Suppor ng Your Claims Evidence The CONFIRMATION I. YOUR CLAIM (also called thesis, issue, conten on, stand, solu on)
The Three Appeals Evidence Evidence
The key to sucess Examples
Known Facts Obama is the President
Shared Beliefs Bullying is wrong
Common Knowledge Lady Gaga is a pop-singer
Tes mony of experts The hikers jailed in Iran are guilty
Sta s cs and Samples 1 in 5 people like strawberry be er than blackberry jelly Observa on I watched the plane crashed into the Potomac River on Dec. 11, 2009 The Refuta on 1. Concession or Accommoda on; yes, not everyone is in agreement with the claim and some of the opposi ons points are valid, can be accommodated, are useful…
I think handguns should be outlawed, not rifles…
2. Rebu al
State the opposi ons point
Negate it
Analyze it and reveal flaws Example
State the opposi ons point: In her ar cle, Professor Pearson states that Barriers on the Golden Gate Bridge are necessary to prevent suicide.
Negate it: While it would seem logical that barriers could reduce the number of people able to commit suicide by jumping from the GG Bridge, it is important to know that this is not the case. Analyze it and reveal flaws
Analyze and reveal flaws: Pearson’s assump ons are not based on research or past findings. In fact, research has shown that a suicidal person will find another ways to commit suicide when one means is taken away (Smith, 17). “THIS; Therefore, THAT”
While Pearson’s arguments are convincing, they fail to consider….
While Pearson’s arguments are convincing, they must also consider…
Pearson’s arguments, rather than being convincing, instead prove…
While Pearson, Smith and Coggin agree, in my opinion…
Although it is o en true that barriers keep people off things, in my opinion… “Being Green at Ben & Jerry’s” (CI 105) George F. Will, Newsweek
Title:
Sub tle:
Paragraph 1 & 2: Thesis 1. ethos 2 pathos 3. logos Induc ve /deduc ve Paragraph 3, 4, 5, 6:
ethos
Pathos
Logos Deduc ve Induc ve
Evidence for his claim: Opposi on: Your Assignment: DUE WED State your Claim:
Subclaim= Subclaim=
Evidence Evidence
Appeal Appeal
• Subclaim= • Evidence • Appeal
EVIDENCE. The Empire State Building, the Duomo, St. Peter’s Basilica, and Sydney Harbor Bridge were all suicide magnets before barriers were erected on them. So were Mt. Mihara, a volcano in Japan (more than six hundred people jumped into it in 1936 alone); the Arroyo Seco Bridge, in Pasadena; and the Eiffel Tower. At Prince Edward Viaduct, in Toronto, the site of nearly five hundred fatal jumps, engineers just finished construc ng a four-million-dollar “luminous veil” of stainless- steel rods above the railing. At all of these places, a er the barriers were in place the number of jumpers declined to a handful, or to zero
Appeals? The GG Barrier Debate con nued EVIDENCE:
Survivors o en regret their decision in midair, if not before. Ken Baldwin and Kevin Hines both say they hurdled over the railing, afraid that if they stood on the chord they might lose their courage. Baldwin was twenty-eight and severely depressed on the August day in 1985 when he told his wife not to expect him home ll late. “I wanted to disappear,” he said. “So the Golden Gate was the spot. I’d heard that the water just sweeps you under.” On the bridge, Baldwin counted to ten and stayed frozen. He counted to ten again, then vaulted over. “I s ll see my hands coming off the railing,” he said. As he crossed the chord in flight, Baldwin recalls, “I instantly realized that everything in my life that I’d thought was unfixable was totally fixable—except for having just jumped.”
Kevin Hines was eighteen when he took a municipal bus to the bridge one day in September, 2000. A er trea ng himself to a last meal of Starbursts and Ski les, he paced back and forth and sobbed on the bridge walkway for half an hour. No one asked him what was wrong. A beau ful German tourist approached, handed him her camera, and asked him to take her picture, which he did. “I was like, ‘Fuck this, nobody cares,’ ” he told me. “So I jumped.” But a er he crossed the chord, he recalls, “My first thought was What the hell did I just do? I don’t want to die.”
If there were barriers, people would have me to think about this decision. Suicides are ambivalent. A higher barrier would prohibit impulsive acts. People are confused and need me to get help.
Appeals? Evidence: There is a fatal grandeur to the place. Like Paul Alarab, who lived and worked in the East Bay, several people have crossed the Bay Bridge to jump from the Golden Gate; there is no record of anyone traversing the Golden Gate to leap from its unlovely sister bridge. Dr. Richard Seiden, a professor emeritus at the University of California at Berkeley’s School of Public Health and the leading researcher on suicide at the bridge, has wri en that studies reveal “a commonly held a tude that roman cizes suicide from the Golden Gate Bridge in such terms as aesthe cally pleasing and beau ful, while regarding a Bay Bridge suicide as tacky.” Unlike the Bay Bridge—or most bridges, for that ma er—the Golden Gate has a footpath adjacent to a low exterior railing. “Jumping from the bridge is seen as sure, quick, clean, and available—which is the most potent factor,” Dr. Jerome Mo o, a local psychiatrist and suicide expert, says. “It’s like having a loaded gun on your kitchen table.”
Appeal? Refuta on
Rebu al Rebu al
Another factor is cost, which would A familiar argument against a barrier seem par cularly important now that the Bridge District has a projected five- is that thwarted jumpers will simply year shor all of more than two go elsewhere. hundred million dollars. Yet, in October, construc on will be However, study a er study in The completed on a fi y-four-inch-high steel barrier between the walkway and Na onal Journal of Health has the adjacent traffic lanes which is proven that suicidal individuals will meant to prevent bicyclists from not try another a empt when their veering into traffic. No cyclist has ever been killed; Clearly they have money primary means is taken away (Ross, to spend on public safety issues. 13) references
New Yorker
LETTER FROM CALIFORNIA
Jumpers
The fatal grandeur of the Golden Gate Bridge. by Tad Friend
OCTOBER 13, 2003
Read more h p://www.newyorker.com/archive/2003/10/13/031013fa_fact? printable=true#ixzz1YLrHw7oR