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Baryancistrus Niveatus 'L142' Impact of Hydropower Development in the Amazon Basin

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Baryancistrus Niveatus 'L142' Impact of Hydropower Development in the Amazon Basin ID: 615 So long suckers: Estimating species diversity in a unique but imperiled Amazon catfish fauna Tomas Hrbek1, Rupert A. Collins1,2, Emanuell Ribeiro1,3, Izeni P. Farias1 1Laboratório de Evolução e Genética Animal, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, AM, Brazil 2School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, UK 3Departmento de Biologia, Universidad de Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 4Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia Aquática e Pesca, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, Pará, Brazil The environmental impact of large infrastructure projects hinges upon estimates of species richness and endemism, yet much tropical biodiversity is poorly known. Two major tributaries of the Amazon in Brazil—the Xingu and Tapajós rivers—are under immediate threat from extensive hydroelectric dam development schemes, the ultimate impacts of which are unknown but are likely to be serious. Using molecular techniques (COI barcodes), we perform a species inventory of suckermouth catfishes (Siluriformes: Loricariidae: Ancistrini), a key functional group and a diverse component of lotic ecosystems in the Neotropics. With multiple species discovery methods (GMYC, bGMYC, locMin OTU clustering, mPTP), and by accommodating phylogenetic uncertainty, we address potential sources of bias, and compare these results to an assessment of diversity using morphotyping. Confidence intervals around species richness were wide, reflecting the impact of phylogenetic uncertainty and methodological bias, but results remained consistently lower (33–42 species) than for the estimated number of morphotypes (45–59). These discrepancies highlight a situation critical for determining conservation priorities from baseline inventories of biodiversity, whereby single locus methods can fail to identify groups undergoing recent/ongoing speciation or introgression, only being identified with the inclusion of a morphological overview. Conversely, molecular methods provide crucial information on relationships and timings of diversification, and can additionally reveal instances where subtle morphologies are obscuring speciation events. We also report substantial within-drainage endemicity, with ~70% of genera having multiple conspecifics, many of which are likely to have diversified in situ. We conclude that any hydroelectric dam projects of the scale proposed are likely to have a profound effect upon the significant diversity these globally important geological and hydrological systems are capable of producing. C P in Y C T M M Y P c G M m lo b G Brazil, as many other South American nations, has experienced a (pectracanthicus punctatissimus ')icudo L 1'' (pectracanthicus punctatissimus ')icudo L 1'' (pectracanthicus punctatissimus ')icudo L 1'' period of rapid economic growth accompanied by expanding energy (pectracanthicus punctatissimus ')icudo L 1'' (pectracanthicus punctatissimus ')icudo L 1'' (pectracanthicus $uanoni ')igeye %idemouth smallspot' (pectracanthicus punctatissimus 'shortsnout smallspot' needs. To meet its energetic needs, Brazil has invested heavily in (pectracanthicus punctatissimus 'shortsnout smallspot' (pectracanthicus punctatissimus 'shortsnout smallspot' (pectracanthicus punctatissimus ')icudo L 1'' (pectracanthicus punctatissimus ')igspot' hydroelectic power generation such that ~80% of Brazil's electricity (pectracanthicus $uanoni 'smallmouth dar&' (pectracanthicus $uanoni 'smallmouth dar&' (pectracanthicus $uanoni 'smallmouth dar&' ? (pectracanthicus $uanoni 'smallmouth dar&' production is met by hydropower. 55% the hydroelectric potential (pectracanthicus $uanoni 'smallmouth dar&' ? (pectracanthicus $uanoni 'smallmouth dar&' ? (pectracanthicus $uanoni 'smallmouth dar&' still awaits exploitations and the Amazon basin is the next and last (pectracanthicus punctatissimus ')icudo L 1'' ? (pectracanthicus punctatissimus ')igeye %idemouth' (pectracanthicus punctatissimus ')igeye %idemouth' Parancistrus nudiventris 'L" 1' (pectracanthicus $uanoni ')igeye %idemouth' hydroelectric frontier, with plans for the construction of 200+ dams, ? ? (pectracanthicus $uanoni ')igeye %idemouth' (pectracanthicus $uanoni 'smalleye smallmouth' ? (pectracanthicus $uanoni 'smalleye smallmouth' leaving only 3 unimpounded Amazon tributaries. (pectracanthicus $uanoni 'smalleye smallmouth' ? (pectracanthicus $uanoni 'smalleye smallmouth' (pectracanthicus $uanoni 'smalleye smallmouth' ? ? (pectracanthicus $uanoni '%idemouth )igspot L '4' Hydroelectric projects are build on high energy, steep gradient (pectracanthicus $uanoni '%idemouth )igspot L '4' Parancistrus sp. 'L 2' ? (pectracanthicus murinus sections of rivers that are characterized by rapids and waterfalls. Pekoltia sabaji (pectracanthicus murinus Baryancistrus ,anthellus 'L"1*' Baryancistrus ,anthellus 'L177' Baryancistrus ,anthellus 'L177' These river sections provide habitat for unique and distinct Baryancistrus sp. 'verde' Baryancistrus ,anthellus 'L"1*' Baryancistrus ,anthellus 'L"1*' ? ? Baryancistrus ,anthellus 'L"1*' rheophilic fauna and flora which inevitably are destroyed as a result Baryancistrus ,anthellus 'L"1*' Baryancistrus ,anthellus 'L"1*' Baryancistrus sp. 'verde' ? Baryancistrus sp. 'verde' of hydropower development. The rheophilic fauna is relatively Baryancistrus sp. 'verde' ? Baryancistrus ,anthellus 'L"1*' Baryancistrus ,anthellus 'L"1*' poorly known, leading to a severe underestimation of the real ? Baryancistrus ,anthellus 'L"1*' Baryancistrus ,anthellus 'L"1*' ? Baryancistrus ,anthellus 'L"1*' Baryancistrus ,anthellus 'L"1*' Baryancistrus niveatus 'L142' impact of hydropower development in the Amazon basin. ? ? Baryancistrus niveatus 'L142' Baryancistrus niveatus 'L142' ? Baryancistrus niveatus 'L142' ? Baryancistrus niveatus 'L142' ? Baryancistrus niveatus 'L142' Baryancistrus niveatus 'L142' Results Baryancistrus niveatus 'L142' Baryancistrus niveatus 'L"1#' L-177 ? Baryancistrus niveatus 'L"1#' ? Pana+ue arm)rusteri 'L"27' A total of 870 ancistrin loricariid specimens were collected from Pana+ue arm)rusteri 'L"27' Hypancistrus sp. 'L26"' Hypancistrus sp. 'L26"' Hypancistrus sp. 'L26"' the Xingu and Tapajós, comprising 190 lots. From these lots, we Hypancistrus sp. 'L262' ? Hypancistrus sp. 'L26"' Hypancistrus sp. 'L262' ? Hypancistrus sp. 'L262' generated DNA barcodes for 447 individuals, comprising 169 Hypancistrus sp. 'L"66' ? Hypancistrus sp. 'L"66' ? ? Hypancistrus sp. 'L"66' unique haplotypes. Median barcode sequence length was 624 bp Hypancistrus sp. 'L"66' ? Hypancistrus $e)ra 'L"46' Hypancistrus sp. 'L174' Ancistomus snethlageae 'L141' (max=630, min=336), with five below 500 bp. Ancistomus snethlageae 'L141' Ancistomus snethlageae 'L141' ? Ancistomus snethlageae 'L141' Ancistomus snethlageae 'L141' Using molecular methods, species richness point estimates Ancistomus snethlageae 'L141' ? ? Ancistomus snethlageae 'L141' Ancistomus snethlageae 'L141' ? Ancistomus snethlageae 'L141' varied between 32 and 44 species according to method. GMYC Ancistomus -eld)ergae 'L"1 ' ? L-15 Ancistomus -eld)ergae 'L"1 ' Ancistomus snethlageae 'L161' Pec&oltia vittata 'L"1'' estimated 44 species (mode=42; 95% CI=35–52); bGMYC ? Pec&oltia vittata 'L"1'' ? Pec&oltia vittata 'L"1'' ? Pec&oltia vittata 'L"1'' estimated 39 species (mode=39; 95% CI=21–42); locMin (threshold Pec&oltia vittata 'L"1'' Pec&oltia cavatica 'L26'' ? Pec&oltia cavatica 'L26'' ? Pec&oltia cavatica 'L26'' optimized at 0.016) estimated 37 species (mode=37; 95% CI=25– Pec&oltia vittata 'L14"' ? Pec&oltia vittata 'L14"' Pec&oltia vittata 'L14"' Pec&oltia compta 'L1 4' 55); mPTP estimated 32 species (mode=33; 95% CI=25–37). From Pec&oltia sa)a!i ? Pec&oltia sa)a!i ? Pec&oltia sa)a!i the Xingu, between 18 and 24 species were estimated with the Pec&oltia sa)a!i Pana+olus tan&ei 'L #*' ? (co)inancistrus pariolispos 'L"4*' ? (co)inancistrus pariolispos 'L"4*' ? (co)inancistrus sp. 'L"*2' molecular methods, and from the Tapajós between 22 and 23. ? L-14 ? (co)inancistrus aureatus 'L"14' (co)inancistrus pariolispos 'L 6*' (co)inancistrus pariolispos 'L 6*' From morphological assessments we assigned the voucher (pectracanthicus immaculatus 'L26#' ? (pectracanthicus immaculatus 'L26#' (pectracanthicus immaculatus 'L26#' Pseudacanthicus sp. 'L27 ' specimens to 16 genera, 27 nominal species (specific epithets), 59 ? Pseudacanthicus sp. 'L27 ' ? Pseudacanthicus sp. 'L27 ' ? Pseudacanthicus sp. 'L1*'' Pseudacanthicus sp. 'L"#7' morphotypes under the liberal criterion, 45 morphotypes under the ? ? Leporacanthicus !oselimai 'L264' Leporacanthicus !oselimai 'L264' ? ? ? Leporacanthicus heterodon strict criterion, and 43 morphotypes that corresponded to L- Leporacanthicus heterodon Acanthicus hystri, 'L1''' ? Pseudancistrus $a%ad$&ii 'L 21' Pseudancistrus $a%ad$&ii 'L 21' numbers. Of these, from the Xingu we report 38 morphotypes ? Pseudancistrus $a%ad$&ii 'L 21' ? Pseudancistrus $a%ad$&ii 'L 21' ? Pseudancistrus $a%ad$&ii 'L2'#' Pseudancistrus $a%ad$&ii 'L2'#' (strict), 29 morphotypes (liberal), 25 L-numbers, and 18 nominal ? Pseudancistrus asurini 'L"67' Pseudancistrus asurini 'L"67' L-46 ? Pseudancistrus asurini 'L"67' species; from the Tapajós we report 23 morphotypes (strict), 22 Pseudancistrus asurini 'L"67' Ancistrus sp. 'pintinha' Ancistrus sp. 'pintinha' Ancistrus sp. 'pintinha' ? Ancistrus sp. 'pintinha' morphotypes (liberal), 19 L-numbers, and 15 nominal species. ? ? Ancistrus sp. 'pintinha' Ancistrus sp. 'pintinha' ? ? Ancistrus sp. 'Pimental'
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