68 to 0.80 mm, thickness 0.30 to 0.37 mm. Only one specimen was found in the Bikini well mate Holotype (USNM 547841) from l797-1807y2' in hole rial : at 316-326%' in hole 2A. It is not entirely typical 2B, Bikini island, Marshall Islands. It was found only as compared with the types described from the lower in hole 2B, from 1797 feet to the bottom, with a single Pliocene of Beaumaris, near Melbourne, Victoria. It specimen at 1597^-1608'. differs in having a smaller test, finer costae, and less This species differs from E. discoidale (D'Orbigny) inflated chambers. in its test being flatter in the middle and less rounded In the boring at Heron Island, Great Barrier Eeef, on the periphery and the chambers not increasing so Australia, specimens very similar to that from Bikini rapidly in size as added. It also somewhat resembles occurred in some abundance at the following depths: E. rugosum (D'Orbigny) but is larger and has more 465', 475', 488', 506', 5281/2', 673', 703'. prominent unbones. SMALLER FORAM3NIFERA FRQM BIKINI DRILL HOLES 557
Elphidium cf. E. milletti (Heron-Alien and Earland) vious chamber and giving the impression of limbate ElpMdium milletti Cushman, U. S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 161, pt. 2, sutures; sutures distinct, strongly curved, depressed, p. 49, pi. 11, figs. 8a, b, 1933. somewhat irregularly recurved at their inner ends; wall thick, ornamented with 12 to 15 concentric ridges on Fairly common specimens occur near the top of hole each side of the test; aperture in the young an irregular, 2A. They seem, in their surface characters, to be the triangular opening slightly above the base of the aper- same, but differ in being larger, more inflated and irreg tural face, in the adult lengthened into a long, irregular ular, and not as strongly lobulated along the periphery. ly serrate slit, in both cases bordered by a slightly raised Elphidium striatopunctatum (Fichtel and Moll) rim. Diameter 0.70 to 0.85 mm, thickness 0.30 to 0.33 mm. Nautilus striatopunctatus Fichtel and Moll, Testacea micro- scopica, p. 61, pi. 9, figs, a-c, 1798. Holotype (USNM 547888) from 1167-ll77y2' in hole Elphidium striatopunctatum Cushman and Leavitt, Cushman 2B, Bikini island, Marshall Islands, where it is fairly Lab. Foram. Research Contr., v. 5, p. 19, pi. 4, figs. 5, 6, common. From this depth downward the species occurs 1929. in decreasing frequency nearly to the bottom of the hole. Cushman, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 191, p. 52, pi. 14, This species is close to P. mauii Dorreen from the figs. 6, 7, 1939; Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Special Pub. 17, p. 9, pi. 2, figs. 4,5,1946. upper Eocene, Kaiatan stage, at Ethel Creek, Grey- mouth District, New Zealand, but differs in being larger This species occurs in some abundance in the upper and more strongly compressed, and in not having a parts of both wells. Specimens vary considerably in tendency toward flaring, and in the aperture being roundness of the periphery. raised above the base of the apertural face. Cushman reported it from the Eed Sea and noted that its distribution may be confined to very warm, shallow Genus SPIROLINA. Lamarck, 1801 waters of the Red Sea and adjacent parts of the Indian Spirolina sp. Ocean. Plate 199, figure 2 Family PEHEROPLIDAE A very few specimens of Spirolina, unlike those Genus PENEROPLIS Montfort, 1808 known in the Recent sediments, occur in scattered sam Feneroplis carinatus D'Orbigny ples from 925 feet to the bottom of hole 2B. Plate 199, figure 3 Genus ARCHAIAS Montfort, 1808 Peneroplis carinatus D'Orbigny, Voyage dans 1'Amgrique Archaias? sp. mgridionale, v. 5, Foraminif&res, pt. 5, p. 33, pi. 3, figs. 7, 8, 1839. Plate 202, figures 6, 7 Cushman, U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc., v. 59, p. 75, pi. 18, fig. 12; U. S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 104, pt. 7, p. 36, pi. 12, figs. 7-10; pi. Fairly common specimens, similar to that figured, are 14, fig. 1,1930. tentatively referred to this genus. They are restricted Galloway and Heminway, New York Acad. Sci., Sci. Survey to the lower part of the section, from 1891 to 2256 feet Porto Rico and Virgin Ids., v. 3, pt. 4, p. 316, pi. 5, figs. 6a, b, 1941. in hole 2B and should form an excellent marker for Bermudez, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Special Pub. 25, that part. p. 173,1949. Genus MARGINOPORA Blainville, 1830 Rather typical specimens occur infrequently from 852-8621^' to the bottom in hole 2B. The species is Marginopora vertebralis Blainville widely known in Recent seas and has been recorded Plate 203, figures 3c, d from the Miocene of the Dominican Republic and the Marginopora vertebralis Blainville, Manuel d'Actinologie ou de middle Oligocene to lower Miocene of Puerto Rico. Zoophytologie, p. 412, pi. 69, fig. 6,1834.
Feneroplis honestus Todd and Post, n. sp. Specimens are found throughout both drill holes, but in varying abundance. Chalky white specimens are Plate 199, figure 1 abundant at the top and persist, probably through con Test planispiral, strongly compressed, involute in the tamination, to the bottom of hole 2B. These Recent young, becoming slightly evolute in the adult, periphery and Pliocene or Pliocene forms begin to be much less bluntly acute, entire in the young, slightly lobulated abundant at about 650 feet. Then at 925 feet the species in the adult; chambers distinct, 9 or 10 comprising the reappears in considerable abundance but is stained adult whorl, rather rapidly increasing in length as brownish. Below about 1180 feet the brownish forms added, not inflated, rather strongly overlapping the pre are rarer, but are found nearly to the bottom of hole 2B. 558 BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS The two forms are distinguishable on the basis of the Family BULIMINIDAE color difference but otherwise seem to belong to the same Genus BUXIMINELLA Cushman, 1911 species. Buliminella madagascariensis (D'Orbigny) Family ALVEOLINELLIDAE Bulimina madagascariensis D'Orbigny, Annales sci. nat., tome Genus BORELIS Montfort, 1808 7, p. 270, no. 17,1826. Fornasini, Accad. sci. 1st. Bologna Mem., ser. 6, v. 5, p. 47, Borelis schlumbergeri (Reichel) pi. 1, figs. 13,13a, 1908. Neoalveolina pygmaea schlumbergeri Reichel, Soc. pal. Suisse Cushman and Parker, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Mem., tome 59, p. 110, pi. 10, figs. 1-3; pi. 11, type struct. Contr., v. 14, p. 94, pi. 16, figs. 19, 20,1938. 6b, 1937. BulimineUa madagascariensis Cushman and Parker, U. S. Geol. Said, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Special Pub. 26, p. 26, Survey Prof. Paper 210-D, p. 68, pi. 17, figs. 15-17, 1947. pi. 3, fig. 6,1949. Said, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Special Pub. 26, p. Borelis pygmaeus schlumbergeri Hanzawa, Rept. Committee 26, pi. 3, fig. 14,1949. Treatise on Marine Ecology and Paleoecology, 1946-47, fBulimina elegantissima D'Orbigny var. fusiformis Sidebottom no. 7, p. 80 [list], p. 86,1948. [not Williamson], Royal Micros. Soc. Jour., 1918, p. 23, Alveolina boscii Moebius (not Defrance), Foraminiferen von pi. 3, figs. 8-10. Mauritius, p. 79, pi. 3, figs. 13-15; pi. 4, fig. 1,1880. Bulimina elegantissima Heron-Alien and Earland (not D'Or Alveolina lonya Czjzek [not Egger], K. bayer. Akad. Wiss., bigny), Linnean Soc. Jour., Zoology, v. 35, p. 620, pi. 35, Math.-naturh. Abt., Abb.., Kl. 2, Band 18, p. 249, pi. 3, fig. figs. 23, 24, 1924. 32,1893. Bulimina seminuda Heron-Alien and Earland [not Terquem], Specimens are common to abundant from 862' to the Discovery Repts., v. 4, p. 351, pi. 8, figs. 38-41, 1932. Buliminella apiculata (Chapman) var. hebetata Cushman and bottom of both holes. They range in shape from nearly Parker, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Contr., v. 13, p. spherical in the young individuals to fusiform, as elon 40, pi. 4, figs. 11,12,1937. gate as 4 to 1, in adults. Specimens are less abundant in the lower part of the hole, below 2091', and may be Typical specimens were found rarely in hole 2A at present there only by contamination from above. 1145-1156' and in hole 2B from 1167 to 2401i/2 feet. Genus BOLIVINA D'Orbigny, 1839 Genus ALVEOLINELLA H. Douville, 1906 Bolivina marginoserrata LeRoy Alveolinella quoii (D'Orbigny) Plate 199, figure 6 Plate 202, figures 5, 8 Bolivina marginoserrata, LeRoy, Natuurk. tijdschr. Ned.-Indie, Alveolina quoii D'Orbigny, Annales sci. nat., tome 7, p. 307, no. v. 99, pt. 6, p. 247, pi. 4, figs. 8, 9,1939. 7, pi. 17, figs. 11-13,1826. Alevolinella quoyi Hofker, Resultats Sci. Voyage Indes Orien A single specimen^ here figured, seems very close to tates Neerlandaises, tome 2, fasc. 1, p. 5, pi. 1, figs. 3, 7, this species described from the Miocene of Central 1930; Siboga-Exped., Mon. 4a, p. 166,1930. Chapman, Great Barrier Reef Comm. Repts., v. 3, p. 33, Sumatra. It was found at 15971/£-1608' in hole 2B. 39 [lists], 1931. Bolivina marshallana Todd and Post, n. sp. Hofker, Vidensk. Medd. fra Dansk naturh. Foren., band 93, 1932, p. 107,1933. Plate 199, figure 5 Cushman, U. S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 161, pt. 2, p. 68, pi. 19, fig. 10, 1933. Test short and stout, broadly flaring, compressed, Chapman, Annals and Mag. Nat. History, llth ser., v. 11, periphery rounded, indented, initial end blunt; cham p. 107 [list], 1944. bers few, distinct, rapidly increasing in size as added, Hanzawa, Rept. Committee Treatise on Marine Ecology and Paleoecology, 1946-47, no. 7, p. 85,1948. slightly inflated; sutures distinct, incised, straight, early Alveolina boscii H. B. Brady [not Defrance], Challenger Rept., ones somewhat obscured by ornamentation; wall very Zoology, v. 9, p. 222, pi. 17, figs. 7-12,1884. coarsely hispid over the early chambers, decreasing on Alveolinella boscn van der Vlerk [not Defrance], Wetenschap- the later chambers, last two chambers nearly smooth; pelijke Mededeelingen, no. 9, p. 16, fig. 24,1929. Thalmann, Eclogae geol. Helvetiae, v. 24, p. 298, 1932. aperture a large, broad, and rectangular opening into Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Special Pub. 5, the apertural face, the wall of the last chamber curving pi. 25, figs. 13,14,1933. down into the opening. A few specimens were found in three samples in hole Length 0.30 to 0.40 mm, breadth 0.20 to 0.25 mm, 2B: 852-862i/2', 1167-ll77y2' and 1209-1219i/2'. They thickness 0.12 to 0.17 mm. closely resemble Recent specimens that are known from Holotype (TJSNM 548007) from 189iy2-1902' in shallow waters of the Indo-Pacific region but not found hole 2B, Bikini island, Marshall Islands, where it is in the present sediments of the Marshall Islands. fairly common. A few less well developed specimens SMALLER FORAMINIFERA FROM BIKINI DRILL HOLES 559 were also found between 1167 and 2059^ feet in the which seems to be undescribed. They are small, com same hole. pact, evenly tapering, with a smooth wall, and a non- This species differs from B. sublobata Cushman in its spinose periphery. The chambers are few and large and larger and more broadly flaring test and its larger and the sutures distinct and limbate. more distinct chambers. Reussella sp. B Genus RECTOBOLIVINA Cushman, 1927 Plate 199, figure 10 Rectobolivina sp. of Boomgaart In the middle part of the section a species of Reussella Plate 199, figure 4 is found that is distinctive in having definitely serrate Rectobolivina sp. Boomgaart, Thesis Univ. Utrecht, p. 116, pi. 9, peripheral angles. The test is rather short, composed figs. 6a, b, 1949. of few chambers, and broadly flaring. A single specimen from hole 2B, at 6941/£-705', seems identical with this form recorded from Pliocene to Reussella sp. C Miocene well samples of Bodjonegoro, Java. Plate 199, figure 11 Genus TTJBTJLOGENERINA Cushman, 1927 Between 810' and 1167', more abundant at the latter Tubulogenerina tubulifera (Parker and Jones) depth, another species of Reussella occurs. It resembles Plate 199, figure 7 R. simplex (Cushman) in its conspicuous pores ar ranged in definite lines, but differs in lacking the pe Textularia (Bigenerina) tubulifera Parker and Jones, Annals and Mag. Nat. History, 3d ser., v. 11, p. 94, fig. 2 [in text], ripheral spines characteristic of R. simplex. 1863. Genus TRIMOSINA Cushman, 1927 Tubulogenerina tubulifera Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Re search Special Pub. 9, p. 215, pi. 24, figs. 14-16,1937. Trimosina spinulosa (Millett) Clavulina eocaena Terquem [not Giimbel], Soc. geol. France Mem., 3d ser., tome 2, p. 121, pi. 12, figs. 35a, b, 1882. Mimosina spinulosa Millett, Royal Micros. Soc. Jour., 1900, p. Bigenerina conica Heron-Alien and Earland [part], Royal 548, pi. 4, figs. 12a, b. Micros. Soc. Jour., 1909, p. 329, pi. 16, fig. 1 [not figs. 2-6]. Heron-Alien and Earland, Zool. Soc. London Trans., v. 20, p. 650, 1915. The specimens from Bikini were compared with topo- Trimosina spinulosa Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research types from the Eocene of France and seem identical. Contr., v. 21, p. 41, pi. 7, figs. 12a, b, 1945. They differ from T. moordboolensis Cushman, in being smaller and in having a single row of tubes. A few specimens of this Recent Indo-Pacific species They appear to be restricted to the Miocene section were found in hole 2A at 925-935%'. of the hole. Genus PAVONINA D'Orbigny, 1826 Genus Reussella Galloway, 1933 Favonina triformis Farr Reussella decorata (Heron-Alien and Earland) Plate 199, figure 12 Plate 199, figure 8 Pavonina triformis Parr, Royal Soc. Victoria Proc., v. 45, p. Verneuilina decorata Heron-Alien and Earland, Royal Micros. 29, pi. 7, figs. 1-3,1933. Soc. Jour., 1924, p. 138, pi. 7, figs. 7-9. Crespin, Commonwealth of Australia, Min. Res. Survey, Reussia decorata Parr, Royal Soc. Victoria Proc., v. 44, p. 13, Bull. 9 (Pal. Ser. No. 4), p. 82 [list], 1943. pi. 1, fig. 22,1932. Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Contr., v. 21, Reussella decorata Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research p. 46, pi. 8, figs. 2-5,1945. Special Pub. 7, p. 20, 1937; idem, Contr., v. 21, p. 36, pi. Pavonina flabelliformis Howchin [not D'Orbigny], Royal Soc. 6, figs. 15-18, 1945. South Australia Trans. and Proc., v. 12, p. 7,1889. Rare specimens of this species described from the Heron-Alien and Earland, Royal Micros. Soc. Jour., 1924, p. 141, pi. 8, fig. 22. Miocene of "Filter Quarry," Victoria, Australia, were found in hole 2B at 1272-1282%', 1891i/2-1902', and Two specimens of this species, known from the Mio 2091-2102'. cene and Oligocene of Australia, were found; one at 925-9351/2' in hole 2A, and another at 1167-11771/2' in Reussella sp. A hole 2B. Its presence in the holes is of interest, as the Plate 199, figure 9 same species was also found in a short core (7 inches) In the lower part of hole 2B, from 2143' to the bot in 720 fathoms on Sylvania seamount adjoining Bikini tom, there are rare specimens of a species of Reussella, Atoll. 560 BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS
Family ROTALIIDAE Genus ROTALIA Lamarck, 1804 Genus SPIBILLINA Ehrenberg, 1843 Preliminary studies by various authors have indi Spirillina operculoides Cushman cated the presence of generic distinctions within species Spirillina operculoides Cushman, U. S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 71, commonly included in this genus. Pending amplifica pt. 5, p. 7, pi. 4, figs. 2a-c, 1915. tion of such studies, we prefer to retain the generic name Rotalia^ using it in its broad sense to include forms A single typical specimen was found in the sample that have been separated out as Streblm and TwbinM- from 95-116' in hole 2A. The species was described lina, as well as those typical of the genotype, Rotalia from near the Hawaiian Islands at a depth of 34 fath trochidiformis Lamarck. oms and has not been recorded elsewhere. Rotalia beccarii (Linne) var. Spirillina papillosa Cushman Plate 200, figure 3 Spirillina limbata H. B. Brady var. papillosa Cushman, U. S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 71, pt. 5, p. 6, pi. 2, figs. 4a-c, 1915. This variety differs from the typical form in having Spirillina papillosa Ovey, Royal Micros. Soc. Jour., ser. 3, v. 67, fewer chambers and fewer whorls (21^ whorls and 9-14 1947, p. 18,1948. chambers in the last whorl), a relatively thicker test, A single typical specimen was found in the Tertiary a large and protruding umbilical plug, and a smooth, /i-2 section at 1167-11771^' in hole 2B. The form was polished, unornamented wall, both dorsally and ven- described as a variety of S. limbata H. B. Brady and trally. recorded from depths of 24, 234, and 108 fathoms in Diameter 0.50 to 0.90 mm, thickness 0.30 to 0.60 mm. the Pacific. This form is found in the upper parts of both holes, Genus DISCORBIS Lamarck, 1804 2A and 2B, between 242^ and 1051 feet, and should Discorbis "globularis (D'Orbigny)" prove to be a good marker for this part of the section. Plate 199, figure 13 Rotalia calcar (D'Orbigny) Discorbina globularis (D'Orbigny) Howchin, Royal. Soc. South Plate 202, figure 1; plate 203, figures 2,3a, b Australia Trans. and Proc., v. 12, p. 12, 1889. Heron-Alien and Earland, Zool. Soc. London Trans., v. 20, Calcarina calcar D'Orbigny, Annales sci. nat., tome 7, p. 276, p. 694, pi. 51, figs. 36-39, 1915; Royal Micros. Soc. Jour.. no. 1; Modules, no. 34,2e livraison, 1826. 1924, p. 169. Parker, Jones and H. B. Brady, Annals and Mag. Nat. Discorbis globularis Chapman, Parr, and Collins, Linnean Soc. History, 3d ser., v. 16, p. 24, pi. 3, fig. 87,1865. Jour., Zoology, v. 38 (no. 262), p. 562, pi. 8, figs. 7a-c, 1934. Germeraad (in Rutten and Hotz), Geol. Petr. and Pal. Re Crespin, Commonwealth of Australia, Min. Res. Survey, sults of Explorations in the island of Ceram, ser. 3, Geol., Bull. 9 (Pal. Ser. No. 4), p. 78 (list), 1943. no. 2, p. 70, pi. 4, fig. 1,1946. Rotalia calcar Cushman, U. S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 100, v. 4, p. 350, Between 2246' and the bottom of hole 2B, occurs a pi. 71, figs. 3a, b, 1921. compact, rather inflated species of Discorbis. Although Chapman, Great Barrier Reef Comm. Repts., v. 3, pp. 37-39 it is doubtful whether or not it is the same as D'Or- [lists], 1931. bigny's Kecent Atlantic form, "Rosalina globularis" Caudri, Tertiary Deposits of Soemba, p. 146, pi. 5, figs. 7-9, 1934. it is apparently the same as those referred to D. globu LeRoy, Colorado School of Mines Quart., v. 36, no. 1, pt. 2, laris from the Miocene of Australia. The species is p. 84, pi. 7, figs. 1-5,1941. characterized by distinct perforations in the wall and Caloarina nicobarensis Schwager, #otwo-Exped., Geol. Theil, fine radial markings on the ventral surface. Band 2, p. 261, pi. 7, figs. 3, 114, 1866. Test biconvex, periphery subacute, sharply serrate, Genus EPONIDES Montfort, 1808 chambers distinct, 10 to 12 comprising the adult whorl, Eponides sp. A LeRoy narrow, elongate, angled at their peripheral ends; su Plate 200, figure 1 tures indistinct on the dorsal side, distinct, deeply in Eponides sp. A LeRoy, Colorado School of Mines Quart., v. 36, cised and radial on the ventral side; wall coarsely hispid no. 1, pt. 1, p. 40, pi. 3, figsi. 7-9,1941. throughout with a cluster of large papillae on and sur A few specimens seem very close to LeKoy's speci rounding the umbilical plug; aperture a short and nar mens from the late Tertiary of the Sangkoelirang Bay row slit near the base of the ventral face of the last- area, East Borneo. They are smaller but otherwise formed chamber, closer to the umbilicus than to the quite similar in the limbate ventural sutures and nearly periphery, usually obscured by the hispid ornamenta bilaterally symmetrical test. They occur rarely in the tion. middle part of hole 2B. Diameter 0.75 to 1.00 mm, thickness 0.36 to 0.50 mm. SMALLER FORAMINIFERA FROM BIKINI DRILL HOLES 561 Rotalia calcar is distinguishable from Calcarina This form seems to be similar to the form from the delicata n. sp., with which it may be confused, in that Miocene, Tertiary /, of Central Sumatra which LeKoy the chambers of R. calcar are serrate around the periph referred to Eponides fijiana Cushman, placing the latter ery without the addition of spines, and also in the in the genus Rotalia. But reexaminatioii of the type coarser surface ornamentation in R. calcar. of E. fijiana indicates that that species does belong in This species, known from the Recent and late Ter Eponides and not Ro tali®. Thus LeRoy's species, which tiary of the Indo-Pacific region, occurs in some num is a Rotalia, requires another name. bers in the upper parts of the holes. Its highest occur Rotalia floseula Todd and Post, n. sp. rence is at about 179 feet in hole 1. At 305i/£-312' in Plate 200, figure 5 hole 2A specimens are well preserved but elsewhere they are well worn. In many of these worn specimens the Test of medium size for the genus, compressed, about umbilical plug seems to have been broken out, leaving a equally biconvex, periphery subacute, serrate; chambers broadly open and depressed umbilicus. Such specimens about 9 in the last whorl, later ones distinct because of resemble the form described as Calcarina wnbilicata by their projection into points at the periphery, not much increasing in size as added; sutures indistinct and slight Germeraad (3, Geol., no. 2, p. 71, pi. 4, figs. 2-5, 1946) ly depressed on the dorsal side, radial and slightly in from the "Young-Neogene" of Central Seran, D. E. I. cised on the ventral side, umbilical plug a large, smooth Chapman found this species rarely between 405 and knob surrounded by a groove; wall thick, smooth, and 540 feet in the Michaelmas Reef boring. polished, occasionally with very short, blunt spines on the periphery at the projecting points of the chambers; Rotalia canalis Todd and Post, n. sp. aperture not observed. Plate 200, figure 4 Diameter 0.70 to 0.80 mm, thickness 0.32 to 0.40 mm. Rotalia aff. fijiana LeRoy [not Cushman], Natuurk. tijdsehr. Holotype (USNM 548146) from 2545i/2-2556' in hole Ned.-Indie, band 99, pt. 6, p. 255, pi. 5, figs. 21-23, 1939. 2B, Bikini island, Marshall Islands. This species differs from R. mexicana Nuttall from Test small for the genus, strongly convex ventrally, the upper Eocene of Mexico in its biconvex test, fewer slightly convex dorsally, umbilical plug small and en chambers, and lack of ornamentation. circled by a deep groove, periphery bluntly angled in The species occurs commonly to abundantly in the edge view, angled and indented in side view; chambers lower part of hole 2B, from 2349' to the bottom at 2556'. few, 6 to 8 in the last whorl; sutures radial and distinct ly incised on the ventral side, .indistinct but slightly Rotalia tectoria Todd and Post, n. sp. depressed on the dorsal side; wall smooth except for a Plate 202, figures 2-4 slight, low beading on the middle of the dorsal side and Test fairly large for the genus, somewhat compressed, an occasional roughening around the ventral umbilicus, ventral side more convex than the dorsal, periphery peripheral spines irregular, usually as extensions of the subacute, entire or very slightly lobulated; chambers angular chambers; aperture a low, elongate slit along indistinct, about 13 in the last-formed whorl, not in the base of the apertural face, not extending out to the flated, increasing very little in size as added; sutures periphery. obscured on the dorsal side, radial and slightly incised Diameter 0.40 to 0.60 mm, thickness 0.25 mm. on the ventral side, particularly at their inner ends, Holotype (USNM 548137) from 1167-ll77y2' in hole umbilical plug large, irregular, not projecting, sur 2B, Bikini island, Marshall Islands. rounded by an incised groove; wall thick, highly orna This species is common at its type locality and also mented throughout by low, short, irregular ridges and knobs the ridges being set parallel with the periphery occurs, but is rare, at deeper depths to 2298^-2307', of the test and the knobs mostly at the middle of both possibly extending its range through contamination of dorsal and ventral sides; aperture not observed. drill cuttings. Diameter 0.95 to 1.40 mm, thickness 0.50 to 0.60 mm. This species differs from R. hamiltonensis Parr de Holotype (USNM 548154) from 2091-2102' in hole scribed from the Pliocene of southeastern Australia in 2B, Bikini island, Marshall Islands. having more chambers and in the chambers being more This species differs from R. jdbacoensis Cushman and deeply separated from one another, and in the more Bermudez from the upper Eocene of Cuba in its orna prominent spines. In this new species the previous mentation being less knobby and the chambers less dis whorls are more nearly obscured by the beaded or tinct. It resembles R. mexicana mecatepecensis Nuttall namentation, than is true in R. hamiltonensis. in its surface ornamentation but differs in that the
294856—54- 562 BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS sutures are much less distinct and thus the structure Diameter 0.85 to 1.05 mm, thickness 0.50 to 0.60 mm. is more obscured, particularly on the dorsal side. The Holotype (USNM 548181) from 642-652i/2' in hole species closely resembles R. verriculata Howchin and 2B, Bikini island, Marshall Islands. Parr from the lower Miocene of Victoria and South This species is distinguished from A. marshallana Australia but differs in being somewhat smaller and n. sp. in its more equally biconvex test, more strongly in the spinose ornamentation being less strongly devel curved chambers, and smaller supplementary chambers. oped and the dorsal sutures less deeply depressed. It occurs very rarely in the upper parts of both wells, This species occurs abundantly in the lower part of above Tertiary e. hole 2B, particularly between 1797 and 22061/2 feet. Asterigerina marshallana Todd and Post, n. sp. Genus ROTORBINELLA Bandy, 1944 Plate 201, figure 3 Rotorbinella sp. Test unequally biconvex, dorsal side flattened, thick Plate 200, figure 2 ness about 1/2 °f diameter, periphery acute, keeled, Very rare specimens of a small species of this genus slightly undulating; chambers very obscure, about 12 occur in the middle part of the section in hole 2B. comprising the last whorl, not much increasing in size They resemble R. ccdoosahatcheensis (Cole) origi as added, 2^ to 3 whorls comprising the adult test; nally described as Rotalia from the Pliocene of Florida sutures indistinct except the spiral suture which is lim but do not show the distinct spiral suture on the dorsal bate ; wall thick, apparently smooth except for the papil side. They also resemble R. finlayi (Dorreen) orig late ornamentation on the ventral side in front of the inally described as Discorbis from the Eocene of New aperture; aperture not observed. Zealand but do not have as many chambers in the last Diameter 0.75 to 1.00 mm, thickness 0.35 to 0.45 mm. whorl. They also resemble Discorbis cycloclypeus Holotype (USNM 548191) from 25451/2-2556'in hole Howchin and Parr from the Pliocene of Australia, but 2B, Bikini island, Marshall Islands. are very much smaller and have fewer (5 or 6) chambers It occurs in the lower part of hole 2B, most abun in the last whorl. dantly at the bottom. This species differs from A. tentoria n. sp. in its larger Genus EPISTOMARIA Galloway, 1933 and flatter test, more numerous chambers, and sharp Epistomaria sp. periphery.
Three specimens of an apparently undescribed species Asterigerina tentoria Todd and Post, n. sp. of this genus were found in hole 2B, a young specimen at 1167-ll77y2' and adults at 1891i/2-1902' and at 2196- Plate 201, figure 2 22061^'. They are distinctly and coarsely punctate, Test nearly planoconvex, sharply conical, dorsal side have 6y2 chambers forming the last whorl, and are rel very slightly convex, ventral umbo large and promi atively high-spired and thick, but not rapidly expand nent, of clear shell material, thickness about % of diam ing in size throughout the whorl. eter, periphery entire, subacute, limbate; chambers in distinct, 6 to 8 in the last whorl, very slightly increas Family AMFHISTEGINIDAE ing in size as added, supplementary chambers reaching Genus ASTERIGERINA D'Orbigny, 1839 about half way to the periphery on the ventral side; Asterigerina indistincta Todd and Post, n. sp. sutures indistinct, limbate, flush, straight and tangen Plate 201, figure 1 tial on the dorsal side, spiral suture strongly limbate, ventral sutures of the supplementary chambers straight Test about equally biconvex, ventral umbo large and projecting, periphery entire, subacute, surrounded by and radial, of the regular chambers slightly curved; a limbate keel; chambers indistinct, 10 to 12 in the last wall smooth except for a roughened area on the ventral whorl, very much curved on both dorsal and ventral side just in front of the aperture, the roughness show sides, supplementary chambers relatively small, ex ing traces of a spiral arrangement concentric with the tending about ys the distance to the periphery on the structure of the whole test; aperture not observed, in ventral side; sutures limbate, flush, strongly curved; broken specimens showing a long, low opening under wall very finely papillate throughout with an increase the edge of the ventral face of the chamber, extending in coarseness of the papillae on the ventral side sur from about midway nearly to the periphery. rounding the aperture; aperture a very low slit ex Diameter 0.60 to 0.76 mm, thickness 0.40 to 0.50 mm. tending from just inside the periphery about halfway Holotype (USNM 548207) from 1292-1303' in hole to the umbo. 2A, Bikini island, Marshall Islands. SMALLER FORAMINIFERA FROM BIKINI DRILL HOLES 563 This species differs from A. carinata D'Orbigny in more, large blunt spines, in most cases one to a chamber its heavier and more robust test, the chambers not and parallel with the plane of coiling of the test but much increasing in size as added, and the supplemen with an occasional extra spine protruding at an angle tary chambers not extending all the way out to the to the others, test when well preserved finely hispid periphery It is distinguished from the other species of throughout, including the large peripheral spines; Asterigerina in the Bikini hole by its more sharply aperture not observed. conical, nearly planoconvex test. Diameter, exclusive of spines, 0.70 to 0.90 mm, thick Asterigerina tentoria n. sp. is confined to the middle ness 0.40 to 0.50 mm. section of the holes from 1167 to 2007 feet, with a single Holotype (USNM 548221) from 400y2-411' in hole specimen found at 852-862%' in hole 2B. 2B, Bikini island, Marshall Islands. This species seems to be closely related to the Recent Genus AMPHISTEGINA D'Orbigny, 1826 species, C. hispida H. B. Brady, but is distinguished Amphistegina bikiniensis Todd and Post, n. sp. from it by its distinctly serrate periphery and the spines Plate 201, figure 4 having a less tendency to be haphazard. More of the chambers are distinct on the ventral side and on the Test rather small for the genus, about equally bi dorsal side it is possible in some cases to see the spiral convex, raised umbones of clear shell material on both suture. Apparently the supplementary skeleton is-not sides, periphery entire, acute, with a limbate keel; well developed. chambers distinct, 12 to 15 in the last whorl, strongly This species appears in abundance in both wells near curved, supplementary chambers peculiarly shaped in the top and should prove to be a good marker of that that they are strongly constricted at about the middle part of the section. Its highest occurrence is in the of each chamber, the whole chamber reaching nearly sample at 184%-200^/ in hole 1. to the periphery; sutures distinct, limbate, not raised, ventral sutures of the supplementary chambers nearly Calcarina rustica Todd and Post, n. sp. radial, of the regular chambers very strongly curved, Plate 201, figure 7 dorsal ones with a distinct angle or two angles separat Test globular, thickness nearly equal to diameter, ed by a U-shaped reentrant; wall smooth and polished periphery broadly rounded; chambers not visible from except over the ventral area surrounding the aperture the surface, sutures not visible; wall thickly covered where it is coarsely papillate with the papillae arranged throughout by short, heavy, coarse, blunt spines, the in curving lines concentric with the periphery of the test further ornamented by numerous (10 to 20) large, test; aperture not observed. spines irregularly distributed around the periphery, in Diameter 0.85 to 1.25 mm, thickness 0.40 to 0.50 mm. diverging planes; aperture not observed. Holotype (USNM 548215) from 2143i/2-2154'in hole Diameter, exclusive of spines, 0.60 to 0.90 mm, thick 2B, Bikini island, Marshall Islands. ness 0.40 to 0.75 mm. This species differs from the Recent A. madagascari- Holotype (USNM 548248) from 1145-1156' in hole ensis D'Orbigny in its smaller size, less prominent ven 2A, Bikini island, Marshall Islands. tral umbones, and relatively flatter test. It appears to This species seems closely related to that described have a short range as it is found only between 1891 and as C. gaimardi D'Orbigny from various localities in the 22061^ feet in hole 2B. Pacific. It differs in being more globular and in not Family CALCARINIDAE having a widely open aperture. It occurs rather rarely in the upper parts of the wells. Genus CALCABJNA D'Orbigny, 1826 Its very coarse surface ornamentation serves to distin Calcarina delicata Todd and Post, n. sp. guish it from C. delicata n. sp. and from the Recent Plate 201, figures 5, 6 species of Calcarina which contaminate the drill cut tings. Test compressed, dorsal side slightly convex, ventral Genus BACULOGYPSINA Sacco, 1893 umbilicus large, open, and deeply depressed, periphery irregularly serrate in addition to the peripheral spines; Baculogypsina sphaerulata (Parker and Jones) chambers indistinct, about 12 in the last whorl, narrow, Orbitolina sphaerulata Parker and Jones, Annals and Mag. Nat. elongate, inflated on the ventral side, not much increas History, 3d ser., v. 6, p. 33, No. 8,1860. ing in size as added; sutures slightly depressed on the Baculogypsina sphaerulata Silvestri, Pont, accad. sci. Nuovi Lincei Atti, v. 58, p. 67,1905. dorsal side, more so on the ventral, radial; wall irregu Cushman, U. S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 100, v. 1, pt. 6, p. 366, pi. larly and coarsely papillate on the dorsal side, orna 44, fig. 6, 1919; v. 4, p. 359, pi. 75, fig. 6, 1921; Carnegie mented around the periphery by 12 to 15, or occasionally Inst. Washington Pub. 342, p. 44, pi. 15, figs. 1-3, 1924. 564 BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS Heron-Alien and Earland, Linnean Soc. Jour., Zoology, v. but are inadequate for formal description. The cham 35, p. 638, pi. 37, fig. 185,1924. bers are smaller and the texture of the wall is finer than Hofker, Si&o0a-Exped., Mon. 4, p. 51, pi. 24, figs. 1, 8, 10-15 ; in G. annulata Heron-Alien and Earland. In the pres pi. 25, 1927; Resultats Sci. Voyage Indes Orientales Neerlandaises, v. 2, fasc. 1, p. 9, pi. 3, fig. 9, 1930. ent specimens there is no indication of the radial cren- Hanzawa, Records Oeeanographic Works in Japan, v. 3, ulations around the periphery present in most species No. 2, p. 46 (list), 1931. of this genus. Instead, the plane of the test is slightly Chapman, Great Barrier Reef Comm. Repts., v. 3, p. 33 undulating and the peripheral edge somewhat lobu- [list], 1931. lated. The genus is known only from Eocene to Mio Cushman, idem, v. 5, p. 112 (et seq.) [lists], pi. 12, fig. 11, 1942. cene. Chapman, Annals and Mag. Nat. History, llth ser., v. 11, Family ANOMALINIDAE p. 104 [list], 1944. Genus ANOMALINELLA Cushman, 1927 Tinoporus ba-culatus H. B. Brady (not Montfort), Challenger Rept., Zoology, v. 9, p. 716, pi. 101, figs. 4-7, 1884. Anomalinella rostrata (H. B. Brady) This Recent shallow water species is not found living Triincatulina rostrata H. B. Brady, Challenger Rept., Zoology, in the Marshall Islands but is found fairly commonly V. 9, p. 668, pi. 94, figs. 6a-c, 1884. between 115 and 136 feet in hole 2A, and in the cuttings This Recent species is found rarely to abundantly in from 105 feet and deeper from hole 1. It was also the upper parts of both holes, above Tertiary e. found in the borings at Michaelmas Cay and Heron Family PLANORBULINIDAE Island on the Great Barrier reef and to a depth of 373 Genus GYPSINA Carter, 1877 feet in the Funafuti drill hole. Gypsina howchini Chapman Family CYMBALOPORIDAE Plate 201, figures 8, 9 Genus HALKYARDIA Heron-Alien and Earland, 1919 Gypsina howchini Chapman, Royal Soc. Victoria Proc., v. 22, Halkyardia bikiniensis Cole p. 291, pi. 2, figs. 4a, b; pi. 3, figs. 3-5, 1910; idem, v. Plate 200, figure 7 26, p. 172, 1913. Heron-Alien and Earland, Royal Micr. Soc. Jour., 1924, p. Halkyardia MJcinensis Cole, Chapter O of the present report, 183. p. 564, pi. 210, figs. 1-5,1954. Crespin, Palaeont. -Bull., no. 2, p. 4, 5, 6 [list], pi. 1, figs. This species occurs from 2349' to the bottom of hole 7, 8, 1936. 2B and is a good marker for that part of the section. Keijzer, Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetenschappen Proc., v. 43, p. 628, 1940. Family GLOBOROTALIIDAE Crespin, Commonwealth of Australia, Min. Res. Survey, Bull. 9 (Pal. Ser. No. 4), p. 80 [list], 1943. Genus CYCLOLOCULINA Heron-Alien and Earland, 1908 This species described from the Miocene, Batesford Cycloloculina sp. limestone, of Victoria, Australia, occurs rather abun Plate 200, figure 6 dantly in both holes, less abundantly below the Pliocene Three small specimens of this genus were found at and Pleistocene. Many specimens show evidence of 1891i/2-1902' in hole 2B. They seem to be undescribed, attachment, apparently on some kind of slender stems. SMALLER FORAMINIFERA FROM BIKINI DRILL HOLES 565
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY Hanzawa, Shoshiro, 1926, Globigerina-marl and other For- aminiferous rocks, underlying the Raised Coral Reef for Boomgaart, Lubbartus, 1949, Smaller Foraminifera from Bod- mation of Okinawa-Jima (The Riukiu Islands). Japanese jonegoro (Java) : Thesis Univ. Utrecht, 14 pis. Jour. Geology and Geography, v. 4, no. 1-2, 1925, p. 33-45. Caudri, C. M. B., 1934, Tertiary deposits of Soemba: Amster ——— 1938, Studies on the Foraminifera fauna found in the dam, 5 pis. bore cores from the deep well in Kita-Daito-Zima (North Chapman, Frederick, 1908, On the Tertiary limestones and Borodino Island) : Imp. Acad. Tokyo, Proc., v. 14, no. 10, foraminiferal tuffs of Malekula, New Hebrides: Linnean p. 384-390. Soc. New South Wales, Proc., 1907, v. 32, pt. 4, p. 745-760, B pis. ——— 1940, Micropalaeontological studies of drill cores from a deep well in Kita-Daito-Zima (North Borodino Island) : ——— 1910, A study of the Batesford limestone: Royal Soc. Jubilee Pub. in Commemoration of Prof. Yabe's 60th Birth Victoria, Proc., v. 22, (new series), pt. 2, 1909, p. 263-314, 4 pis. day, p. 755-802, 4 pis. ~—— 1913, Descriptions of new and rare fossils obtained by Heron-Alien, Edward, and Arthur Earland, 1924, The Miocene deep boring in the Mallee, Part I. Plantae; and Rhizopoda Foraminifera of the "Filter Quarry," Moorabool River, Vic to Brachiopoda: Royal Soc. Victoria, Proc., v. 26, (new toria, Australia: Royal Mircos. Soc. Jour., p. 121-186, series), pt. 1,1913, p. 165-191, 4 pis. 8 pis. ——— 1914, Description of a limestone of lower Miocene age Keijzer, F., 1940, A contribution to the geology of Bawean: from Bootless Inlet, Papua: Royal Soc. New South Wales, Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetenschappen Proc., v. 43, no. 5, p. 618- Jour. Proc., v. 48, p. 281-301, 3 pis. 629. ——— 1922, Report of an examination of material obtained Keyzer, F. G., 1950, Foraminifera, in C. Beets, On pr INDEX [Italic numbers indicate descriptions Page Page acer valis, Planorbulina...... -..---._____------__ 548,550 crassicostata, Outtulina regina...... 552,556 Acervulina inhaerens...... 549,550 cribarepandus, Poroeponides...... —. — . 548,549,550 advenum, Elphidium...... ______.._...... ______548,549 cycloclypeu?, Discorbis...... 562 a/finis, Valvulammina ...... 564 Cycloloculina annulata...... ——— 564 Alveolina boscii...... 558 sp—————.—————————-.-———— 552, 553, 564, Pi- 202 longa...... 558 Cymbaloporetta bradyi...... 548,549 guoii...... _...______.__..._._._ 558 sguammosa...... 548,549 Alveolinelidae.-.-.___..______.-..-._.._____ 558 sp.. —————— — ———— — ——— — ———— ———— ———— — — — 549,550 Alveolinella boscii...... 558 Cymbaloporidae_..__.—.. —— —— ——————————————— ———.. 564 guoii...... 551, 552, 558, pi. 202 davidiana, Valvulina...... 548,549,550 guoyi...... 558 decorate, Reussella...... 552, 559, pi. 199 Amphisteginabikiniensit...... 552, 553, 563, pi. 201 Reussia...... 559 madagascariensis...... 547,548,549,550.551,563 Verneuilina...... 559 Amphisteginidae...... _._____.______.____...... ____. 562 dehaarti, Miogypsinoides...... 553 angularis, Clavulina...... 548,549,552,553,554 delieata, Calcarina...... 547, 549, 550, 551, 552, 561, 563, pi. 201 angulata, Spiroloculina...... 549,551 di/ormis ornata, Clamdina.--...... 552,554 annulata, Cycloloculma...... --..-.___------__-...___------564 discoidale, Elphidium....-...... -...... -.-----...... 556 Anomalinellarostrata...... 548,549,552,553, 664 Discorbina globularis...... '—————— —.. ——. —. ——... — ------560 Anomalinidae..--__-_____----__.--_____--._--____ 564 Discorbis cycloclypeus...... 562 apiculata, Buliminella...... ------558 globularis...... 552, 553, 560, pi. 199 .4rcAaia*sp---_—.._--.---.--_------_-_.———————— —— 552, 553, 557, pi. 202 patelliformis----.- —...... 549,5*0,551 Asterigerina carinata....--..... — — .--._------.-----.-----.______.. 563 diversa, Hauerina...... — ...... ———-- ——.——————. ——._ —. 548,549 indistincta...... 552, 563, pi. 201 elegantissima, Bulimina...... 558 marshattana.-...... 552, 553, 662, pi. 201 elongata, Ouingueloculina reticulata...... ----_-. 552,555 teiaoria...... 552, 553, 562, pi. 201 Elphidium advenum...... ————...... -—— 548,549 sp...... 548,549,550 discoidale...... —...... 556 AustrotrillinahowcMni...... 552,553,555 marshallana...... 552,553,556, pi. 198 striata...... 552, 553, 555, pi. 198 maietU...... 548,549,552,557 baculatus, Tinoporus...... 564 rugosum...... -...... —————.. —— ———— 556 Baculogypsinasphaerulata-...... 547,548,549,550,552, 563 striatopunctatum.—...... 549,550,551,552,557 bassensis, Triloculina...... ______548,549,550 eocaena, davulina...... ————————— —. ————— ——— ----——— 559 beccarii, Rotalia...... 551, 552, 560, pi. 200 Epistomaria sp...... 552,553,56* Bibliography...... -...... -...-...------.------....-...... 566 Epistominella tubulifera...... 548,549 bidentata, Quingueloculina...... — ...... 549,550 Eponidesfijiana...------...... 560 Bigenerina conica...... 559 sp.-— ———————————————— —— —— 548,549,552,553,560, pi. 201 (Bigenerina) tubulifera, Textularia...... 559 Kctgw,Liebuteaa—————————— — — — ———— 552,553,554, pi. 198 bikiniensis, AmpMstegina...... 552, 553,563, pi. 201 fijiana, Eponldes...... ------—. —— ——— 561 Halkyardia...... 552, 553, 564, pi. 200 Rotalia....-...... 561 Bolivina marginoserrata...... 552, 553, 558, pi. 199 flnlayi, Rotalia...... -.—...... 562 marshattana.--...... ____.. ——..______552, 553, 558, pi. 199 flabelliformis Pavonia„__———————————————————---————— 559 sublobata...... 559 floscula, Rotalia...... 552, 553, 661, pi. 200 Borelispulchra...... 548,549 fusa, Triloculina—...... 552, 553, 555, pi. 198 pygmaeus scMumbergeri...... 558 scMumbergeri...... 551,552,558 gaimardi, Calcarina...-...... -...... 563 sp_------——-.------.------.-.---._._...... 549,550 labricostata, Massilina...... 556 boscii, Alveolina------...... 558 Gto&jcerinasp------549,550 Alveolinella.... ______.______558 Olobigerinoides sacculifera...... 548,549,550 bradyi, Cymbalopwetta... _____.______548,549 Globorotalidae.—— — — ————————————————-—— 564 Buliminaelegantissima...... —...... 558 globularis, Discorbina...... 560 madagascariensis...... 558 Discorbis...... -- —...... —...... 552, 553,560, pi. 199 seminuda...... 558 Rosalina.—...... 560 Buliminella apiculata...... 558 grateloupi, Nonion...... 652, 556, pi. 198 madagascariensis...... 652,553,558 Nonionina————.. —— —————— - ——— —— ————— --- —————— -- 556 Buliminidae______.______.______558 Outtulnia regina crassicostata..... ——————————————— ------—— ----- 552,556 sp.. —————————————————————————————— 549,550 calcar, Calcarina...... 560 Gypsina howei int...... 552,564, pi. 201 Rotalia...... 547, 549, 550, 551, 552, 560, pis. 202, 203 vesicularis...... —————— _-. 549,550 Calcarina calcar...... 560 delieata...... 547, 549, 550, 551, 552, 561,563, pi. 201 Halkyardia bikiniensis...... 552, 553,564, pi. 200 gaimardi...... ——-——---__—__..______563 hamiltonensis, Rotalia.. ———————————————-——————————————--- 561 Mspida...... 547,548,550,552,563 Hauerina diversa...... - —————————————————————---- 548,549 nicobarensis...... ______550 Heterosteginasuborbicularis-...--—...... ———— ————— 547,548,549,550 rustka...... 552,553,563 Mspida, Calcarina...-.-...... 547,548,550,562,563 spengleri...... 547,548,549,551,552 Homotremarubrum. —...... ——.....—..—... 547,548,549,550,551 umbilicita...... _____-______.__._ 561 honestus,Peneroplis.-—--.- —...... 552,553,557, pi. 199 Calcarinidae..____.__.______.______563 howchini,Austrotnllina...... ——...—- — '—...... ——--- — .-. 552,553,555 caloosahatcheensis, RotorbineUa...... 562 Gypsina.—...... 552,564, pi. 201 canalii, Rotalia...... 552, 553, 56/, pi. 200 Trillina...... 555 carinata, Asterigerina..... — ------__...... ____....______._.. 553 indistincta, Asterigerina...... 552, 562, pi. 201 carinatus, Peneroplis.....^...... 551, 552, 557, pi. 199 inhaerens, Acervulina...... -....—...... ——— —— 549,550 Carpenteriaproteiformis.- ______548,546 jabacoensis, Rotalia ...... —-—.-...-..——....—..— — -- 564 dbicides lobatulus...... 548,549 jamaicensiSfLiebuseUa.. ------————————————————————-- 551 sp_ .-——— — ————————————————————————— 549 Clavulinaangularis...... 548,549,552,553,554 kerimbatica, Triloculina...... — -----———-————————————-- 549,550 difformisornata...... 552,554 labisca, Triloculinella-...... 549, 551 eocaena...... 559 Liebusellaexigua—- — ---————————-——-— 552, 553,554, pi. 198 pacifica...... -- — — .-....._.- 549,551 jamaicensis... ——————————————————— - —— ——— — ------—— 554 serventyi...... 552, 553, 554, pi. 198 limbata, Spirtilina—.. — — ——————————————-—-— 560 conica, Bigenerina...... 559 lobatulus, Cibkides...... ———————— — ————..———...—— 548,54S Textularia-...... 548,549 longa, Alveolina.....-...... ------—— - —— —————————————.—— 558 567 568 INDEX Page Rotalia— Continued madagascariensis, Ampkistegina-...... 547,548,549,550,551,563 ------561 Bulimina.---- _...___—————————————______..__ 558 finlayi...... ————.... ———————...... i>62 Buliminella...... 552,553,668 hawiltonensis ...... — ..--...... 561 Marginoporavertebralis-...... 547,548,550,551,552,557, pi. 203 jabacoensis ...... :. 561 marginoserrata, Bolivina...... -..-...... ------...... 552, 553,558, pi. 199 mexicana ...... 561 marshallana, Asterigerina...... 552, 553,562, pi. 201 mecatepecensis...... 561 Bolivina-----..---...... 552, 553, 558, pi. 199 ^o*CMZa_. ------_ ------552, 553, 661, pi. 200 Elphidium-...... 552, 553, 556, pi. 198 teetoria-.——— —————————— ————-. 552, 553, 661, pi. 202 Valvulammina.------...------... _-__..... 551, 552, 55^, pi. 198 trochidiformis. ------...... -...... 560 marM, Vatvulina-.-...... ---______552, 55S, pi. 198 verriculata...... - ...... 562 Massilina glabricostata...... 555 Botallidae..— — ———. — —-- — — -—— — — — — —-- — — -— 560 placida...... 552, 553, 555, pi. 198 Rotorbinella caloosahatcheensis ...... 562 mauii, Peneroplis...... ------_.-______557 *p... ——— — — ..—_ —— — ———— — - —— — — —— ————— 551, 552, 56£, pi. 200 mecatepecensis, Rotalia mexicana...... ------______.... 561 rubrum, Homotrema... —— —— ———— — — —— —— — —— — 547,648,549,550,551 mexicana, Rotalia.------...... 561 rugosum, Elphidium.. —————— — —————————————————— — . 556 mecatepecensis, Rotalia------...... 561 rustica, Calcarina- ...... __-_------._-- — -.----_-.. — ... — .. 552, 553,553 Miliolid Foraminifera.------...... 549, 550 Miliolidae..------_.--___._---_-______..__....__....__. 555 sacculifera, Olobigerinoides...... -- — ... ----- —— - ——————— _ —— ... 548,549,550 Miliolinellasp----- ____.-..„.______.__.______549,550 schlumbergeri, Borelis. ------...... ^...... 551,552,558 milletti, Elphidium—...... 548,549,552,557 Borelitpygmaeus. ------.------— ------568 Mimosina spinulosa...... 559 Neoalveolina pygmaea - ...... -...... 568 Miogypsinoides dehaarti-...... ______. 653 schreibersiana, Triloculina ...... 555 mooraboolensis, Tubulogenerina—...... 669 seminuda, BiMadna...... — .. — — . — — - ——— ...... 558 serventyi, Clavulina------...... --.-.-. 552, 553, 554, Pi- 198 Nautilus striatopunctatus—...... ------_____..____...... 557 simplex, Reussetta.— — —— ------548,549,550,559 Neoalveolinapygmaeaschlumbergeri—------...... 558 Siphogenerina raphana-...... -.-.--.....-..-....--.- 548, 549 neostriatula, <~>uingueloculina...... _ 549,551 spengleri, Calcartna.- — -.... — . ————— .. ——————— ------547, 548,549, 551, 552 nicobarensis, Calcarina-...... 560 sphaerulata, Baculogypsina...... 547, 548, 549, 550, 552, 563 Noniongrateloupi-.--...... 552, 556, pi. 198 OrWfeZma— ------563 pacificum...... 548,549,550,551 spinulosa, Mimosina..---... ..------...... 559 sp...... 549,550 Trimosma------551,552,559 Nonionidae____-______...-______------______556 Spirittina limbata. . ______------———————————— _ ._.—.____ 560 Nonionina grateloupi ...... 556 operculoides.--...... ------—— — ...... 552,560 Operculinasp...... ______549 .--.------652,560 operculoides, Spirittina...... 552,560 sp.. —— — — ——- — ------—— -- — - — — — ----- — ------— 548,549 Orbitolina sphaerulata. _....__------_____..____ 563 Spirolina sp_ — — ____ - _ - _ ------_ ------_ 551,552,557, pl._199 ornata, Clavulina difformis--...... _____„ 552,55^ Spiroloculina angulata. ------...... ------...... — ... 549, 551 pacifica, Clamitinu...... 549,551 squammosa, Cymbaloporetta-...... — ...... — — ... 548,549 pacificum,Nonion...... -.--..-„-______548,549,550,551 Streblus———-—— ...... ——.. —— .. ——.—..— .——————...— ...... 560 1>apillosa,SpirUlina...... _____....__.....______. 552,560 striata, Austrotrillina... —...... 552, 553, 555, pi. 198 patelliformis, Discorbis..... ------__------....._ ...... 549, 550, 551 striatopunctatum, Elphidium- ...... — . ------______- _ . 549,550,551,552,557 Pavoninaflabelliformis.----...... __———————— _-—-— — — — — — _—_ 559 striatopunctatus, Nautilus...... -- -...... ------...... ---...... 557 tnformis...... 551, 552,559, pi. 199 sublobata, Bolivina. ... -... — —— --- —— - ——— — — —— — — —— — — — —— 559 Peneroplidae.______.._____..„_.____-______557 suborbicularis, Heterostegina...... 547,548,549,550 Peneroplis carinatus----..—------...... 551, 552, 557, pi. 199 sulcata, Quinqueloculina ..... -__ — — — — ——— — —— ... — _._ —— — -.... 548,549,550 honestus...... ------______552, 553,557, pi. 199 teetoria, Rotalia---— —-- — - — —— - — — — — --- — — — 552, 553, 561, pi. 202 mauii ...... -.——...... 557 tentoria, Asterigerina--.------.------552, 553, 569, pi. 201 placida, Massilina...... 552, 553, SS5, pi. 198 tergvemiano, Triloculina.-...------— ------—— . 548, 549,550 Planorbulinaacervalis...... 548, 550 Textularia conica __ ------—— - — ------— „ —— ----- 548,549 Planorbulinidae——_-___————————————————— ...__..... 564 (Bigenerina) tubuUfera. ------...... — —— — — —— — - — — — — -- — ———_ 559 planus, Tretomphalus...... ------_..._...... _____ 548,549 sp------549 Polymorphinidae______-----___.____-_____._____ 556 Tinoporus bactilatus ...... —— .. —— —— — ... — _ — -— — ..„ . 564 Poroeponides cribrorepandus...... ------... _— — — „...... ___...... 548, 549,550 Tretomphalus planus ...... — ——— . ———— ... 548, 549 prominens, Valvulina...... ______..-..--_---.---...... 552, 55.., pi. 198 tnformis, Pavonina...... -..--. ------551, 552,559, pi. 199 proteiformis, Carpenteria-...... 548,549 Trillina howchini ...... _ —— - —— —— .._- — — — ——— ------—— .... — _. 555 pulchra, BoreatiS-.... ___---..---.------...-._...... -...... -.-.___ 548,549 Triloculina bassensis. --.-.-----.-.-.------— — — —— _-.._ —— — 548,549, 550 pygmaea schlumbergeri, Neoalveolina...... 5S8 fusa—— —— —— — ——— —— ——— —— ——— —— —————— 552, 553, 655, pi. 198 pygmaeus schlumbergeri, Borealis... ------.--...-----.-..-...... 568 fcm'm6a«ca-— ------549,550 Triloculina schreibersiana. ..—...... -...... ------...... 555 Ouingueloculinabidentata...... 549, 550 terquemiana ...... ------...... 548,549,550 neostriatula...... ___-___-_-_-_-_-__-.------...... 549,551 Triloculinellalabiosa...... _ _ —— — — — — —— — — — — — — — —— — — ——— 549,551 reticulataelongata--...... ------.------.-.-..______552,555 Trimosina spinulosa--- —.. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —— ------551, 552,555 sulcata...... 548,549,550 trochidiformis, Rotalia------.------.------—— 560 quoii, Alveolina.—...... ____.....____ 558 Truncatulina rostrata...... ------564 Alveolinella-...... 551, 552, 558, pi. 202 tubulifera, Epistominella....- .... — — — — — . — — — — — — — — — — — — — _—— 548,549 guoyi, Alveolinella...... _.-._------_...... 658 Textularia (Bigenerina)-. — -- ... — — — — — ———————— - ——— ... — 559 raphana, Siphogenerina...... ------.-----.--.-...... _... 548, 549 Tubulogenerina... ------551,552,553,559, pi. 199 Rectobolivina sp...___-...„.---.„. —— ...... __ 652, 569, pi. 199 Tubulogenerina mooraboolensis....-.----..------.---.------.-..--..--.--- 559 regina crassicostata, Guttulina.--.... — _-_-_-_-__.._ —.---.--...... __. 552,556 tubultfera. —— — — — . — . —— — -- — -- ——— — — 5£1, 552, 553, 559, pi. 199 reticulata elongata, Quinqueloculina—...... 552,555 Turbinulina...... ———— .——-- —— ...... —.——.. — .—————. 506 Reussella decorata.------...------552, 559, pi. 199 simplex....- — —— — .- ——— —— .-.-.- — —— — - — ------548,549,550,559 umbilkata, Calcarina...... --.. — ...... — ...... -.. 561 sp. A....-...... —...... 552, 553, 659, pi. 199 Valvulammina affinis..... ————— — ————— ———————— - ———————— 554 sp.B..-..-...-..--_----.--_.-_--._--_-.._------.------. 552, 553, 559, pi. 199 marshallana—— ——— —— ——— —— ——— — —— —— — 551, 552, 664, pi. 198 sp. C.- —— — — — — —— — — — —— - — —.-—_ 551, £52, 559, pi. 199 Valvulina davidiana.--. ... ------— ------— ------—— ... —— — — 553 Beussia decorata...... _---...... -----.---.-...... _...... 569 Valvtilina daffidiana...... — - .... - — -- — —— ------——— ..- 548,549,550 Rosalina globularis... ------— ------————.- ——.-. — „„— — —__.. 560 martii...... — __ ------_ ... _ .. ____ — ______- _ . 562, 663, pi. 198 rostrata, Anomatinella...-----____-._-_-_-_.---.----______548, 549, 552, 553,5&4 prominent-.—— —— — —— —— -— —— -- — ------552, 56S, pi. 198 ' Truncatulina------.------... 564 Valvulinidae--— __ — _ — ——— — — — — — — — — — — — — — ------553 Rotalia-..-- ——.--... _.------_- — -----— — --..---__.___-.....-.-.... 560 Verneuilina decorata------.------— ------559 beccarii..--...... —. — — . ____-_-_._-_-__...... 551, 552, 560, pi. 200 verriculata, Rotalia..-...------— ------.-.. ... —————— — — 562 calcar...... - —— ——— ...... 547, 549-550, 551, 552,560, pi. 202 vertebralis, Marginopora -.——...... —————— 547, 548, 550, 551, 552, 557, pi. 203 caMaZ««—------552, 553, 661, pi. 200 vesicularis, Gypsina ...... ------— ... — ------549,550 PLATES 198-203 PLATE 198 FIGURE 1. Valvulina martii Cushman and Bermudez. USNM 547732, X 27. Hole 2B, 1209-1219H'. (p. 553) 2. Valvulinal prominens Todd and Post, n. sp. Holotype, USNM 547744, X 45. Hole 2A, 1240-1250^'. (p. 553) 3. Valvulammina marshallana Todd and Post, n. sp. Holotype, USNM 547760, X 45. a, Dorsal view; b, ventral view; c, peripheral view. Hole 2B, 1209-1219}$'. (p. 554) 4. ClavuUna serventyi Chapman and Parr. USNM 547755, X 45. a, Side view; b, end view. Hole 2B, 1597^-1608'. (p. 554) 5, 6. Liebusella exigua Todd and Post, n. sp. 5, Holotype, USNM 547775, X 45. a, Side view; b, end view. 6, Paratype, USNM 547776, X 45. a, Side view; b, eroded section. Hole 2B, 2451-2461H'. (p. 554) 7. Triloculina fusa Todd and Post, n. sp. Holotype, USNM 547791, X 45. Hole 2B, 1996>f-2007'. (p. 555) 8. Triloculina fusa Todd and Post, n. sp., var. USNM 547808, X 45. Hole 2B, 2049-2059/2'. (p. 555) 9. Austrotrillina striata Todd and Post, n. sp. Holotype, USNM 547817, X 45. Hole 2B, 2049-2059^'. (P- 555) 10. Noniongrateloupi(D'OrbigRy). USNM 547831, X 57. a, Side view; b,peripheral view. Hole 2 B, 852-862^'. (p. 556) 11, 12. Massilina placida Todd and Post, n. sp. 11, Holotype, USNM 547783, X 45. 12, Paratype, USNM 547784, X 45. a, Front view; b, apertural view. Hole 2B, 2298}f-2307'. (p. 555) 13. Elphidium marshallana Todd and Post, n. sp. Holotype, USNM 547841, X 68. a, Side view; b, peripheral view. Hole 2B, 1797-1807^'. (p. 556) GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 260 PLATE 198 VALVULINIDAE, MILIOLIDAE, NONIONIDAE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 260 PLATE 199 PENEROPLIDAE, BULIMINIDAE, ROTALIIDAE PLATE 199 FIGURE 1. Peneroplis honestus Todd and Post, n. sp. Holotype, USNM 547888, X 57. a, Side view; 6, peripheral view. Hole 2B, 1167-1177)4'. (p. 557) 2. Spirolinasp. USNM 547901, X 57. Hole 2B, 1702)f-1713'. (p. 557) 3. Peneroplis carinatus D'Orbigny. USNM 547880, X 57. a, Side view; b, peripheral view. Hole 2B, 1996^-2007'. (p. 557) 4. Rectobolivina sp. of Boomgaart. USNM 548011, X 110. Hole 2B, 694)4-705'. (p. 559) 5. Bolivina marshallana Todd and Post, n. sp. Holotype, USNM 548007, X 110. a, Front view; b, end view. Hole 2B 1891)4-1902'. (p. 558) 6. Bolivina marginoserrata LeRoy. USNM 548006, X 170. Hole 2B, 1597)4-1608'. (p. 558) 7. Tubulogenerina tubulifera (Parker and Jones). USNM 548012, X 136. a, Side view; b, end view. Hole 2B, 1797-1807^'. (p. 559) 8. flewsseMa decorate (Heron-Alien and Earland). USNM 548031, X 57. Hole 2B, 2091-2102'. (p. 559) 9. Reussella sp. A. USNM 548034, X 110. Hole 2B, 2545)4-2556'. (p. 559) 10. Reussella sp. B. USNM 548040, X 110. Hole 2B, 1597)4-1608'. (p. 559) 11. Reussella sp. C. USNM 548048, X 90. Hole 2B, 1167-1177^'. (p. 559) 12. PavoninatriformuP&Tr. USNM 548057, X 90. Hole 2B, 1167-1177)4'. (p. 559) 13. Discorbis "globularis (D'Orbigny)". USNM 548060, X 68. a, Dorsal view; b, ventral view; c peripheral view. Hole 2B 2349-2359)4'. (p. 560) PLATE 200 FIGURE 1. Eponides sp. A LeRoy. USNM 548067, X 90. a, Dorsal view; b, ventral view; c, peripheral view. Hole 2B, 1209- 1219K'. (p. 560) 2. RotorUnella sp. USNM 548172, X 90. a, Dorsal view; b, ventral view; c, peripheral view. Hole 2B, 1167-1177^'. (p. 562) 3. Rotalia beccarii (Linne") var. USNM 548073, X 45. a, Dorsal view; b, ventral view; c, peripheral view. Hole 2A, 242*4-253'. (p. 560) 4. Rotalia canalis Todd and Post, n. sp. Holotype, USNM 548137, X 90. Hole 2B, 1167-1 177%'. (p. 561) 5. Rotalia fioscula Todd and Post, n. sp. Holotype, USNM 548146, X 57. Hole 2B, 2545*4-2556'. (p. 561) 6. Cycloloculina sp. USNM 548275, X 68. Hole 2B, 1891^-1902'. (p; 564) 7. Halkyardia bikiniensis Cole. USNM 548269, X 54. a, Dorsal view; b, ventral view; c, peripheral view. Hole 2B, 2545K-2556'. (p. 564) GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 260 PLATE 200 ROTALIIDAE, GLOBOROTALIIDAE, AND CYMBALOPORIDAE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 260 PLATE 201 AMPHISTEGINIDAE, CALCARINIDAE, AND PLANORBULINIDAE PLATE 201 FIGURE 1. Asterigerina indistincta Todd and Post, n. sp. Holotype, USNM 548181, X 34. a, Dorsal view; b, ventral view; c, periph eral view. Hole 2B, 642-652^'. (p. 562) 2. Asterigerina tentoria Todd and Post, n. sp. Holotype, USNM 548207, X 68. a, Dorsal view; b, ventral view; c, periph eral view. Hole 2A, 1292-1303'. (p. 562) 3. Asterigerina marshallana Todd and Post, n. sp. Holotype, USNM 548191, X 45. a, Dorsal view; b, ventral view; c, periph eral view. Hole 2B, 2545^-2556'. (p. 562) 4. Amphistegina bikiniensis Toddand Post, n. sp. Holotype, USNM 548215, X 45. a, Dorsal view; b, ventral view; c, periph eral view. Hole 2B, 2143^-2154'. (p. 563) 5, 6. Calcarina delicata Todd and Post, n. sp. 5, Holotype, USNM 548221, X 54. Ventral view. Hole 2B, 400)4-411'. 6, USNM 548223, X 57. Dorsal view. Hole 2B, 442/2-453'. (p. 563) 7. Calcarina rustica Todd and Post, n. sp. Holotype, USNM 548248, X 57. a, Dorsal view; b, ventral view. Hole 2A, 1145^-1156'. (p. 563) 8,9 Gypsina howchini Chapman. 8, USNM 548308, X 34. Hole 2B, 400}f-411'. 9, USNM 548309, X 34 Hole 2A, 1240- 1250^'. (p. 564) PLATE 202 FIGURE 1. Rotalia calcar (D'Orbigny). USNM 548093, X 40. a, Dorsal view; b, ventral view; c, peripheral view. Hole 2A, 305/2-312'. (p. 560) 2-4. Rotalia tectoria Todd and Post, n. sp. 2, Holotype, USNM 548154; 3,. 4, Paratypes, USNM 548155, 548156. X 40. 2a, 3a, 4a, Dorsal views; 26, 36, 46, ventral views; 2c, 3c, 4c, peripheral views. Hole 2B, 2091-2102'. (p. 561) 5. 8. Alveolinella quoii (D'Orbigny). 5, USNM 547995, X 40. Thin section of one end. 6, USNM 547994, X 30. Hole 2B, 852-862^'. (p. 558) * 6. 7. Archaias? sp. 6, USNM 547910, X 40. Thin section. Hole 2B, 2049-2059}i'. 7, USNM 547909, X 40. Hole 2B, 1891/2-1902'. (p. 557) GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 260 PLATE 202 PENEROPLODAE, ALVEOLINELLIDAE, AND ROTALIIDAE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 260 PLATE 203 FORAMINIFERA IN THIN SECTIONS OF CORE MATERIAL PLATE 203 FIGURE 1. Thin section of a well-cemented piece of core from hole 3, 1st core run, sample 3-1-2, consisting mainly of Calcarina spengleri (Gmelin) and fragments of Lithothamnion. The cement is a thin coating of acicular aragonite around each grain. The coating of cement is more clearly visible around the dark grains of Lithothamnion. X 14.5. 2. Rotalia calcar (D'Orbigny) in thin section from hole 2, llth core run, sample 2-11-15 (a), X 80. The matrix is recry- stallized to finely granular calcite. 3. Thin section of rock from hole 2, llth core run, sample 2-11-15 (a), X 20. a, Rotalia calcar (D'Orbigny) in horizontal section. (Same specimen as shown in figure 2.) 6, Rotalia calcar (D'Orbigny) in vertical section, c, d, Margin- opora vertebralis Blainville. d, Specimen showing development of the test in three planes, rather than the usual one. e, Miliolid Foraminifera? Larger Foraminifera and Smaller Diagnostic Foraminifera From Bikini Drill Holes By W. STORKS COLE Bikini and Nearby Atolls, Marshall Islands GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 260-O Descriptions and illustrations of about 4.0 fossil Foraminifera^ including IJ new species and I new variety UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1954 294856—34———5 CONTENTS Page Page Abstract. ______._-.______569 Description of species—Continued Introduction ______569 Family Alveolinellidae______583 Stratigraphy. ______569 Genus Borelis------.------583 Recent, Pleistocene, and Pliocene______569 Genus Flosculinella______584 Miocene.______570 Family Calcarinidae______--___-_-____-_ 584 Oligocene(?)______._.__.______572 Genus Calcarina.------584 Comparison with other drill holes.______572 Family Cymbaloporidae.______584 Description of species.______573 Genus Halkyardia______584 Family Miliolidae____-______-______-.____.___. 573 Family Planorbulinidae______585 Genus Austrotrillina______573 Genus Gypsina. ______585 Family Camerinidae______573 Family Orbitoididae______585 Genus Opercwfa'n0ides______573 Genus Lepidocyclina______585 Subgenus Nephrolepidina- ______-_-__-- 585 Genus Operculina.-- ______575 Subgenus Eulepidina- ______594 Genus Heterostegina- _--______-______.. 575 Family Miogypsinidae_-______598 Genus Spirodypeus- ______577 Genus Miogypsina- ______598 Genus Cycloclypeus- ______581 Genus Miogypsinoides- ______600 Family Peneroplidae.______581 Literature cited______604 Genus Marginopora- ______581 Index.______--_--__----_-_------_.------607 ILLUSTRATIONS [Plates 204-222 follow index] Plate 204. Operculina and Operculinoides. 205. Calcarina, Heterostegina, Cycloclypeus, and Operculinoides. 206. Spirodypeus and Heterostegina. 207, 208. Spirodypeus. 209. Heterostegina, Flosculinella, and Borelis. 210. Halkyardia, Austrotrillina, Marginopora, and Gypsina. 211. Sorites and Marginopora. 212-214. Lepidocyclina (Nephrolepidina}. 215,217. Lepidocyclina (Nephrolepidina} and Lepidocyclina (Eulepidina). 216, 218. Lepidocyclina (Eulepidina). 219. Miogypsina. 220. Miogypsina and Miogypsinoides. 221. Miogypsinoides. 222. Lepidocyclina (Nephrolepidina) and Miogypsinoides. TABLE Page TABLE 1. Geographic and stratigraphic distribution of species...______'_-______--___...-______-___-- 570 2. Distribution of species in Bikini drill holes--_-______-_-____---_.______-_--_-_. —— _-__._____ 571 BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS LARGER FORAMINIFERA AND SMALLER DIAGNOSTIC FORAMINIFERA FROM BIKINI DRILL HOLES By W. STORKS COLE ABSTRACT Although this report deals mainly with so-called Thirty-seven species and two varieties of diagnostic Forami- larger Foraminifera, smaller Foraminifera whose iden nifera from the Bikini test holes 2A and 2B are described, dis tification may require thin sections are included. The cussed and illustrated. Twenty-four species and one variety thin sections and 'the photomicrographs of these were are referred to previously described species, and thirteen species made by the writer. and one variety are new. All the specimens studied are deposited in the collec The stratigraphic section encountered is: 0-850 feet, Recent, Pleistocene and Pliocene; 850-2070 feet, Miocene; 2070-2556 tion of the U. S. National Museum. feet Oligocene ( ?). Although it is not possible to subdivide the Bikini hole 2A was drilled to a depth of 1346 feet uppermost 850 feet, the Miocene section is subdivided according and Bikini hole 2B to 2556 feet. Samples were collected to the Indo-Pacific time scale as follows: 850-1030 feet, Ter at about 10-foot intervals. Continuous samples from tiary fir; 1030-1130 feet, Tertiary fa; 1130-1380 feet, Tertiary 195 feet to 1346 feet were available from hole 2A, and /i-2; 1380-2070 feet, Tertiary e. Three zones are present in Tertiary e: 1380-1590 feet, Hiogypsinoides dehaartii zone; samples from 400y2 feet to 2556 feet, with exception 1590-1720 feet, Spiroclypeus margaritatus zone, and 1720-2070, of the interval from 957 to 1167 feet, were studied from feet, Eulepidina formosa zone. hole 2B. In the interval from 957 to 1167 feet'in hole The evidence of the top of the Oligocene is not strong and 2B one composite sample from 1020 to 1100 feet was consists mainly of the appearance of a new species of Eulepidina. supplied. The section between 2070 and 2349 feet is assigned tentatively to Tertiary d. At 2349 feet a new species of the genus Halky- Because the wells were drilled by rotary methods, and ardia 1 is found. This stratigraphically restricted genus, pre core recovery was limited by physical difficulties, the viously known only from the Eocene, has been found recently in exact ranges of the species were not determinable. definitely Tertiary c deposits in the Molucca Islands. It is on Therefore only the first appearance of a species is this evidence that the zone from 2349 to 2556 feet (which is recorded. the bottom of the hole) is assigned to Tertiary c. Many East Indian species are inadequately described INTRODUCTION and poorly illustrated. Many species are illustrated During a resurvey of Bikini Atoll (Operation Cross by a single photomicrograph, or at most by two or three. roads) in the summer of 1947, five test holes were drilled These inadequacies in the literature have vastly compli on Bikini island. A brief description of the drilling cated the identification of the Bikini specimens. operations, the materials encountered and a compari Individuals within a single species vary tremendously so that a complete understanding of a species requires son with drill holes on other atolls has been given by a great many thin sections. This variability is demon Ladd, Tracey and Lill (1948). strated in the systematic portion of this work. Foraminifera were separated from the samples from Vaughan (1933, pp. 6-8) in his classic Studies of Amer two of these wells, designated 2A and 2B, under the ican species of Foraminifera of the genus Lepidocyctina supervision of Mr. J. I. Tracey, Jr. These specimens was one of the first workers to emphasize the need for are the basis of the present report. Some of the sam large suites of specimens to demonstrate adequately the ples were examined by the writer, but in the time avail variability within single species. able he was able to examine only some of the most criti cal samples. STRATIGRAPHY RECENT, PLEISTOCENE, AND PLIOCENE 1 This same species of Halkyardia recently has been found on Saipan in association with unquestioned upper Eocene, Tertiary 6, genera of Thirty-seven species and two varieties were found, larger Formanifera. This portion of Bikini 2B may prove to be Eocene rather than Oligocene. including four Kecent species. Twenty-four species 569 570 BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS and one variety are referred to named species and thir is living, it occurs also as a fossil in the Pliocene and teen species and one variety are described as new. The Pleistocene. These intervals in the wells are referred geographic and stratigraphic occurrence of the previ to the Pliocene and Pleistocene as the evidence is not ously named species is shown in table 1. Their dis sufficient to allow further subdivision. tribution throughout the drill holes (table 2) is such Eventually, it may be possible to refer the lower por that satisfactory correlation may be made for most of tion of this section to the Miocene. At 694 feet in Bikini their lengths. hole 2A and at 705 feet in Bikini hole 2B a new species From the top down to a depth of 852 feet in Bikini of Operculinoides is encountered. The preservation of holes 2A and 2B, the most significant species is Cyclo these specimens, however, resembles that of others from clypeus carpenteri H. B. Brady. Although this species the upper portions. TABLE 1.—Geographic and stratigraphic distribution of the previously named species [c-f, Pacific region Tertiary stages; /?, Recent; O, Ohattian; P, Pleistocene] DaitoKitaZima (NorthBoro Philippine IslandChristmas LauIslands.Fiji MayotteIsland MoluccaIslands RyukyuIslands dinoIsland) Islands Soembawa Australia Sumatra Borneo Soemba 05 i g 1 o 1-5 Pi H (?) e (?) e g-R Jf f {•rt/'n wn n 110 a e e e e TiPTtt nftf*tiftli'n n "fl 01*11 ft ft ft e-f f T"> lw flT/Tltl flYlfVPft l}10vf0J~lt*fl1'J(! e-f i e (?) C(?) f e e a e e e MIOCENE in Bikini hole 2A where specimens of Miogypsi- Tertiary g.—At a depth of 852 feet in both holes noides occur. These specimens appear to resemble another new species of Operculinoides occurs. The M. cupulaeformis (Zuffardi-Comerci) (1929, p. 147) preservation of these specimens is different from that described from deposits of supposed Burdigalian age of specimens from zones higher in the drill hole, but on Borneo. similar to specimens found below. Moreover, these specimens are apparently the same In the zone that is assigned to Tertiary g (uppermost as those identified as Miogypsina neodispansa (Jones Miocene) largely on position, two other species of For- and Chapman) by Cole (1945b, p. 297) from Vanua aminifera of the type considered in this report occur: Mbalavu, Lau Islands, Fiji. At Vanua Mbalavu M. Borelis schlumbergeri (Reichel) and Marginopora ver- cupulaeformis is associated with Cycloclypeus indo- tebralis Quoy and Gaimard at 925-935^ feet in Bikini pacificus terhaari Tan (1932, p. 71-73) a variety drill hole 2A. As this is a core sample, their occurrence characteristic of the Vindobonian. Some difficulty was here is not due to contamination. However, these spe encountered in reconciling the ranges of these two spe cies have been reported from the Recent and. do not cies on Vanua Mbalavu as M. neodispansa is definitely supply absolute evidence for stratigraphic correlation. a Tertiary e species. But, the change in identification Tertiary f3.—The first larger Foraminifera of spe more nearly satisfies the reported stratigraphic position cial significance occurs at a depth of 1030-1035% feet of this species. TABLE 2.—Distribution of gpecies in Bikini drill holes at indicated depths, in feet 2 A. 2 B b- 00 m t- CO t^ -5 lO ^ ^ -5 t* it « 8 X -5 \N Sfl \N8' ^ i \w t* ^ 3 1 s r- K 1 1 « S IQ 00 t- » ? >o CD »Q t £ 1 t^- ^ i i; i «\4, I =? Sf * 5! s * t^ ifc *OJ £ w CO ^ s 1 S 6 1 8 g s? g 00 o1 1 ' ' 1^ " 1 " I i i 1 I s Si 1 i 1 a; S n X X X X X X X X X X X X X x X X X parva Oppenoorth. ______X X X X X X X formosa Schlumberger______X X X X X X X Miogypsina (Miogpsina) borneensis Tan _ _ __ ._ __ .__ X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X margaritatus (Schlumberger) ______X X 572 BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS At 1082i/2-1088 feet in Bikini hole 2A the first speci OLIGOCENE mens of Lepidocyclina appear. Two species are pres Tertiary d (?).—There is a strong possibility that the ent, L. (Nephrolepidina) oridntalis van der Vlerk and L. (N.) swmatrensis inornata Rutten. L. (N.) orien Eulepidina zone should be subdivided, with the part tals marks the Preangerian stage or Tertiary /3 of from about 2070 feet in Bikini hole 2B down to the first East Indian Archipelago, and in light of present appearance of Halkyardia separated from the upper knowledge this stage contains the highest known Lepi- portion. The depth 2070 feet marks the appearance of docycUna-b&axmg beds of the East Indian section. L. (Eulepidina) abdopustula n. sp. (Glaessner, 1943, p. 61) The lower portion of the Eulepidina zone may repre Tertiary f^.—At 1135-1145% feet in Bikini hole sent Tertiary d. If so, the main zones of the Tertiary 2A there are specimens of Miogypsina which are re from d to g are represented in the Bikini holes. ferred to M. (Miogypsina) indonesiensis Tan and M. Tertiary c( ?).—At 2349 to 2359% feet in Bikini hole (M.) borneensis Tan. At 1167-11771/2 feet in Bikini 2B small specimens of Halkyardia are found, a most in hole 2B a fauna composed of L. (N.) parva Oppeno- teresting occurrence as the genus Halkyardia in Europe orth, Miogypsina (Miogypsina} indonesiensis Tan and occurs in the middle Eocene. It is known from the M. (M.) borneensis Tan is encountered. Although the Molucca Islands (Bursch, 1947, p. 29-34), associated range of these species is given as Aquitanian and Burdi- with undoubtedly Oligocene species and from New galian, it would appear from the occurrences of known Zealand where the age of the deposits is in question Aquitanian species at lower horizons in the well that (Parr, 1934, p. 144, 145; Findlay and Marwick, 1940, this portion should be classified as Burdigalian, or Ter p. 97, 111; 1948, p. 23). The deposits in New Zealand tiary /!_2. have been referred to the lower Miocene and upper, Abundant specimens of a Lepidocyclina identified as Oligocene, but at present these rocks are tentatively L. (N.) verrucosa Scheffen occur at 1240-1250% feet classified as Kaiatan (upper Eocene). in Bikini well 2A and at 1293-1303% feet in Bikini hole 2B. This species is reported from both Tertiary e and /. As no other species except Gypsina vesicularis (Park Tertiary e.—At 1387%-1398 feet in Bikini hole 2B er and Jones) were found between this sample and the there are abundant specimens of Miogypsinoides de- bottom of the hole, the question cannot be answered haartii van der Vlerk and a new species of Lepidocy definitely that this hole actually penetrated the Oli clina, L. cvbiculirhomboidea. As M. dehaartii is an gocene. However, the available evidence suggests that Aquitanian species, the top of this stage is placed at the Oligocene has been reached and that the hole ended this depth. in the Oligocene. Although new species of Lepidocyclina appear at The following table presents a summary of the divi 1534%-1545 feet in Bikini hole 2B, an important faunal sions which have been made in the Bikini holes: break occurs at 1597%-1608 feet in Bikini hole 2B with the first occurrence of the genus Spiroclypeus. Two Correlation of the Bikini drill holes species occur, S. leupoldi van der Vlerk and S. mar- Thick Depth Stratigraphic gar itatus (Schlumberger). Moreover, Miogypsinoides (feet) ness divisions Zone borodinensis (Hanzawa) and a new species, M. grandi- (feet) pustula, occur in this sample with a new species of Recent, Pleistocene, and Pliocene Lepidocyclina, L. (Nephrolepidina) pumilipapilla. At 1723%-1734 feet in Bikini hole 2B the first speci 0.850—— — ——— — - 850 mens of the subgenus Eulepidina of the genus Lepido Miocene cyclina occur. All the Lepidocyclina above this depth 850-1030. ------— 180 are referred to the subgenus Nephrolepidina. 1030-1130 _. ....——— 100 Tertiary /» 1130-1380---.. „. . -_ 250 Tertiary/; « Other important occurrences are a species of 1380-1590. --- — — 210 1590-1720------130 Spiroclypeus, S. yabei at 1671-1681% feet in Bikini 1720-2070------350 hole 2B and Heterostegina represented by two new species, first occurring at 1818-1828% feet in Bikini Oligocene (?) hole 2B. 2070-2349.....- — - 280 It appears that the Aquitanian, Tertiary e, in this 2349-2556-—— ——— 206 Tertiary c(?) hole could be subdivided in faunal zones as follows: Depth in feet Zone COMPARISON WITH OTHER DRILL HOLES 1380-1590————————————————_ Miogypsinoides dehaartii 1590-1720———————————————— Spiroclypeus margaritatus Although test holes have been drilled on Funafuti 1720-2350————————______Eulepidina Atoll, Ellice Islands, the Great Barrier reef and Mara- LARGER FORAMINIFERA FROM BIKINI DRILL HOLES 573 toea near Borneo, the only comparable drill hole is In the description of the genus Austrotrillina Parr the one on Kita-Daita-Zima (North Borodino Island) records that the aperture is doubtfully cribrate. The drilled by the Japanese in 1934-1936. This hole reached Bikini specimens are excellently preserved so that the a depth of 431.67 meters (1416 feet). exact nature of the aperture could be observed. The Hanzawa (1940, p. 757-765) reports five faimal aperture is bounded by a slightly elevated U-shaped lip zones from this well as follows: which surrounds three sides of the aperture. The fourth side, facing the second chamber, is without a lip. The Age Zone Depth (meters) aperture is covered by a plate penetrated by several small pores that are especially well developed along Pleistocene and Pliocene _ 1 0-103.49 the margins of the plate. 2 103.49-116.41 3 116.41-209.26 First appearance.—At a depth of 1954^-1965 feet in 4 209.26-394.98 Bikini hole 2B. Chattian ______5 394.98-431.67 Discussion—Hanzawa (1940, p. 793) states that this species is found only in the Aquitanian stage in the Lepidocyclina (Nephrolepidina] appears in zone 3 western Pacific. Crespin (1943, p. 66), however, re and Spiroclypeus is recorded only from zone 4. The ports "it has been shown that AustrotriUina howchini, eulepidine type of Lepidocyclina was not found. previously considered typical of V stage, has its type The occurrence of Chattian is based on the appear locality in the Lepidocyclina beds at Hamilton which ance of a new species of Miogypsinella—Miogypsinoide^ are upper middle Miocene in age." Glaessner (1943, as the chief fossil of zone 5. Inasmuch as this same chart) gives the range of the genus Austrotrillina as species, M. borodinensis (Hanzawa), is found in the Chattian, Aquitanian and Burdigalian, that is, Tertiary Bikini hole 2B in association with Spiroclypeus and a d, eand/i-2. considerable distance above the first appearance of The occurrence of this species in Bikini hole 2B is Eulepidina, the age assigned to the zone 5 of the Kita- definitely Tertiary e as it is associated with Spirocly- Daito-Zima (North Borodino Island) well appears to peus and Eulepidina. be incorrect. This hole, in the writer's opinion, ends Family CAMEBJNIDAE definitely in the Aquitanian, Tertiary e. There is a correspondence in the appearance of genera Genus OPERCTILINOIDES Hanzawa, 1935 in the North Borodino Island hole and the Bikini holes Specimens referred to this genus have not been re in that the nephrolepidine type of Lepidocyclina and ported from the Indo-Pacific region. However, cer Miogypsina sensu stricto appear first, followed by Mio~ tain specimens from the Bikini wells have the same gypsinoides of the M. dehaartii type at greater depths features as American species that are commonly placed and finally Spiroclypeus and Miogypsinoides of the M. in this genus. The distinction between certain forms borodinensis type. This general succession is found in placed in this genus and others that are referred to the Bikini hole 2B. From the information available it genus Oamerina is extremely tenuous. would appear that the North Borodino Island well did At present there seems to be a gradation between some not penetrate sufficiently deep to encounter the Eule- small specimens that are referred to Camerina and oth pidina zone. ers that are referred to the genus Operculinoides. More Several species are common to the two holes: Mio precise definitions are needed for these two genera.2 gypsina (Miogypsina) borneensis Tan, Miogypsino ides borodinensis (Hanzawa), Austrotrittina howchini Operculinoides amplicuneata Cole, n. sp. (Schlumberger) and Spiroclypeus margaritatus Plate 204, figures 7-10, 16-18 (Schlumberger). Test biconvex with a relatively sharp edge; surface ornamentation consisting of a relatively large umbonal DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES area of clear shell material with a diameter of about Family MILIOLIDAE 0.8 mm that is flush with the surface of the test and Genus ATJSTROTRILLINA Parr, 1942 from which radiate slightly raised sutures of clear shell Austrotrillina howchini (Schlumberger) material; the sutures may be either straight and radial with a slight recurvature at their distal ends, or slightly Plate 210, figures 6-9 wavy throughout their length; diameter from 2.2 to 2.4 1893. Trillina howchini Schlumberger, Bull. Soc. Geol. France, mm; thickness about 1.3 mm. ser. 3, v. 21, p. 119, text-fig. 1; pi. 3, fig. 6. 1942. Austrotrillina howchini (Schlumberger). Parr, Mining 2 Criteria for distinguishing between these genera have been published and Geol. Jour., Australia, v. 2, p. 361, figs. 1-3. (Cole, 1953, p. 27-46). 574 BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS Embryonic apparatus bilocular, initial chamber sub- This species is similar to the one that occurs at greater circular with diameters of 80 by 100 /x; second chamber depths in the wells and to which the specific name O. reniform with diameters of 45 by 100/*; thickness of Mkimensis is given. However, O. amplicuneata has a the outer wall of the embryonic chambers about 20/x. smaller diameter with fewer chambers in both the first The test consists of 3% coils with 8 chambers in the and final volutions. It is thicker through the center initial whorl and 20 chambers in the final volution. and the axial plug is much larger. The chamber walls are straight and radial with a slight This species belongs to the type referred by most recurvature at their distal ends. authors to 0. ammonoides (Gronovius), an extremely Transverse sections show on either side of the em variable species. However, certain specimens in a given bryonic chambers a plug of shell material that expands population of O. ammonoides possess evolute whorls outward so that the surface diameter may be as much as and distinctive surface ornamentation. The Bikini 1.0 mm. This corresponds to the umbonal area of clear specimens are constant in character in all the individ shell material seen on the exterior of the test. uals examined. First appearance.—At a depth of 852-857 feet in Operculinoides bikiniensis Cole, n. sp. Bikini hole 2A; at a depth of 852-862V2 feet in Bikini hole 2B. Plate 204, figures 19-23 Discussion.—The description of this species is based Test involute, compressed lenticular with a bluntly on specimens from a depth of 862^-873 feet in Bikini rounded periphery; surface ornamentation consisting hole 2B. Eroded, chalky specimens from a depth of of an irregular mass of clear shell material at the umbos 852-857 feet in Bikini hole 2B are referred to this of the test from which radiate to the periphery a num species and illustrated as figures 7, 9, 10, plate 204. ber of discontinuous, slightly sinuous, lines of clear shell These specimens have thicker side walls than the better material. These areas and the lines of clear shell ma preserved specimens from Bikini hole 2B, but otherwise terial are nearly flush with the surface of the test. have the same features. Measurements of 6 specimens follows: Median sections Transverse sections Height. ______mm 2. 8 2. 6 2. 76 2. 3 + 3.0 2. 6 + Width. ______mm_ 2. 54 2. 4 2. 6 Thickness ______mm_ 0. 94 1. 04 0.96 Diameter of initial chamber ______n 80 80 60 100 90 100 Diameters of second chamber. ______M - 40 x 100 60 x 100 40 x 80 Number of volutions ______3tf 4 m Number of chambers in final volution _ 24 30 25 Surface diameter of umbonal plug _ _ _ mm 0. 46 0. 8 0. 44 The chamber walls as viewed in median sections are Externally, the Bikini specimens are very similar to straight and radial except near their distal ends where certain ones figured by Bannink (1948) as 0. ammo they are slightly recurved. The proximal ends of the noides (see especially Bannink's figure 116, plate 13). chamber walls are clubshaped and the apertural pas Bannink (1948, p. 115) in a statistical analysis of sage between the end of the chamber wall and the re species of the genus Operculina believes that "the data volving partition appears in many well-oriented median about the number of chambers in the first coil are im sections. portant in marking evolution." However, in the speci mens studied by Bannink the highest number of cham First appeardnce.—At a depth of 977^-988 feet in bers in the first volution is 8, whereas the specimens Bikini hole 2A; at a depth of 1020-1100 feet in Bikini from Bikini have 10 or 11. 2B. Bannink gives the range of O. ammonoides in the Discussion.—There is a resemblance to certain speci Netherlands East Indies as Tertiary e4-5 to Recent, but mens referred by various authors to Operculina am- claims that by statistical means to be able to recognize monoides (Gronovius). The median section resembles various races of this basic species which developed at the specimen figured by Yabe and Hanzawa (1925, p. various horizons of geological time. 49-51) from Apia Harbor, Upolu, Samoa Islands. The specimens from Bikini not only have more cham This specimen was identified first as O. venosa (Fichtel bers in the initial whorl, but they are larger. The Bi and Moll), but later Hanzawa (1939, p. 229) changed kini specimens do not have the beading typical of cer the identification to O. ammonoides. tain individuals in any population of O. ammonoides. LARGER FORAMINIFERA FROM BIKINI DRILL HOLES 575 Operculinoides rectilata Cole, n. sp. them become recurved. In most specimens the periph Plate 204, figures 11-15; plate 205, figures 15-17 ery is bounded by a band of clear shell material into which the distal ends of the sutures fuse. The height Megalospheric form.—Test small, thick with a blunt is from 1.9 to 2.5 mm; the width is 1.6 to 2.1 mm; the ly rounded periphery; surface smooth, apparently de thickness through the umbo is about 0.6 mm; the thick void of ornamentation; diameter from 2.2 to 2.7 mm; ness of the rim is 0.12 to 0.44 mm. thickness about 1.4 mm. A specimen with a height of 2.4 mm and a width Embryonic chambers bilocular; initial chamber sub- of 2.0 mm has a spherical initial chamber with an inter circular with diameters of 80 by 100 /*; second chamber nal diameter of 60 /*. The second chamber is reniform reniform with diamters of 60 by 140 /*; outer wall with internal diameters of about 40 by 100 /*. There are of the embryonic chambers thick with a thickness 10 chambers in the first volution and 21 chambers in of about 40 /*. the final volution. The chamber walls are straight and The adult test is composed of 4 volutions with 9 radial until the distal ends are approached where sharp chambers in the initial coil and 24 chambers in the final recurvature occurs. The revolving wall is thick. There volution. The chamber walls are nearly straight and are 3 volutions in the adult test. radial although some have a very minor recurvature Transverse sections show an umbonal plug on each at their distal ends. The revolving wall is thick with side of the embryonic chambers. The surface diameter a thickness of 120 /*. of these plugs is from 140 to 240 /*. On either side of Transverse sections show that the outer wall of the the umbonal plugs there are several small pillars with test is thick and that the various coils are fused into continuous masses on each side of the embryonic cham surface diameters of 40 to 100 /x. bers. Pillars are not present. First appearance.—At a depth of 914-9191^ feet in Microspheric form.—Similar to the megalospheric Bikini hole 2A; at a depth of 883i/2-894 feet in Bikini form, but larger with a diameter of 3.4 to 4.0 mm and hole 2B. a thickness of about 1.2 mm. Discussion.—This species belongs to the same group First appearance.—At a depth of 694-705 feet in as does O. complanata (Defrance) and O. bartschi Bikini hole 2A; at a depth of 705-715^ feet in Bikini Cushman. O. lucidisutura is more involute than typical hole 2B. specimens of O. complanata. Its smaller size and sur Discussion.—The nearly parallel sides of the test, as face ornamentation separate it from O. bartschi. seen in transverse sections, is a characteristic and con Genus HETEROSTEGINA d'Orbigny, 1826 stant feature of this species. There is a slight resemblance to certain individuals Heterostegina nigripustula Cole, n. sp. that have been called O. venosa (Fichtel and Moll). Plate 209, figures 1-8 Hanzawa (1939, pp. 225-232) believes that most of Test thickest over the embryonic chambers, thence the specimens identified as O. venosa should be called thinning rather regularly to the periphery, surface O. ammonoides (Gronovius) which is an extremely ornamented by slightly projecting papillae which are variable species. The Bikini specimens are all very larger and closer spaced on the inflated portion than constant in the features displayed and none of them on the flange. Several papillae are more or less fused possess the evolute character and beaded sutures which directly over the embryonic chambers to form an characterize, at least, certain individuals of O. ammo umbonal boss. The flange papillae have diameters of noides. Therefore, the specimens from the Bikini hole 60 to 80 /*; the papillae on the inflated portion have are described as a new species. a diameter of about 160 /* and the umbonal boss has Genus OPERCULINA d'Orbigny, 1826 a diameter of about 460 /*. The wall of the test is dull white, whereas the papillae are dark grey, thus they Operculina lucidisutura Cole, n. sp. become very conspicuous features on the surface of these Plate 204, figures 1-6 tests. The height of the test is 3.4 to 3.9 mm; the width Test compressed or with an eccentric umbo sur is 2.9 to 3.2 mm, and the thickness is 1.36 to 1.7 mm. rounded by a thin, compressed rim. Surface ornamen The initial chamber of the embryonic apparatus is tation consists of an umbonal mass of shell material subcircular with internal diameters of 260 by 280 /* in from which radiate rather broad, slightly raised sutures median sections and internal diameters of 190 by 240 of clear shell material. The sutures are straight and to 260 by 300 p. in transverse sections. The second cham radial except near their distal ends where many of ber is reniform with internal diameters of 130 by 340 p 576 BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS in median sections and internal diameters of 190 by 240 embryonic chambers. The first heterostegine chamber jtt in transverse sections. The distance across both cham is divided into 2 or 3 chamberlets. bers is 340 to 380 /*. In one median section the initial chamber has internal There are about 2i/£ coils with the first chamber after diameters of 160 by 200 /*; the second chamber has the embryonic chambers undivided, the second divided internal diameters of 100 by 200 p ; the distance across into three chamberlets, the third chamber divided into both chambers, including the walls, is 360 /*, and the four chamberlets and the fourth divided into seven operculine chamber has internal diameters of 40 by chamberlets. 180 fi. In the other available median section the initial In transverse sections pillars occur, closely grouped chamber has diameters of 140 by 180 /*; the second in the area over the embryonic chambers and irregu chamber has internal diameters of 65 by 200 p ; the dis larly scattered in the other portions of the test. The tance across both chambers is 300 /*, and the operculine pillars taper rapidly as they approach the median layer. chamber has internal diameters of 50 by 180 p. In general, the umbonal pillars penetrate to the median In a transverse section the distance across both cham layer, but the pillars outside of this zone often pene bers, including the walls, is 300 p and the height of the trate only a portion of the distance to the median layer. chambers, including both walls is 240 fi. In most of the transverse sections there are open The test is composed of 2 to 2*4 whorls. The cham spaces between the covering walls which resemble lat bers and their chamberlets gradually increase in size eral chambers. In some sections these are more appar as they are added, but there are irregularities particu ent than in others, although all the transverse sections larly in the radial diameters. Chamberlets of the final show this feature. chambers have radial diameters from 140 to 200 p. and First appearance.—At a depth of 1818-18281^ feet tangential diameters from 80 to 100 p. in Bikini hole 2B. Small pillars, crowded together, are present over the Discussion.—This species most nearly resembles Het embryonic chambers. Smaller pillars are scattered erostegina borneensis van der Vlerk (1929, p. 16). It irregularly through the remainder of the side walls. differs from that species in possessing pseudo-lateral First appearance.—At a depth of 18491/^-1860 feet in chambers and a much larger operculine chamber fol Bikini hole 2B. lowing the embryonic chambers. The pillars in speci Discussion.—This species resembles somewhat H. mens from Saipan assigned to H. borneensis are much praecursor Tan (1932, p. 133-135) but is smaller than more regular in development and scattered more evenly that species, has a larger and more developed umbo, and throughout the test. has numerous umbonal pillars. Internally, the two Heterostegina pusillumbonata Cole, n. sp. species are strikingly different. Plate 206, figures 3-9 Heterostegina suborbicularis d'Orbigny Test thin, compressed, fragile with a small eccentri Plate 205, figures 5-8 cally located umbo surrounded by a wide rim. Surface 1826. Heterostegina, suborbicularis d'Orbigny, Ann. Sci. Nat., ornamentation consists of a group of umbonal pustules v. 7, p. 305. from which radiate arcuate, beaded sutures outlining 1880. Heterostegina, curva Moebius, Merresfauna Insel Mauri tius, p. 105, pi. 13, figs. 1-6. the curved chamber walls. Chamberlet sutures do not 1925. Heterostegina depressa Yabe and Hanzawa [not d'Or show unless the surface of the specimen is moist. The bigny] Tohoku Imp. Univ., Sci. Rep., ser. 2 (Geol.), v. 7, pustules at the center of the umbonal area are very close pp. 53-55, pi. 8, figs. 5, 6; pi. 9, figs. 4-7; pi. 10, fig. 4. together and give the appearance of being virtually in 1933. Heterostegina suborbicularis d'Orbigny. Cushman, U. S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 161, pt. 2, p. 58, pi. 17, figs. 6cr, 6. contact. These pustules have a surface diameter of 1933. Heterostegina curva Moebius. Cushman, idem, pi. 17, about 140 p. This cluster of pustules is surrounded by figs. 1-5. smaller pustules with diameters of about 100 p and dis Through the upper section of the holes, specimens of tinctly separated from each other. The sutural beads Heterostegina occur. The preservation of the speci have diameters of about 60 p.. The height of an average mens indicates that some are living forms present as specimen is 3.4 mm; the width is 2.4 mm; the diameter contamination and others are fossil. All, however, ap of the umbo is 1.0 mm; the thickness through the umbo pear to represent this species. is 0.7 mm; and the thickness through the rim is 0.3 mm, This species is characterized by a large number of The embryonic chambers are bilocular with a sub- operculine chambers, of which there are about 19 in the circular initial chamber followed by a reniform cham megalospheric generation and about 34 in the micro- ber. There is one operculine chamber following the splieric generation. LARGER FORAMINIFERA FROM BIKINI DRILL HOLES 577 Genus SPIROCLYPEUS H. Douville, 1905 tules from each of which radiate at approximately 120° Spiroclypeus leupoldi van der Vlerk angles 3 slightly raised sutures. The sutures bound polygonal or rudely hexagonal shaped areas which rep Plate 208, figures 1-19 resent the surface expression of the lateral chambers. 1925. Spiroclypeus leupoldi van der Vlerk, Wetensch. Meded. In mi weathered specimens the pustules and sutures are No. 3, p. 14, 15, pi. 2, fig. 16; pi. 5, figs. 41, 48. composed of clear shell material, and the intervening 1926. Spiroclypeus globulus Nuttall, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. Lon don, v. 82, p. 36,37, pi. 5, figs. 5-7, text fig. 1. areas are covered by dense shell material. In weathered 1929. Spiroclypeus leupoldi van der Vlerk and Wennekers, Eclog. specimens the distinction between materials is destroyed Geol. Helvet., v. 22, p. 167, pi. 16, figs. 7a-d. largely, and the pustules and sutures appear only as 1931. Spiroclypeus leupoldi van der Vlerk. Krijnen, Genootsch. slightly raised areas. In the unweathered and espe Nederl. en Kol., Verb. Geol. Mijnbouwk, geol. ser., v. 9, p. 90, pi. 3, figs. 1-3. cially in the worn specimens the external wall of certain 1937. Spiroclypeus leupoldi van der Vlerk. Tan, De Ing. Ned.- of the lateral chambers is removed which results in the Indie. 4. Mijnbouw en Geol. 4 Jaarg., p. 182, 133. formation of polygonal-shaped pits. The pustules have Test small, evenly biconvex, or with an eccentrically surface diameters of 40 to 80 /*, with those of the greater situated unbonal area surrounded by a gently sloping diameter located in the central area. Measurements of rim surface ornamentation consisting of minute pus- heights and thickness through the center follow: 1660%- 1671H- 1681^- Depth______feet 1597H-1608J 1639^-1650 1671 1681H 1692 914- 2.7 2.06 + 2. 7 2.0 + 2.4+ 2 1 4- 2. 54 + Thickness ______mm _ _ 1. 1 0. 8 1. 0 1. 2 1. 28 1.6 1.0 1. 02 Slight Inflated len Slight lar. lenticular. rim. ticular. rim. rim. rim. The embryonic apparatus is bilocular with the initial bers is undivided and large. Measurements of the em chamber circular to subcircular. The second chamber bryonic and succeeding chambers follow: is reniform. The first chamber after the initial cham Depth ______feet 1597X2-1608 1650-1660K 168iy»-1692 1681K-1692 160 x 180 140 x 160 190 x 200 150x 180 Second chamber. ______/x__ 80 x 300 70 x 200 90 x 280 75 x 210 -M 80 x 320 60 x 200 90 x 280 60 x 260 2 3 5 4 Median sections show from 2*4 to 2^ whorls. The The lateral chambers are arranged in rather regular chamberlets increase in size toward the periphery. tiers. The cavities of the lateral chambers are low, ap- Peripheral chamberlets have a radial diameter of about pressed, but distinct and open. The juncture of two tiers of lateral chambers is marked by a thickening 140 /* and tangential diameters of 60 to 80 /*. of the shell material which produces a pillarlike struc The median chambers have an internal height of ture. The ends of these thickened areas appear on the 30 to 40 /*. The height of the median layer, including surface of the test as pustules. Measurements of critical the floor and roof, is about 90 /*. features of the transverse sections follow: 1639^- 1660K- 1671- 1681J4- Depth (feet)_ _ mm_ 1597^-1608 1650 1671 1681M 1692 Thickness ______mm 0. 8 1. 0 1. 1 1. 2 1. 28 1. 6 1. 0 1. 02 Number of lateral chambers to a tier on each 6 6 7 9 9 11 8 6 100-120 100-120 80-160 80-140 100-140 140-200 100-200 100-140 Height of lateral chambers _ p. 10 20 20 20 20 30-40 20-35 20-30 40 20-40 20-40 20-40 40 20-40 20-40 20 First appearance.—At a depth of ISQT^-IGOS feet Discussion.—This species was described from beds lo in Bikini drill hole 2B. cated in the northeastern portion of the Netherlands Age reported elseiohere.—Aquitanian, Tertiary e. sector of Borneo (Van der Vlerk, 1925, p. 14, 15). 578 BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS Krijnen (1931, p. 90) in a review of the genus illus The lateral chambers are arranged in regular tiers. trates and gives measurements of specimens referred to There are about 10 chambers to a tier on either side of this species. Tan (1937, p. 182,183) discusses this spe the embryonic apparatus. The chamber cavities are cies briefly and places it in the group which he desig low, appressed between thick roofs and floors. Cham nates the reticulate forms. bers over the center and at the periphery of the test In median sections the most striking feature is the have a length of about 80 to 120 ^ and a height of about large operculine chamber following the embryonic ap 20 p. The roofs and floors have a thickness of about paratus. This is shown in the illustration given by 25 to 40/t. Pillars are not present, but the thickened wall be Krijnen and in the specimens figured in this report. In tween the lateral chambers presents the appearance of transverse section the absence of heavy pillars and the arrangement of the lateral chambers in regular tiers are pillars. The equatorial layer has a height of 35 p, at the center the most striking features. However, the thickening of of the test and a height of 50 ^ at the periphery of the the lateral chamber walls at the juncture of the tiers produces a feature which resembles a pillar, and some test. Spiroclypeus margaritatus (Schlumberger) difficulty is encountered in distinguishing these trans: verse sections from those of other species. Plate 206 figures 10-25; plate 207, figures 15, 16 In the collections of the U. S. National Museum there 1902. Heterostegina margaritata Schlumberger, Geol. Reichs- were three specimens labelled Spiroclypeus leupoldi van Mus., Leiden, Samml., v. 6, p. 252-253, pi. 7, fig. 4. 1925. Spiroclypeus margaritatus (Schlumberger). Yabe and der Vlerk (USNM 545,009) from locality 3, Tido- Hanzawa, Genootsch. Nederl. en Kol., Verb. Geol. Mijn- engsche Landen, East Borneo. With the permission of bouwk, geol. ser., v. 8, p. 627-630, text figs. 1-3. the Museum authorities one of these specimens was 1931. Spiroclypeus margaritatus (Schlumberger). Krijnen, made into a median section, another furnished a trans idem. v. 9, p. 89, pi. 1, figs. 1-3. verse section (figures 6, 7, plate 208), and the third 1937. Spiroclypeus margaritatus (Schlumberger). Tan, De Ing. in Ned.-Indie. 4. Mijnbouw en Geol. 4 Jaarg., p. 182, was retained for the external appearance. pi. 2, fig. 12; pi. 3, fig. 9; pi. 4, figs. 6, 7. A description of these specimens follows: A speci 1940. Spiroclypeus margaritatus (Schlumberger). Hanzawa, men with a diameter of 1.8 mm and a thickness of 1.4 Jubilee Publ. in commemoration of Prof. H. Yabe's 60th mm has shallow, polygonal pits with diameters of about birthday, p. 789, 790, pi. 42, figs. 3-9. 140 p. covering the exterior. The walls separating these Test small, inflated to evenly biconvex, bordered by pits have a thickness of 80 to 160 /*. Pillars are not a narrow rim. Surface ornamentation in unweathered present. specimens consists of slightly raised pustules of lustrous A specimen with a diameter of 1.6 mm was utilized shell material of irregular shape with surface diam for a median section. The initial chamber is subcircular eters in the umbonal area of about 200 p. The pustules with diameters of 135 by 150 p. The second chamber become smaller and more nearly circular toward the is reniform with diameters of 60 by 180 /*. There is flange of the test. From each pustule sutures of the one operculine chamber with diameters of 80 by 200 p. same type of shell material radiate to enclose polygonal The first heterostegine chamber has four chamberlets. areas of dense shell material. On portions of the flange The chamberlets have considerable variation in size. the sutures of the rectangular chamberlets of the median Small ones have radial diameters of about 60 /* and layer show. Weathered specimens have the same or tangential diameters of about 60 /*. Large ones have namentation, but there is not the contrast in shell mate radial diameters of about 140 /* and tangential diame rial between the pustules and sutures and the interven ters of about 80 ju.. ing areas. The polygonal areas in many specimens are A transverse section was made from a specimen with in the form of pits produced by the destruction of the a height of 2.0+ mm and a thickness of 1.2 mm. The outer wall of the lateral chambers which underlie each initial chamber only is exposed in this section, and it of the polygonal areas. Measurements of heights and has a diameter of 120 thickness through the center follow: 1639}.- 1671- Depth. _ .______feet 1597^-1608 1650 1681H Height.. ______mm_ _ 2.2+_____ 1.84+ ____ 2.4+_____ 2.4+_____ 2.9+. ___ 2.5+_.__- 3.0+ Thickness . ______mm 0.98--____ 1.2 1.56- __-_ 1.6______1.5-. __ 1.52-_____ 1.46 Shape. ______Lenticular. Slight rim_ Lenticular. Slight rim_ Slight rim Slight rim. LARGER FORAMTNIFERA FROM BIKINI DRILL HOLES 579 The embryonic apparatus is bilocular with the initial Peripheral chamberlets have a radial diameter of about chamber spherical to subspherical. The second cham 100 /* and tangential diameters of 70 to 90 /*. ber is reniform. The first chamber after the embryonic The median chambers have an internal height of chambers is simple and moderate in size. Measure about 40 ju,. The height of the median layer, including ments of the embryonic apparatus and succeeding cham the floor and roof, is from 160 to 200 ju,. bers follow: The lateral chambers are arranged in regular tiers 1639^- Depth,. ______.__feet__ 1597^-1608 1650 between the pillars, but in the portions of the test where 160 x 180 230 x 280 180 x 240 220 x 240 pillars are not developed chambers from one tier over 70x240 120 x 270 65x200 100 x 300 60 x 160 60 x 180 60 x 100 80 x 160 lap those of adjacent tiers. The chamber cavities are Number of chamberlets in first het- 5 4 4 5 low, slitlike, but open and distinct. The roofs and floors are thick. Heavy pillars occur especially over the Median sections show from 2 to 21,4 whorls. The embryonic apparatus. Measurements of critical fea chamberlets increase in size toward the periphery. tures of the transverse sections follow: Depth (feet) ______-______.__-_. ]L597H-160S5 1639J4- 1671- 1650 1681H Thickness ______.. _mm 0. 98 1. 2 1. 56 1. 6 1. 5 I CO 1.46 Number of lateral chambers to a tier on each side of the 6 7 6 7 6 6 6 100 100 100-160 80-160 80-140 100-140 1 on_ i QA Height of lateral chambers ______/u_ 20 20 20 20 20 20-40 Orion Thickness of roofs and floors. ______/u_ 40-50 40-60 40-100 40-80 60-80 40-80 60-140 80-100 100-180 140-280 120-340 140-240 140-220 200-260 First appearance.—At a depth of ISQY^-IGOS feet in with surface diameters of 180 to 200 /* scattered irreg Bikini hole 2B. ularly over the surface, but especially well developed Age reported elsewhere.—Aquitanian, Tertiary e. on the umbonal area; diameter 1.9 to 2.8 mm; thickness Discussion.—This species is distinguished from S. 1.5 mm. lewpoldi with which it is associated by the possession The embryonic chambers are large, the initial cham of large, heavy pillars, the thick roofs and floors of the ber has diameters of 450 by 560 //,; the second chamber lateral chambers and the moderate size of the opercu- has diameters of 240 by 600 p. There is one operculine line chamber. chamber with diameters of 80 by 460 /*. The first hetero- As there is confusion in the definition of the species stegine chamber contains 3 chamberlets. On the other of Spiroctypeus, the discussion which follows attempts side of the embryonic chambers opposite the operculine to define certain specimens available to the writer for chamber is a subsidiary chamber with diameters of 80 comparison with the Bikini material. by 220 p. Douville (1905, p. 462-464) refers specimens of Chamberlets of the median layer have tangential di Spiroclypeus from Hikun on the Tabalong River, SE. ameters of about 180 JM and radial diameters of about Borneo to the species S. pleurocentralis (Carter). The 60 to 100 ju. illustrations given by Douville consist of two external In transverse section the embryonic chambers have views and one transverse section. a length of 540 /* and a height of 260 /*. In the collection of the U. S. National Museum there The lateral chambers are low, appressed between very are three specimens from this locality which from their thick roofs and floors. The lateral chambers do not external appearance are the same as the ones illustrated occur in regular tiers, but are scattered and overlapping. by Douville. From these specimens one median and one There are about 6 layers of lateral chambers on each transverse section (plate 206, figures 1, 2), was made; side of the embryonic chambers. The length of the the remaining specimen was preserved intact for the lateral chambers varies considerably, the shorter ones external appearance. have a length of about 80 ^ and the longer ones a length A description of these specimens follows: Test bicon of about 200 ju,. The height of the lateral chambers is vex, with or without a narrow rim; surface ornamen about 20 ju,. The thickness of the floors and roof is from tation consisting of slightly raised, rather large pustules 40 to 80 or more p. 580 BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS Pillars are irregularly scattered throughout the trans Nederl. en Kol., Verh. Geol. Mijnbouwk, geol. ser., v. 9, verse section. These pillars have surface diameters oi p. 89-90, pi. 1, figs. 8-10. 200 to 300 ^ 1937. Spiroclypeus yabei van der Vlerk. Tan, De Ing. in Ned.- Indie: 4. Mijnbouw en Geol. 4 Jaarg. p. 182, 183, pi. Tan (1937, p. 183) in writing of the specimens illus 1, figs. 5, 6; pi. 3, figs. 10,11; pi. 4, figs. 8-10. trated by Douville states: "Douville's Spir. ? pleurocen- • trails cannot be exactly identified at the moment, it Test with an eccentrically located inflated portion may be a Spir. margaritatus, whereas the section of that merges imperceptibly with the flange. Surface Douville's fig. 9 may have been made from a reticulate ornamentation consists of papillae rather closely spaced Spiroclypeus" and projecting on the inflated area and farther apart, Although the specimens in the U. S. National Mu smaller and nearly flush with the surface on the flange. seum have the same external appearance as the speci Slight weathering so etches the surface that the pillar mens illustrated by Douville (1905) as figures 7 and 8, heads are brought out in strong relief in areas so af the transverse section made from one of these specimens fected. On these portions of the test ridgelike walls is not at all similar to the transverse section illustrated of the lateral chambers interconnect between the pro by Douville as figure 9. As Tan has indicated, this jecting pillars to form a polygonal mesh of pits with the transverse section has the appearance of a Spiroclypeus pillars at the corners of the polygons. The papillae on of the leupoldi group. the inflated portion have surface diameters of 140 to Krijnen (1931, p. 89, 90) considers the Netherland 200 /x, whereas those on the flange have diameters of East Indian specimens should be referred to pleuro- about 100 /x. The height of typical specimens is from centralis and that the species named yabei by van der 3.2 to 4.1 mm and the width is from 3 to 3.8 mm. The Vlerk (1925, p. 16) should be a synonym of this species. thickness through the inflated portion is 0.9 to 0.96 mm Tan (1937, p. 183, 190) however, retains the name and the umbonal area is 1.6 to 2.0 mm in diameter. yabei and assumes the position that S. pleurocentralis Associated with the specimens described above are of Carter may not even represent a Spiroclypeus inas a few specimens which show slight differences. These much as this species is very poorly described and figured. specimens are here described: Test with an eccentri Van der Vlerk (1925, p. 16, 17) in the type descrip cally located, strongly demarked, inflated area which tion of the species, S. tidoenganensis, describes and is bordered by a relatively narrow flange. These speci illustrates in this species a very large embryonic appar mens have a height and a width of about 3 mm with atus which resembles that of the specimens from Hikun. the diameter of the umboiial area from 1.8 to 2 mm. It is almost certain that these specimens should be The thickness through the inflated portion is 1.3 to referred to S. tidoenganensis. 1.44 mm. The umbonal area is thickly studded with Spiroclypeus yabei van der Vlerk papillae with surface diameters from 200 to 280 /*. An occasional papilla has a surface diameter of about 500 /*. Plate 207, figures 1-14; plate 208, figures 20-26 Measurements of the internal features of the two 1925. Spiroclypeus yabei van der Vlerk, Wetensch. Meded. No. types are given in the following tables. Type I is the 3, p. 16, pi. 2, fig. 19 ; pi. 5, figs. 40, 50. 1931. Spiroclypeus pleurocentralis Krijnen [not Orbiculina specimens with the less inflated tests, and type II is pleurocentralis Carter 1857]. Krijnen, Genootsch. the specimens with the 'sharply inflated umbonal area. Transverse sections Type I Type II Diameter, _mm _ 3. 2 + 3.4 + 2. 7 + 2. 8 + Thickness __ _.mm_ 0. 9 0. 96 1. 3 1. 44 Diameter of umbo ______mm__ 1. 6 1. 8 2. 0 1. 8 Flange width at base of test_ __mm 0.4 0. 5 Broken 0. 6 Flange thickness at base of test _ _mm_ 0.2 0. 22 0. 3 Flange width at top of test _ mm_ 1.2 1. 0 Broken Broken 0. 26 0. 28 _____-_/*-- 300 240 280 Diameters of initial chamber ______fi. _ 180x200 180x220 Diameters of second chamber ______M_ _ 80x120 _'______/.__ 40 40 40 Number of lateral chambers on each side of equatorial layer. ____ 6, 5 6,4 8 5,8 Height of lateral chambers /*__ 20 20 20 20 Length of lateral chambers ______fjt 100-180 100-200 100-160 220 Thickness of floors and roofs of lateral chambers fjt 40 40-60 40-60 25-80; av. 60 Surface diameters of pillars _ __ __ M - 60-100 80-100 120-240 200-400 Internal thickness of equatorial layer______/.__ 50 60 40 50 LARGER FORAMINIFERA FROM BIKINI DRILL HOLES 581 Median sections Type I Type II Height- ______3.2+ 3.2+ 2.4+ 2. 9+ Width______3. 5 + 3. 0+ 2.2+ 2. 6+ Number of coils . ______2Y2 2% 2/4 2% Diameter across both embryonic chambers M 320 280 320 320 Diameters of initial chamber ______/*__ 220 x 240 170 x 200 200 x 240 200 x 220 Diameters of second chamber ______ft 100 x 260 80 x 220 100 x 220 100 x 260 Number of undivided chambers ______1 1 1 1 Number of chamberlets in first subdivided chamber. 5 5 Although in the original sorting of this lot of speci 230 fi. The distance across both chambers is 240 /*. mens, it was thought two species might be present, the There is one operculine chamber followed by 3 hetero • internal features are so similar that the conclusion was stegine chambers. reached that only one species is represented. Also, At a depth of 841^-847 feet in Bikini hole 2A there careful study of a number of specimens has demon was found a larger specimen with a diameter of 3.4 mm. strated that there is gradation between the extremes This specimen has a narrow rim surrounding a flat, originally selected to represent the two types. lenticular central area. The central area is ornamented First appearance.—At a depth of 16601^-1671 feet by concentric rows of pustules with surface diameters in Bikini hole 2B. of about 40 p. These pustules are flush with the sur Age reported elsewhere.—Aquitanian, Tertiary e. face of the test except in the areas where the surface of Discussion.—Krijnen (1931, p. 90) places S. yabei the test has been slightly abraided, in which places the in syonymy under S. pleurocentralis (Carter), but Tan pustules show clearly. The rim is ornamented by the (193T, p. 183) states "we are not all sure, whether Car rectangular sutures of the equatorial chambers. ter's species even belongs to /Spiroclypeus." The origi In Bikini hole 2B specimens of this genus were found nal description of S. yabei is incomplete and the illus from 715 to 862 feet. These specimens resemble the ones trations are poor. from Bikini hole 2A but are slightly larger. The diam However, the preparations of the Bikini specimens eter of these specimens is 3.8 to 4.1 mm and the thick more nearly resemble S. yabei in the details that could ness through the center is approximately 1.0 mm. be ascertained than any other described species. There The embryonic chambers are destroyed largely by the are, however, certain resemblances between vertical sec calcitic filling of the chambers. However, the diameter tions of the thinner specimens from the Bikini well and across both of the embryonic chambers is about 200 ju, specimens described from Aintab, Turkish Syria by in one specimen and 240 p, in another. There is one Henson (1937, p. 51-52) as Spiroclypeus ~blancken- operculine chamber in both of these specimens, but one horni variety ornata Henson. Henson separates this of the specimens has 4 heterostegine chambers and the variety from 8. yabei by the absence of granules on the other has 6. marginal flange, a difference of doubtful taxonomic In a vertical section the height of the embryonic cham value. bers is 200 ,u, and the length is 320 /*. The equatorial layer at the center of the test has a height of 40 ^ and Genus CYCIOCIYPETIS W. B. Carpenter, 1856 at the periphery a height of 120 /*. In all of these speci Cyeloelypeus carpenter! H. B. Brady mens the walls covering the equatorial layer are lami nated, but devoid of pillars. Plate 205, figures 9-14 Age reported elsewhere.—Tertiary g to Recent. 1856. Cyeloelypeus sp. H. B. Carpenter, Philos. Trans., v. 146, p. Discussion.—Two Recent species have been named, C. 555-562, pi. 29, figs. 10-12; pi. 30, figs. 1, 3, 4; pi. 31, figs. carpenteri and G. guembelianus. G. carpenteri is de 2-6, 8-10. scribed as possessing pillars, whereas G. guembelianus 1881. Cyeloelypeus carpenteri H. B. Brady, Quart. Jour. Micros. Soc., n. ser., v. 21, p. 66, 67. is devoid of pillars. The type specimens must be re- studied before the exact relationship of these two species At a depth of 673 to 678i/2 feet in Bikini drill hole 2A a small lenticular specimen was found. This specimen can be determined. has a diameter of 2.8 mm. Family PENEROPIIDAE The embryonic chambers consist of a subcircular ini Genus MARGINOPORA ftuoy and Gaimard in Blainville, 1830 tial chamber with internal diameters of 120 /*. The 1840. Amphisorus Ehrenberg, Abhand. k. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, second chamber is reniform with diameters of 100 by for 1838 [18401, p. 130, pi. 3, fig. 3. 294856—54———6 582 BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS Marginopora vertebralis Quoy and Gaimard apertures in a double alternating line along the periph Plate 210, figures 10-13 ; plate 211, figures 3-29 ery, whereas Marginopora has two layers of chambers 1830. Marginopora vertebralis Quoy and Gaimard in Blainville, between which occurs an inner series of chamberlets. Diet. Sci. Nat., v. 60, p. 377. The apertures in Marginopora occur in more or less 1834. Marginopora vertebralis Quoy and Gaimard in Blain- vertical rows on the periphery with a horizontal row ville's Manuel d'Actinologie, p. 412, 413, pi. 69, figs. 6; above and below. 6a-c. In my collection there are specimens of "Orbitolites" In the core sample at 925-9351/£ feet occur numerous, from Ibo Bay, northeast of Kerimbo Island, Portu well-preserved specimens that were identified from their guese East Africa purchased from Mr. Arthur Earland. external appearance as Marginopora vertebralis Quoy Heron-Alien and Earland (1915, p. 604-606) list from and Gaimard. As thin section were made of these this locality Orbitolites marginalis, 0. duplex and 0. specimens, certain differences in the internal structures complanata. between specimens which appeared to be the same ex ternally were noted. Cushman (1930, p. 51) states: Some specimens possess a single layer of chambers I have examined the types of Amphisorus hemprichii in the Ehrenberg collection in Berlin, and it seems that Carpenter's with one large pore, others have a similar structure for species (O. duplex) is a synonym in which case Ehrenberg's a variable distance from the embryonic chambers, but name will take precedence. the chambers of the outer annuli possess two pores for The Recent species which for many years was called each chamber, whereas others have a sequence of cham ''''Orbitolites complanata" is referred to Marginopora bers with one pore followed by others with two pores vertebralis Quoy and Gaimard by recent authors. and ultimately in the outer annuli the chambers have Thus, in the samples from Ibo Bay there is found three or more pores. In these specimens the outer an Sorites marginalis, Amphisorus hemprichii and Mar nuli appear to be composed of three layers. Certain ginopora vertebralis. other specimens have chambers with two pores immedi The specimens of Sorites marginalis could be recog ately after the embryonic chambers which are followed nized readily by the arrangement of the intermediate by chambers with multiple pores, and the chambers ap chambers between the embryonic chambers and the an parently occur in three layers rather than a single one. nular chambers. But, the specimens which were se It was impossible in most cases to predict from the lected to illustrate A. hemprichii and M. vertebralis external appearance the internal structure which would proved to be as confusing to identify generically as did be encountered in the vertical sections. However, it the specimens from the Bikini drill hole. was noted that as a general rule the larger specimens Recent specimens from the reef off the village of possess the more complicated internal structures. The Odomari, Okinawa-Shima, Ryukyu Islands, collected equatorial sections of all specimens were similar. by Dr. A. R. Loeblich, Jr., of the U. S. National The features shown by these specimens are those Museum, and from the reef flat on the windward side which characterize three genera: Sorites, Amphisorus of Bikini collected by Dr. John W. Wells, of Cornell, and Marginopora. Therefore, it was decided that Re were available for study. cent species of these genera should be investigated as The classic illustrations of Carpenter (1856, p. 181- far as possible. 236) show that the specimens illustrated in the present Specimens identified by Cushman as Orbitolites mar- report are almost exactly like Carpenter's drawings. ginalis (Lamarck) =Sorites marginalis (Lamarck) Carpenter writes : from Albatross station D5133 (USNM 15796) were ob * * * the Orbitolite with a single stratum of cells (0. mar tained from the U. S. National Museum. An equato ginalis of Lamarck, Sorites of Ehrenberg), that with a double rial and a vertical section of these specimens are illus- stratum (Amphisorus of Ehrenberg), and that with multiple strated on plate 211, figures 1,2. strata (Marginopora of Quoy and Gaimard, Orbiculina Tonga Cushman (1917, p. 93) gives an accurate illustration of Professor Williamson), are fundamentally the same forms, and description of the embryonic apparatus and suc developed in three different modes. ceeding chambers. These chambers are arranged in Later, Carpenter (1883, p. 25) created the species simple planispiral coil between the embryonic cham duplex for the species which he assumed to have a bers and the annular chambers. This arrangement is "double stratum." However, he states in a footnote that different from that present in the Bikini specimens and * * * I fell into the error of supposing that the doubling of serves as a certain indication of the genus Sorites. the series of pores indicates the existence, not only of two However, the distinction between Amphisorus and tiers of chamberlets, but of two annular canals. There is * * * strictly speaking, but a single series of chamberlets, although Marginopora was not at all clear. Amphisorus is de there is frequently a want of continuity between the upper fined as having typically two rows of chambers with and lower portions of each cylindrical cavity. LARGER FORAMINIFERA FROM BIKINI DRILL HOLES 583 Carpenter proves without doubt that in certain speci ends; circular in cross section throughout the length mens of "Orbitotites complanata" (=Marginopora ver- of the test. Measurements of 9 specimens follow: tebralis} that the "simple plan" is followed by the "duplex plan" which in turn is succeeded by the "com plex plan." Diameter at Length (in milli center (in mil Ratio of diam At a single station specimens can be found that ex meters) limeters) eter to length hibit throughout their length the "simple plan." Others show initially the "simple plan" which is followed by 1. 2 0 48 2.5 the "duplex plan". Still others have the "simple and 1.3 4 3. 2 1.4 4 3. 6 duplex plans" with the "complex plan" developed in 1. 34+ 54 2.5 the final annuli. Finally, certain specimens omit the 1. 54 42 3.6 1. 56 44 3. 5 "simple plan", and the "duplex plan" occurs immedi 1.7 5 3.4 ately following the embryonic chambers to be succeeded 1. 86 56 3.3 2. 0 46 4. 3 by the "complex plan", whereas a few specimens show the "complex plan" starts immediately adjacent to the Av. 1.54 0.466 3.3 embryonic chambers. To assign these specimens to different genera or even to different species would appear to be a violation of The adult test is composed of 8 volutions, the first the intimate relationships which appear from the large 3 of which comprise the nearly globular central portion. suite of specimens available. There are no critical The 5 later volutions are axially elongated to produce structures on which either generic or specific characters the ultimate external shape of the test. can be based. The details of the embryonic apparatus are illustrated Therefore, the generic name Amphisorus must become by figures 17, 18, plate 209. The initial chamber has a synonym of Marginopora. Sorites is a valid genus a diameter of about 40 /*. that can be separated from Marginopora by the type of The number of chamberlets per millimeter in the final chambers immediately following the embryonic cham volutions of the test is 30 to 36. bers. First appearance.—At a depth of 852-857 feet (core The specimens encountered in the Bikini cores are 36-1) in Bikini hole 2A. identical with the Kecent forms. Therefore, in the en Discussion.—These specimens are so similar to the tire lot of specimens under consideration only one Recent form from Mayotte Island, northwest of Ma species is present, M. vertebralis. dagascar, described by Professor M. Reichel, that there The fossil specimens recovered from the Bikini hole is little hesitation to assign them to the same species. not only came from cores, but these specimens had a distinctive brown color. Throughout all the samples In the Recent specimens two have a ratio of diameter from the drill holes, numerous unstained white speci to length of 1: 3.3, one has a ratio of 1: 3.0, and another mens were found which represent Kecent ones which 1: 2.2. The average ratio is 1: 2.9, for the four specimens contaminated the samples from the drilling fluid. measured. However, 1: 3.3 would be nearer the average Discussion.—Van der Vlerk (1924, p. 26, 27) figures ratio if the evidence of the two adult specimens is con specimens assigned to this species from Tertiary / of sidered. Java (Njalindoeng beds). These specimens are classi The Recent form has 30 chamberlets per millimeter, fied correctly. There are reports of this species from whereas the Bikini specimens have 30 to 36 chamberlets the Eocene of Indo-Pacific region, but the identification per millimeter. The Miocene species, B. pygmaeus of these specimens should be checked. Hanzawa (1947), has 22 to 28 chamberlets per milli Family ALVEOLINELLIDAE meter. Hanzawa states that chief differences between B. Genus BORELIS Montfort, 1808 pygmaeus and B. schlumbergeri are the smaller number Borelis schlumbergeri (Reichel) of chamberlets per millimeter and the greater number Plate 209, figures 10-18 of chambers in the last whorl in B. pygmaeus. The 1937. Neoalveolina pyffmaea schlumberfferi Reichel, Schweizer- Bikini specimens with 30 to 36 chamberlets per milli ische Palaeont. Gesell. Abhand., Band 59, p. 110-112, meter and 5l/2 chambers in the final volution more near pi. 10, figs. 1-3; pi. 11, fig. 6, b. ly resemble B. schlumbergeri. B. pygmaeus and B. Test small, fusiform, slightly inflated in the central schlumbergeri have about 11 volutions in the adult test, area and tapering very slightly to the bluntly rounded whereas the specimens under discussion have only 8 or 9. 584 BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS There were a number of random thin sections of B. Family CYMBA10PORIDAE pygmaem available for comparison with the Bikini Genus HALKYARDIA Heron-Alien and Earland, 1919 specimens. These specimens of B. pygmaeus were col Halkyardia Mkiniensis Cole, n. sp. lected on Saipan Island by Dr. Josiah Bridge of the Plate 210, figures 1-5 U. S. Geological Survey. It is entirely possible to distinguish these specimens Test concavoconvex to planoconvex, the dorsal side from the Bikini specimens as the specimens from Saipan regularly and evenly convex, but the ventral side either are larger, with fewer chamberlets per millimeter and with a shallow, low umbilicus or a nearly flat base. The more chambers in the final volution. However, it should dorsal side is without ornamentation, but the ventral be indicated that the differences may be caused by eco side has a central round area of coarsely perforated shell material beyond which occurs a zone having radi logical conditions rather than specific or varietal change. ating slightly elevated ridges of clear shell material The Eecent specimens were dredged from depths of separated by slight depressions. This zone represents 137 meters and 411 meters. the appearance at the periphery of the test of the middle Genus FIOSCTJLINELLA Schubert, 1910 chambered zone, which appears between the perforated zones in axial sections. The diameter at the base is Flosculinella globnlosa L. Rutten from 0.7 to 1.24 mm. Plate 209, figure 9 An axial section was made of a specimen with a basal 1917. Alveolinella (Flosculinella) globulosa L. Rutten, Geol. diameter of 1.24 and a total height of 0.48 mm. The Reichs-Mus. Leiden, Samml., Band 2, p. 277, pi. 5, figs. thickness of the test at the center is 0.38 mm and the 140-141. height of the umbilicus is 0.1 mm. Test small with a diameter and height of about 1.0 There are three zones to the test, an upper and a lower mm; 14 chambers appear externally in the final volu zone of coarsely tubulated shell material between which tion, each chamber with a width of about 180 /*, meas occurs a zone of chambers that start at the embryonic ured in the center. chambers and expand slowly as they approach the base First appearance.—At a depth of 2133-21431/£ feet in of the test. Bikini hole 2B. The upper tubulated zone has a thickness of 75 /* Age reported elsewhere.—Burdigalian, Tertiary /. above the embryonic chambers and thins progressively Discussion.—This species may represent caving from toward the base of the test. The lower tubulated zone a higher horizon in the well. has a thickness of 220 p below the embryonic chambers, and it thins toward the periphery of the test. Family CALCARINIDAE The chambers of the middle zone expand from the Genus CA1CARINA d'Orbigny, 1826 embryonic chambers and appear on the base of the Calcarina spengleri (Gmelin) test as a wide zone without a covering of tubulated shell Plate 205, figures 1-4 material, but elsewhere they are enclosed between this 1788. Nautilus spengleri Gmelin in Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. 13, material. The chambers of the middle zone have a p. 3371, No. 10. length of about 200 ^ ; an internal height of 30 ju.; floors 1826. Calcarina spengleri (Gmelin). D'Orbigny, Ann. Sci. Nat., and roofs with a thickness of 20 /* at the base of the v. 7, p. 276. test where they are best developed. There are about 1884. Calcarina spengleri (Gmelin). H. B. Brady, Challenger Reports (Zool.), v. 9, p. 712, pi. 108, figs. 5-7. 12 chambers on each side of the embryonic chambers 1919. Calcarina defrancii Oushman [not d'Orbigny, 1826] U. S. in axial section. Natl. Mus. 100, v. 1, pt. 6, p. 365, pi. 44, fig. 2. The embryonic chambers, as viewed in axial section, Throughout the samples from the Bikini drill holes, consist of two subequal chambers with an internal numerous Recent specimens of this species occur. They height of 40 /* and an internal length of 80 /*. In a are illustrated because they are a common constituent of horizontal section the embryonic chambers are bilocular the samples. These specimens are found because of con with a diameter across both chambers of about 95 jn. tamination of the drilling fluid with Eecent organisms, One chamber appears to be slightly larger than the but some of them are undoubtedly fossils as they occur other. The larger chamber has diameters of 50 by 60 in the sediments to a depth of 95 feet. However, it is p and the smaller chamber has diameters of 40 by 40 p.. impossible to distinguish the fossil and Eecent speci From the embryonic chambers small polygonal cham mens even by color. bers arranged in virtually straight lines radiate to a LARGER FORAMINIFERA FROM BIKINI DRILL HOLES 585 band of coarsely tubulated material that comprises the Family ORBITOIDIDAE peripheral zone in this thin section. Genus LEPIDOCYCIINA Giimbel, 1870 A second horizontal section was made, which cuts the Subgenus NEPHROLEPIDINA H. DouvillS, 1911 test below the embryonic chambers. In this section a central coarsely tubulated zone is followed by a zone of Lepidocyclina (Nephrolepidina) augusticamera Cole, n. sp. chambers that in turn is surrounded by the peripheral Plate 217, figures 1-5 zone of coarsely tubulated material. Several Lepidocyclina with nephrolepidine embryon First appearance.—At a depth of 2349-2359V& feet ic chambers, short spatulate equatorial chambers, and in Bikini well 2B. low appressed lateral chambers in regular tiers were Discussion.—The type of the genus, Cynibalopora encountered in the lower samples from Bikini hole 2B. radiata variety minima Liebus, is from the middle Measurements of thin sections of these specimens fol Eocene of Yugoslavia. Cushman (1948, p. 309) in his low: textbook gives the range of the genus as Eocene. Glaess- Horizontal sections ner (1945, p. 152) in his book gives the range as middle Eocene to Oligocene. .------— ------—— -feet- 1933J4 1949 2154-2164j^ 2164>£-2175 Diameter—-.——--——.- — —— —mm.. 2.0 2.7 2.5 Bursch (1947, p. 29-34) found specimens of Halk- Embryonic chambers: Internal diameters of initial chamber.-/i__-—--—- 180x220 220x310 yardia in deposits referred to the upper Eocene and Internal diameters of second chamber ..n.. ------160x390 180 x 430 Distance across both chambers_ — —/*._ 220 360 420 the lower Oligocene on Great Kei, Molucca Islands. Thickness of outer wall_____._____./i— 20 30 30 Equatorial chambers: He identifies these specimens with the European species, Tangential diameter—- — --. —---.-/^- 65 70-80 60 Radial diameter.- —------_--/^- 65 60-70 60 H. minima (Liebus). Bursch apparently overlooked the article by Parr The equatorial chambers are short spatulate in form (1934, p. 144, 145) in which a new species of Halk- with tangential and radial diameters about equal. yardia was described under the name H. bartrumi from deposits on Chalky Island, SW. New Zealand. Parr, Vertical section on the basis of abundant Amphistegina, assigned these deposits to the Miocene. Depth. ————————.— ———————— —— —— _ — __-feet-. 2164^-2175 Diameter...._— — ______— — — — — _.____ — __.._.__ __mm__ 2.6 Thickness...__.__ — — — — — — — — — — — — — —— ——mm-- 1.4 Recently, Findlay and Marwick (1940, p. 97, 111) Embryonic chambers: Internal length.______—— — __ — — —— — — — — __/*_. 360 in a discussion of the ranges of certain Foraminifera Internal height-____. —— _._ — — — — — — — — — ______Thickness of outer wall.. — — — _____ — _____ — — __-_ — — _._/*-- 30 state that they believe these deposits on Chalky Island Equatorial layer: Height at the center__ — — — — — —— — — —— — — — — __M— 80 should be assigned to the Kaiatan (upper Eocene). Height at the periphery—__....._____.. — ....._..._p.. 160 Lateral chambers: The specimens from New Zealand and from Great Number on each side of equatorial layer at center______12 Length..__...__——___.__ — .____...... — — __ — __p.. 180 Kei have large embryonic chambers, and the cavity of Height————————— —— — — —— — — —— ————ji- 20-30 Thickness of roofs and floors. _— — -- — — — — — — — — — — .__/*_. 20 the chambers in the median layer is high and open. The specimens from Bikini have low cavities in the median The lateral chambers are arranged in regular tiers. chambers. The chamber cavities are low, appressed between rela Family PLANORBULINIDAE tively thick floors and roofs. The floors and roofs are Genus GYPSINA Carter, 1877 straight. No pillars are present although there is a slight thick Gypsina vesicularis (Parker and Jones) ening at the junctures of the tiers of lateral chambers Plate 210, figures 14,15 which gives the appearance of small pillars. First appearance.—At a depth of 1933^-1949 feet in 1860. Orbitolina concava Lamarck, variety vesicularis Parker and Jones, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, v. 6, pp. 31, 38. Bikini hole 2B. 1947. Gypsina vesicularis (Parker and Jones). Bursch, Schwei- Discussion.—The pattern of the equatorial chambers zerische Palaeont. Gesell. Abhand., v. 65, p. 42, 43, pi. in this species is similar to that of L. (Eulepidina) for- 3, fig. 1; pi. 5, fig. 2; text fig. 15. mosa. Certain features of the vertical section also sug In the deepest samples from Bikini hole 2B are a gest that species, but the embryonic chambers are defi •few specimens that resemble this species. The prepara nitely nephrolepidine. These specimens may be L. for- tions were not satisfactory for detailed studies. mosa with nephrolepidine embryonic chambers. It is 586 BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS well established that there is gradation in the same embryonic apparatus. Lateral chambers over the cen species between eulepidine and nephrolepidine type of ter and at the periphery of the test have lengths of 200 to embryonic chambers. 300 /t and heights of 30 to 40 ju,. The thickness of the However, this gradation has not been demonstrated roofs and floors is about 20 ju,. to my knowledge in L. formosa. Therefore, it was de Pillars are present only in the central area of the test, cided to create a new specific name for these rare speci and there they appear only when the section acciden mens from the Bikini drill hole. Certainly, these speci tally cuts the pillars of the apical crown. Thus, pillars mens are markedly different from any nephrolepidine may appear on one side of a vertical section and not types described from the Indo-Pacific area. on the other, or some vertical sections may be devoid of pillars. Where the pillars are present they taper Lepidocyclina (Nephrolepidina) Mkiniensis Cole, n. sp. regularly inward and have their origin directly above Plate 214, figures 1-8 the equatorial layer. Test evenly biconvex, surface ornamentation consist First appearance.—At a depth of 1534^-1545 feet in ing of 4 to T apical papillae with the remainder of the Bikini hole 2B. test covered by a reticulate mesh which consists of shal Discussion.—The external appearance of this new low pits surrounded by flat-topped polygonal ridges. species is similar to that of Lepidocyclina angulosa The papillae, which have diameters of 200 to 300 jti, Provale in that there is an apical crown of papillae form a rude circle at the apex of the test with occa arranged in a rude circle around the apex of the umbo. sionally a single papilla outside of the group. The This appearance resulted in a preliminary identification papillae are elevated and composed of clear shell mate of the specimens as L. angulosa. rial as are the ridges that bound the shallow pits. The Some vertical sections (fig. 1, pi. 214) made from pits are floored by dull white shell material so that there these specimens seemed to confirm the tentative identi is a marked contrast between the pits on one hand and fication. Comparison of the figure of the Bikini speci the ridges and papillae on the other. The diameter is men with the type vertical section of angulosa (Provale. from 2.4 to 3.0 mm and the thickness is from 1.0 to 1909, pi. 2, fig. 13) shows the same features developed 1.3 mm. in each specimen. The embryonic chambers are nephrolepidine. In one However, a detailed analysis of the equatorial sec specimen the initial chamber has internal diameters of tions reveals that the Bikini specimens are not the same 120 by 180 /t and the second chamber has internal diam as L. angulosa. In the type equatorial section of L. eters of 120 by 340 /*,. The internal distance across both angulosa the equatorial chambers are arranged in circles chambers is 260 /*,. The outer wall of the chambers has and in shape they are elongate spatulate or elongate a thickness of 40 p. Another specimen has an initial hexagonal, whereas in the Bikini specimens the cham chamber with internal diameters of 150 by 190 fi and bers are short with curved outer walls and pointed inner the second chamber has internal diameters of 120 by ends or short hexagonal. 300 p. The outer wall has a thickness of 30 /*. There Although confirmation is needed, apparently species are four periembryonic chambers, two of which with that possess elongate spatulate or elongate hexagonal internal diameters of 50 by 120 /* occur at either end equatorial chambers are typical of Tertiary /. Cham- of the partition dividing the embryonic chambers and • bers of this type are illustrated by figures 9, 10, plate the other two with internal diameters of about 40 by 180 ju are on the periphery of the second embryonic 214, from specimens identified as L. angulosa from Van- chamber. Vertical sections show the height of the em ua Mbalavu, Lau Islands, Fiji and Poeloe Balamlangan, bryonic chambers to be 140 to 180 /*. Cenoorden Borneo. The equatorial chambers of L. The equatorial chambers are short spatulate, with bikiniensis, enlarged to the same size as those of L. an curved outer walls and pointed inner ends. Typical gulosa are shown as figure 6, plate 214. chambers near the periphery have radial diameters and The equatorial chambers of L. bikiniensis resemble tangential diameters of about 70 /*. The internal height those of L. ferreroi Provale. This latter species in some of the equatorial chambers near the center of the test individuals developes an external form similar to that is about 30 p and at the periphery about 80 /*. The of L. angulosa. However, these individuals are associ thickness of the roof and floor is about 18 ju,. ated normally with specimens that exhibit the stellate The lateral chambers are large, open, and rectangu shape and heavy papillae of the type specimens. Inas lar, and occur in regular tiers although some overlap much as typical specimens of L. ferreroi do not occur ping from one tier to another occurs. At the center are in the material from the Bikini test well, it is desirable .about 10 lateral chambers to a tier on each side of the to refer these specimens to a new species. LARGER FORAMINIFERA FROM BIKINI DRILL HOLES 587 Lepidocyclina (Nephrolepidina) Mkiniensis unipilaris Cole, n. var. one central papilla instead of an apical circle of papil Plate 214, figures 11-14, 18 lae. These specimens are considered to be worthy of a varietal designation. Test evenly biconvex, surface ornamentation consist Caudri (1939, p. 203-207) in a discussion of L. inflata ing of one prominent apical papilla with a surface di Provale, which species is supposed to be characterized ameter of about 300 /A and with the remainder of the by a single pillar, states that single pillars characterize surface of the test covered by a reticulate mesh com forms of several species and that gradation between posed of pits bounded by flat-topped polygonal ridges. specimens with numerous apical papillae to those with Diameter of the test about 2.8 mm and the thickness only one occurs frequently. is 1.2 to 1.3 mm. She suggests that such end forms be called the inflata The embryonic chambers are nephrolepidine. The variety of the particular species in which the grada initial chamber has internal diameters of 170 by 250 p tion occurs; for example, L. angulosa inflata ; L. ver- in one specimen and 160 by 200 /A in another. The sec rucosa inflata. Such a terminology would lead to con ond chamber has internal diameters of 140 by 350 /A in fusion, and, therefore, it is preferable to designate each one specimen and 160 by 260 /A in another. The distance end form by a distinct varietal name. across both chambers is 320 /A in each specimen. The thickness of the outer wall is about 25 /* and the dividing lepidocyclina (Nephrolepidina) cubiculirhomboidea Cole, n. sp. wall between the chambers has a thickness of about 15 /*. Plate 213, figures 10-19 A large periembryonic chamber lies on either side of Test biconvex, with or without a very narrow rirn.^. each end of the dividing wall between the embryonic Surface ornamentation consists of a group of apical pa chambers. These chambers have internal diameters of pillae with smaller papillae scattered irregularly over about 35 by 160 /*. Two smaller periembryonic cham the area beyond the crown of apical papillae. The di bers with internal diameters of about 30 by 130 /* are ameter is from 1.6 to 2.6 mm and the thickness is from found on each side of the second embryonic chamber. 0.8 mm to 1.2 mm. The equatorial chambers are short spatulate, with The details of the internal structure follow: curved outer walls and pointed inner ends. Cham bers near the periphery of the test have radial diameters Horizontal section of 50 to 60 /A and tangential diameters of about 40 /*. In vertical sections the internal height of the equatorial 9 1 2.6 9 15 Embryonic chambers: 160x200 230x290 chambers near the center of the test is about 40 /A and 140x260 140x340 220 300 380 at the periphery about 60 p. The floors and roofs of 18 20 20 Equatorial chambers: these chambers have a thickness of about 20 /A. 60 60 60-100 The lateral chambers are large, open, rectangular, and 40 40 40 occur in regular tiers. There are 9 or 10 lateral cham bers to a tier on each side of the equatorial layer at the The embryonic chambers are nephrolepidine in type. center of the test. There is a regular decrease in the The four rather large periembryonic chambers are number of lateral chambers to a tier toward the pe placed so that a periembryonic chamber is found at riphery of the test so that at the periphery the equatorial either end of the partition dividing the embryonic layer is covered by a single layer of lateral chambers. chambers, and the other two are on each side of the Lateral chambers over the center and at the outer ends central line through the embryonic chambers on the of the tiers have lengths of 140 to 280 /*. and heights of exterior wall of the larger chamber. The largest peri 30 to 40 /A. The thickness of the roofs and floors is about embryonic chamber has diameters of 60 by 180 /*. 25 11. The equatorial chambers near the center of the test In well-oriented vertical sections a single heavy pil are small, with radial and tangential diameters of 40 lar is found in the center on each side of the equatorial /A. These chambers are diamond shaped. As the pe layer. These pillars have surface diameters of 300 to riphery of the test is approached, the radial diameter 400 /A and taper regularly toward the embryonic cham of the chambers increases although the tangential diam bers at which point they have a diameter of about 100 /*. eter remains constant. In certain of the peripheral First appearance.—At a depth of 15341/^-1545 feet in equatorial chambers,the shape becomes hexagonal with Bikini hole 2B. the long axis of the chamber radial. These chambers Discussion.—There are specimens in association with have a radial diameter of 100 /A and a tangential diam L. ~bikiniensis that resemble it except that they possess eter of 40 /A. 588 BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS Vertical sections Diameter ______mm__ 1. 6 1. 7 2.0 2. 12 2.4 Thickness ______mm__ 0.8 0.9 1.2 1.0 1.04 Embryonic chambers: Internal length _ _ _ _ ju 200 220 220 200 240 Internal height______ju _ 140 155 150 150 190 Thickness of outer wall. ______/*__ 20 20 20 10 20 Equatorial layer: l Height at center ______/* 60 60 80 80 60 Height at periphery. ______ju_ 90 100 100 100 100 Lateral chambers: 2 Number on each side at center. ______ju- 7 10 10 11 12 Length. ______ju_ 140 120-180 120 110-160 90-160 Height ______ju__ 25 25-30 40 35-40 30 Thickness of floors and roofs. ______/*__ 10-20 10-15 15-20 10-20 10 Surface diameter of pillars ______/* 120 100-120 160 120 100 1 Measurement includes floor and roof. » Chambers directly over the center and in the external layers. The lateral chambers are open, with rectangular cav japonica, a new name is proposed for these specimens. ities. The floors and roofs are thin and straight. The It is entirely possible that the specimens from Borneo lateral chambers are arranged in regular tiers. Pillars studied by van der Vlerk are the same as the Bikini •%are irregularly present, particularly in the central area specimens. As far as can be observed the features ar» of the test. the same. First appearance.—At a depth of 1398-1408% feet in Bikini hole 2B. lepidocyclina (Nephrolepidina) orientalis van der Vlerk Discussion.—This species resembles L. japonica Yabe, Plate 215, figures 11-21 especially the illustrations given of specimens from Bor neo referred to this species by van der Vlerk. (1929, 1924. Lepidocyclina munieri Lem. and R. Douville", var. orien p. 24). Hanzawa (1931, p. 163), however, states that talis van der Vlerk, Wetensch. Meded. No. 1, p. 22, 23, pi. 4, figs. 5-8. the specimens from Borneo are "to be distinguished 1924. Lepidocyclina .sumatrensis Brady, var. eulepidinacea van from the typical one by means of the different nature der Vlerk, idem., p. 23, pi. 4, figs. 9-12. of its nucleoconch and median chambers." Caudri 1928. Lepidocyclina (Tryoliolepidina) orientalis van der Vlerk, (1939, p. 211) is of the opinion that van der Vlerk was idem, No. 8, p. 33, 34, figs, lla, o. correct in assigning the specimens from Borneo to L. 1928. Lepidocyclina (Tryoliolepidina) talahaoensis van der japonica. Vlerk, idem, p. 39, figs. 13a, o. 1932. Lepidocyclina spatiosa Scheffen, idem, No. 19, p. 39, pL L. japonioa possesses a thick fibrous-walled embryonic 9, figs. 1-3. apparatus with the larger chamber virtually embracing 1939. Lepidocyclina talahaoensis van der Vlerk. Caudri,. the second chamber. The equatorial chambers are short Genootsch. Nederl. en Kol., Verb. Geol. Mijnbouwk, geol. spatulate to hexagonal. ser., v. 12, p. 207-209, pi. 8, figs. 47-49. L. cubiculirhomboidea has a relatively thin-walled 1949. Lepidocyclina (Nephrolepidina) maJciyamai Morishima. Jour. Paleontology, v. 23, p. 212-213, pis. 44, 45. embryonic apparatus with the larger chamber slightly, if at all, embracing the second chamber. The equatorial Test small, individuals ranging from evenly biconvex chambers are diamond shaped to radially elongate hex through some that have a slightly inflated central area agonal. bordered by a narrow rim to individuals with a defi Thin sections of specimens from Lau, Fiji, (Cole, nitely inflated central portion bordered by a distinct 1945, p. 288) referred to L. japonica were available for rim. The number and distribution of the papillae differ comparison with the Bikini specimens. These speci from specimen to specimen. Some individuals have few mens from Lau, Fiji, closely resemble illustrations of L. and very inconspicuous papillae, whereas others have japonica given by Yabe, Hanzawa and Caudri. The small, but prominent papillae, especially in the central Bikini specimens differ from these in the form of the area. The remainder of the test is covered by a polyg embryonic apparatus and the shape of the equatorial onal mesh which bounds polygonal shallow pits. chambers. There are differences also in the vertical sec The embryonic chambers are extremely variable from tions, but these are less pronounced. those which appear to be nearly lepidocycline sensu Inasmuch as the Bikini specimens are readily dis stricto to others which are trybliolepidine. Between tinguished from specimens believed to be typical L. these are others that are nephrolepidine in type. LARGER FORAMINIFERA FROM BIKINI DRILL HOLES 589 Horizontal sections Diameter. ______mm__ 2.3 2.2 2. 2 2.16 Embryonic chambers: Internal diameters of initial chamber. __ __ -______/*__ 90 x 115 100 x 100 110 x 160 100 x 12C Internal diameters of second chamber ______/.__ 80 x 200 60 x 180 65 x 160 60 x 13C 180 165 180 18C 30 30 25 2C Equatorial chambers: Tangential diameter. ______ju__ 40 30-40 30 30-4C Radial diameter ______/x__ 80 60 60-80 60-8C The equatorial chambers are short spatulate at the Lepidocyclina (Nephrolepidina) parva Oppenoorth center of the test, but become elongate spatulate toward Plate 212, figures 1-28; plate 217, figures 12-14; the periphery. The radial diameter of these elongate plate 222, figures 1-3 chambers is about twice the tangential diameter. The 1918. Lepidocyclina (Nephrolepidina) parva Oppenoorth, Ge- arrangement of the rows of chambers suggests that en nootsch. Nederl. en Kol., Verb. Geol. Mijnbouwk, geol. countered in certain radiate species. ser., v. 2, p. 255, pi. 8, figs. 11-12; pi. 9, fig. 9. 1918. Lepidocyclina (Nephrolepidina) atjehensis Oppenoorth, Vertical sections idem, p. 255, 256, pi. 9, figs. 1-3. 1918. Lepidocyclina (Nephrolepidina) angulosa Provale. Op mm 2.9 2.3 2.24 penoorth, idem, p. 253, pi. 9, figs. 4, 6 (not fig. 5). Thickness.. _____ ...... __ __ mm 1.1 1.28 1.3 1928. Lepidocyclina (Nephrolepidina) parva Oppenoorth. van Embryonic chambers: Internal length...... M 130 195 220 der Vlerk, Wetensch. Meded. No. 8, p. 34, figs. 24a, 6. 90 125 155 25 30 25 1928. Lepidocyclina (Nephrolepidina) parva Oppenoorth. van Equatorial layer: der Vlerk, idem, No. 9, p. 24, figs. 22,47o, 6. 80 60 60 140 120 120 1930. Lepidocyclina (Nephrolepidina) melanesiana Hanzawa, Lateral chambers: Number on each side of equatorial layer at Tohoku Imp. Univ., sci. rep., ser. 2 (Geol.), v. 14, p. 93, 7 11 10 pi. 26, figs. 3-5, 8, 11-14, 17; pi. 27, figs. 3-5, 9-13, 16. 180-260 200 80-120 Height.. —— .————————— —— 40 20-40 40-50 1930. Lepidocyclina (Nephrolepidina) ferreroi Provale. Han 20 20 20 80 100 80-120 zawa, idem, p. 92, 93, pi. 26, fig. 18; pi. 27, figs. 11-12. 1930. Lepidocyclina (Nephrolepidina) douvillei Yabe and Han zawa. Hanzawa, idem, p. 91, 92, pi. 26, fig. 9; pi. 27, The lateral chambers have lai'ge open cavities with figs. 6,13-15. moderately thick roofs and floors. In two of the verti 1934. Lepidocyclina parva Oppenoorth. Caudri, Tertiary de cal sections the lateral chambers over the center of the posits of Soemba, Amsterdam, p. 104,105. 1939. Lepidocyclina (Nephrolepidina) parva Oppenoorth. Cole, test are long, but in the other available section they are Jour. Paleontology, v. 13, p. 188, pi. 23, figs. 1-7. short. The lateral chambers are arranged in regular In 1918 Oppenoorth described a fauna from Atjeh tiers. Small thin pillars are irregularly scattered on the north coast of Sumatra. Two closely related throughout the test. forms in this fauna were designated Z. (N.) parva and First appearance.—At a depth of 10821/^-1088 feet Z. (/V.) atjehensis. L. parva has been reported and in Bikini hole 2A. illustrated by subsequent authors from other localities, Age reported elsewhere.—Tertiary /3. but Z. atjehensis is known only from its type locality. Discussion.—Z. orientalis and L. talahdbensis were Z. parva is a small form with open rectangular lateral described by van der Vlerk from the same locality in chambers, either without pillars or with very weakly Java. All available evidence indicates that these two developed ones. Z. atjehensis is a larger form with species should be combined. As the specific name L. papillae as much as 1000 p. in diameter. A vertical sec orientalis appears first in the original publication, it is tion of Z. atjehensis has not been published, therefore used for the combined species. the exact details of the vertical section are unknown. In a discussion of stratigraphic correlation in the However, the equatorial chambers of these species are Indo-Pacific region, Glaessner (1943, p. 61 and chart), similar and both have nephrolepidine embryonic cham following Oostingh, places beds containing Z. oriental™ bers. The embryonic chambers of Z. parva are smaller in the Preangerian stage or Tertiary /3. This stage is and the outer wall is thicker when compared to those correlated with the European combined Helvetian and of Z. atjehensis. Tortonian. Glaessner (1943, p. 61) also indicates that Specimens were found at a depth of 1167-1 l77i/£ feet "no distinctive larger Foraminifera are found in post- in Bikini hole 2B that are identical with specimens from Preangerian beds." Guam, previously identified as Z. parva (Cole, 1939, 590 BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS p. 188). At greater depths in Bikini hole 2B coarsely bers is about 40 /*. The largest periembryonic chamber pustulate specimens are found, equatorial sections of has internal diameters of 25 by 80 /*. The wall of this which are entirely similar to those of L. parva. How chamber has a thickness of about 20 p. ever, in vertical section these specimens show heavy, In one vertical section the embryonic chambers have well-developed pillars. These specimens resemble L. a height, including the outer wall, of 170 /* and a length atjehensis. of 220 /*. In another vertical section the height of the Although it was possible to distinguish small in embryonic chambers is 190 p and the length is 260 /*. dividuals with fine pillars from larger individuals with This section is more nearly centered than the other one. coarse pillars, certain intermediate specimens were re Most of the equatorial chambers are rhombic in shape, covered. Therefore, it became apparent that a com but some near the center of the test have curved outer plete gradation could be established from L. parva at walls and pointed inner ends. Typical rhombic cham one end of the series to L. atjehensis at the other. bers have radial and tangential diameters of about 40 /*. A similar relationship exists between the American species L. (Lepidocyclina) yurnagunensis and its vari The height of the equatorial layer, including the thick ety morganopsis as Vaughan (1933, p. 23) has pointed ness of the floor and roof, is about 60 /* at the center out in the statement "the variety differs solely by its of the test and 85 /* at the periphery. more greatly developed pillars, which terminate in pus There are 8 to 9 lateral chambers to a tier on each side tules on the surface." of the test over the embryonic chambers. The number Although it might be possible to refer certain of the of chambers to a tier decreases regularly toward the specimens under discussion to L. parva and others to rim, which is not covered by lateral chambers. The L. parva variety atjehensis, there would be a group of lateral chambers have open, rectangular chamber cavi specimens of intermediate character that could not be ties, except those near the center of the test which pos placed with certainty under one designation or the sess slit like cavities. Well-developed lateral chambers other. Therefore, it appears logical to suppress the have lengths of 120 /* and heights of 35 /*. The roofs specific name L. atjehensis and to expand the definition and floors have thicknesses of 8 to 15 /*. of the species L. parva to include the larger, coarsely Pillars are absent in some specimens; others have pustulose, heavy pillared forms. scattered thin fragile pillars with surface diameters of A description of the specimens referred at first to 40,*. Z. parva follows. The specimens on which this descrip A description folloVs of the external appearance of tion is based are illustrated on plate 212, figures 1, specimens which were identified originally as Z. atje 2, 17, 18. hensis. Test with a flattened umbonal area, thence sloping Megalospheric form.—The test is biconvex without a regularly and evenly to a narrow, thin rim. Most of rim. An irregular group of prominent papillae occurs surface of test ornamented by shallow polygonal pits over the apical area and spread outward toward the bounded by slightly raised ridges of clear shell mate margins of the test. In a specimen with a diameter of rial. Sutures marking juncture of walls of equatorial 2.0 mm, the diameter of the papillate area is 1.2 mm. chambers with surface of test appear on rim. Diameter The larger papillae have surface diameters of 200 /*, and of test 2.0 to 2.2 mm; thickness through center approxi smaller papillae have diameters of 100 /*. Most of the mately 0.7 mm; width of rim 0.1 to 0.1-4 mm; polygonal papillae are raised distinctly above the surface of the shaped pits with diameters of 60 to 80 p. test. The remainder of the surface of the test is covered The embryonic apparatus is relatively thick walled by a polygonal mesh of clear shell material representing and nephrolepidine in type. At least 4 distinct peri- the sutures of the vertical walls of the lateral chambers. embryonic chambers are present: one at each end of the The opaque areas within the mesh represent the roofs dividing partition between the chambers and one on of the lateral chambers. Where these roofs have been each side of the large, embracing chamber. destroyed polygonal pits occur. The initial chamber has internal diameters of 100 Measurements of vertical and equatorial sections fol by 140 ju, and the second one diameters of 110 by 250 /*. low. Certain of these specimens were tentatively iden The internal distance across both chambers is 220 p. tified as L. parva and others as Z. atjehensis before The external distance across both chambers is 300 ^. the gradation between these supposedly distinct species The thickness of the outer wall of the embryonic cham was established. LARGER FORAMINIFERA FROM BIKINI DRILL HOLES 591 Vertical sections 1440- 1650- 1744H- 1755- 1765 Ji- 1776- 1807J-S- 1818- 1818- 1818- 1986- 2049- 1660 J-3 1755 1765^ 1776 1786>^ 1828 Ji 1828M 1996H 2059H 34- 2 1 2 94 2.54+ 2.24+ 94- 2 6+ 94- 1 fl 1 1 84- 3.0 2+ 1.26 i 09 1.0 1 32 1 0 1.42 1.24 1.14 1.96 1.3 Embryonic chambers 280 200 230 OAfl OCfl 220 dfifi 240 210 350 220 205 160 IftO 1oc 170 280 ORfi 01 =1 220 180 20 20 25 20 Oft 30 40 20 30 40 40 Equatorial chambers: 80 60 70 80 on an 90 en 80 80 85 60 ion 100 120 140 100 140 120 120 120 140 120 Lateral chambers: Number on each side of equatorial layer 14 12 10 11 10 14 10 10 g 8 15 12 160 120-200 160-200 160 inn i ofi— 9fin 160 50-170 140-180 120 Height— — ——— — ——— ——— ---/!-- 40 40 30-40 on or 30 30-40 40 50 40 20-30 10 10 15 20 10 10 15 10-15 20 15 10-20 100-160 160-180 100-140 100 220 400 260 100-220 160-380 180-260 Horizontal sections De th fe t 1440-1450 1440-1450 1744Ji-1755 1765^-1776 1797-1807^ 1818-1 828K 1818-1828H 1Q1G 1Q9Q1^ 1818-1828^ 2017^-2028 2.2 2.8 2.1 2.2+ 2.1 1.64 1.6 2.14 1.64 2.5 Embryonic chambers: 120x180 100x150 120 x 170 120x240 140 x 220 140 x 190 120 x 180 180x230 140 x 190 140 x 190 80x260 80x220 90x240 160x220 120x260 110x270 115x210 120 x 280 110x270 120x280 220 200 220 290 280 260 240 320 260 280 20 20 20 20 20 25 30 40 25 30 Equatorial chambers: 30 30 20-30 20-30 20-30 40 30 30 40 30 30 30-40 20-40 30-40 30-40 50 40 40 50 40 Microspheric form.—The test lenticular, thickest in Age reported elsewhere.—Tertiary e and /. the center from which point it slopes gradually and Discussion.—In the same article in which Oppenoorth regularly to the bluntly rounded periphery. Conspicu described L. parva and L. atjehensis he figures on plate ous raised papillae occur, decreasing in size toward the 9, figure 6, a vertical section of a microspheric form periphery of the test. The papillae in the central area which he identifies as L. (N.) angulosa Pro vale. This have diameters of about 160 p, and they are rather widely specimen has the features that characterize the micro- separated. In the areas between the papillae there is spheric specimens from the Bikini hole 2B. These speci a distinct, slightly raised mesh of clear shell material mens are without doubt the microspheric form of L. which bounds polygonal areas of opaque shell material. parva. The diameter is about 4.0 mm and the thickness is about In 1930 Hanzawa (1930, p. 93) offered the name L. 1.3 mm. (Nephrolepidina) melanesiana for small specimens with The equatorial chambers are diamond shaped, in rhombic equatorial chambers, but possessing thin pil creasing in size from the center to the periphery. Pe lars. In the same material there are other specimens ripheral equatorial chambers have radial and tangential with heavy pillars which Hanzawa referred to L. (N.) diameters about equal and measuring about 40 ju. ferreroi Provale. Both of these forms, which show the In vertical sections the equatorial layer is definite same chaarcteristics as the suite of specimens from the with conspicuous roof and floor walls. The height of Bikini hole 2B, should be referred to L. parva. this layer at the center is about TO ju. and at the periphery Microspheric specimens with features similar to those about 120 jn, the measurements including the thickness of the microspheric specimens from the Bikini hole of the floor and roof. 2B occur with the specimens which Hanzawa referred The lateral chambers occur in rather regular tiers to L. melanesiana and L. ferreroi. These microspheric with about IT chambers to a tier on each side of the specimens from Java were identified as L. (N.) douvillei equatorial layer at the center of the test. The lateral Yabe and Hanzawa. From information available at chambers have open cavities with straight roofs and present, these specimens should be considered to be the floors. Chambers over the center and at the periphery microspheric form of L. parva. have lengths of 120 //, and heights of 20 //,. The thickness L. parva is reported by van der Vlerk (1928, p. 34) of the floors and roofs is about 10 ^. to be restricted to Tertiary e. The faunal association Heavy pillars are found in the central area. These in Java described by Hanzawa indicates that these pillars have surface diameters from 100 to 200 ju. In the section available these pillars do not penetrate to deposits represent Tertiary e. On Guam (Cole, 1939, the equatorial layer. p. 188) L. parva is associated with Spiroclypeus in First appearance.—At a depth of 11661^-1177 feet deposits which were assigned to Tertiary e. Umbgrove, in Bikini hole 2A; at a depth of 1167-1177^ feet in (1931, p. 69) however, gives its stratigraphic range as Bikini hole 2B. Tertiary e and /. Caudri (1934, p. 105) in a discussion 592 BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS of the occurrence of this species in Soemba states This is all the more reasonable as L. atjehensis was pre that "Z. parva, here as on NE. Borneo, is found in viously known only from its type locality. Tertiary /." lepidocyclina (Nephrolepidina) pumilipapilla Cole, n. sp. These observations suggest that L. parva has an ex tended stratigraphic range from Tertiary e into Terti Plate 214, figures 15-17,19; plate 215, figures 1-8 ary /. Caudri (1939, p. 197) recognizes that L. suma- Test of moderate size, central portion inflated, merg trensis, L. parva and L. atjehensis are closely related ing gradually into a narrow, encircling rim. The apex species. However, she believes that L. parva is prob of the test has a group of small papillae covering an ably a small flat variety of L. sumatrensis, whereas L. area with a diameter of approximately 1.0 mm. In a atjehensis is a distinct, separate species confined to the given individual these papillae are the same size, but Tertiary e. As there is such perfect gradation in the there is variation in the diameters of the papillae be Bikini specimens from the small, flat practically pillar- tween individuals. In the specimens examined the less specimens to the larger specimens with heavy papillae have diameters of 60, 80 and 100 /u. The pillars, it appears that L. parva and L. atjehensis should remainder of the test with the exception of the rim is be combined. covered by a polygonal mesh composed of sutures of As L. parva and L. atjehensis occur together at the clear shell material that bound areas of opaque shell type locality of the species, and as L. parva has been material. The outer portion of the rim is not cov reported from Tertiary e and /, the extension of the ered by lateral chambers and the pattern of the equa range of L. atjehensis into Tertiary / is to be expected. torial chambers shows. Horizontal sections Depth. ______feet__ 1702^-1713 1818-1828^ 1828^-1839 Diameter ______mm__ 3.0 2. 6 2.2 2.5 2.4+ Embryonic chambers: Diameters of initial chamber ______ju__ 120 x 160 190 x 260 130 x 220 155 x 200 200 x 280 Diameters of second chamber. ______ju__ 100 x 230 140 x 380 120 x 320 120 x 280 175 x 360 Distance across both chambers ______ju__ 230 350 260 280 380 Thickness of the outer wall___ _ _. _ _ju__ 20 30 20 20 30 Equatorial chambers: Radial diameter ______ju_ 65 50 60 65 65 Tangential diameter . ______ju__ 40 40 40 45 45 The embryonic chambers are nephrolepidine with In vertical sections the equatorial layer is compara well-developed periembryonic chambers, one of which tively thin at the center of the test. It expands gently occurs at each end of the partition dividing the two em and regularly until near the periphery at which place bryonic chambers. Two other periembryonic chambers an abrupt expansion occurs. The thick floors and roofs are present, one at each side of the larger embryonic chamber. of the equatorial layer make it a distinct feature. In The equatorial chambers are diamond shaped, with the expanded peripheral zone the chambers of the equa the radial diameter slightly greater than the tangential torial layer become multiple. diameter. Vertical sections Depth__ . ______. _ feet- 1702K-1713 1818-1828^ 1828^-1839 Diameter _ _ mm 2. 74+ 2. 76+ 2.4+ 3.0+ 2. 6 + 2.8 Thickness ______. mm_ 0. 92 1.2 1.0 1.3 1. 16 1.26 Embryonic chambers: Internal length____ _ . ju 290 220 290 360 290 260 Internal height ______p. 200 170 210 260 200 140 Thickness of outer wall _____ ju 20 23 20 20 20 20 Equatorial layer: Height at center _ _ _ p, _ 65 65 65 90 60 60 Height at periphery _ _ _ _ju _ 160 200 180 260 140 180 Lateral chambers: Number on each side at center. _ _ 9 11 7 10 10-12 12 Length- ______/___ 40-160 80-180 40-100 100-200 80-200 80-100 Height ______,u_ 20-40 20-40 40-45 20-45 25-40 20-35 Thickness of roofs and floors ______ju_- 15 10-18 5-18 10-18 10-20 10-15 Surface diameter of pillars______/*_ 80 100 100 60-80 80 100 LARGER FORAMINIFERA FROM BIKINI DRILL HOLES 593 The lateral chambers have open, distinct, relatively the center of the test, but expands rapidly in the pe high cavities with very thin, straight or slightly convex ripheral zone. At the center of the test the equatorial floors and roofs. The lateral chambers in the central layer has a height of 80 /* and at the periphery a height area of the test are arranged in fairly regular tiers, but of 200 /A, these measurements included the thickness of a few larger chambers overlap two tiers, producing ir the floors and roofs. The lateral chambers are arranged regularity. The lateral chambers beyond the central in regular tiers. There are about 16 chambers to a tier area are smaller and arranged in regular tiers with prac on each side of the embryonic chambers in the center tically no overlap from one tier to another. of the test. These chambers have extremely thin roofs The pillars are small and occur very infrequently in and floors with large, open cavities. Typical lateral the vertical sections in the central area of the test. chambers over the center have a length of 100 /*, a height First appearance.—At a depth of 15971/^-1608 feet of 40 /A, and roofs and floors with a thickness of 10 p. in Bikini hole 2B. True pillars are not present. Discussion.—This species belongs to the group of L. First appearance.—At a depth of 1082^-1088 feet (N ephrolepidina] verbeeki Newton and Holland. It is in Bikini hole 2A. smaller than L. verbeeM, with the papillae localized in Age reported elsewhere.—Tertiary e and /. the apical area, not evenly distributed over the entire Discussion.—There is grave danger in identifying surface. The peripheral equatorial chambers in this specimens from a vertical section alone. However, the species are diamond shaped, whereas those of L. ver- general features shown by the one available thin section beeki tend to the spatulate form. In vertical sections are so similar to illustrations and descriptions of this L. verbeeki shows a wider rim and more regular ar variety of L. sumatrensis that the Bikini specimen is rangement of the lateral chambers in the central area assigned to it with little hesitation. of the test. Lepidocyclina (Nephrolepidina) verrucosa Scheffen Lepidocyclina (Nephrolepidina) sumatrensis inornata L. Rutten Plate 213, figures 1-9 Plate 215, figure 22 1932. Lepidocyclina verrucosa Scheffen, Wetensch. Meded. No. 1914. Lepidocyclina sumatrensis Brady, var. inornata L. Rut- 21, p. 33, 34, pi. 7, figs. 2-4. ten, Geol. Reichs-Mus. Leiden, Samml., ser. 1, v. 9, p. 1939. Lepidocyclina verrucosa Scheffen. Caudri, Genootsch. 294,295, pi. 22, figs. 6-8. Nederl, en Kol., Verh, Geol. Mijnbouwk, geol. ser., v. 1939. Lepidocyclina sumatrensis (Brady), var. inornata L. Rut- 12, p. 179-185, figs. 26-30, 42, 46. ten. Caudri, Genootsch. Nederl. en Kol., Verh. Geol. Mijnbouwk, geol. ser., v. 12, p. 189, 190, 195, 196, pi. Test evenly biconvex, sloping regularly from the 7, figs. 36, 37, 40, 41. slightly flattened umbonal area to the bluntly rounded Test biconvex with a bluntly rounded edge. Surface peripheral portion. A few specimens have a mere sug devoid of any ornamentation. gestion of a narrow rim, but most of them have none. The one available specimen was made into a vertical There is an apical crown of small papillae that are thin section. A description of this thin section follows: virtually flush with the surface in unweathered speci The diameter is 3.2 mm and the thickness through the mens, but stand out rather prominently in slightly center, 2.0 mm. The embryonic chambers have an in weathered ones. The remainder of the test is covered ternal length of 260 //, and an internal height of 160 p. with a mesh of polygonal shallow pits representing the The outer wall is thick and fibrous. The thickness of weathered lateral chambers. Measurements of typical this wall is about 60 p. The equatorial layer is thin at specimens follow: Vertical sections Specimen 1 2 3 4 Diameter 2. 94 3. 3 2. 7 2. 8 Thickness __ __ 1. 6 1. 66 1. 7 1.6 16 16 15 Embryonic apparatus: Internal height _ 140 160 160 150 Internal length 240 220 200 220 Thickness of walls ______M-- 20 40 40 40 Equatorial layer: Height at center __ fj. 60 80 80 60 Height at periphery 160 120 100 120 Lateral chambers: Length- _ _ 180-200 160-200 140-180 .140-220 Height ______-JU_- 40 40 40 40 Thickness of roofs and floors -___-_/*__ 15 20 20 20 Surface diameter of pillars ______-_JU_- 100-240 180 180-220 180-200 594 BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS Horizontal sections Specimen... ______1 2 3 Diameter ______mm 2. 6 2. 6 3.0 Embryonic chambers: Diameters of initial chamber______/i 180 x 230 140 x 200 160 x 230 Diameters of second chamber ______/i 95 x 265 125 x 300 120 x 300 Distance across both chambers. ______/i_ 280 280 280 Thickness of outer wall ______/u_ 40 40 40 Equatorial chambers: Radial diameter ______._ __ju_ 60 60 40 40 First appearance.—At a depth of 1240-12501X> feet in The lateral chambers are low and appressed, with Bikini hole 2A; at a depth of 1293-1303^ feet in Bikini the thickness of the floors and roofs about equal to the hole 2B. height of the chamber openings. In some areas the Age reported elsewhere.—Tertiary e and /. lateral chambers occur in rather regular tiers, but in Subgenus EULEPIDINA H. Douville, 1911 other areas there is considerable overlap from one tier Lepidocyclina (Eulepidina) abdopustula Cole, n. sp. into adjacent ones. The pillars are irregularly developed and scattered Plate 215, figures 9, 10; plate 218, figures 7-11 unevenly through the test, with the greatest concentra Test with an inflated central area, sloping regularly tion in the central area. Many of the pillars have their from this area to the periphery. None of the specimens greatest diameter about halfway from the equatorial available has a rim. The apical area is covered with layer to the surface of the test. Some of the pillars irregularly spaced elevated, conspicuous papillae. seem to stop before the surface of the test is reached These papillae have surface diameters of 200 to 300 p.. so that several layers of lateral chambers cover these Beyond the area of concentrated papillae occur smaller, pillars. Most of the pillars start a short distance above less raised and more scattered papillae. The diameter the equatorial layer so that lateral chambers occur be is from 3.0 to 4.4 mm and the thickness is from 1.5 to tween the proximal ends of the pillars and the equa 2.24 mm. torial layer. Thus, some pillars are entirely internal, Horizontal sections First appearance.—At a depth of 2070-2080^ feet in Depth.. _ ——— — — — _ -—_ — - — — _ — — ...... feet- 2070-2080^ 2246-2256}^ Bikini hole 2B. 3.0 4.4 Discussion.—This species differs from L. formosa by Embryonic chambers: 220 x 280 280 x — the development of pillars and by the more appressed Internal diameters of second chamber. _ ... /* 170 x 480 — x420 420 4(0 lateral chambers, which are frequently not aligned in 35 35 Equatorial chambers: regular tiers. From L. papuadnsis Chapman this spe 60 60 50 70 cies differs in the smaller size of the embryonic appa ratus, the less regular alignment of the lateral cham The shape of the equatorial chambers ranges from bers, the heavier and more irregularly developed pillars curved outer walls with pointed inner ends to regularly and the more inflated central area of the test. hexagonal. Chambers of the first type occur near the center of the test and those of the second type occur Lepidocyclina (Eulepidina) formosa Schhimberger in the peripheral areas. However, there is intermin Plate 216, figures 1-16; plate 217, figures 9-11; gling of the two kinds, especially in the outer rows of plate 218, figures 1, 3,4 chambers. 1902. Lepidocyclina formosa Schlumberger, Geol. Reichs-Mus., Vertical sections Leiden, Samml., Band 6, p. 251-252, pi. 7, figs. 1-3. 1918. Lepidocyclina (Eulepidina) stereolata Oppenoorth, Gen- Depth . feet-- 2102-2112 2070-2080}. ootsch. Nederl. en Kol., Verb. Geol. Mijnbouwk, geol. 3.1 3.8 3.6+ ser., Band 2, p. 254, pi. 7, figs. 1-6. Thlekness.--- ______-_-_ __ ...... 1.56 2.24 1.8 Embryonic chambers: 430 320 Suites of specimens based on size and external ap Internal height. ___ . __ ... __ . 250 200 25 40 pearance were selected at various depths on the assump Height of equatorial layer: 100 120 100 tion that several different species were represented. Of At periphery..... _____ . .„...._ 130 120 120 Lateral chambers: these various groups of specimens thin sections were Number on each side of the equatorial layer- 15 21 14 Length . u 100-140 120-200 140-200 prepared, descriptions drawn up and tentative names Height..-.—————————— 20 20 20 20 20 20 assigned. In three such groupings three distinct species 180-240 100-140 120-260 were recognized provisionally: L. formosa Schlumberg- LARGER FORAMINIFERA FROM BIKINI DRILL HOLES 595 er, L. stereolata Oppenoorth and a supposedly new mm; thickness from 1.4 to 2.0 mm. Surface ornamenta species. tion pronounced, consisting of a mesh of deep, faintly As the study of these specimens progressed, it be polygonal pits, separated by flat-topped ridges. Pit came apparent that there was a perfect gradation from diameters from 160 to 200 p. and ridges with thicknesses one group to the next and that it was impossible to draw of 80 to 160 /t. any boundaries which would serve to separate one from Embryonic chambers eulepidine, with relatively thick the other. outer wall. Diameters of large chamber 350 by 420 p. Diameters of small chamber 220 by 260 /*. Small cham A description of specimens in each of the groups is ber attached through a distance of 240 /*. Thickness of given so that the eventual correlation of the specimens the outer chamber wall 40 to 55 /*. under one specific name may be appreciated. The first Equatorial chambers arcuate at center of test, be specimens to be described are those which were identi coming short spatulate as periphery is approached. fied originally as L. formosa. These chambers with radial and tangential diameters of Test with a strongly inflated central portion which about 80 /t. is bordered by a rim. Diameter from 3+ mm to 4.2 + Measurements of vertical sections follow: Vertical sections Depth. ______feet__ 1723K-1734 1923-1933^ 1986-1996^ Diameter. . mm 3. 9+ 2. 8+ 3. 8+ 4.2 + 3. 0 + Thickness _ _ mm 1. 8 1. 8 1. 92 1. 46 1.7 Embryonic chambers: Internal length ______^ 500 580 320 300 580 Internal height _ _ ju 240 270 200 220 300 Thickness of wall. _ n 45 40 40 20 40 Lateral chambers: Number on each side of embryonic chambers _ 14 14 18 14 15 Length. ______n 120-180 140-200 200-220 100-140 120-180 Height- ______fj. 35-40 20-40 30-50 30-40 . 20-50 Thickness of floors and roofs __ n 10-20 10-20 10 10 20 Equatorial layer: Height at center. _ _ ju 60 60 55 45 55 Height at periphery _ ju 100 100 The lateral chambers are arranged in regular tier& the external appearance has a diameter of 3. + mm and and the tiers are separated by the juncture of the thick a thickness of 3.3 mm. ened roofs and floors of the lateral chambers of one No equatorial sections were made, but the embryonic tier joining those of the adjacent one. Pillars are chambers are eulepidine and the equatorial chambers absent. The chamber cavities are open and rectangular are short spatulate to hexagonal. except for slightly pointed ends. The roofs and floors Three vertical sections were available for study. are slightly thinner at the center than at the sides. The Measurements of these follow: ends of the roofs and floors are greatly thickened. Vertical sections First appearance.—At a depth of 1723Vo-1734 feet, in Bikini hole 2B. Depth.. ___ . _ . ______feet- 1986-1996H 2038J4-2049 Age reported elsewhere.—Tertiary e. 3.2+ 3.36+ 2.5+ 2.14 2.6 2.0 A description of specimens identified as L. stereolata Embryonic chambers: 500 420 430 follows: 290 160 60 50 The test has a highly inflated central portion sur Equatorial layer: 90 100 90 rounded by a rim. The rim is broken in the available Height at the periphery. . ————— - -'*- -j 180 140 120 Lateral chambers: specimens so that its proportions cannot be determined. Number on each side of equatorial layer- 17 16 10 200 180-200 300 Surface ornamentation consists of an apically situated 45 30-40 40 Thickness of floors and roofs. __ —— -M-- 20 20-40 25 area of clear, smooth shell material with a diameter of Surface diameter of apical areas of clear shell about 1.1 mm beyond which occurs a polygonal mesh of 600-1000 1600 800 clear shell material that bounds either polygonal pits or areas of opaque shell material. At the angles of The apical areas of clear shell material project inward the polygonal mesh are small rounded areas of clear in the vertical sections to form large masses in the in shell material that are darker in color than the terior of the test. In two of the specimens these masses remainder of the mesh. The specimen figured to show extend virtually to the equatorial layer, but in the 596 BIKINI AND NEAEBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS third specimen they extend inwardly for only about A description of the specimens assigned tentatively one-half the distance. In this -specimen the masses of to a new species follows: clear shell material separate at this point into three The test has an inflated central area surrounded by prongs of shell material that separately extend to the a rim of variable width. The surface of the test is cov equatorial layer and are between normal lateral cham ered by a polygonal mesh of clear shell material which bers. encloses polygonal pits. At the corners of the poly Toward the margins of the test the lateral chambers gonal mesh there are small rounded areas of clear shell are separated by small masses of shell material which material from which the ridges of the mesh radiate. extend from the equatorial layer to the surface of the These rounded areas represent the surface expression test, or the lateral chambers occur without such sepa of the thickened juncture lines between the tiers of lat ration between the individual tiers. eral chambers. Typical pillar heads do not appear. These masses of clear shell material represent an Although the embryonic chambers are classed as eule- unusual thickening of the end walls of the lateral cham pidine, there is a slight projection outward of the com bers rather than true pillars. In the apical area these mon wall between the initial and its enclosing chamber. masses fuse into a solid plug that destroys the lateral This projection outward of the initial chamber is not chambers. sufficient, however, to classify the chambers under the The lateral chambers in the marginal zones and in term nephrolepidine. It is well known that eulepidine the center where the thickening does not occur are in and nephrolepidine types of embryonic apparati inter- regular tiers and normal in appearance. grade within the same species. Some specimens do not have the apical mass of clear Horizontal sections shell material. On these specimens the surface is cov ered by a polygonal mesh of clear shell material that Depth...... ---.-.-.-- — ----.-—--- feet 2154-2164H 2246-2256H either bounds polygonal pits or areas of opaque shell mm 3.+ 2.6+ Embryonic chambers: material. 220x280 180 x 220 JU 200x500 150 x 380 However, vertical sections of these specimens show 430 340 40 30 thickened walls between the tiers of lateral chambers, Equatorial chambers: 70 70 especially in the central area of the test. Moreover, in 60 50 one of these specimens on one side at the apical periph ery the thickened walls of the lateral chambers spread The equatorial chambers near the center have curved so that they are virtually in contact. outer walls and pointed inner ends. Near the circum First appearance.—At a depth of lOSG-lOOG1/^ feet in ference of the test they become short spatulate or hex Bikini hole 2B. agonal. Vertical sections Depth ______feet 2154-2164M 2164-2175 2214^-2225 Diameter ______mm 3 1 i 3 0 1 2. 9 + 2 74- 3.4 + Thickness. ______mm 1 V> 1. 32 1. 36 0. 98 1.4 Embryonic chambers: Internal length _ _ _ M 430 360 440 400 360 Internal height __ _ ^ 290 240 350 160 240 Thickness of outer wall ^ 45 qr» 40 40 25 Equatorial layer: Height at center, _ _ ^ 100 100 100 QO 80 Height at periphery. _ _ ^ 160 150 120 140 120 Lateral chambers: Number on each side of equatorial layer 8 9 10 8 10 Length. _ _ _ _ M 160 150-200 200 140-200 160-200 Height. -_ __ M 40-60 40 30 40-45 20-40 Thickness of floors and roofs. _ ^ 20 15-20 20 20 20 The lateral chambers are in regular tiers. They pos Sumatra. These localities are referred to the Aqui- sess open, rectangular cavities. Thickened areas occur tanian, Tertiary e. between the tiers of lateral chambers, but these areas Inspection of the illustrations given of the specimens are not true pillars. from Bikini reveals a progressive series from the speci Discussion.—L. formosa was described from Teweh, mens that were assigned to a new species to those iden Borneo and L. stereolata was found in northern tified as L. stereolata. This gradation is so gradual, yet LARGER FORAMINIFERA FROM BIKINI DRILL HOLES 597 perfect, that it is impossible to separate these groups present. The lateral chambers are arranged in very into distinct species, therefore they are all included regular tiers. under the specific name, L. formosa. First appearance.—At a depth of 17441^-1755 feet in Yabe (1919, p. 42) described under the name L. Bikini hole 2B. monstrosa a Lepidocyclina with "a ring of chamberlets Age reported elsewhere.—Tertiary e. with thickened walls." Later an excellent illustration Discussion.—This species was named by Yabe (1919, of a specimen referred to this species is given by Yabe p. 46) and some specimens from the Philippine Islands, and Hanzawa (1929, p. 165). This specimen has the previously referred to L. formosa Schlumberger by Dou- type of internal structure possessed also by specimens ville (1911, p. 72) are placed under this specific name. from Bikini that have the large apical plugs caused The best specimen figured by Douville has a diameter by the fusion of the thickened walls. of about 5.7 mm. The pits on the surface have diameters of 200 to 400 /A and the intervening walls have thick lepidocyclina (Eulepidina) gibbosa Yabe nesses of 100 to 180 /*. Plate 217, figures 15-18; plate 218, figure 2 The external appearance of the specimens from the 1919. Lepidocyclina (Eulepidina) gibbosa Yabe, Tohoku Imp. Bikini hole is very similar to that of the specimens from Univ. Sci. Rep., ser. 2 (Geol.), v. 5, p. 46, pi. 6, figs. 3, the Philippines. All of these specimens are very similar 4c, 7c(?). to specimens of L. formosa except that the lateral cham The test has an inflated evenly biconvex central por bers are larger, have heavier roofs and floors, and the tion which is surrounded by a flat relatively thin rim. surface pits are coarser and have thicker intervening The diameter is from 4.5 to 7.2 mm; the thickness walls. through the center from 2.0 to 2.6 mm. The surface is As these specimens are readily distinguishable from ornamentated by large, polygonal deep pits with diam those considered to be L. formosa, they are referred to eters of 200 to 340 p.. These pits are separated by walls Yabe's species. However, these specimens may repre 100 to 140 fi thick. sent only one variation of L. formosa a highly variable The embryonic chambers are large, thick walled, and species similar to the American species L. favosa Cush- eulepidine in type. The large chamber has diameters man. Vaughan (1933, p. 38) and Cole (1945a, p. of TOO by 780 p. and the small chamber has diameters 41-43) have indicated in studies of this species that of 420 by 420 //,. The small chamber is attached for a many of the names proposed for variants do not serve distance of 200 p.. The thickness of the outer wall is any useful purpose as all degrees of development can be 80 fi. found in one lot of specimens. The equatorial chambers are short spatulate. Well- It is noteworthy that the L. gibbosa type of speci developed chambers have radial and tangential diam mens apparently either occur at the same horizon with eters of about SO//,. the typical L. formosa type of specimens, or in closely Measurements of vertical sections follow: related horizons in most localities examined. It may be that slightly different ecological or chemical condi Vertical sections tions cause the development of the coarser structure Depth.. ______feet __ 1881-1891 A1 1891^-1902 1923-1933 A1 which characterizes L. gibbosa. Diameter mm 5.2+ K 1 4.4+ 2.0 2.6 2.3 Lepidocyclina (Eulepidina) planata Oppenoorth Embryonic chambers: Internal length. ______... ./*_ .... 860 940 700 400 480 300 Plate 217, figures 7, 8; plate 218, figures 5, 6 Thlcfrnfissofwa]] ;* 60 60 80 Lateral chambers: 1918. Lepidocyclina (Eulepidina) planata Oppenoorth, Ge- Number on each sid^ of the embryonic 11 15 11 nootsch. Nederl. en Kol., Verb. Geol. Mljnbouwk, geol. 240-400 300-400 260-340 Height...— —.———— ...... it..... 40-55 40-60 60-70 ser., v. 2, pp. 254, 255, pi. 8, figs. 7-10. Thickness of floors and roofs.— __ it.. ... 20 20 15-20 Equatorial layer: Test compressed with a slightly inflated umbonal area 70 100 80 Height at the periphery... ____ it _ .. 100 130 140 which has a diameter of 2.6 to 3.8 mm. The inflated portion is bordered by a rim into which it merges grad The cavities of the lateral chambers are large and ually. The surface of the test is covered by a raised open, but have pointed ends. The roofs and floors of polygonal mesh whose ridges have a width of about the lateral chambers are thin at the center, but thicken 100 p. Relatively deep polygonal to rudely hexagonal at each end. The thickened ends of the floors and roofs pits occur between the ridges of the mesh. The diam of one tier of chambers join those of the next adjacent eter of a complete specimen would be 6 millimeters or tier on each side to produce a columnlike structure be more as only broken fragments were recovered. The tween the tiers of chambers. However, pillars are not largest specimen has a diameter of 4.5 mm, and this 294856—54 598 BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS specimen consists mainly of the umbonal area with a bosa, but the vertical sections are different in that the narrow portion of the rim preserved on one side. lateral chambers of L. gibbosa are higher, with coarser roofs and floors. Horizontal section Sufficient material was available to prove that L. Depth______...... ——..——feet- 2235^-2246 stereolata should be considered one of the forms of L. Diameter _ ... _____ ..„.. ______. .. ______mm _ 4.+ formosa although it would have been impossible to Embryonic chambers: 600 reach this conclusion without very abundant and well- Thickness of on tor wall . 80 Equatorial chambers: preserved specimens. Therefore, it is entirely possible 80 80 that L. planata is only another variation in the very plastic species, L. formosa. The equatorial chambers are of two types, those with Lepidocyclina flexuosa L. Rutten curved outer walls and pointed inner ends predominate, Plate 217, figure 6 but intermingled with these are others which are short 1911. Orbitoides (Lepidocyclina) flexuosa L. Rutten, Kon. Akad. spatulate. The spatulate chambers are more abundant van Weten. Te Amsterdam, v. 9, p. 1132, 1133, text fig. 3. near the periphery of the test. 1914. Lepidocyclina flexuosa L. Rutten, Geol. Reichs-Mus. Lei den, SammL, ser. 1, v. 9, p. 304, pi. 23, figs. 6-8. Vertical section 1939. Lepidocyclina flexuosa L. Rutten. Caudri, Genootsch. Nederl. en Kol., Verb. Geol. Mijnbouwk, geol. ser., v. Depth...... feet.. 2154-2164^ 12, p. 172-175, pi. 6, figs. 22-25 (references). Diameter_____.--_.____.______,.______,mm. 3.4+ Thickness____...... ___....______mm_ 1.14 A single vertical section from a depth of 1587-15971/£ Embryonic chambers: Internal length______._.______M- 820 feet reveals the following characteristics: The diameter Internal height__....______ft. 380 Thickness of outer wall_.___...... __...____.___M- 70 is more than 3.4 mm as the edges of the specimen are Equatorial layer: Height at center___.______.______M_ 160 broken; the thickness through the center is 1.9 mm; the Height at periphery.,.._....______../*- 180 Lateral chambers: height of the equatorial layer at the center is 50 /* and Number on each side of equatorial layer_..__.__.._...——. 7 Length______.___._____...ju. 120-200 at the periphery 100 /*,, these measurements including Height..—.... ————————————_.—— —————M- 40 Thickness of floors and roofs______.-..______._../*- 25 the thickness of the floor and roof; the lateral chambers are arranged in regular tiers with about 18 chambers The lateral chambers are arranged in definite tiers. to a tier on each side of the equatorial layer at the cen The rectangular chamber cavity is open and bounded ter of the test; the lateral chambers adjacent to the by relatively heavy floors and roofs. The line of junc equatorial layer have low, appressed cavities, but those ture between the tiers of lateral chambers is thickened at the periphery have open cavities and are rectangular; giving the appearance of pillars. However, true pillars these chambers have a length of 100 /*,, a height of 20 /* are not present. and the floors and roofs have a thickness of 15 p; heavy First appearance.—At a depth of 1996^-2007 feet pillars with a surface diameter of about 200 /*, occur in in Bikini hole 2B. the central area of the test. Age reported elsewhere.—Tertiary e. Age reported elsewhere.—Tertiary e and /. Discussion.—These specimens fall within the range of variation of a much larger suite of specimens from Family MIOGYPSINIDAE Tan Saipaii which have been identified as L. planata^ which Genus MIOGYPSINA Sacco, 1893 is characterized by a large thick-walled embryonic ap Submenus MIOGYPSINA Sacco, 1893 paratus and relatively few open regularly aligned lat Miogypsina (Miogypsina) borneensis Tan eral chambers whose floors and roofs are about half Plate 220, figures 9-21 as thick as the height of the chamber cavity. L. papuaensis Chapman (1915, p. 297) is a closely 1936. Miogypsina borneensis Tan, De Ing. in Ned.-Indie. 4 Mijnbouw en Geol. 3 Jaarg. p. 50-51, pi. 1, figs. 18, 19; related species with a large, thick-walled embryonic pi. 2, figs. 1, 2. apparatus. However, L. papuaensis has more numer 1940. Miogypsina borneensis Tan. Hanzawa, Jubilee Publ. in ous lateral chambers with somewhat thinner floors and commemoration of Prof. H. Yabe's 60th birthday, p. roofs. 783-785, pi. 41, figs. 11-23. A large suite of specimens might demonstrate that Test flabellif orm to subcircular in outline, normally these two species could be brought together under one thickest adjacent to the initial portion and thence slop name. The equatorial sections of the specimens re ing regularly to the bluntly rounded anterior edge. In ferred to L. planata are identical with those of L. gib- certain specimens the length and breadth are equal, in LARGER FORAMINIFERA FROM BIKINI DRILL HOLES 599 others the length is slightly greater than the breadth rather evenly distributed papillae which have an aver and in some the reverse of this is found. The surface age surface diameter of about 60 /*. External measure of the test is ornamented by slightly projecting and ments of typical specimens follow: Specimen ______1 2 4 5 6 Length. ______. ______mm__ 2.8 2. 6 2.6 2.3 2.5 2.5 Breadth. . ______mm__ 2.6 3.0 2.6 Thickness— ______mm__ 1.0 0.9 0.94 The embryonic apparatus is bilocular and composed eter of 40 to 80 /*. They taper but slightly if at all as of a subcircular initial chamber, with internal diameters they approach the equatorial layer. of 100 by 140 fj. in one specimen and 120 by 130 /* in First appearance.—At a depth of 1135-1145^2 feet in another specimen, and a kidney-shaped to subcircular Bikini hole 2A; at a depth of 1167-1177^ feet in Bikini second chamber with internal diameters of 100 by 120 /* hole 2B. in one specimen and 80 by 180 /* in another. The inter Age reported elsewhere.—Higher Aquitanian, Terti nal distance across both embryonic chambers in three ary e and lowest Burdigalian, Tertiary /. specimens is 220, 260 and 280 /*. The outer wall of the Discussion.—Specimens identified as this species in embryonic chambers is about 20 /* thick. The embryonic the deep well on Kita-Daito-Zima (North Borodino Is chambers are situated virtualy at the apex of the test; land) were made available through the kindness of Dr. the distance between the embryonic chamber wall and S. Hanzawa. A median and a vertical section of these the edge of the test is from 20 to 140 ^ of which the last specimens are illustrated for comparison with the speci measurement is probably the normal distance. mens from the Bikini drill hole. The available thin sections do not satisfactorily show Certain specimens in the Bikini holes agree in all the periembryonic chambers. However, in one thin features with Miogypsina thecidaeformis (Rutten) il section these chambers are partly exposed. In this sec lustrated by Umbgrove (1927, pi. 2, figs. 1, 2, 4). Tan tion the embryonic chambers seem to be partly sur includes these specimens in his definition of M. borneen- rounded by a coil of roughly quadrangular chambers of sis. Hanzawa (1940, p. 784) points out correctly that which 8 appear in the section. the microspheric specimen illustrated by Umbgrove The normal equatorial chamber is diamond shaped, (1927, pi. 2, fig. 3) has hexagonal equatorial chambers with a radial diameter of 120 /* and a tangential diam near the distal margin of the test. But, Hanzawa re eter of 70 ju,. There are both smaller and larger equa tains these specimens in the synonymy under M. bor- torial chambers scattered throughout the equatorial lay neensis. er. The equatorial layer has a height of about 160 /*, As microspheric specimens were not found in the pop this measurement including the thickness of the floor ulation of the Bikini hole, the structures of this genera and roof. tion could not be observed. However, the megalo- The vertical sections were not very satisfactory be spheric specimens resemble the illustrations given by cause the preservation is poor. Apparently, there are Umbgrove, Tan and Hanzawa. It is noteworthy that Tan recognizes in his definition of M. borneensis that about 6 layers of lateral chambers on each side of the hexagonal equatorial chambers may be present. equatorial layer at the thickest portion of the test, just anterior of the initial end. There is a regular reduc Miogypsina (Miogypsina) indonesiensis Tan tion in the number of lateral chambers so that at the Plate 219, figures 1-15; plate 220, figure 22 distal side of the test the equatorial layer is covered by 1936. Hiogypsina indonesiensis Tan, De Ing. in Ned.-Indie. 4. only one layer of lateral chambers. The lateral cham Mijnbotiw en Geol. 3 Jaarg. p. 54, 55, pi. 2, figs. 3-6. bers are more appressed in the thicker portion of the Test in plan view fan-shaped, initial end bluntly test and become open with higher cavities toward the rounded, from which point the sides of the test flare periphery. The appressed lateral chambers have a to the broadest portion, anterior end elliptic; posterior length of 60 to 80 /t, a height of the cavity of 20 /*, and edge in cross section rounded, anterior edge wedge- floors and roofs of 20 to 40 /* thickness. The open lateral shaped, greatest thickness at or just posterior to the chambers have a length of 100 /*, a height of the cavity of center of the test. 40 to 60 /*, and floors and roofs of about 20 ^ thickness. The surface ornamentation may be divided into sev Small cylindrical pillars are scattered rather evenly eral types. A specimen 2.0 mm long by 2.3 mm wide throughout the test. These pillars have a surface diam has pustules thickly but irregularly scattered over the 600 BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS surface. The pustules have surface diameters from 60 Vertical sections to 100 /A in diameter with the larger ones predominating. WeD— .-————. .-——————— 2B 2A 2A Polygonal pits intervene between the pustules. A speci 1167-1177 J3 1135-1145H 1135-1145^ coarse fine men 4.1 mm long by 4.1 mm wide has closely spaced, Length ...... __ ... ___ ..... _ mm._ 1.8 3.0 3.4 0.64 1.0 0.92 evenly distributed papillae that have a surface diame Embryonic chambers: 290 290 330 ter of about 120 p. These papillae are raised and sepa 150 130 155 Distance from periphery of the test —— it.. 100 140 80 rated from each other by marked depressions. A speci Height of the equatorial chambers __ — -it.. 50 40-«0 60-70 Lateral chambers: Number on each side of the equatorial men 3.0 mm long by 2.8 mm wide has papillae of two dis 4 10 8 60-80 40-«0 eo-120 tinct sizes scattered evenly over the surface. The larger 20-30 20-30 20-55 Thickness of floors and roofs... _ - __ it.. 15-35 20 20-50 papillae have surface diameters of about 70 p and the 60-80 80-120 40-100 smaller have diameters of 20 to 40 p. From these papil lae radiate sutures of clear shell material which bound The lateral chambers are open, with slightly curved rhombic areas between the papillae. A specimen 4.1 roofs and floors. They may occur in regular tiers be mm long by 3.8 mm wide has fine papillae whose tween the pillars, but normally there is overlapping surface diameters are about 60 p. scattered evenly over from one tier to the adjacent ones. the surface. These papillae are nearly flush with the First appearance.—At a depth of 1135-1145^ feet in surface of the test. From each papilla sutures of clear Bikini hole 2A; 1167-117Ti/2 feet in Bikini hole 2B. shell material radiate so that they bound rhombic areas Age reported elsewhere.—Higher Aquitanian, Ter between the papillae. Although there are size and sur tiary e and lower Burdigalian, Tertiary /. face ornamentation differences, the thin sections demon strate that these specimens are megalospheric forms and Genus MIOGYPSINOIDES Yabe and Hanzawa, 1928 belong to the same species. Miogypsinoides borodinensis (Hanzawa) A specimen 1.8 mm long has a thickness of 0.64 mm Plate 221, figures 6-8 and a specimen 3.0 mm long has a thickness of 1.0 mm. 1940. Miogypsinella borodinensis Hanzawa, Jubilee Publ. in The embryonic chambers are bilocular with periem- commemoration of Prof. H. Yabe's 60th birthday, D. bryonic chambers arranged around their periphery. 768, 775, 779, 780, pi. 39, figs. 1-9. Measurements of certain elements of the embryonic Megalospheric form.—Test small with a broadly chambers are given in the following table. - Originally, rounded initial end, thence flaring to the broadest por two kinds of specimens were distinguished, those with tion of the test which is just beyond the initial portion. fine papillae and those with coarse ones. These types Distal edge of the test crenulated, representing the out are described separately in the table. growth of some of the equatorial chambers. Small, closely spaced, slightly raised papillae occur uniformly Drill hole..— .— — — ...... 2B 2B 2A 2A scattered over the surface of the test. The length is Depth...... __ feet- 1177^-1188 1177H-1188 1135-1145H 1135-1145J4 Type of papillae.. __ __ .. from 1.2 to 1.3 mm and the width at the widest portion Size (length x width) _ . .mm.- 2. 2 x 1. 9 3.0x2.8 3. 4 x 3. 1 3. 7 x 3. 8 Diameters of initial chain- is 1.1 to 1.2 mm. 160 x 170 120 x 130 130 x 140 140 x 140 Diameters of second cham- The embryonic chambers are bilocular, the initial 200x300 130 x 200 120x180 Distance across both cham- chamber has a diameter of about 80 p. ; the second cham 400 270 qnn OOA Thiekness of outer wall-.._M-- 20 20 20 20 ber has diameters of 50 by 90 p. and the distance across Distance of the second cham ber from the periphery of both chambers is 150 p. The thickness of the outer walJ 80 40 160 Illustration (plate, figure). __ 219, 6 219, 8 220, 22 219, 9 is 20 p.. The embryonic chambers are followed by a coil of periembryonic chambers which makes l1/^ volutions The equatorial chambers are arcuate, rhombic or elon around the initial chambers. There are about 9 cham gate hexagonal. All of these types may occur in the bers in the first volution and about 15 chambers in the same specimen, or one type may predominate. Meas periembryonic series. In the first volution the fifth to urements of the different types of chambers from the seventh chambers occur at the proximal edge of the test. same specimen follow: arcuate, radial diameters, 40 to The equatorial chambers are polygonal in plan and 80 ;«,, tangential, 40 to 60 /A ; rhombic, radial diameters extremely variable in size. 40 to 120 p., tangential 50 to 80 ^; hexagonal, radial 120 A vertical section assigned to this species has a length to 160 /*, tangential 80 to 100 p.. of 1.14 mm, a thickness through the initial end of 0.42 The measurements of typical vertical sections are mm and a thickness through the equatorial chambers of given in the following table. 0.34 mm. LARGER FORAMENIFERA FROM BIKINI DRILL HOLES 601 The embryonic chambers have a length of 140 p. and the test is slightly in front of the initial edge, whence a height of 60 /*. the test thins toward the distal side. Pillars with a surface diameter of 80 to 100 /* appear The equatorial layer is flat over most of the area of on the dorsal side over the embryonic chambers. The the test, but near the initial side the equatorial layer ventral pillars are not observed in this section. curves sharply downward, therefore satisfactory prep Microspheric form.—The microspheric specimens are arations of the embryonic chambers were not obtained. larger than the megalospheric ones. A typical micro- Partial preparations demonstrate that the embryonic spheric specimen has a length of 2.0 mm and a width chambers are small and surrounded by 11/2 to 2 coils of of 1.4 mm at the broadest portion. periembryonic chambers. The entire embryonic appa The embryonic chambers are extremely small and ratus has a diameter of about 300 ju. The periembry bilocular, with a diameter across both chambers of about onic chambers are subquadrate and the larger ones have 25 /A. There are S1/^ coils of periembryonic chambers diameters of 60 by 100 /*. around the equatorial chambers with 39 or more cham The equatorial chambers normally are rhombic, but bers in all the coils. various other shapes occur. Average chambers have The equatorial chambers are similar to those of the radial diameters of about 100 /* and tangential diameters megalospheric form. of about 80 p. First appearance.—At a depth of 15971/2-1608 feet in The equatorial layer increases in height from the Bikini hole 2B. initial to the distal portion of the test. At the initial Age reported elsewhere.—Chattian. portion the height is about 60 /* and at the distal por Discussion.—These specimens are so similar to those tion the height may be 180 /*. described from the North Borodino Island test well that The walls which cover the equatorial layer are com there is no hesitation in assigning them to that species. posed of pillars which fuse and separate in an irregular M. borodinensis occurs in the North Borodino Island manner. The pillars are composed of alternate layers well in Zone 5 (394.98 to 431.6T meters). Hanzawa as of light and dark shell material which give to them a signs this zone to the Chattian, mainly on the basis that varved appearance. In some specimens the irregularity Aquitanian fossils occur in Zone 4 and that M. boro- of the pillars and the open spaces between the pillars dinensis is closely related to M. complanata Schlum- is such that the wall has a spongy appearance. berger, an Aquitanian and Chattian species. First appearance.—At a depth of 1030-10351/2 feet As M. ~borodinensis occurs in the Bikini test hole with in Bikini hole 2A. undoubted Aquitanian species, and as the base of the Age reported elsewhere.—Burdigalian. Aquitanian in the Bikini hole is far below the occur Discussion.—In the collections from the Lau Islands, rence of M. ~borodin#nsis in this well, it seems reason Fiji, there occurred, in the Miocene, specimens which able to conclude that M. borodinensis is an Aquitanian were referred to Miogypsina neodispansa (Jones and species. Chapman) (Cole, 1945a, p. 297). Certain specimens in Hanzawa (1940, p. 764, 765) remarks that "It is odd the Bikini holes when thin sections were prepared re in the present material, no specimens of Eulepidina are vealed features that were so similar to the specimens found * * *". If the record of the Bikini hole is cor from Vanua Mbalavu, Lau, that those specimens were rect, Eulepidina first appears 126 feet below the first recalled immediately. As far as can be determined the occurrence of M. borodinensis. It is most probable that specimens from Bikini represent the same species as the North Borodino Island well did not reach the those from Lau, Fiji. Eulepidina zone. The specimens from Lau, Fiji, were studied from random thin sections made from the matrix material. Miogypsinoid.es cupulaeformis (Zuffardi-Comerci) With the oriented thin sections of the Bikini specimens Plate 222, figures 4-11 available, a reevaluation became possible. Lateral 1929. Mioffypsina cupulaeformis Zuffardi-Comerci, Soc. Geol. chambers are not present in specimens from either local Ital., Boll., v. 47 (1928), p. 142, pi. 9, figs. 12, 13, 20. ity, therefore the specimens belong to the genus Miogyp- Test with a nearly straight initial side and a semi sinoides. circular distal side, wider than long; surface ornamen Although the type figures are not adequate, all of the tation consisting of coarse raised papillae with surface specimens under discussion closely resemble the speci diameters of about 140 ^, sharply demarked by mens from Borneo that were named Miogypsina cupur- depressed areas which surround each papilla. An aver laefownis. Van der Vlerk (1929, p. 24, 25) identified age specimen has a length of 3.2 mm; a width of 4.0 mm certain specimens from Borneo as Miogypsina abunen- and a thickness of 1.4 mm. The thickest portion of sis Tobler. Tan (1936, p. 52) states that he believes 602 BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS that these specimens are the same as Miogypsina cupu largest one of the series. Chambers on either side of laeformis. At the same time Tan transfers the species the largest chamber decrease progressively in size and cupulaeformis from the genus Miogypsina to the genus tend to have semicircular outer walls, particularly at Miogypsinoides and gives two additional illustrations each end of the partial coil. of the equatorial layer. The equatorial chambers have rude rhombic shapes Although the additional figures and remarks shed with rounded rather than pointed corners. There is more light on this species, an adequate characterization considerable difference in size in these chambers, but has not been produced. Therefore, there must be some the average chambers have radial diameters of about doubt concerning the absolute identification of the speci 80 p, and tangential diameters of about 120 /*,. In verti mens from Lau and Bikini with the specimens from cal sections the internal height of the equatorial cham Borneo. However, the shape of the equatorial cham bers is about 180 p. There is communication between bers and the occurrence of strong pillars in all of. these the equatorial chambers by stoloniferous openings. specimens suggest that they should be grouped together. These openings have diameters of about 20 //, and three M. cupulaeformis occurs in the Burdigalian in the or more appear in some chamber walls. East Indies. The walls over the equatorial layer are without lat eral chambers. These walls are composed of laminae Miogypsinoides dehaartii van der Vlerk one on top of the other, with a light layer alternating Plate 220, figures 1-8 with a darker layer. Pillars are not present. 1924. Miogypsina dehaartii van der Vlerk, Eclog. Geol. Helvet., First appearance.—At a depth of 1387y2-1398 feet v. 28, p. 429-432, text figs. 1-3. in Bikini hole 2B. Test ill plan view with a more or less straight initial Age reported elsewhere.—Aquitanian, Tertiary e. side with the remainder of the outline of the test circu Miogypsinoides grandipustula Cole, n. sp. lar. In the center of the initial side a hemispherical bulge marks the position of the embyronic apparatus. Plate 221, figures 1-4, 19-22; plate 222, figure 12 The test is normally slightly wider than long and the Megalospheric form.—The young stage presents the thickest portion lies almost immediately in front of the appearance of a coarsely pustulate species of a rotalid. external bulge produced by the embryonic apparatus. The surface is covered with closely crowded, large, dis The surface is ornamented by very slightly raised, ir tinctly raised papillae, the largest of which have a sur regular, polygonal pustules. These pustules are best face diameter of 100 //,. The diameter of these speci developed over the thickest portion of the test. The mens is 0.9 to 1.4 mm and the thickness is about 0.7 mm. length of the test is 1.8 to 2.0 mm; the width is 2.0 to An equatorial section shows a bilocular embryonic 2.5 mm; the thickness at the thickest portion is about apparatus with a nearly spherical initial chamber with 1.0 mm. a diameter of 130 /*,. The second chamber has diameters The embryonic chambers are bilocular, with 8 to 9 of 55 by 90 //,. The distance across both chambers is periembryonic chambers of subquadrate shape arranged 210 p. The thickness of the outer wall is 30 //,. around the initial chambers in such a manner that the The embryonic chambers are followed by 2% coils of initial chambers are completely enclosed by the peri- subquadrate periembryonic chambers. There are 9 embryonic ones except for a small distance along the chambers in the first volution and a total of 26 cham periphery of the test. bers in the periembryonic series. The initial chamber is spherical with an internal The available sections show only the initial develop diameter of about 140 p. The second chamber is sub- ment of the equatorial chambers. These appear as small spherical with internal diameters of approximately 80 secondary chambers at the juncture between two of by 100 p. The outer wall of the embryonic apparatus the periembryonic chambers on the distal edge of the has a thickness of 40 p. The distance across both cham rotalid coil. bers including the outer walls is about 300 p. A vertical section of rotalid specimen shows bilocu The first periembryonic chamber is situated at the end lar embryonic chambers with a length of 250 //, and a of the dividing wall between the two initial chambers. height of 160 p. Heavy pillars occur both on the dorsal This periembryonic chamber, as viewed in equatorial and ventral sides. section, has a curved outer wall, and the inner walls are A vertical section of an individual with well-devel apparently those of the initial chambers themselves. oped equatorial chambers shows initially the same fea The second periembryonic chamber has the subquadrate tures as the rotalid specimen. However, this mature shape typical of the periembryonic chambers. The specimen has heavy walls covering the equatorial cham- fourth or fifth periembryonic chamber represents the bsrs. These walls are composed largely of closely LARGER FORAMINIFERA FROM BIKINI DRILL HOLES 603 spaced pillars between which occur vertical canals or First appearance.—At a depth of 1597^-1608 feet in pores. Bikini hole 2B. Microspheric form.—Test fan-shaped in plan view, Discussion.—This species is distinguished readily undulate to selliform, initial end bluntly rounded, from either M. borodinensis or M. ubaghsi by the large, greatest width near the distal edge. Surface ornamen closely spaced and distinctly raised papillae. ' Vertical tation consists of coarse papillae between which occur sections of M. grandipustula show thick walls covering finer papillae. On one specimen the coarse papillae the equatorial chambers. These walls are composed have surface diameters of about 180 p, and the finer papillae have diameters of about 80 /*. Another speci largely of pillars. M. borodinensis and M. ubaghsi have men has coarser papillae with diameters of 100 /i, and relatively thin walls over the equatorial chambers with finer papillae with diameters of 60 /*. The length is the pillars not a conspicuous feature of these walls. about 2 mm; the width is about 2.3 mm; and the thick Miogypsinoides ubaghsi Tan ness is about 1.0 mm. The preparations of the initial chambers are not sat Plate 221, figures 5, 9-18; plate 222, figures 13-15 isfactory. The initial chambers apparently are bilonu- 1936. Miogypsinoides ubaghsi Tan, De Ing. in Ned.-Indie. 4. lar and very small with, a diameter across both cham Mijnbouw en Geol. 3 Jaarg. p. 47, 48, pi. 1, figs. 1-7. bers of not more than 40 /*. These chambers are fol 1940. Miogypsinella ubaghsi (Tan). Hanzawa, Jubilee Publ. in lowed by approximately 2 coils of subquadrangular commemoration of Prof. H. Yabe's 60th birthday, p. 767, periembryonic chambers with around 19 chambers in 768, 775, text fig. 4. the entire series. The diameter of the entire embryonic Megalospheric form.—Test small, slightly wider than apparatus is about 440 p. The largest periembryonic long, fan-shaped, initial portion in plan view rounded, chamber has diameters of 80 to 120 p. thence rapidly flaring to the widest portion of the test, The equatorial chambers range in shape from rhombic distal portion with a crenulated margin representing to polygonal. Although the size varies normal cham the outgrowth of the equatorial chambers; surface or bers have diameters of about 100 /*. namentation consists of large pustules over the initial In vertical sections the equatorial layer is observed portion and finer, closer spaced pustules over the distal to be curved from the initial end to the distal portion portion. of the test and to gradually increase in height. At the The initial chambers are bilocular, the first chamber initial end the internal height of the equatorial layer is nearly spherical and the second chamber is reniform. is about 60 /* and at the distal end the height is 180 p.. The initial chambers are followed by subquadrate peri The walls covering the equatorial layer are composed of fibrous appearing material with the long axis of the embryonic chambers arranged so that they form vir fibers at right angles to the equatorial plane. Conical tually two coils. The periembryonic chambers gradu pillars penetrate these fibrous layers from the exterior ally increase in length as they are added for about 1^2 of the test. Some of these pillars penetrate to the equa volutions at which point they decrease gradually in torial layer, others reach only % the way to the equato length to the end of the coil. The revolving wall is rial layer and certain ones only extend */£ the distance thick and has imbedded in it small pillars whose heads from the exterior to the equatorial layer. Well-devel form surface pustules. oped pillars have a surface diameter of about 120 p. Measurements of 5 equatorial sections follows: Equatorial sections Depth______feet__ 1660K-1671 1671-1681/2 1723/2-1734 1744}_-1755 1818-1828H Greatest length ______mm _ 1. 3 1. 32 1. 1 1. 26 1. 16 1. 16 1. 14 1. 24 1.0 1.0 Embryonic chambers: Diameters of initial chamber____ _ M-- 90 x 100 120 x 130 100 x 100 120 x 100 80 x 80 70 x 120 70 x 130 40 x 80 160 x 120 40 x 100 Distance across both chambers _ _ _ _/*_- 180 200 160 200 140 Thickness of outer wall- ______/* _ 30 30 20 20 20 Periembryonic chambers: Number of coils ______2 1% 1% 1% 2 Chambers in first volution ______9 10 9 9 10 Total number of periembryonic chambers.. ___ 20 23 22 20 24 Equatorial chambers: Radial diameter ______/*-- 160 140-160 100-160 180 Tangential diameter. . ______M - 120 100-160 100-140 120 604 BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS After the fourteenth to about the seventeenth peri- Carpenter, W. B. 1883, Report on the genus Orbitolites collected embryonic chamber there is a small secondary chamber by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876, Chal lenger Reports (Zool.), v. 7, pt. 5, p. 1-47, pis. 1-8, 7 text formed at the peripheral edge of the test and between figs. the next succeeding periembryonic chamber two second ———— 1856, Researches on the Formainifera, Philos. Trans., ary chambers are formed. These represent the first v. 146, p. 181-236, pis. 4-9. equatorial chambers. Caudri, C. M. B. 1934, Tertiary deposits of Soemba, Amsterdam, The later equatorial chambers have curved outer walls p. 1-223, pis. 1-5,3 maps, 21 text figs. and pointed inner ends. ——— 1939, Lepidocyclinen von Java, Genootscfh. Nederl. en Measurements of 3 typical vertical sections follow: Kol., Verh. Geol. Mijnbouwk, geol. ser., v. 12, p. 135-257, pis. 1-10. Vertical sections Chapman, F. 1915, Description of a limestone of Lower Miocene Age from Bootless Inlet, Papua, Roy. Soc. New South Depth... ______..... _ ...... feet- 1723^-1734 1744^-1755 1818-1828^ Wales, Jour. Proc., v. 48 (1914), p. 289-301, pis. 7-9. 1.32 1.12 1.34 Cole, W. Storrs 1939, Large Foraminifera from Guam, Jour. Thickness through Initial portion _ ....mm.. 0.64 0.5 0.6 Paleontology, v. 13, p. 183-189, pis. 23,24,1 text fig. Thickness through distal portion .... _ mm . . 0.64 0.48 0.4 Embryonic chambers: ——— 1945a, Stratigraphic and paleontologic studies of wells Length. ______....ft.. 130 160 S.6i^.t...... It.. 90 100 110 in Florida No. 4, Florida Geol. Survey, Bull. 28, p. 1-160, Internal height of equatorial layer .. __ ..it.. 200 160 180 Surface diameter of pillars on dorsal side over pis. 1-22,8 text figs. 60-100 100 ———— 1945b, Larger Foraminifera of Lau, Fiji, in The Geology Surface diameter of pillars on ventral side over 100 60-80 80-120 of Lau, Fiji, by Ladd, H. S. and Hoffmeister, J. E., Bernice Surface diameter of pillars over equatorial 40-60 50-60 60 P. Bishop Mus., Bull. 181, p. 272-297, pis. 12-30. 1953, Criteria for the recognition of certain assumed Camerinid genera: Bull. Am. Paleontology, v. 35, no. 147, p. Microspheric form,—Test with a smaller initial end 27-46, pis. 1-3. than that of the megalospheric form and with coarse Crespin, Irene 1943, The Stratigraphy of the Tertiary marine surface pustules more or less uniformly scattered over rocks in Gippsland, Victoria, Mineral Res. Surv., Australia, the surface of the test. Bull, 9, p. 1-101, 3 tables, maps [mimeographed]. The initial chambers are very small and all the avail Cushman, Joseph A. 1917, A monograph of the Foraminifera of the North Pacific Ocean, U. S. Natl. Mus., Bull. 71, pt. 6, able sections do not show these chambers clearly. There p. 1-108, pis. 1-39,52 text figs. are three volutions of periembryonic chambers around ——— 1930, The Foraminifera of the Atlantic Ocean, U. S. Natl. the initial chambers with about 40 subquadrate cham Mus., Bull. 104, pt. 7, p. 1-79, pis. 1-18. bers in the coils. 1948, Foraminifera: their classification and economic use, The shape and development of the equatorial cham Harvard Univ. Pres, p. 1-605, text pis. 1-31; key pis. 1-55; bers is similar to those of the megalospheric generation. 7 text figs. DouvillS, H. 1905, Les Foraminif£res dans le Tertiaire de Bor- First appearance.—At a depth of 16601^-1671 feet ngo, Soc. Geol. France, Bull, ser. 4, v. 5, p. 435-464, pi. 14. in Bikini hole 2B. ———— 1911, Les Foraminifgres dans le Tertiaire des Philippines, Age reported elsewhere.—Aquitanian, Tertiary e. Philippine Jour. Sci., v. 6, p. 53-80, pis. A-D. Discussion.—Tan's illustrations of this species are not Findlay, H. J. and Marwick, J. 1940, The divisions of the Upper satisfactory. However, the specimens from the Bikini Cretaceous and Tertiary in New Zealand, Roy. Soc. New Zealand, Trans. v. 70, p. 77-135. test hole possess in exact duplication all the structures ——— 1948, The outline of the geology of New Zealand (to which can be ascertained by a study of the illustrations accompany the 16 mile to 1 inch geological map), Geol. Sur. of the type specimens. Branch, New Zealand, p. 22-37. Hanzawa considers that specimens of this type have Glaessner, M. F. 1943, Problems of Stratigraphic correlation in features that distinguish them from the genus Miogyp- the Indo-Pacific region, Roy. Soc. Victoria, Proc., v. 55, sinoides and so he offered the name Miogypsinella for new ser. p. 41-80, correlation chart facing p. 80. ———— 1945, Principles of micropaleontology, Oxford Univ. species of this type. However, the writer believes that Press, p. 1-296, pis. 1-14, 64 text figs., 7 tables. these types should be retained in the genus Miogypsin- Hanzawa, S. 1930, Note on Foraminifera found in the Lepido- oides. cyclina-limestoue from Pabeasan, Java, Tohoku Imp. Univ. LITERATURE CITED Sci. Rep., ser. 2 (Geol.), v. 14, p. 85-96, pis 26-28. ——— 1931, On some Miocene rocks with Lepidocyclina from Izu [Some references in synonymies are not repeated.] and Boso peninsulas, Tohoku Imp. Univ. Sci. Rep., ser. 2 Bannink, D. D. 1948, Ben monografie van het genus Operculina (Geol.), v. 12, p. 159-170, pis. 27, 28, 2 text figs. d'Orbigny, 1826, Doctor's dissertation, Leiden, p. 1-158, pis. ——— 1939, Revision of "Nummulites" cumingii (Carpenter), 1-19, 15 text figs. Jap. Jour. Geology Geography, v. 16, p. 225-232, pis. 15, 16. Bursch, J. G. 1947, Mikropalaonotologische Untersuchungen des ——— 1940, Micropalaeontological studies of drill cores from a Tertiars von Gross Kei (Molukken), Schweizerische Palae- deep well in Kita-Daito-Zima (North Borodino Island), Ju ont. Gesell., Abhand., v. 65, p. 1-69, pis. 1-5, 22 text figs., 1 bilee Publ. in comemoration of Prof. H. Yabe's 60th birth table. day, p. 755-802, pis. 39-42. LARGER FORAMINIFERA FROM BIKINI DRILL HOLES 605 Hanzawa, S. 1947, Note on Borelis pygmaeus (Hanzawa) from Umbgrove, J. H. F. 1927, Neogene Foraminiferen van de Soengei the Mariana Islands, Jap. Jour. Geology Geography, v. 20, Beboeloe, Pastir (Zuidoost-Borneo), Wetensch. Meded., no. p. 9-11, pi. 5. 5, p. 28-41, pis. 1,2,1 map. Hensen, F. B. S. 1937, Larger Foraminifera from Aintab, Turk ——— 1931, Tertiary Foraminifera, Leidsche Geol. Meded., v. 5, ish Syria, Eclog. Geol. Helvet, v. 30, p. 45-57, pis. 4, 5; 6 p. 35-91. tables. Van der Vlerk, I. M. 1924, Foraminiferen uit het Tertiar van Heron-Alien, E. and Earland, A. 1915, The Foraminifera of the Java, Wetensch. Meded., no. 1, p. 16-29, pis. 4, 5. Kerimba Archipelago (Portuguese East Africa) pt. 2, Trans. ——— 1925, A study of Tertiary Foraminifera from the "Tido- Zool. Soc. v. 20, p. 543-794, pis. 40-53. engsche Landen" T. Borneo, Wetensch. Meded., no. 3, p. Krijnen, W. F. 1931, Het genus Spiroclypeus in het Indo-Pa- 13-32, pis. 1-6,1 table and map. ciflsche gebied, Genootsch. Nederl. en Kol., Verb. Geol. ——— 1928, Het Genus Lepidocyclina in het Indo-pacifische Mijnbouwk, geol. ser., v. 9, p. 77-111, pis. 1-3, 1 table. gebied, Wetensch. Meded., no. 8, p. 8-51, 58 figs., 4 tables. Ladd, H. S., Tracey, J. I., and Lill, G. G. 1948, Drilling on Bi ——— 1929, Groote foraminiferen van N. O. Borneo, Wetensch. kini Atoll, Marshall Islands, ScL, v. 107, p. 51-55, 2 text figs. Meded., no. 9, p. 1-44, 51 figs., 1 table. Vaughan, T. Wayland 1933, Studies of American species of Oppenoorth, W. F. F. 1918, Foraminiferen van de noordkust Foraminifera of the genus Lepidocyclina, Smithsonian van Atjeh, Genootsch. Nederl. en Kol., Verb. Goel. Miscell. Coll., v. 89, no. 10, p. 1-53, pis. 1-32. Mijnbouwk, geol. ser., v. 2, p. 249-258, pis. 8, 9. Yabe, H. 1919, Note on a Lepidocyclina—limestone from Cebu, Parr, W. J. 1934, Tertiary Foraminifera from Chalky Island, Tohoku Imp. Univ. Sci. Bep., ser. 2 (Geol.), v. 5, p. 37-51, S. W. New Zealand, Boy. Soc. New Zealand, Trans., v. 64, pis. 6, 7. p. 139-146, pi. 20. Yabe, H., and Hanzawa, S. 1925, A geological problem concern Provale, Irene 1909, Di Alcune Nummulitine e Orbitoidine ing the raised coral reefs of the Biukiu Islands and Taiwan; Dell'Isola Di Borneo, Biv. Ital. Paleont., v. 15, p. 65-96, a consideration based on the fossil Foraminifera faunas pis. 2, 3. contained in the raised coral-reef formation and the young Tan, Sin Hok 1932, On the genus Cycloclypeus Carpenter, est deposits under it, Tohoku Imp. Univ. Sci. Bep., ser. 2 Wetensch.Meded. No. 19, p. 1-194, pis. 1-24, 7 tables. (Geol.), v. 7, p. 30-56, pis. 5-10. ——— 1936, Zur Kenntnis der Miogypsiniden, De Ing. in Ned.- ——— 1929, Tertiary foraminiferous rocks of the Philippines, Indie". 4. Mijnbouw en Geol. 3 Jaarg. p. 45-61, pis. 1, 2. Tohoku Imp. Univ., Sci. Rep., ser. 2 (Geol.)., v. 11, p. 137- ———— 1937, On the genus Spiroclypeus H. Douvill6 with a 190, pis. 15-27. description of the Eocene Spiroclypeus vermicularis nov. Zuffardi-Comerci, R. 1929, Di alcuni Foraminiferi Terziari sp. from Koetai in east Borneo, De Ing. in Ned.-Indie. 4. dell'isola di Borneo, Soc. Geol. Ital., Boll., v. 49, p. 127-148, Mijnbouw en Geol. 4 Jaarg. p. 177-193, pis. 1-4. pis. 7-9. INDEX [Italic numbers indicate descriptions] Page Page abdopnstula, Lepidocyclina (Eulepidina) _____... 571 (tab.), 572, 594, Pis. 215, 218 globulosa, Alveolinella (Flosculinella) ___------_-.______584 abunensis, Miogypsina-... __...... __..______.______._... 601 Flosculinella------570 (tab.), 571 (tab.), 584, Pi- 209 Alveolinella (Flosculinella) ?Zo&M.o«.—______584 globulus, Spiroclypeus... ______577 Alveolinellidae______583 grandipustulosa, Miogypsinoides... .______»__-_____ 571 (tab.;, 572, 60 . pis. 221, 222 ammonoides, Operculina______574 guembelianus, Cyclodypeus.... ____ — _-.-_._ — — — — — — — — — ———___ 581 -4TOpA.soniS--..___..___.______.______.______581,582,583 Gypsina vesicularis - ______£70 (tab.), 571 (tab.), 572, 585, pi. 210 Aempnc'-ii------______.__..______— -_._...______582 Amphistegina---... ------_---___. — __ — ______.____.__....._...... _ 585 Ho-Vciion....------—_------—----—------572,585 amplicuneata, Operculinoides..______571 (tab.), 573, pi. 204 bartrumi---- ______.__-.-_-____--...... _--..--....-..-.—..._-- 585 angulosa inflata, Lepidocyclina--.---.... ___-_-___._____-___.___...__. 587 bikiniensis-—-..— ______571 (tab.), 584, pi- 21° Lepidocyclina ______586 hemprichii, Amphisonts------——------—.. 582 Heterostegina------... _—__-—— —— — — —— —— — - — __ — __.-_--._------_ 572,576 (Nephrohpidina).-.-..... __.______589 corneensis——-.... .______-__------..__-____-_._*___ — — _.______— ----- 576 atjehensis, Lepidocyclina—...... ______..___.__._____ 590, 591, 592, pi. 212 curva—. __-_.--.-______576 Lepidocyclina pwva...... ___...... __...... _.___.....-.- 590 depressa______576 (Nephrolepidina)...._...... ______589 margaritata.-—------_— 578 augutticamera, Lepidocyclina (Nephrolepidina)-...—. ______571 (tab.), 585, pi. 217 A ustratrillina. ------.-_------.-.-.__...... ___.._-.._....._...... 573 nigripustula..______571 (tab.), 575, pi. 209 howchini .— — . — — _-..__..____..-....__.. 570 (tab.), 571 (tab.) 573, pi. 210 praecursor. — — _ —— ______-_ —__—__ —__ — __—__—-. — ——. — ——..-.—— 576 pusillumbonata——— -- —— ---— — ----—————— 571 (tab.), 57 . pi. 20fi bartrumi, Halkyardia—------...... - — ...-...... —...... 585 suborbicularis---. ______570 (tab.), 571 (tab.), 576, pi. 205 bartschi, Operculina-.. _...... _---______--__.._____....______.__-- 575 howchini, Austrotrillina—______570 (tab.), 571 (tab.), 573, pi. 210 bikiniensis, Halkyardia...... -.....--...___. ______571 (tab.), 684, Pi- 210 Tnllina.... _-______—__----- — -.-_- — ------£73 Lepidocyclina----,---- ______586 (Ntphrolepiaina)...... _.__——______571 (tab.), 686, pi. 214 indonesiensis, Miogypsina (Miogypsina) _ 570 (tab.), 571 (tab.), 572, 699, pis. 219, 220 Optrculinoiaes.——---..- — ----. ______571 (tab.), 574, p). 204 indopacificus terhaari, Cyclodypeus__— — ______— ___-___-___-- — - — _ — _.. 570 vnipilaris, Lepidocyclina (Nephrolepidina)..-.______571 (tab.), 587, pi. 214 inflata, Lepidocyclina------.... ------—— ---______-_ — - ——— — — — — — 587 blanckenhorni ornata, Spiroclypeus. ____-.___.____._____.____...... 581 Lepidocyclina angulosa------.------587 Borelispygmaeus.... ,______.....______._.______583,584 verrucosa_ — —— — ———.. —— —— ------————- —— — -— 587 schlumbergerL. ______570, 571 (tab.), 583, pi. 209 inornata, Lepidocyclina (Nephrolepidina) sumatrensis------—— _ 570 (tab.), borneensis, Heterostegina^ ______...... __...... 576 571 (tab.), 572, 593, pi. 215 Miogypsina...... ______.______598 japonica, Lepidocyclina------— ------— ------——. — —— 588 (Miogypsina)---——— — -----_._ 570 (tab.), 571 (tab.), 572, 573, 598, pi. 220 borodinensis, Miogypsinoides----. ______570 (tab.), 571 (tab.), 572, 573, 600, pi. 221 Lepidocyclina.------—.-- —— -.—— ——— - — — — —— 569,572,573,585,597 angulosa- ____—___---—— — — —_-_-_-—----_- — -_-- — —------£86 Calcarina defrancii...... ______--______. £84 infiita.------—------587 spe_-._TZ—______571 (tab.), 584, pi. 205 atjehensis ———— —— - — —— — — — - —— ——— — — — .. 590, 591, 592, pi. 212 Calcarinidae_— — _.-- —_-.-__— — — — — __—______584 bikiniensis-- — _-—_-— — — —— ___ — — —-__ ——__ — — — —— — - — — —.— 586 Camerina..... -__-_._____-.____-_-_--____._.__-__-_-___._._-__._...... _. 673 Camerinidae_---______573, 581 cubiculirhomboidea..---.------.... _-_ — - — _ — ---- ——— —— ——— 572,588 favosa.------—------..-- —— —— -- — ———— 597 carpenteri, Cyclodypeus. ______570, 571 (tab.), 681, pi."205 ferreroi————— ——— ——————————.—.—.——.——— 586,591 complanata,Miogypsinoides-.-... _._-_-_--__-_--______.______601 flexuosa.—— —— - —— ——— — — ——— - —— . 570 (tab.), 571 (tab.), 598, pi. 217 Operculina...... ___...______..__..... 575 formot,a------— —------585, 586, 594, 595, 596, 597, 598, pi. 216 Orbitolites... --__.---_.______.-_-_..______..__._...... 582,683 —— ___ — _ —__-__ ———- —— ------—— - — — - — — — — 597,598 concava, Orbitolina...... ______585 inflaia------——------— -_ — __- ——— — ———— — — ----- 587 cubiculirhomboidea, Lepidocyclina____...... _____.______._.___ 572,588 japonica------.... — — — ------—— ______—— -_-—_._ 588 Lepidocyclina (Nephrolepidina)----... ______.._____ 571 (tab.), 572, 587, pi. 213 melanesiana _ __ — ___- — — ----- — ------— - — — — _—-_- — — — 591 cupulaeformis, Miofypsina...... ______670,602 monstrosa... — -_— — ———- — — —— _ — _ — _ — — ——— — — — — _-— — -— 597 Miogypsinoides...... -_——______57C, 571 (tab.), 601, pi. 222 munieri— — _—— — — — -———_ — — -—_ — — — - ——- — — — -—-_-—— — _ — — 588 curva, Heterostegina.....______576 orientalis... ______------— — ---- — ---——- —------589 Cyclocylpeuscarpenteri- —---- — ----.---- —— - —— — - 570, 571 (tab.), 681, pi. 205 papuaensis——— — — __-—— — _ — — ___ ——— — — -_ — — — - — _ — —— -_.-._ 594,598 guembelianus ___----.-_.______-.--_—_--______581 parva ___- — .— -. — — — - — - — — — — — — -— 589, 590, 591, 592, pi. 212 indopaciflcusterhaari..- ______570 __ .. — — ..—— — — — . —. — .. — . — — — — 590 sp__.__.______581 Cymbalopora radiata minima. _-___-__--_____..______585 Cymbaloporidae______584 Jtreolata-- — - ——------595, 596, 598, pi. 216 defrancii, Calcarina.... — — -_— — _—_ — _- — ______584 sumatrensis— _____ — ______— ______._-_._ 588, 593 dehaartii, Miogypsinoides------570 (tab.), 571 (tab.), 572, 573, 60%, pi. 220 eulepidinacea ————. — . — — - — — —— — - — — —— --— 588,592, 593 depressa, Heterostegina—.... --——__—______576 talahabensis. ——— — —— — —— — —— ———— — ———— — — — - 588, 589 doui'il/ei, Lepidocyclina (Nephrolepidina)... ______589 verbeeki...... -...-.--..--.---...-.- — ---. — .-----—— — - — -—---—— 593 duplex, Orbitolites...... ____..______582 perrucosn— ------593 Eulepidina...... 572,573,601 inflata-.------——————————————————————————— 587 formosa...... 572 (tab.) (Eulepidina) abdopustula..— —— —— — —— —— 571 (tab.), 572, 594, Pis. 215, 218 (Eulepidina) abdopustula, Lepidocyclina.---- ______571 (tab.), 572, 594, Pis. 215, 218 formosa—------570 (tab.), 571 (tab.), 585,594, pis. 216, 217, 218 formosa, Lepidocyclina...... _____ 570 (tab.), 571 (tab.), 594, Pis. 216, 217, 218 gibbosa— —— — —— — — ——— — — 570 (tab.), 571 (tab.), 507, pis. 217, 218 gibbosa, Lepidocyclina...... -„______. 570 (tab.), 571 (tab.), 597, pis. 217, 218 planata—— ——— — — — —— — —— 570 (tab.), 571 (tab.), 597, pis. 217, 218 planata, Lepidocyclina___.______570 (tab.), 571 (tab.), 597, pis. 217, 218 stereolata-— — — — - —— ------— -----———— 594, 595 stereolata, Lepidocyclina...-. ______594 (Lepidocyclina) yurnagunensis __—__ — ------— — - 590 eulepidinacea, Lepidocyclina sumatrensis... -_.._____-______588, 592, 593 yurnagunensis morganopsis ------— -___ — — ___.- — —__ — — -- 590 (Nephrolepidina) _-..— — - — _-__-_- — — __ _ — — --___ — - — ------— 573 favoi>a, Lepidocjclina..----... -.---__-______.__.._.______597 angulosa.-..-.--- — -- — _ —— — — — -__ — __-_-_ — - — — — _—- — — — - 589, 591 ferreroi, Lepidocyclina...... —— ... ___.______.__...... 586,591 atjehensis ______— — — ___ — _—__- — — — — —— _---___-_-_ 589 Lepidocyclina (Nephrolepidina)—--..... ______589 augusticamera— —— — — ----- —— — — - —— -— 571 (tab.), 585, pi. 217 flexuosa, Lepidocyclina— ...______570 (tab.), 571 (tab.), 598, pi. 217 bikiniensii— —— —— -- — - — — - ——— -- —— —— 571 (tab.), 586, pi. 214 Orbitoides (Lepidocyclina)....—.. ______598 unipUaris.— .————- —— - — -- — — — --— 571 (tab.), 587, pi. 214 Flosculinella globulosa... ______570 (tab.), 571 (tab.), 584, pi- 209 cubiculirhomboidea— —— — ———— - — - — —— 571 (tab.), 572, 587, pi. 213 (Flosculinella) globulosa, Alveolinella______._ 584 dousmei—.. —— — — -- — —— — — —— —— —————— ———— 589, 591 formosa, Eulepidina...... —...... 572 (tab.) /errero.— ------589, 591 Lepidocyclina...... __.______594 makiyamai — — — _—--_--_- — __--_ ———— ------—— _-_- ——— -- — — 588 (.Eulepidina)...... — . — . 570 (tab.), 571 (tab.), 594, pis. 216, 217,218 melanesiana. _ __-_-_____-_-_--_----_------.------589, 591 gibbosa, Lepidocyclina.--.-----.... _._-_____-.-.._.--..____.-....._.__ 597,598 orientalis————— —— ————— — —— 570 (tab.), 571 (tab.), 572, 588, pi. 215 Lepidocyclina (Eulepidina)--...---.-.---. 570 (tab.), 571 (tab.), 597, pis. 217, 218 parva— — —— --- — — -—— 570 (tab.), 571 (tab.), 572, 589, pis. 212, 21 7, 222 607 608 INDEX LepidocycUna—Continued Page Page (Nephrolepidina)— Continued OrbicuUnapleurocentralis... ————————————————————————————— 580 pumilipapilla.-...... __.._..._..._.... 571 (tab.), 572, 592, pis. 214, 215 Orbitoides (LepidocycUna) flexuosa...... ——————————————— 598 sumatrensis inornata------.—...... 570 (tab.), 571 (tab.), 572, 593, pi. 215 Orbitoididae.------.----.-.------.--.------585 verbeeki...... 593 Orbitolina concava vesicularis...... 685 verrucosa.—...... 570 (tab.), 571 (tab.), 572, 593, pi. 213 Orbitolites —————————————————————————— 582 (Trybliolepidina) orientalis...... _..._.____...___.__.... 588 complanata...... 582,583 talahabensis..—...... r__.______588 duplex.-...... ^...... 582 (LepidocycUna) flexuosa, Orbitoides...... ______...... 598 marginalis—...... —.—..—. 582 yurnagunensis, LepidocycUna...... 590 orientalis, LepidocycUna...... 589 moTffanopsis, LepidocycUna-...... 590 LepidocycUna (Nephrolepidina)...... 570 (tab.), 571 (tab.), 572, 588, pi. 215 leupoldi, Spirodypeus...... 570 (tab.), 571 (tab.), 572, 577, pi. 208 (Try bliolepidina)...-—...... 588 Literature cited______.______604 ornata, Spiroclypeus blanckenhorni...... —...... —....—...... 581 luddisutura, Operculina-...... 571 (tab.).,575, pi. 204 papuaensis, LepidocycUna-...... 594,598 makiyamai, LepidocycUna (Nephrolepidina)...... 588 parva atjehensis, LepidocycUna...... —.—.—...... —. 590 margarttata, Heterostegina..%...... 578 LepidocycUna...... —. 589 margaritatus, Spiroclypeus...... 570 (tab.), 571 (tab.), 572, 573, 678, pi. 206 (Nephrolepidina)...... 570 (tab.), 571 (tab.), 572,589, pis. 212,217,222 marginalis, Orbitolites...... 582 Peneroplidae..______—————————————————— 581 Sorites...... 582 planata, LepidocycUna...... —...... ——..————. 598 Marginopora...... 582,583 LepidocycUna (Eulepidina)...... 570 (tab.), 571 (tab.), 597, pis. 217, 218 vertebralis ...... 570, 571 (tab.), 588, 583, pis. 210, 211 Planorbulinidae..___.______—————.——— 585 melanesiana, LepidocycUna...... 591 pleurocentralis, Orbiculina...... 580 LepidocycUna (Nephrolepidina)...... 589 Spiroclypeus...... 580, pi. 206 Miliolidae._.___...... _.__...... ___ 573 praecursor, Heterostegina...... ————————————————— 576 minima, Cymbalopora radiata...... 585 pumUipapilla, LepidocycUna (Nephrolepidina)-.....- 571 (tab.), 572, 592, pis. 214, 215 Miogypsina—...... 572,573 pusillumbonata, Heterostegina...... 571 (tab.), 576, pi. 206 abunensis...... 601 pygmaea schlumbergeri, Neoalveolina...... '...... 583 borneensis...... ,...... 598,599 pygmaeus, Borelis...—...... —————————————————————'-— 583,584 cupulaeformis...... 570,602 neodispansa...... 570,601 radiata minima, Cymbalopora...... —...... —.—...... — 685 thecidaeformis...... 599 rectilata, Operculinoides...... 571 (tab.), 675, pis. 204, 205 (Miogypsina) borneensis...... 570 (tab.), 571 (tab.), 572, 573, 598, pi. 220 indonesiensis...... 570 (tab.), 571 (tab.), 572, 599, pis. 219, 220 schlumbergeri, Borelis...... ———- 570, 571 (tab.), 583, pi. 209 (Miogypsina) borneensis, Miogypsina...... 570 (tab.), 571 (tab.), 572, 573, 598, pi. 220 Neoalveolina pygmaea...... 583 indonesiensis, Miogypsina...... 570 (tab.), 571 (tab.), 572,599, pis. 219, 220 Sorites...... 582,583 Miogypsinella..—...... 573,604 marginalis...... ———————————— 582 ubaghsi...... 603 spatiosa, LepidocycUna...... 588 Myogypsinidae,.______598 spengleri, Calcarina.——————...... 571 (tab.), 584, pi. 205 Miogypsinoides...... 570,601,604 Nautilus...... --.-...... 584 borodinensis.—-...... 570 (tab.), 571 (tab.), 572, 573, 800, 601, 603, pi. 221 Spiroclypeus...... —...... 572,573,579,580,581,591 complanata...... ______601 blanckenhorni ornata...... 581 cupulaeformis...... 570, 571 (tab.), 601,&)2, pi. 222 globulus...... ------______————— ———.- — —— — ----———— 577 dekaartii...... 570 (tab.), 571 (tab.), 572, 573, 602, pi. 220 leupoldi-—...... 570 (tab.), 571 (tab.), 572, 577, 578,579,pi. 208 grandipustula...... 571 (tab.), 572, 608, pis. 221,222 margaritatus...... 570 (tab.), 571 (tab.), 572, 573, 578, 580,pi. 206 vAaghsi...... 570 (tab.), 571 (tab.), 60S, pis. 221, 222 pleurocentralis...... 579,580,581 monstrosa, LepidocycUna..-...... 597 tidoenganensis——...... ———————— ————— —-—— 580 morganopsis, LepidocycUna (LepidocycUna) yurnagunensis...... 590 yabeL—...... 570 (tab.), 571 (tab.), 572, 580, 581, pis. 207, 208 munieri, LepidocycUna...... ______.__.______588 stereotata, LepidocycUna....—...... 595, 596, 598, pi. 216 LepidocycUna (Eulepidina)...... 594 Nautilus spengleri-—-...... 584 suborbicularis Heterostegina.----—-...... 570 (tab.), 571 (tab.), 576, pi. 205 Neoalveolina pygmaea schlumbergeri...... 583 sumatrensis eulepidinacea, LepidocycUna...... —.-----.——.--.. 688,592,593 neodispansa, Miogypsina...... _____._.__.__ 570,601 inornata, Lepidocylcina (Nephrolepidina)... 570 (tab.), 571 (tab.), 572, 593, pi. 215 Nephrolepidina...... 572 LepidocycUna-...... 588,593 (Nephrolepidina), LepidocycUna...... 573 angulosa, LepidocycUna...... 589 talahabensis, LepidocycUna...... ------—— _.. 588 atjehensis, LepidocycUna..-...... 589 LepidocycUna (Trybliolepidina) _.____._..— — — - — —------588 augusticamera, LepidocycUna...... 571 (tab.), 585, pi. 217 terhaari, Cycloclypeus indopacificus...... —. — — ----- —------570 bikiniensis, LepidocycUna...... ____.__.____.. 571 (tab.), 586, pi. 214 thecidaeformis, Miogypsina...... -...... ——— —— — — - — - — - 599 unipilaris, LepidocycUna..-...... 571 (tab.), 587, pi. 214 tidoenganensis, Spiroclypeus..,.-- —.—.. ——— —— —— --- — — - — ------580 cubiculirhomboidea, LepidocycUna...... 571 (tab.), 572,587, pi. 213 Trillinahowchini—--——...... --.... — ...... 573 douvillei, LepidocycUna...... 589 (Trybliolepidina) orientalis, LepidocycUna-...... —...... ---..... 588 ferreroi, LepidocycUna...... 589 talahabensis, LepidocycUna-.-.. ______.- —— — ------— -..- 588 makiyamai, LepidocycUna...... _...... _ 588 melanesiana, LepidocycUna-...... 589 i, Miogypsinella...-...... 603 orientalis, LepidocycUna...... 570 (tab.), 571 (tab.), 572. 588, pi. 215 Miogypsinoides...... 570 (tab.), 571 (tab.), 60S, pis. 221, 222 parva, LepidocycUna-.--.-...... 570 (tab.), 571 (tab.), 572, 589, pis. 212, 217, 222 unipilaris, LepidocycUna (Nephrolepidina) bikiniensis... ——— 571 (tab.), 587,"pi. 214 pumilipapilla, LepidocycUna...... 571 (tab.), 572, 592, pis. 214, 215 venosa, Operculina...... ——————— --- —— - ——— ———.—— 574 sumatrensis inornata, LepidocycUna...... 570 (tab.), 571 (tab.), 572, 593, pi. 215 verbeeki, LepidocycUna...... — ... .- ——————— — — ——— ——— 593 verbseki, LepidocycUna.-...... 593 LepidocycUna (Nephrolepidina) ...... 593 verrucosa, LepidocycUna...... 570 (tab.), 571 (tab.), 572, 593, pi. 213 verrucosa, LepidocycUna...... --...... ——— — --- — -- ——— ——— 593 nigripustula, Heterostegina-...... 571 (tab.), 575, pi. 209 LepidocycUna (Nephrolepidina)---...... 570 (tab.), 571 (tab.), 572, 593, pi. 213 Operculina...... —______.. 574 inflata, LepidocycUna.--...... — ...... 587 ammonoides...... ___...... 574,575 vertebralis, Marginopora...... —...... 570, 571 (tab.), 588, pis. 210, 211 bartschi.-.-—...... 575 vesicularis, Gypsina.——...... 570 (tab.), 571 (tab.), 572, 585, pi. 210 complanata...... 575 yabei, Spiroclypeus— ——— — —————— 570 (tab.), 571 (tab.), 572, 580, pis. 207,208 lucidisutura...... 571 (tab.), 575, pi. 204 yurnagunensis, LepidocycUna (LepidocycUna)...... 590 venosa...... 574,575 Operculinoides...... ______570 Zones, depth of-__..-._..______-______——————_—— 572 amplicuneata...... 571 (tab.), 573, 574, pi. 204 Eulepidina formosa.---...... -__—————————————— 569 bikiniensis-...... 571 (tab.), 574, pi. 204 Miogypsinoides dehaartii.—.. — ——— — ———-_— ————— ——.-.-.—— 569 rectilata...... 571 (tab.), 575, pis. 204, 205 Spiroclypeus margaritatus.-- — --. —— —------—.. —— --.- ——— — --— 569 PLATES 204-222 PLATE 204 FIGURES 1-6. Operculina lucidisutura Cole, n. sp. (p. 575). 1-3. External views, X 10; 2, cotype: USNM 547,427a; 1, Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 946}f-957 feet; 2, 3, Bikini hole 2A, at a depth of 925-935^ feet (core). 4, 5. Transverse sections, X 20; 5, cotype: USNM 547,4276; 4, Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 946^-957 feet; 5, Bikini hole 2A, at a depth of 935J4-946 feet (core). 6. Median section, X 20; cotype: USNM 547, 427c; Bikini hole 2A, at a depth of 946>x2-957 feet. 7-10, 16-18. Operculinoides amplicuneata Cole, n. sp. (p. 573). 7. 18. External views, X 10; 18, cotype, the specimen on the right: USNM 547,428a; 7, Bikini hole 2A, at a depth of 852-857 feet; 18, Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 862)6-873 feet. 8. 9, 17. Median sections; 8, X 10; 9, 17, X 20; 17, cotype: USNM 547,4286: 8, 9, Bikini hole 2A, at a depth of 852-857 feet; 17, Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 826^-873 feet. 10. 16. Transverse sections, X 20; 16, cotype: USNM 547,428c; 10, Bikini hole 2A, at a depth of 852-857 feet; 16, Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 862^-873 feet. 11-15. Operculinoides rectilata Cole, n. sp. (p. 575). 11. 13. External views, X 10; 13, cotype: USNM 547,429a; 11, Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 736^-747 feet; 13, Bikini hole 2A, at a depth of 694-705 feet (core). 12. 14. Transverse sections, X 20, to illustrate the large umbonal plug and the parallel sides of the test; 14, cotype: USNM 547,4296; 12, Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 736^-747 feet; 14, Bikini hole 2A, at a depth of 694-705 feet (core). 15. Median section, X 20; cotype: USNM 547,429c; Bikini hole 2A, at a depth of 694-705 feet (core). 19-23. Operculinoides bikiniensis Cole, n. sp. (p. 574). 19, 20. Transverse sections, X 20; 19, cotype: USNM 547,4306; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1020-1100 feet. 21, 22. Median sections, X 20; 22, cotype: USNM 547,430c; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1020-1100 feet. 23. External views, X 10; upper right specimen, cotype: USNM 547,430a; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1020- 1100 feet. PLATE 205 Figures 1-4. Calcarina spengleri (Gmelin). (p. 584.) I-3. External views, X 10, of uneroded specimens to illustrate peripheral spines; 1, Bikini hole 2A, at a depth of 195 feet; 2, from the reef flat on the windward side of Bikini island from water with a depth of 6 inches at low water, collected by John W. Wells; 3, from a reef off the village of Odomari, Okinawa-Shima, Ryukyu Islands, collected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr.; 2, 3, introduced for comparison. 4. External view, X 10, of an eroded specimen, the spines of which have been removed; specimens of this type were the commonest element of contamination in the samples; Bikini hole 2A, at a depth of 195 feet. 5-8. Heterostegina suborbicularis d'Orbigny. (p. 576.) 5. Median section, X 20, of a microspheric individual; Bikini hole 2A, at a depth of 535^-541 feet. 6. 7. Median sections, X 20, of megalospheric individuals; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 474-484^ feet. 8. Transverse section, X 20, of a microspheric individual; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 474-484}^ feet. 9-14. Cycloclypeus carpenteri H. B. Brady. (p. 581.) 9. External view, X 10, to illustrate the even development of the surface pustules; Bikini hole 2A, at a depth of 841^-847 feet. 10. 14. Vertical sections, X 20; Bikini hole 2B; 10, at a depth of 715-726 feet; 14, at a depth of 852}f-862 feet. II-13. Equatorial sections; 11, X 40; 12, 13, X 20; 11, from Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 852^-862 feet; 12, from Bikini hole 2A, at a depth of 673^678 feet; 13, from Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 736>f-747 feet. 15-17. Operculinoides rectilata Cole, n. sp. (p. 575.) 15. Transverse section, X 20, of a microspheric individual to illustrate the flat, parallel sides of the test; Bikini hole 2A at a depth of 721-726 feet. 16. Median section, X 20, of a microspheric individual; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 736^-747 feet. 17. Median section, X 20, of a megalospheric individual; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 736)^-747 feet. PLATE 206 Figures 1, 2. Spiroclypeus tidoenganensis van der Vlerk. (p. 579). 1. Median section X 20, to demonstrate the very large embryonic chambers; Hikun on the Tabalong River, S. E. Borneo, USNM 545,010; originally identified by H. Douvill6 as S. pleurocentralis (Carter); introduced for compari son with S. margaritatus (Schlumberger). 2. Transverse section, X 20, to demonstrate the very thick floors and roofs of the lateral chambers. A companion specimen to the one illustrated as figure 1. 3-9. Heterostegina pusillumbonata Cole, n. sp. (p. 576). 3-5. External views, X 10, to show ornamentation; 4, cotype, USNM 547,431a, Bikini hole 2B; 3, at a depth of 1923-1933^ feet; 4, 5, at a depth of 1891)4-1902 feet. 6, 7. Transverse sections, X 20; 7, cotype: USNM 547,431&; Bikini hole 2B; 6, at a depth of 1923-1933^ feet; 7, at a depth of 1891^-1902 feet. 8, 9. Median sections, X 20; 9, cotype: USNM 547,431c; Bikini hole 2B; 8, at a depth of 1923-1933M feet; 9, at a depth of 1891^-1902 feet. 10-25. Spiroclypeus margaritatus (Schlumberger). (p. 578.) 10, 22-25. Median sections to demonstrate the small operculine chamber that follows the embryonic chambers; 10, 22-24, X 20; 25 X 40; 25 an enlarged portion of figure 23; Bikini hole 2B; 10,22,24, at a depth of 1597^-1608 feet; 23, at a depth of 1639^-1650 feet. 11-16. External views to show the pustulate nature of the surface of the test; 11-15, X 10; 16, X 20; 16, is an enlargement of the specimen, figure 12; Bikini hole 2B; 11, 14, at a depth of 1660J4-1671 feet; 12, 13, 15, 16, at a depth of 1597J/2-1608 feet. 17-21. Transverse sections, X 20, to demonstrate the variability in shape and the distribution of the heavy pillars; Bikini hole 2B; 17, 18, 21, at a depth of 1597K-1608 feet; 19, at a depth of 1639^-1650 feet; 20, at a depth of 1671-1681^ feet. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 260 PLATE 206 SPIROCLYPELS AND HETEROSTEGINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 260 PLATE 207 SPIROCLYPEUS PLATE 207 Figures 1-14, Spirodypeus yabei van der Vlerk. (p. 580) 1-6. Transverse sections, X 20, to demonstrate differences in inflation in various individuals; Bikini hole 2B; 1, at a depth of 1829^-1839 feet; 2, at a depth of 1756-1765^ feet; 3, at a depth of 1765^-1776 feet; 4-6, at a depth of 1786K-1797feet. 7. External view, X 10; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1671-1681K feet. 8-14. Median sections to demonstrate the thick-walled embryonic apparatus, the large operculine chamber and the median chambers divided into chamberlets; 8, 9, 11-14, X 20; 10, X 40, represents a portion of the specimen illustrated as figure 9; Bikini hole 2B; 8-10, at a depth of 1786^-1797 feet; 11, at a depth of 1671-1681^ feet; 12,13, at a depth of 1828}£-1839 feet; 14, at a depth of 1755-1765^ feet. 15,16. Spirodypeus margaritatus (Schlumberger). (p. 578) Transverse sections, X 20; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1597^-1608 feet. 294856—54———8 PLATE 208 Figures 1-19. Spiroclypeus leupolai van der Vlerk. (p. 577) 1-5. External views; 1-4, X 10; 5, X 20; Bikini hole 2B; 1, 4, at a depth of 1597^-1608 feet; 2, 5, at a depth of 1650-1660^ feet; 3, at a depth of 1639^-1650 feet. 6. Transverse section, X 20, of USNM 545,009 from loc. 3, Tidoengsche Landen, East Borneo, introduced for comparison with the Bikini specimens. 7. Median section, X 20, of another specimen from the same locality as the specimen illustrated by figure 6. 8-15. Transverse sections, X 20, to illustrate the variation which occurs between different individuals; Bikini hole 2B; 8, at a depth of 1639H-1650 feet; 9, at a depth of 1660^-1671 feet; 10, 11, 14, 15, at a depth of 1597^-1608 feet; 12, at a depth of 1681^2-1692 feet; 13, at a depth of 1671-1681H feet. 16-19. Median sections; 16-18, X 20; 19, X 40; 19, an enlargement of the initial chambers of the specimen repre sented by figure 16; note the extremely elongate operculine chamber in all of these specimens; Bikini hole 2B; 16, 18, 19, at a depth of 1681}f-1692 feet; 17, at a depth of 1597}f-1608 feet. 20-26. Spiroclypeus yabei van der Vlerk. (p. 580) 20-23. External views, X 10; 20, a compressed individual, the transverse section of which would resemble that shown as figure 26; 23, a strongly inflated individual with large surface pustules, the transverse section of which would resemble that shown as figure 6, plate 4; Bikini hole 2B; 20, 21, 23, at a depth of 1786^-1797 feet; 22, at a depth of 1755-1765H feet. 24. Median section, X 20, illustrating the characteristic heavy outer wall of the embryonic chambers; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1786^-1797 feet. 25. 26. Transverse sections, X 20; Bikini hole 2B; 25, at a depth of 1828X2-1839 feet; 26, at a depth of 1786y2-1797 feet. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 260 PLATE 208 SPIROCLYPEUS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 260 PLATE 209 HETEROSTEGINA, FLOSCULINELLA, AND BORELIS PLATE 209 Figures 1-8. Heterostegina nigripustula Cole, n. sp. (p. 575) 1. External view, X 10; cotype, USNM 547,432a; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1986-1996^ feet. 2-5. Transverse sections, X 20, to show the open spaces which resemble lateral chambers and the variable devel opment in different individuals; 4, cotype, USNM 547,4326; Bikini hole 2B; 2, at a depth of 1818-1828^ feet; 3-5, at a depth of 1860-1870}i feet. 6-8. Median sections, X 20; 6, cotype, USNM 547,432c; Bikini well 2B, at a depth of 1860-1870^ feet. 9. Flosculinella globulosa L. Rutten (p. 584) Transverse section, X 40; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 2133-2143^ feet. 10-18. Borelis schlumbergeri (Reichel). (p. 583) 10, 11. Transverse sections, X 40; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 925-935J4 feet (core). 12-15. Axial sections, X 40; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 925-935^ feet (core). 16. External views, X 20; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 925-935^ feet (core). 17. Enlargement, X 225, of the central area of the specimen illustrated as figure 10. 18. Enlargement, X 225, of the central area of the specimen illustrated as figure 13. PLATE 210 Figures 1-5. Halkyardia bikiniensis Cole, n. sp. (p. 584) 1. Axial section, X 40, to illustrate the embryonic chambers and the middle layer of chambers covered by coarsely porous zones on each side; cotype, USNM 547,4336; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 2380&-2391 feet. 2. Transverse section, X 40, just below the apex to expose the embryonic chambers; cotype, USNM 547,433c; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 2401J4-2412 feet. 3. Transverse section, X 40, slightly below the embryonic chambers; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 2401>f-2412 feet. 4. Transverse section, X 225, to illustrate the bilocular embryonic chambers and the chambers of the median zone; this is an enlargement of the central area of the specimen illustrated as figure 2; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 2401)4- 2412 feet. 5. External views, X 20, of four specimens; the specimens on the left show the dorsal view and those on the right illustrate the ventral view; cotype, upper right specimen, USNM 547,433a; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 2401^- 2412 feet. 6-9. Austrotrillina howchini (Schlumberger). (p. 573) 6. External views, X 20, of slightly eroded specimens which show the alveolate, thick walls; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1944-1954^ feet. 7. Transverse section, X 40, which illustrates the thick alveolate outer walls and the triloeuline arrangement of the chambers; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 2038J4-2048 feet. 8. 9. Axial sections; 8, X 40; 9, X 20; Bikini hole 2B; 8, at a depth of 2049-2059K feet; 9, at a depth of 1954J4-1965 feet. 10-13. Marginopora vertebralis Quoy and Gaimard (p. 582) 10-13. Equatorial sections; 10, 11, 13, X 20; 12, X 40; 10, from Materno Island, Ibo Bay, Portuguese East Africa; 11, from the reef flat on the windward side of Bikini island from water with a depth of 6 inches at low water, col lected by John W. Wells; 12, 13, Bikini hole 2A, at a depth of 195 feet. 14, 15. Gypsina vesicularis (Parker and Jones), (p. 585) 14. Equatorial section, X 20; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 2545^-2556 feet. 15. Transverse section, X 20; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 2545^-2556 feet. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 260 PLATE 210 11 HALKYARDIA, AUSTROTRILLINA, MARGINOPORA, AND GYPSINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 260 PLATE 211 SORITES AND MARGINOPORA PLATE 211 Figures 1, 2. Sorites marginalis (Lamarck), (p. 582) 1. Equatorial section to illustrate the planispirally coiled chambers between the embryonic apparatus and the annular chambers, X 20; Albatross station D5133. 2. Vertical section, X 20; Albatross station D5133. 3-29. Marginopora vertebralis Quoy and Gaimard. (p. 582) 3-17. Vertical sections, X 20; 6, 10, 11, 13, 17, "simple type" with one pore; 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 14, "duplex type" with one pore in the initial annular chambers and two pores in the later annular chambers; 4, 8, 15, 16, "complex type" with multiple pores in the later annular chambers; 3, 6, 14, from the reef flat on the windward side of Bikini island from water with a depth of 6 inches at low water, collected by John W. Wells; 4, 11, 16, 17, from Bikini hole 2A, at a depth of 925-935^ feet (core); 7, 13, from Bikini hole 2A, at a depth of 195 feet; 12, from Bikini hole 2A, at a depth of 904-905 feet (probably caving); 5, 9, from Materno Island, Ibo Bay, Portuguese East Africa; 8, 10, 15, from a reef off the village of Odomari, Okinawa-Shima, Ryukyu Islands, collected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr. 18, 19. External views, X 10; Bikini hole 2A, at a depth of 195 feet. 20-23. Edge views to illustrate apertures, X 20; 20, "simple type" with one aperture; 21, 23, "duplex type" with double apertures; 22, "complex type" with numerous apertures; 20-22, from Bikini hole 2A, at a depth of 925- 935J4 feet (core); 23, from Materno Island, Ibo Bay, Portuguese East Africa. 24, 25. External views, X 10; Bikini hole 2A, at a depth of 925-935^ feet (core). 26-29. Equatorial sections, X 20; 26-28, from Bikini hole 2A, at a depth of 925-935^ feet (core); 29, from Bikini hole 2A, at a depth of 195 feet (probably caving). PLATE 212 Figures 1-28. Lepidocyclina (Nephrolepidina) parva Oppenoorth. (p. 589) 1-15. Vertical sections, X 20, to illustrate the gradation from small individuals with extremely weak pillars (typical L. parva) to robust individuals with strong pillars (L. atjehensis); Bikini hole 2B; 1, 2, at a depth of 1167-1177% feet; 3, at a depth of 1744%-1755 feet; 4, at a depth of 1765^-1776 feet; 5, at a depth of 1755-1765% feet; 6, at a depth of 1440-1450 feet; 7, at a depth of 1807^-1818 feet; 8, at a depth of 2049-2059% feet; 9, at a depth of 1776-1786% feet; 10, 12, 14, at a depth of 1818-1828% feet; 11, at a depth of 1650-1660% feet; 13, at a depth of 2017^-2028 feet; 15, at a depth of 1986-1996/2 feet, 16, 17. External views, X 10, to show a specimen with very small papillae (typical L. parva) and another of inter mediate character between L. parva and L. atjehensis with an apical crown of small papillae; Bikini hole 2B; 16, at a depth of 1650-1660% feet; 17, at a depth of 1167-1177% feet. 18-28. Equatorial sections, X 20, to illustrate the embryonic apparatus and the very regular diamond-shaped equatorial chambers; Bikini hole 2B; 18, at a depth of 1167-1177% feet; 19, 20, 24, at a depth of 1818-1828/2 feet; 21, at a depth of 1293-1303% feet; 22, at a depth of 1797-1807% feet; 23, at a depth of 1765%-1776 feet; 25, at a depth of 1744%-1755 feet; 26, 28, at a depth of 1440-1450 feet; 27, at a depth of 2017%-2028 feet. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 260 PLATE 212 26 LEPIDOC YCLINA (NEPHROLEPIDINA ) GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 260 PLATE 213 18 LEPIDOCYCLINA (NEPHROLEPIDINA) PLATE 213 Figures 1-9. Lepidocyclina (Nephrolepidina) veirucosa Scheffen. (p, 593) 1-3. Equatorial sections to illustrate the embryonic apparatus and equatorial chambers; 1, 2, X 20; 3, X 40; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1303J6-1314 feet. 4. External views of 4 specimens to show the size and distribution of the papillae, X 10; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1303^-1314 feet. 5-9, Vertical sections X 20; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1303J4-1314 feet. 10-19. Lepidocyclina (Nephrolepidina) cubiculirhomboidea Cole, n. sp. (p. 587) 10-16. Vertical sections, X 20; 11, cotype, USNM 547,434«; 10-14, Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1398-1408% feet; 15, Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1408^-1419 feet; 16, Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1818-1828H feet. 17-19. Equatorial sections, X 20; 19, cotype, USNM 547,434a; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1398-1408^ feet. PLATE 214 FIGURES 1-8. Lepidocydina (Nephrolepidina) bikiniensis Cole, n. sp. (p. 586) 1-3. Vertical sections, X 20; 1, a section which encountered some of the apical papillae; 2, 3, sections which miss the apical papillae; 2, cotype, tJSNM 547,435b; 1, Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1818-1828^ feet; 2, 3, Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1671-1681^ feet. 4-7. Equatorial sections; 4, 5, 7, X 20; 6, X 40; 6, portion of the specimen illustrated by fig. 5, enlarged to show the shape of the equatorial chambers; 5, cotype, USNM 547,435c; 4, Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1818-1828ji feet. 5-7, Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1671-1681^ feet. 8. External views of 4 specimens to show the apical group of papillae, X 10; specimen in the upper left corner, cotype, USNM 547,435a; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1671-1681K feet. 9, 10. Lepidocydina (Nephrolepidina) angulosa Provale. (p. 586) 9. Portion of an equatorial section, X 40, to illustrate the embryonic apparatus and the elongate, spatulate equa torial chambers, introduced for comparison with L. (N.) bikiniensis; station 34, Vanua Mbalavu, Lau Islands, Fiji. 10. Portion of an equatorial section, X 40, to demonstrate the elongate, spatulate equatorial chambers which apparently characterize this species; Poeloe Balamlangan, Cenoorden Borneo, from a collection presented by Mrs. Helen Jeanne Plummer. 11-14, 18. Lepidocydina (Nephrolepidina) bikiniensis unipilaris Cole, n. var. (p. 587) 11. 12. Vertical sections, X 20, to show the single, strong, centrally placed pillars on each side of the embryonic apparatus; 12, cotype, USNM 547,4366; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1534^-1545 feet. 13. 18. Equatorial sections, X 20, to demonstrate the embryonic chambers and the equatorial chambers; 13, cotype, USNM 547,436c; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1534^-1545 feet. 14. External view, X 10, to show the single well developed papilla; cotype, USNM 547,436a; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1534^-1545 feet. 15-17, 19. Lepidocydina (Nephrolepidina) pumilipapilla Cole, n. sp. (p. 592) 15. 16. Vertical sections, X 20, to show the large, open lateral chambers and the rapid expansion of the equatorial layer at the periphery of the test; 16, cotype, USNM 547, 437b; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1828^-1839 feet. 17. Equatorial section, X 20, to show the embryonic apparatus and the diamond-shaped equatorial chambers; cotype, USNM 547, 437c; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1828^-1839 feet. 19. External views, X 10, of 4 specimens; the specimen in the upper right corner, cotype, USNM 547, 437a; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1828^-1839 feet. PROFESSIONAL PAPER 260 PLATE 214 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY LEPIDOCYCLINA (NEPHROLEPIDINA) GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 260 PLATE 215 LEPIDOCYCLINA (NEPHROLEPIDINA) AND, LEPIDOC YCLINA (EULEPIDINA) PLATE 215 Figures 1-8. Lepidocyclina (Nephrolepidina) pumilipapilla Cole, n. sp. (p. 592). I-4. Vertical sections, X20; Bikini hole 2B; 1, 2, at a depth of 1702^-1713 feet; 3, 4, at a depth of 1818-1828K feet. 5-8. Equatorial sections, X20; Bikini hole 2B; 5, 6, at a depth of 1818-1828% feet; 7, at a depth of 1828^-1839 feet; 8, at a depth of 1702^2-1713 feet. 9, 10. Lepidoeyclina (Eulepidind) abdopustula Cole, n. sp. (p. 594). 9, 10. External views, X5, to show the apical crown of well developed papillae; 10, cotype, USNM 547,438o; Bikini hole 2B; 9, at a depth of 2070-2080H feet; 10, at a depth of 2112-2122% feet. 11-21. Lepidocyclina (Nephrolepidina) orientalis van der Vlerk (p. 588). II-16. Equatorial sections; 11-14, X20; 15, 16, X40; the variable shape of the embryonic chambers is illustrated and the elongate, spatulate equatorial chambers; 15, an enlargement of a portion of the specimen represented by figure 14; 16, an enlargement of a portion of the specimen represented by figure 12; 11-16, Bikini hole 2A, at a depth of 1082*4-1088 feet. 17, 18. External views, X10; Bikini hole 2A, at a depth of 1082J4-1088 feet. 19-21. Vertical sections, X20; Bikini hole 2A, at a depth of 1082^-1088 feet. 22. Lepidocyclina (Nephrolepidina) sumatrensis inornata L. Rutten (p. 593). Vertical section, X20, to show the thick-walled embryonic chambers and the lateral chambers arranged in regular tiers without pillars; the appearance of pillars is caused by a thickening of the ends of the lateral chambers; Bikini hole 2A, at a depth of 1082^-1088 feet. PLATE 216 Figures 1-16. Lepidocyclina (Eulepidina) formosa Schiumberger (p. 594). 1-15. Vertical sections, X20, of specimens to illustrate the gradation from individuals with lateral chambers in regular tiers without pillars to those in which the side walls of the lateral chambers are so thickened that their mass occupies a large portion of the apical areas of the tests; 5, 7, 8, individuals that would be classified as typical L, formosa; 15, an individual that would have been identified as L. stereolata; Bikini hole 2B; 1, 3, 4, at a depth of 2154-2164}£ feet; 2, at a depth of 2164-2175 feet; 5, 8, at a depth of 1923-1933}t feet; 6, 11, at a depth of 1723J4- 1734 feet; 7, 15, at a depth of 1986-1996^ feet; 9, at a depth of 1975^-1986 feet; 10, at a depth of 2214^-2225 feet; 12-14, at a depth of 2038J4-2049 feet. 16. Equatorial section, X20, of the type of individual represented by figure 8; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1923- 1933^ feet. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 260 PLATE 216 15 LEPIDOCYCLINA (EULEPIDINA) GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 260 PLATE 217 LEPWOCYCLINA (NEPHROLEPIDINA) AND LEPWOCYCLINA (EULEPWINA) PLATE 217 FIGURES 1-5. Lepidocyclina (Nephrolepidina) augusticamera Cole, n. sp. (p. 585) 1-3. Equatorial sections, X 20, to illustrate the nephrolepidine embryonic chambers and the short, spatulate equatorial chambers; 1, cotype, USNM 547,4396; Bikini hole 2B; 1, at a depth of 2154-2164}$ feet; 2, at a depth of 2164J4-2175 feet; 3, at a depth of 1933}$-1949 feet. 4. Vertical section, X 20; this specimen was ground to the equatorial plane to ascertain the characters of this zone; cotype, USNM 547, 439c; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 2164^-2175 feet. 5. External view, X 10; cotype, USNM 547,439a; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 2154-2164}$ feet. 6. Lepidocyclina fiexuosa L. Rutten. (p. 598) Vertical section, X 20, of a microspheric individual; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1587-1597}$ feet. 7, 8. Lepidocyclina (Eulepidind) planata Oppenoorth. (p. 597) 7, 8. External views to show the large surface pits and complete lack of papillae; 7, X 5; 8, X 10; Bikini hole 2B; 7, at a depth of 1996}$-2007 feet; 8, at a depth of 2143^-2154 feet. 9-11. Lepidocyclina (Eulepidind) formosa Schlumberger. (p. 594) 9-11. External views, X 10; 9, this type of specimen would have a vertical section similar to the ones illustrated as figures 13-15 on plate 13; 10, this type of specimen would have a vertical section similar to the ones illustrated as figures 5-8 on plate 13; 11, this type of specimen would have a vertical section similar to those illustrated as figures 1-3 on plate 13; Bikini hole 2B; 9, at a depth of 1986-1996}$ feet; 10, at a depth of 1923-1933}$ feet; 11, at a depth of 2143}$-2154 feet. 12-14. Lepidocyclina (Nephrolepidina) parva Oppenoorth. (p. 589) 12. Vertical section, X 20, of a microspheric specimen; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 2070-2080}$ feet. 13. Equatorial section, X 20, of a microspheric individual to show the rhombic equatorial chambers; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1996}$-2007 feet. 14. External view, X 5, of a microspheric specimen to show the well-developed papillae; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1839-1849}$ feet. 15-18. Lepidocyclina (Eulepidind) gibbosa Yabe. (p. 597) 15. External view, X 5, to illustrate the large surface pits and the thick intervening walls; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1881-1891}$ feet. 16-18. Vertical sections, X 20, to illustrate the very large, open lateral chambers and the fibrous, thick-walled embryonic chambers; Bikini hole 2B; 16, at a depth of 1881-1891}$ feet; 17, at a depth of 1923-1933}$ feet; 18, at a depth of 1891}$-! 902 feet. • PLATE 218 FIGURES 1, 3, 4. Lepidocyclina (Eulepidina) formosa Schlumberger. (p. 594). 1. Median section, X 20, of a specimen similar to the one illustrated as figure 12, plate 13; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1986-1996^ feet. 3, 4. Median sections, X 20, of specimens similar to the one illustrated as figure 1, plate 13; Bikini hole 2B; 3, at a depth of 2154-2164^ feet; 4, at a depth of 2246-2256^ feet. 2. Lepidocyclina (Eulepidina) gibbosa Yabe. (p. 597). Natural equatorial section, X 10; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1881-1891^ feet. 5, 6. Lepidocyclina (Eulepidina) pianola Oppenoorth. (p. 597). 5. Vertical section, X 20, to show the large, thick-walled embryonic chambers and the low, open lateral chambers; BikinLhole 2B, at a depth of 2154-2164^ feet. 6. Equatorial section, X 20, to show the large, thick-walled embryonic apparatus and the equatorial chambers; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 2235^-2246 feet. 7-11. Lepidocyclina (Eulepidina) abdopustula Cole, n. sp. (p. 594). 7-9. Vertical sections, X 20, to demonstrate the irregular development of heavy pillars, and the low, appressed lateral chambers with thick floors and roofs; 9, cotype, USNM 547,438&; Bikini hole 2B; 7, at a depth of 2102-2112 feet; 8, 9, at a depth of 2070-2080^ feet. 10,11. Equatorial sections, X 20; 10, cotype, USNM 547,438c; Bikini hole 2B; 10, at a depth of 2070-2080^ feet; 11, at a depth of 2246-2256H feet. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 260 PLATE 218 LEPIDOCYCLINA (EULEPIDINA) GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 260 PLATE 219 14 MIOGYPSINA PLATE 219 FIGURES 1-15. Miogypsina (Miogypsina) indonesiensis Tan. (p. 599). 1-3,15. Vertical sections, X 20; 1, represents the type with fine surface pustules; 2, represents the type with coarse surface pustules; 1, 2, Bikini hole 2A, at a depth of 1135-1145^ feet; 3, 15, Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1167- 1177% feet. 4-11. Equatorial sections; 4, 5, 7, 10, X 20; 6, 8, 9, 11, X 40; the embryonic apparatus and the equatorial chambers of various individuals; 5, 7, represent the type with coarse surface pustules; 10, represents the type with fine pus tules; 11, demonstrates the development of hexagonal-shaped equatorial chambers; 5-8, Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1177J4-1188 feet; 9-11, Bikini hole 2A, at a depth of 1135-1145^ feet. 12-14. External views, X 10; 12, 13, specimens with coarse pustules; 14, specimens with fine pustules; Bikini hole 2B; 12-14, at a depth of 1167-1177^ feet. PLATE 220 Figures 1-8. Miogypsinoides dehaartii van der Vlerk. (p. 602). 1. External view, X 10; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1398-1408^ feet. 2-5. Equatorial sections, X 20; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1398-1408}$ feet. 6-8. Vertical sections, X 20; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1398-1408J/2 feet. 9-21. Miogypsina (Miogypsina) borneensis Tan. (p. 598). 9-15. Vertical sections; 9-13, 15, X 20; 14, X 40; 9, Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1219^-1230 feet; 10, Kita- Daito-Zima (North Borodino Island) hole, at a depth of 268.74-274.79 meters, specimen presented through the courtesy of Dr. S. Hanzawa, introduced for comparison; 11-15, Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1303}$-1314 feet. 16-20. Equatorial sections; 16, 17, X 20; 18-20, X 40; 19, a companion specimen to the one illustrated as figure 10; 16, 20, Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1219^-1230 feet; 17, 18, Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1303*4-1314 feet. 21. External views, X 10, of two specimens; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1303}f-l3l4 feet. 22. Miogypsina (Miogypsina) indonesiensis Tan. (p. 599) Equatorial section, X 20; Bikini hole 2A, at a depth of 1135-1145^ feet. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 260 PLATE 220 > 3,- : „ . .-.*'-{,: \,->y -*}t^ v =•• • j , MIOGYPSINA AND MIOGYPSINOIDES GEOLOGICAL SFRVEY PHOFESSIONAL PAPER 260 PLATE 221 MIOG YPSINOIDES PLATE 221 Figures 1-4. Miogypsinoides grandipustula Cole, n. sp. (p. 602) 1. Embryonic apparatus, X 40, of a microspheric individual; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1597)4-1608 feet. 2. External views, X 10, of three microspheric specimens to illustrate differences in shape and surface ornamentation; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1597J4-1608 feet. 3. 4. Vertical sections, X 20, of microspheric specimens; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1597^-1608 feet. 5. Miogypsinoides ubaghsi Tan. (p. 603) External view, X 30, of a microspheric specimen, introduced for comparison with the microspheric specimens of M. grandipustula n. sp.; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1744J4-1755 feet. 6-8. Miogypsinoides borodinensis (Hanzawa). (p. 600) 6. Equatorial section, X 20, of a microspheric individual; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1723^-1734 feet. 7. Equatorial section, X 40, of a megalospheric individual; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1597)^-1608 feet. 8. Vertical section, X 40, of a megalospheric individual; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1671-1681% feet. 9-18. Miogypsinoides ubaghsi Tan. (p. 603) 9-11. Vertical sections, X 40; Bikini hole 2B; 9, at a depth of 1818-1828^ feet; 10, at a depth of 1744^-1755 feet; 11, at a depth of I723y2-1734 feet. 12-17. Equatorial sections, X 40; Bikini hole 2B; 12, 16, at a depth of 1723)^-1734 feet; 13, at a depth of 1671-1681^ feet; 14, at a depth of 1818-1828% feet; 15, at a depth of 1660J4-1671 feet; 17, at a depth of 1744^-1755 feet. 18. External view, X 30; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1660)/2-1671 feet. 19-22. Miogypsinoides grandipustula Cole, n. sp. (p. 602) 19. Vertical section, X 40, of a megalospheric individual to illustrate the heavy pillars and the vertical canals; cotype, USNM 547,440&; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1671-1681^ feet. 20. Vertical section, X 40, of a very young megalospheric individual which possesses only rotalid features and is without equatorial chambers; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1818-1828H feet. 21. Equatorial section, X 40, of a specimen which shows the development of a few equatorial chambers at the distal margin of the rotalid coils; cotype, USNM 547,440c; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1818-1828J/2 feet. 22. External view, X 30, of a specimen with only rotalid development with the characteristic heavy pillars; cotype, USNM 547,440a; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1744/2-1755 feet. PLATE 222 Figures 1-3. Lepidocyclina (Nephrolepidina) parva Oppenoorth. (p. 589) 1-3. External views, X 10, of 3 papillate specimens to illustrate the progressive development of heavy papillae in individuals of this species; Bikini hole 2B; 1, at a depth of 1398-1408H feet; 2, at a depth of 1786)^-1797 feet; 3, at a depth of 1996}i-2007 feet. 4-11. Miogypsinoides cupulaeformis (Zuffardi-Comerci). (p. 601) 4. External view, X 10, to illustrate the extremely papillose character of the exterior of the test; Bikini hole 2A, at a depth of 1035J4-1040H feet. 5-8. Vertical sections, X 20, to show the heavy pillars with vertical canals between them and the equatorial layer which characteristically curves downward in the initial portion; Bikini hole 2A; 5, at a depth of 1035Ji-1040H feet; 6, 7, at a depth of 1030-1035>fc feet; 8, at a depth of 1040H-1046 feet. 9-11. Equatorial sections, X 20, to illustrate the shape of the equatorial chambers; 10, the embryonic and periembry- onic chambers show in part in this specimen; Bikini hole 2A; 9, at a depth of 1035H-1040H feet; 10, 11, at a depth of 1040^-1046 feet. 12. Miogypsinoides grandipustula Cole, n. sp. (p. 602) Equatorial section, X 40, of an individual which has only the rotalid stage; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1723-1734 feet. 13-15. Miogypsinoides ubaghsi Tan. (p. 603) 13, 14. Equatorial sections, X 40, of microspheric individuals; Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1818-1828^ feet. 15. Equatorial section, X 40, of a megalospheric individual: Bikini hole 2B, at a depth of 1818-1828H feet. PBOFESSIONAL PAPEB 260 PLATE 222 LEPIDOCYCLINA (NEPHROLEPIDINA) AND MIOGYPSINOIDES Fossil Corals From Bikini Atoll By JOHN W. WELLS Bikini and Nearby Atolls, Marshall Islands GEOLOGICAL ^SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 260-P A description of corals from drill holes on Bikini Atoll UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1954 CONTENTS Page Abstract______-______..._._.______-_-__-_---______-_--__--______609 Introduction. ______609 Corals from the upper zone—Pliocene and Pleistocene______-______-_-_-_------609 Corals from the lower zone—Miocene_----_____---______-_____-__-----_-___-_------_------609 Systematic descriptions.. ______-_____-_-______-______-__---_------_----_ 612 Selected bibliography______————— __ —— ______614 Index, ______617 ILLUSTRATIONS Page PLATE 223. Miocene corals: Stylophora, Seriatopora, Acropora, Cycloseris______-_-__---_------_---Follows index 224. Miocene corals: Porites, Dictyaraea, Alveopora, Millepora. ______Follows index FIGURE 167. Distribution of corals in Bikini Atoll borings_-______-______-____--___---_------610 168. Rangesof coral species from depths ranging from 725-1,100 feet in Bikini Atoll borings-______-____------__ 611 m BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS FOSSIL CORALS FROM BIKINI ATOLL By JOHN W. WELLS ABSTRACT mon in the porous reef limestones. Many are unaltered, Many specimens of fossil corals were found in the cuttings but in places they are poorly preserved as molds or are and cores from the test borings made at Bikini Atoll in 1947. either completely recrystallized or chalky in texture. They occurred mainly at two horizons: in the upper 350 feet The species and genera are listed on figure 167. All are and in a richly fossiliferous zone between 700 and 1,000 feet. Scattered specimens were found at practically all horizons down common reef forms found on present-day Indo-Pacific to at least 2,070 feet, in places constituting 5 to 20 percent of reefs. the samples, but these are usually too poorly preserved to be determined. The corals from above 350 feet are not sufficiently CORALS FROM THE LOWER ZONE (MIOCENE) well preserved or complete for specific identification, and it is doubtful if other than Recent species are involved. The Beginning at about 725 feet, a new and distinctive well-preserved material from the horizon between 700 and 1,000 coral fauna of a nonsurface reef type makes its appear feet includes a fauna of 22 species representing 13 genera of ance and is especially well represented between 925 and corals, indicating an horizon nearly equivalent to the Tertiary 975 feet, as shown on figure 167. The specimens aro /3 (middle Miocene) horizon of Indonesia, and a Dictyaraea well preserved with little alteration in structure except lagoon facies rather than a surface reef facies. for a chalky appearance of the surface. All are frag INTRODUCTION mentary, but fortunately most are types in which details of growth form are less important than other details A number of specimens of corals were found in the in specific determination. Sixteen species are repre cuttings and cores from two of the test borings made sented, six of them by material too incomplete for more at Bikini Atoll in 1947. These two drill holes, num than generic assignment. bered 2A and 2B (see U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 260-J, fig. 123), were located on the west side of Bikini The fossil coral fauna with which the Bikini assem island and showed almost identical sections. blage has the closest relations is that from the Miocene The corals occur at two principal horizons in the Menkrawit and Domaring beds (fs-ff) of the Mangkali- sections: in the upper 350 feet and in a richly fossilifer hat Peninsula, Borneo, described by Umbgrove (1929): ous zone between 700 and 1,000 feet, especially between 925 and 975 feet. Corals, principally Acropora sp., Bikini assem Menkra Domaring Porites sp., and Seriatopora sp., were found between Species wit bed bed these horizons, in places constituting 5-20 percent of blage the cuttings. A few corals were found at depths be X tween 1,000 and 1,100 feet, as shown in figure 167. In X determinable scattered fragments of corals occur below f^iitiJi rt vfrpft Q~n X X 1,100 feet and are fairly numerous at 1,500-1,755 and X again at 2,070 feet. The specimens from above 350 feet X T^nwittxi QTI pf P (*fi Wfirnrwi *? X are not sufficiently well preserved or complete in most X cases for specific identification, and it is doubtful if X /V'/V77pT)/J'71 /y Cm X other than Recent species are involved. The well- X X preserved but fragmentary specimens from the lower X X Seriatopora micrommata X X X horizon represent not only an older and different fauna X X X but a different phase ("facies"), and they constitute v X X X the principal subject of this report. X X X CORALS FROM THE UPPER ZONE (PLIOCENE AND X PLEISTOCENE) X X X Corals were first ecountered and recovered from a X depth of 45 feet. From 45 to 350 feet they were com 609 201856—54- -10 610 BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS The similarities between these faunas are actually greater than the above listing might indicate. The dominant forms of all three faunas, especially the Bikini and Menkrawit faunas, are those species which they all have in common; the other species in most cases are represented by a few or only single specimens. Umbgrove interpreted the Menkrawit and Domaring faunas, consisting mostly of slender-branching forms, as representing muddy environments—the "tediously uniform fauna of embranched corals that we find be fore the muddy estuaries along the coast of Poeloe Boen- joe" (1929, p. 73). Much the same aspect is found in the coral fauna of atoll lagoons, where sedimentation is not heavy but illumination and water agitation are too low to support many surface reef types. The two faunas are thus representative of two different ecolo | 1 1 * gical situations, which however impress much the same aspect on the coral assemblages. 1 The age of this coral fauna is of great interest, and c. 1 1 1 it is possible to determine it with some degree of ac curacy with respect to the Indonesian Tertiary. If we accept as valid and applicable to the Bikini section the 1 stratigraphic concept that, descending in the Indonesian sections, the first appearance of autochthonous lepido- 1 cycline Foraminifera marks the top of the middle 1 Miocene (/3 : Van Bemmelen, 1949, p. 83), then this boundary occurs at about 1,080 feet in the Bikini sec tion, according to W. S. Cole's study of the larger For aminifera. On this basis the beds from 1,030 feet (first appearance of Miogypsinoides) upwards to about 700 feet should represent the upper Miocene (g). The probability of this being correct is great, but there remains the disturbing possibility, too often overlooked in such instances, that the 700- to 1,000-foot zone 1 1 I 1 represents a middle Miocene phase that is conducive to an abundance of corals and lack of larger Foraminifera, 1 as the opposite of this relation seems true in depths 1 below 1,100 feet, where corals lack and large Foramini 1 fera are abundant. 1 ' ' 1 Turning to the corals from between 700 and 1,000 feet for evidence of age, the significant data are shown 1 1 1 on figure 168. It is at once evident that these beds are 1 not older than middle Miocene (/3 ), with respect to the Indonesian subdivisions, and that they may be as young as early Pliocene (Aa), disregarding implications of cf.C.progoensisCyphastreasp. possible phase differences. Six of the sixteen species capricorniscf.P.Poritessp. listed on figure 167 as occurring in this depth zone: myriophthalmaAstreopora cf.mordaxS.Stylophorasp. microphthalmaCyphastrea rt micrommataSeriatopora delicatulaSeriatopora Acropora spp., Porites spp., /Seriatopora sp., Cyphas versiporaPlesiastrea micranthaDictyaraea coeruleaHeliopora Seriatoporaornata trea sp., Cycloseris sp., and Millepora sp., are not in S1 |s- n Goniastreasp. Montiporasp. Acroporaspp. ^ ra (i d m Milleporasp. Cycloserissp. ti a, rt Q) cluded on figure 168 because the species are indeter O 01 Ll £ 0 d o .2 Q, o- S o « a | minable and as genera they range from Eocene to Re O 'ti •-< Q, C J< " "£ S -rt 0 0 £> >> : All A CO U pt O < < H w cent, leaving 10 species as a basis for age conclusions. FOSSIL CORALS FROM BIKINI ATOLL 611 From the standpoint of age inference by comparison percentages should be considered, that of the effect of of similar assemblages, the evidence here is very strong phase ("facies"). As previously indicated, the Bikini for approximate synchrony of the Bikini and Men fauna, while composed of hermatypic corals, is not a krawit beds, with an age of late /3 or early g. (Latest typical surface-reef fauna but that of a lagoonal en middle Miocene or earliest upper Miocene.) vironment. Umbgrove (1946d, p. 28, 29; 1950, p. 63) In several papers Umbgrove (1946a, 1946b, 1946c, recognized the potential fallacy of using percentages 1946d; summarized in Van Bemmelen, 1949, p. 95) has based on faunas from different phases and noted that analyzed the percentages of species of living corals in where ahermatypic corals are present lower percentages the Indonesian Tertiary deposits, with general results of Recent species are obtained. He stressed that his as follows: percentage values were based upon analyses of true shallow-water reef faunas. Percentages of Recent Species of Corals in Indonesian Tertiary Umbgrove did not include percentage values of Percent faunas of other phases, such as the Menkrawit beds, be Pleistocene and Recent______70-100 cause he felt that the collections of corals were too small Pliocene (h) ______50-70 to establish significant figures. The Bikini fauna, how Upper Miocene (g) ______30-50 Lower and middle Miocene (/)______10-30 ever, is contained in a relatively large and representa Oligocene and lower Miocene (e) ______0-10 tive collection and is one normally low in species and Upper Lower Miocene Middle Miocene Pliocene Miocene Pleistocene Recent e5 fi f2 fs g hi h2 Stylophora sp. cf. S. mordax Porites sp. cf. P. capricornis Cyphastrea microphthalma Stylophora pistillata Dictyaraea micrantha Alveopora polyacantha Seriatopora micrommata - Seriatopora ornata Seriatopora delicatula Cyphastrea sp. cf. C. progoensis FIGURE 168.—Ranges of coral species from depths ranging from 725-1,100 feet in Bikini Atoll borings. Since all of the species from the Bikini borings are rich in individuals. The restricted percentage of 28^ closely allied to or identical with Indonesian forms obtained above may well be significant. As a partial with no apparent provincial or exotic aspect to the as test of its value, we may take the percentage of Recent semblage, comparison of the percentage of composition species in the middle Miocene Mankawit beds. The of the faunas of the two areas seems reasonable, writer is not inclined to include in a percentage analysis although the number of species involved in the Bikini of this fauna such forms as Acropora duncani, Porites fauna is small for any but the broadest conclusions. amplectens, and Montipora micropora. These are not As shown in figure 168, 4 of the 10 species found in sufficiently well known to be certain that they do not the borings, or 40 percent, are Recent forms. This actually represent Recent species. Fossil forms of these would indicate a synchrony of the TOO- to 1,000-foot part three genera are extremely difficult, if not impossible, to of the Bikini section with the Upper Miocene (g) of characterize satisfactorily. Of the remaining total of 7 Indonesia, a result wholly in harmony with the result identifiable species, 2 or 281/§ percent are Recent, and obtained by inference from the physical position of these beds above the beds determined as middle Miocene once again the evidence favors a late /3 or early g age (/3 ) on the basis of Foraminifera. for the Bikini fauna. More rigorous restriction of species considered?, in Summarizing the evidence for the age of the beds volving elimination from consideration of species not between TOO and 1,000 feet in the Bikini borings: closely identified, such as Cyphastrea sp. cf. C. pro- 1. Position with respect to f oraminif eral horizons in goensis, Stylophora sp. cf. S. mordax, and Porites sp. cf. dicates g (earlier upper Miocene). P. capricornis, reduces the total to 7 and the percentage 2. Known ranges of coral species indicate not older of Recent species drops to 28%, which suggests the than/3 (latest middle Miocene) and not younger upper part of /8, a not unlikely position. than hi (lower Pliocene). Before accepting these convenient and seemingly 3. Comparison with fauna of the Menkrawit beds logical results, however, another aspect of the use of suggests /3. 612 BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS 4. On the basis of 28^2 percent of Kecent species, the Seriatopora ornata Felix, 1921 age, either by comparison with the Menkrawit Plate 223, figures 3-5 beds or Umbgrove's general scale based on sur face reef faunas, falls nearer /3 than g. Seriatopora ornata, Felix, 1921, Palaeontologie von Timor, Lief. 9, no. 15, p. 50, pi. 5, figs. 7, 7a. SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS Gerth, 1923, Geol. Reichsmus. Leiden Samml., 1st ser., v. 10, p. 95. Class ANTHOZOA Ehrenberg, 1834 Umbgrove, 1929, Dienst Mijnbouw Nederlandsch-Indie We Subclass ZOANTHARIA de Blainville, 1830 tensch. Meded., no. 9, p. 64, pi. 1, figs. 11, 12, 16, 17. Order SCLERACTINTA Bourne, 1900 fSeriatopora irregularis Gerth, 1921, Geol. Reichsmus. Leiden Samml. neue f olge 1, p. 421, pi. 66, figs. 13-15. Suborder ASTROCOENIIDA Vaughan and Wells, 1943 Family POCILLOPORIDAE Gray, 1842 Many fragments of this distinctive species come from Genus STYLOPHORA Schweigger, 1819 depths 731-988 feet, Bikini 2A, and one typical piece was found in a cutting from 1,020-1,100 feet, Bikini 2B. Stylophora pistillata (Esper), 1797 One very small fragment from 2,524^-2,535 feet in Plate 223, figure 1 Bikini 2A appears to be this species. However, this came from a cutting sample, and it may well have come Stylophora pistillata (Esper). Umbgrove, 1946, K. Akad. from much higher up in the section. Wetensch, Amsterdam Afd. Natuurk. Proc. Sec. Sci., v. 48, Distribution.—Middle Miocene to lower Pliocene p. 4. [Synonymy of fossil forms.] (fs-hi) Java and Borneo. Eleven fragments of this well-known Indo-Pacific late Cenozoic and Kecent species were found at depths Seriatopora micrommata Felix, 1921 847-9351/2 feet in Bikini 2A. Plate 223, figures 6, 7 Distribution.—Middle and upper Miocene (fa-g), Indonesia; Pliocene to Kecent, Indo-Pacific. Seriatopora micrommata Felix, 1921, Palaeontologie von Timor, Lief. 9, no. 15, p. 49, pl.,5, figs. 6,6a. Gerth, 1923, Geol. Reichsmus Leiden Samml., 1st ser., v. 10. Stylophora sp. of. S. mordax (Dana), 1846 p. 96. Stylophora mordax (Dana). Yabe, Sugiyama, and Eguchi, 1936, Umbgrove, 1929, Dienst Mijnbouw Nederlandsch-Indie. Wetensch, Meded., no. 9, p. 65. TOhoku Imp. Univ. Sci. Repts., 2d ser., special v. 1, p. 15, pi. 3, fig. 2. [Synonymy.] Many fragments of branches represent this species, A single fragment, probably of this species, was which is very closely related to the slender-branched found in the core from 862^-872^ feet in Bikini 2A. form of the common S. hystrix of the Indo-Pacific. In Distribution.—Recent, tropical Pacific. deed, there seems to be no significant difference, except that the calices of S. hystrix are slightly smaller, rare Genus SERIATOPORA Lamarck, 1816 ly as much as 0.5 millimeter, and more closely spaced on the branches. The specimens came from depths of Seriatopora delicatula Felix, 1921 726-1,009 feet in Bikini 2A, and 956i/2-967 feet in Plate 223, figure 2 Bikini 2B. Distribution.—Middle Miocene to lower Pliocene Seriatopora delicatula Felix, 1921, Palaeontologie von Timor, (/s-Ai), Java and Borneo. Lief. 9, no. 15, p. 48, pi. 4, figs. 1, 2. Felix, 1927, Fossilium Catalogus, Animalia, pars 35, p. 454. Family ACROPORIDAE Verrill, 1902 Umbgrove, 1929, Dienst Mijnbouw Nederlandsch-Indie We Genus ACROPORA Oken 1815 tensch. Meded., no. 9, p. 65, pi. 1, figs. 13-15. Acropora spp. Many fragments of a thin-stemmed Seriatopora from depths 925-958^2 feet in Bikini 2A represent this spe Plate 223, figures 8, 8a, 8b cies. There is much variation in the calices, as pointed Fragments of branches of this protean genus are com out by Felix, but they are all very small (0.5 milli mon in core and cutting samples from Bikini 2A, at meter), with the columella weakly developed or even depths ranging from 5)25-9561/2 feet, but little can be absent, the calicular margins marked by prominent done with them. The specimen figured on plate 223, costal ridges, and narrow septa. figure 8a, is very similar to A. duncani (Keuss) (1867, Distribution.—Middle Miocene (/3 ), Borneo. p. 171, pi. 2, fig. 2) from the Miocene of Java and FOSSIL CORALS FROM BIKINI ATOLL 613 Borneo, but identification of Eecent species of difference being that the pali are less developed in the Acropora is very difficult even with complete colonies, Bikini specimens. P. andrewsi has much smaller and it is impossible on the basis of such fragments as calices and two trabecular elements on the septa be these. A. duncani is merely a name applied to Miocene tween wall and pali. Indonesian corals and does not represent a species. Distribution.—Recent: Palau Islands, Penju Islands Several of the fragments show some details suggestive (North Celebes). of A. formosa (Dana), a common and characteristic lagoon and quiet water type. Genus DICTYARAEA Reuss, 1867 Distribution.—Eocene to Recent, Indo-Pacific and Type species (subsequent designation, Gregory, 1925) : West Indies. Dictyaraea micrantha Reuss, 1867. Novara Exped. Geol. Teil 2, p. 75. Miocene, Java. Suborder FUNGIIDA Duncan, 1884 The position of this genus has been a puzzle since it Family FUNGIIDAE Dana, 1946 was described by Reuss, who originally placed it in Genue CYCLOSERIS Milne-Edwards and Haime, 1949 the Poritidae. In 1912 Oppenheim placed it near Cycloseris sp. Stylophora and Madracis. Gerth (1925) considered it a synonym of Goniopora. In the same year Gregory Plate 223, figure 9, 9a selected D. micrantha as genotype. Felix (1927,1929) Fragments and young individuals of Cycloseris were included it in the Seriatoporidae. Umbgrove, (1929) found at depths ranging from 935i/^ to 967 feet in placed it near or next to Goniopora. Vaughan and Bikini 2A. Wells (1943, p. 350) erred grievously when they sug Although a number of species of this genus have been gested the genus was not scleractinian but possibly a described from the Tertiary of Indonesia (Gerth, 1931, stylasteridian, on the basis of Wells' study of imperfect p. 139-140), the present material is too fragmentary material in the British Museum. or juvenile for any specific identification. Examination of the specimens from the Bikini bor Distribution.—Eocene to Recent, Indo-Pacific. ings shows clearly the poritid structure of this curious coral and the correctness of Reuss' original assignment. Family PORITIDAE Gray, 1842 Worn specimens are deceiving, for the structures be Genus PORITES Link, 1807 come secondarily thickened. Unworn fragments rep Porites cf. P. capricornis Rehberg, 1892 resent pieces of stems composed of a highly porous meshwork of trabeculae and synapticulae. The coral- Plate 224, figure 1, la. lites, which are subcylindrical or subpolygonal in out Porites capricornis Rehberg. Unabgrove 1940. Bljksmuseum line, are bounded by simple walls formed by a natuurlijke Historic Leiden: Zool. Meded., no. 22, p. 306, palisade of trabeculae linked by stout synapticulae, pi. 33, fig. 3; pi. 35, fig. 1. [Synonymy.] usually free and spinelike (var. spinosa) on their upper One very well-preserved fragment and several worn ends when unworn. Some corallitess have an addi bits of branching Porites occurred at depths of 925- tional palisade between adjacent walls, and the wall 967 feet in Bikini 2A. The branches are cylindrical or is 3 trabecular pillars thick. The 12 septa are arranged compressed, between 5 and 8 millimeters in diameter. on the Porites plan: 2 directives, 1 of them with a The calices are polygonal, nearly flush, between 1.25 flanking pair of secondaries forming a triplet, with 2 and 1.5 millimeters in diameter, and bounded by thin pairs of lateral pairs on primaries and secondaries. walls composed of one ring of trabecular elements. There is a palar tubercle for each lateral pair and 1 Immediately within the wall is a second ring, and a for each lateral septum of the triplet, a total of 6, with third is formed by the palar elements near the columella. a central columellar tubercle. There appears also to The 12 septa are normally arranged on the poritid be a trabecular pillar for each primary septum be plan with no trident structure on the "ventral" direc tween the wall and palar pillar. The mural palisades tive. They are 8 pali; 7 of the lateral pairs and ven are composed of trabecular pillars corresponding to all tral directive and its laterals are strongly developed, 12 septa with sometimes a few more. The lateral pairs that of the dorsal directive weak. The columellar of septa are grouped near the directive which they tubercle is small and lies below the level of the palar flank, leaving a prominent gap between each lateral ring, and all structures are minutely spined or frosted. pair and giving an additional bilateral aspect to the Of the two principal groups of species of ramose elongate calyx. Indo-Pacific Forties, those of P. nigrescens and P. This is the basic structural plan of Dictyaraea, and andrewsi, this form is associated with the latter and it indicates a close relationship to Porites rather than is very close to if not the same as P. capricornis, the only to Goniopora or Alveopora. However, very rarely 614 BIKINI AND NEARBY ATOLLS, MARSHALL ISLANDS can the typical poritid structure be made out in speci Distribution.—Middle Miocene to lower Pliocene, mens. In nearly all corallites secondary thickening of (/s-^i)) Java; Borneo. synapticulae and trabecular pillars has obliterated the smaller septa, and the palar and columellar tubercles Suborder FAVIIDA Vaughan and Wells, 1943 are fused into a solid central area. Further, in nearly Family FAVIIDAE Gregory, 1900 all calices the septa are very irregularly developed. Subfamily MONTASTREINAE Vaughan and Wells, 1943 In view of the varying effects of secondary thickening Genus CYPHATREA Milne-Edwards and Haime, 1949 of the structures of this coral, the two "species," D. Cyphastrea microphthalma (Lamarck), 1816 micrantha and D. anomaly of Reuss are probably the same, and D. micrantha var. spinosa Gerth merely rep Cyphastrea microphthalma Umbgrove, 1946, Jour. Paleontology, resents nearly perfectly preserved specimens. v. 20, p. 524, pi. 77, fig. 5. [References.] The genus is known only from the Miocene of the Four small fragments, three badly worn and one Malaysian area. It has been reported by Felix with nearly unworn, from cuttings between 935i/£ and 946 Alveopora polyacantha from the Pliocene of New feet in Bikini 2A, represent this common species. Guinea and Java, but Umbgrove (1929, p. 68-69) be Distribution.—Middle Miocene to Recent, Java; lieves these are instances of remanie Miocene specimens Borneo; Indo-Pacific. in Pliocene strata. Cyphastrea sp. cf. C. progoensis, 1933 Dictyaraea micrantha Reuss, 1867 Cyphastrea progoensis Gerth, 1933, Dienst Mijnbouw Neder- landsch-Indi'e Wetensch. Meded., no. 25, p. 29, pi. 4, fig. 1. Plate 224, figure 2 Two small fragments about 1 centimeter square each, Dictyaraea micrantha Reuss, 1867, Novara Exped. Geol., Teil »2, p. 176, pi. 2, fig. 6; pi. 3, figs. 1,2. with 3-4 calices, agree well with Gerth's description, Felix, 1927, Fossilium Catalogus, Animalia, Pars 35, p. 460. except that the calices are slightly larger, 2—2.5 milli [Synonymy.] meters. The third cycle of septa is only very weakly Umbgrove, 1929, Dienst Mijnbouw Nederlandsch-Indie developed as faint ridges near the rims of the calices. Wetensch. Meded., no. 9, p. 68, pi. 1, figs. 1-10. The two specimens came from depths ranging from Dictyaraea micrantha Reuss var. spinosa Gerth, 1921, Geol Reichsmus. Leiden Samml., neue folge, v. 1, abt. 2, p. 435. 925-9351/2 feet in Bikini 2A. Dictyaraea anomala Reuss, 1867, Novara Exped. Geol., Teil 2, Distribution.—Lower Miocene (e5), Java. p. 177, pi. 3, figs. 3-5. Felix, 1927, Fossilium Catalogus, Animalia, Pars 35, p. 459. Class HYDROZOA Huxley, 1856 More than 40 specimens of this species, all broken Order MILLEPORINA Hickson, 1899 stem fragments, were recovered from cores and cuttings Genus MILLEPORA Linnaeus, 1758 from Bikini 2A between depths of 857 and 988 feet, and Millepora sp. from Bikini 2B, depth 956i/2-967 feet. Distribution.—Middle Miocene to lower Pliocene Plate 224, figure 4 (/s-^i), Indonesia. Two types of Millepora can be recognized in frag ments from depths 925-940 feet in Bikini 2A: a thin, en Genus ALVEOPORA Quoy and Gaimard in de Blainville, 1830 crusting form found on pieces of Alveopora poly Alveopora polyacantha Reuss, 1867 acantha and bits of a slender branching type. It is impractical to identify species of this genus Plate 224, figure 3 from such inadequate material, the specific characters Alveopora polyacantha Reuss, 1867, Novara Exped. Geol., Teil 2, in this genus lying in the growth form. p. 178, pi. 3, figs. 5, 6. Distribution.—Eocene to Kecent, Indo-Pacific and Felix, 1927, Fossilium Catalogus, Animalio, Pars 35, p. 468. [Synonymy.] West Indies. Umbgrove, 1946, Jour. Paleontology, v. 20, p. 540, pi. 80, SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY fig. 3; pi. 82, fig. 1. [Synonymy.] Alveopora brevispina Reuss, 1867, Novara Exped. Geol., Teil 2, Felix, J., 1921, Fossile Anthozoen von Borneo: Palaeontologie p. 178, pi. 3, fig. 6. von Timor, Leif. 9, no. 15, p. 1-64, pis. 1-6. Twelve specimens of this well-known species were ————1927, Anthozoa miocaenica: Fossilium Catalogus, Ani malia, Pars, 35. found between depths ranging from 914 to 9561/£ feet ————1929, Anthozoa pliocaenica et pleistocaenica: Fossilium in Bikini 2A. Catalogus, Animalia, Pars. 44. FOSSIL CORALS FROM BIKINI ATOLL 615 Gerth, H., 1921, Anthozoa. Martin, K.: Die Fossilien von Java : Umbgrove, J. H. F.s 1946b, Corals from the upper Kalibeng Geol. Reichsmus. Leiden Samml., neue folge, v. 1, abt. 2, beds (upper Pliocene) of Java: idem, v. 49, p. 87-92, 2 pis. p. 387-445, pis. 55-57. ————1923, Die Anthozoenfauna des Jungtertiars von Borneo: ———1946c, Corals from a lower Pliocene patch reef in cen Geol. Reichsmus. Leiden Samml., 1st ser., v. 10, p. 37-136, tral Java: Jour. Paleontology, v. 20, p. 521-542, pis. 77-82. 9 pis. ————1946d, Evolution of reef corals in the East Indies since ————1931, Palaeontologie van Niederlandisch Ost-Indien. Miocene times: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 30, Coelenterata: Leidsche Geol. Meded., v. 5, p. 120-151. p. 23-31, 2 figs. ————1933, Neue Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Korallen-fauna ————1950, Corals from the Putjangan beds (lower Pleistocene) des Tertiar von Java. 1, Die Korallen des Eocan und des alteren Neogen: Dienst Mijnbouw Nederlandsch-Indie of Java: Jour. Paleontology, v. 24, p. 637-651, pis. 81-84, Wetensch. Meded., no. 25, p. 1-45, 5 pis. 2 figs. Reuss, A. E., 1867, Ueber fossile Korallen von der Insel Java: Yan Bemmelen, R. W. 1949, The geology of Indonesia: Volume Novara Exped. Geol., Teil 2, p. 165-185, pis. 1-3. I A, General geology of Indonesia and adjacent archipela Umbgrove, J. H. F., 1929, Anthozoen van N. O. Borneo: Dienst goes. The Hague. Mijnbouw Nederlandsch-Indie Wetensch. Meded., no. 9, p. 47-78, 2 figs., pis. 1-5. Vaughan, T. W., and Wells, J. W., 1943, Revision of the sub ————1940, Madreporaria from the Togian reefs (Gulf of orders, families, and genera of the Scleractinia: Geol. Soc. Tomini, North Celebes) : Rijksmuseum natuurlijke Historie America Special Paper 44. Leiden Zool. Meded., v. 22, p. 265-310, 3 figs., pis. 21-35. Yabe, H., Sugiyama, T., and Eguchi, M., 1936, Recent reef-build ————1946a, Corals from the upper Miocene of Tjisande, Java: ing corals from Japan and the South Sea islands under the K. Akad. Wetensch. Amsterdam Afd. Natunrk. Proc., Sec. Japanese mandate: TShoku Imp. Univ. Sci. Repts., 2d ser., Sci., v. 48, p. 340-344, 6 figs. special v. 1, 66 p., 59 pis. INDEX [Italic numbers indicate descriptions] Page Page Abstract——— — — — — — —— . — — — —______609 Introduction------.---______-___-.._._.__.______.___-.______609 Acrhelia sp ______610 irregularis, Seriatopora. ----_------______612 Acropora duncani- — ______609,611,612 leupoldi, Deltocyathus------______.__.__..__.._.__.__.-__-----_ 609 /or/noso——— — — — —______613 spp— ——- — — —— .__ — ——— — — — — __.._____.______609,610, 612, pi. 223 Madrads...... 613 Acroporidae ___----_------______.______.____ 612 Mangkalihat Peninsula, Borneo, Menkrawit and Domaring beds._-.-. 609, 610, 611 Alveopora______613 Menkrawit bed, Mangkalihat Peninsula, Borneo.-.---______609,610,611 brews pina- — ------_ — ---______614 micrantha, Dictyaraea...... 609, 610, 611, 613, 614, pi. 224 .o?2/acartfAa______-___ —______609, 610, 611, 614, pi. 224 micrantha spinosa, Dictyaraea. ----_____-______613, 614 sp___ —_ — ______. ______610 micrommata, Seriatopora^.... ______.. 609, 610,611, 61%, pi. 223 amplectens, PoriteS-.-- ______611 microphthalma, Cyphastrea.....-.-...^.....--..---...... --.---.. 609,610,611,0^ andrewsi, PoriteS--- _------______613 micropora, Montipora. _.._.._------._...... -.-._.-.-._-.__-_--_ 609, 611 anomala, Dictyaraea ______614 Milkporasp-...... -...------.-. — . 609, 610, 614, pi. 224 Astreopora myriophthalma.—...... ______010 M.0ff2/psmo.des_ _.______-_-______------_--_-_ 610 sp_ ___ — ——— _ ——— __ — — ______609 Montastreinae______614 Montipora micropnra.... -______-_-______-____---__-_---___- 609,611 Bibliography...... ———.——.______614-615 sp....—-— — — . — ------— . — — -- — -- — — ----- — — — - 610 Borings, Bikini compared to Indonesian______611 borneensis, Cycloseris...... 609 Borneo, Mangkalihat Peninsula, Menkrawit and Domaring beds___---_ 609,610,611 brevispina, *4?...opora--—______614 capricornis, Pori?es______609, 610,611, 613, pi. 224 coerulea, /fe.?'opora______...... _.. 609,610 Cydoseris borneensis...... ____. 609 sp_ . —— — _ —— _ ————______609,610, 613, pi. 223 pistillata, Stylophora______609, 610,611, 618, pi. 223 Cyphastrea micropMhdlma.—...... 609,610,611,6^ Plesiastrea versipora..--...... -...... ----.-----.------— -- 610 progoensis...... ______609, 610, 611, 614 Pocillopora sp _____.-______-______-______------610 sp_- — —— _.._____ — — — — __ — — — - — — — — — — . — —— ___ 609,610 Pocilloporidae------_-__-_-_--_--__------_-_.______-- — —— ---____-_ —. 612 polyacantha, Alveopora....^...... -...... -.-. 609, 610,611, 614, pi. 224 deticatula, Seriatopora...... (509, 611, 612, pi. 223 Pori.es—— —— ————— -- — — —------613 Delfocyathus leupoldi.. ______..._____ 609 amplectens_.------— __-______-__- — — ------— — - 611 -D.ctyaraea.- — ——______.... 613 andrewsi-..--.-.-----.--.-----.----..------..------613 anomala------.-.-----.-.--.------.--. 614 capricornis———— — — —— — .-- — . — .- — -- 609, 610,611, 613, pi. 224 micrantha--.... ______609,610, 611, 613, 614, pi. 224 m.^j-escer.*------613 spinosa...... --.-_-_-_.----_____._-_____...... 613,614 sp._ —— — - — ——— — - — — - —— —— - — - — —- — — — - — — 609,610 Distribution of corals______-__..__--_.______-______...-..___-__ 610 Poritldae—.. — -- — — ----- — ------— --- — -- — — --- 613 Domaring bed, Mangkalihat Peninsula, Borneo ______609,610, 611 progoensis, Cyphastrea ______— -_._ 609, 610,611, 614 duncani, Acropora...... ______._._... 609,611,612 Seriatoporadelicatula——— - — - — -——- — — —— — — —— 609, 611, 612, pi. 223 Echinopora sp______610 Aysirir.------612 Euphyllia sp______610 irregularis---.-.-.------..------. —------612 micrommata-— — — —— — — — — -.. —— —— --—— 609, 610, 611, 612, pi. 223 Faviidae.-. —— — — — —— — — — —-_ —— — — —— — — _ ——___ 614 ornata------. — — — — --- —. — — - — - —------609,610,611, 612, pi. 223 Foraminifera______610, 611 sp- — —------— — --- — —— - — - —— ---- — ------— 609,610 formosa, Acropora... ______613 spinosa, Dictyaraea micrantha-.------— _--- — ------613,614 Fungiidae. —— — — — — — ——— — — ______... __ — — — — — — — —. 613 Stylophora...... — — _-- — — - ———- — — - — — - — — — —.__-- — _— 613 mordax.——. —— . — — —— — —— —— ———————— 609,610,611,612 Galaxea sp--..-.--_-_.— . — _ — — — — — — . — —— — — — —— — — — — 609,610 ..------——------609, 610, 611, 612, pi. 223 Ooniastrea sp__-----.---_.___------_-_____--_____-______-_____-______. 610 Goniopora--..... ______613 Tertiary, Recent species of coral in Indonesia. —------— ----__------— — 611 Heliopora coerulea _---_-_._-_---__-_-______.______------___-____-- 609,610 versipora, Plesiastrea----- — _ — — - — — - — - — — — — — — — — - — — - — — - 610 hystrix, Seriatopora...... 612 Zone, lower—..------— - 409-612 Indonesia, Recent species in Tertiary of--_.______..-_...... 611 upper.--.----.------—------409 617 PLATES 223-224 PLATE 223 [All specimens are natural size and from hole 2A, Bikini, unless otherwise indicated] FIGUKE 1. Stylophora pistillata (Esper) (p. 612). Depth 935 feet. 2. Seriatopora delicatula Felix (p. 612). Depth 925-935^ feet. 3-5. Seriatopora ornata Felix (p. 612). 3. 3a, 3b. Depth 935^ feet. 4. Depth 937 feet. 5. Depth 935H feet. 6-7a. Seriatopora micrommata Felix (p. 612). 6. 6a. Depth 935^ feet. 7. 7a. Depth 935J/2 feet. 8-8b. Acropora sp. (p. 612). Depth 946-956}£ feet. 9, 9a. Cydoseris sp. (p. 613). Depth 935^ feet. GEOLOGICAL STTRVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 260 PLATE 223 STYLOPHORA, SERIATOPORA, ACROPORA, AND CYCLOSERIS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER_260 PLATE 224 PORITES, DICTYARAEA, ALVEOPORA, AND MILLEPORA PLATE 224 [All specimens are natural size and from hole 2A, Bikini, unless otherwise indicated] FIGURES 1, la. Porites sp. aff. P. capricornis Rehberg (p. 613). Depth 935^ feet. 2-2f. Dictyaraea micrantha Reuss (p. 613). 2, 2a, 2e, 2f. Depth 935 % feet. 2b, 2c, 2d. Depth 956^-967 feet. 3, 3a. Alveopora polyacantha Reuss (p. 614). Depth 937 feet. 4. Millepora sp. (p. 614). Depth 935K feet. o