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i T HE m an go is a fru it that for hu n dreds of Years has b e ro n in I a u e t r ~ e n g w n dia . In a n cien t liter t r he e a re fre

u en t eferen ces t o it a n d we fin d a a n o ree q r , m g t a m on g the scu l u es o n the s u a of Bh t hich d te f p t r t p a rhu , w a s rom I C . OO B.

T he m a n go is n ow grown in m ost trop ica l a n d sub

“ n o f t e t rop ica l regio s h wo rld . A certa in a m ou n t of lit era tu re rega rdin g it s cu ltivation is t o be fou n d in the

ou n a ls a n d Bu lle in s o f A icu l u a l De a rt en We J r t gr t r p m ts .

a l u h ava la ble l have con su lted l s c i m a teria , a n d in this b ook

l e a d i o m c fler o cca sion a xtra cts n p réc s fr these writin gs .

T bu lk of the wo rk here resen ted is howe er he p , v ,

b the resu lts of o ervation s an d ex erim en o rigin al, ein g bs p ts

shkhin o c m a de sin ce 1908 in the C a n e d B tan ial Ga rden s ,

a n d in va iou s a s o f the Bom ba P esiden c . Kirkee, r p rt y r y

“ T he p u rely bota n ical pa rt of these resu lts has been

ha t is n ow resen ted will we ho e be u se om itted , a n d w p , p , f in ] to g rowers o r sellers o m a n go es .

N . W . BUR S

S . H . PRAYAG .

TABLE OF CONTENTS

The History of the Mango References by foreigners Geographical Distribution Soils Climate Temperature Moisture Altitude

HA R C PTE I I . Propagation of the Mango

Propagation by Cuttings

P t La ropaga ion by yering . Propagation by Grafting S S Influence of tock on. cion

Crafting on Stocks other than the Man go Time of C rafting

Requirements for Grafting Methods of Crafting

’ C rafting by Enarch or Sim plé Appro ach Tongue Graft by Approach Saddle Craft Whip Graft Wedge C raft Crown C rafting Side C rafting Top Working Budding O C N T E N T S .

III CHA PTER .

Planting

Treat ment of land previous to Planting

Plantin g

Season of Pla ntin g

After Care

CHAPTER IV.

HA R V C PTE .

Harvesting the Fr uit

Riyal -mg 9 8 65 112 Marketing“

a ifgfn Markets

HA R C PTE VI .

Packm for Fo ei g r gn Countries. P acking seeds of the Mango Packin g of Mango Scions C O N T E N T S .

H C APTER VI1. _ Unsatisfactory Plantations Renovation of Neglected Plantations Sterility

Flowering and Pollination Time of Flowering Pollination

Self- pollination is possible

The herm aphrodite flowers are protogynous

Pests and Diseases

Insect Pests o f the Mango

Fu ngoid Diseases Other Diseases of the Mango

HA X C PTER .

Uses and Canning Uses of the Mango Canning

Mango Classification

h o f M T e Classification ango Varieties

APPEN DIX

T HE MA NGO .

P CHA TER I.

The Home o the Ma n f go .

(M = S M ° ango anskrit , Amra ; arathi , Hindustani and Singalese , P , Amb M Amba ersian or Amba ; Bengali , Am Tamil , angas

M - Man v C i M - arum Kanarese , ; Burmese , That yat h nese , ang kwo P a Ma Javanese , alam Ar bian , ghzak .)

is no doubt that the mango wa s known to the dwellers of . There i Ind a at a remote period of history . The Sanskrit words for t he mango " all? a C (m6 R are Amra , i huta , asala and HW I

Sa ha WW ka ra . In W Am a rkosh written by “ HIRE Am ar sinha who lived in the Buddhistic times, the synonymous words for the mango are given in the following shlok (cou plet) “ 3119 33 rarersfir8 3a mstatin g : ll

R Sa haka ra A s u bha . Amra , Chuta , asala , , tio ra (1) Blochm a n n gives the following extract

About three hundred years ago Abul- Fazl wrote in his Ain ~ i~Akba ri that therewas a considerable number of cultivated varieties of mango in India and especially mentioned the Splendid orchard owned by Hussein Who lived between the reigns of Akbar and Jehangir and who was a physician and afterwards Governor S m of Agra , Behar , etc attached to the court of prince ale , where " Kairn a h lace mangoes had a conspicuous p at Delhi .

bu - A I Fazl also described a large number of cultivated races .

e Babar sp aks of the excellence of the fruits in ISZ6 .

e n e b rein R fere c s y fo g ers . ‘zl The Chinese Hion am - T hsan g who visited India between 632

645 D . and A . seems to be the earliest traveller to refer to the mango . By travellers“ ) from the west it is first mentioned under the name of Ambag by Ebn Hankel who probably lived between 902 and

96 A D L h F o da n u s 8 . . ater travellers w o mention the mango are riar J r

C who r it M Des rita atalani , desc ibed in his irabilis c p , written about

' ' 1 - - n ar m . De s reatise on ) Blochman n s t ran slation of the Ai iAkb i. quoted fro P. C T " the Man go .

' la s I ‘ c om Wester on . st of n t 9 . 2 7 e rodu e (2) Pickerin g C Chr Hi o ry P , S7 , p 3 . R p d fr s

n . Ma go. p 2

3 n o . I ( ) Wa tch The Ma g , 9 2 M A 39 —1 2

13 0 E 1349 3 AD . bn Batuta , visiting India in 1325 to , speaks of N the mango as a product of the Indian Archipelago . icolo Conti between 1419 and 1444 noted the mango in Malabar and Ludovici

8 l . De Varthem a 1503 to 150 AD . in Ca icut It has been mentioned by Pira rd who travelled in India in the early part of the seventeenth century .

Geogra phica l distribution .

The mango is a tropical fruit and , as such , grows in all tropical

- of and sub tropical climates . It thrives well in many parts India

he - though t sea coast appears to be more congenial to it . Its disse sl " mination outside India has been surprisingly ow . The following “ ) tabular form shows its distribution in the different parts of the world and the dates of introduction as far as known

ASIA .

Cochin Chin a latter art of 18th cen tu r . te ( p y) (da u n kn own ) .

In dian Ocea n R M Islands of eunion , adagascar , m idle 18t Bourbon ( d of h century), M u S auriti s and eychelles .

S 13 M sam u 31. o omali land biq e, E gypt , Cairo and Livingstonia (last

three recently) .

Atla n tic Ocean M 19th adeira , Canaries ( century).

Azores , 1865 .

Pa crfic Ocea n ii F1 1 Hawa 1 Islands . Philippine Islands (aft er Moluccas

Wes t In dies a S Barbados , Jamaic , anta Domingo,

Cuba . Southern Italy Portugal (Ibe P rian eninsula) . England (Hampton Court in 1690) (fruited in Kew in

Australia New S W outh ales , Queensland (about 50 years ago) . I ) Wester. The an o . M g , p 12 .

(2) From i ormation su n lied on the works of t r atts f pp Wes e , W etc . , 3

AMERICA

(date un kn own ) . ecen tl m a R y M ran hao .

lo a F rid .

ls Soi . The mango seems adaptable to a wider range of soils than many

o f i a - fruit trees , provided the is su f ciently deep n d well drained . . s il

In the Bomba y Presidency, although mango trees are seen in every v illage , yet there are undoubtedly certain classes of soils that influence

'

l . the yie d and excellence of the fruit states _that fruit of the highest quality may be produced on a loamy soil three feet in — 5 10 . depth containing per cent of lime and . enough peroxide of iron

e to give the soil a reddish ting . He mentions that an excellent mango tope is found on the ba n ks of t he Mu 1a river near Gan eshkhin d in _

a . ve . a alluvi l loamy soil to. a depth of fi feet He also refers to nother 5 000 S m e o plantation of . trees near Khed hivapur, a few il s s uth of i Poona , situated on a soil of f ve feet of dark brown loam, nine feet of

u d1s1n te marl, two feet of gravel and three feet of very poro s murum (a grated form of trap rock) .

From our observations , it appears that the red soils of Dharwar

' derived primarily from he matitic quartzite and containing very few ' G pieces of rock and the red laterite soils of Belgaum , Ratnagiri and oa

'

-a are pre emin ently suited to the mango . The mango does not thrive on ‘zl ‘ - C s a le . Mr P. . De soils with m tl ch hard rock , h or pure sand . says “ Argillaceous and loamy soils having sufficient depth are pre ~ 3) Ma r w eminently suited to the mango . ies rites , there are fine mango trees yielding good crops on kan kar or soils having a large “ ) proport ion of lime nodules at Gwalior. Miranda states with regard to d G oa that in sandy tracts the fruit is decide ly of i n ferior quality, watery

0 “ ‘ Rm a iam xgxt ou m g 4

a o t , , and insipid . The best crop in p in of quality size colour and t ste G is obtained from the trees grown on the slopes of the hills . enerally g trees standing on a loose . porous but rich substratum return re ular n orm al yields . Pereden ia r l S , y , Drieberg, then Secreta y of the Agricu tural ociety

9 14 a ma n o trials, d eylon writing on 17th August 1 , with reg rd to g state C , ed o that in laterite and red la terite and gravelly r clay l am , gravelly ow loam and a mixture of clay and gravel , the gr th of the trees was igorous while in sandy loam and clay the growth wa s slow and v , f S ta stunted although the trees were healthy . The O ficiating ecre ry of the Port of Calcutta stated that out of seventy- two mango trees l wa s sent for trials, only four survived, and says that this fai ure due to their being planted in exposed positions in sand with but a sprinkling of earth at their roots (letter of 18th September The mango d is not exacting in its soil requirements, demanding only that it shoul _ d m ost be deep rich and well drained , conditions which are require by a fruit trees: Though it requires a l iber l amount of moisture , it is not to lerant of wet unaerated In the black cotton soils of f the Southern Maratha Country , gra ted mangoes grow but do not

- The thrive so well as in the other favourabl soils mentioned . most e . he astonishingly rapid growth that we have seen , has been in soil of t Kopargaon Taluka -of the Ahmednagar District . The soil had been fallowed for so me time and is underlaid by murum . The trees had made a growth of ten feet in two . years .

- i o In judging soils , the sub so l has to be taken int account . The mango will not thrive with a hard rocky subsoil or a subsoil of

- marl . T he roots of the full grown tree penetrate deeply, and if they f e encounter such strata the tree su fers and may di.

CLIMATE .

Tempera tu re

The mango will not thrive out of doors where there is a

‘fi certainty of frost . Young trees may be completely killed by frost , and older trees have their younger parts destroyed . It can be easily understood tha t yearly frost would severely stunt a tree and might O 2 ' prevent its flowering . n February , 1911, a frost occu n ed at Poona with disastrous effects to the flowers , all of which were blackened 19 2 an d killed . In 1 , a consignment of grafted mango plants w as sent G n eshkhin G from a d Botanical ardens Poona, to the Director General

—o -0 l -I ul l l

‘ 1 ulletin 1 f a ii ricult r x erime t at o () B 2 o H wa Ag u al E p n St in , 5

r C of Agricultu e , airo, Egypt . These were planted in heavy loam m 3 im ediately on arrival . In June 191 he states that in winter they (the plants) were covered with coarse canvas but notwithstanding this

twenty were killed by frost . Imported plants of mango seem to suffer r s mo e from cold than tho e raised from seeds in the country . S The experience of the uperintendent , Saharanpur Gardens , regarding frost effects was as follows“ )

The main point of interest during 19 11, was the effect of the t severe frost experienced on the 9 h of February . The intensity of this frost would vary according to the situation but judging from

the records in other situations , there must have been eight degrees

n ow of frost in the particular place where the mango plants ,

rep orted on , were growing . It is usual in this part of India to l cover al young plants of mangoes during the winter, but the wea ther being very mild during the latter end of January and first

' week of February, and as severe frosts were previously unknown

here after that time , the pla nts were uncovered . with disastrous

' wo a results . Of grafted plants of t ye rs old , the following were killed

fa sli f Ca rabo, Dauna , Nayab , Do , Dilshad , Badaya , Cola ,

allibu n da Khirsa t E P Bombay , Jait , J , pa , Kuar bog , Langra , atna N L M L Allahabadi L o . 1, ahi , ashuq , angra , angra Hajipur,

P Phoot ola Du rb n a Moradabad, Amin, Mombasa, unia , C , a gh , S r T ama n cha Z . Singra , San du rea , Strawberry, ha ifa, , arda

The following varieties were not affected by the frost

siBharbhu a- n rd Amir Cola , Baram a , i , Calcutta , Ga en , En n u rea ,

’ ola Hathihu l Kachm ahua r n a Fayirwala , C , i , , Karania ou d, K raria ,

' S o L I' Iardoi M M Krishna Bhog , Langra a ni , angra , alda , ultani ,

- 1 S . No . Nayab , Sufaida , under shah

l u The above lists , although of some va e in determining l hardiness, must , however , not be reckoned as conc usive . It was particularly noted that the stronger and healthier the plant the

better it stood the test . The weak plants invariablysuffered the

. most , irrespect ive of the variety

The effect of frost on seedling plants of different varieties may be all ta ken as more con clusive . These were healthy plants , planted

s Ia l in February 19 14, the eedlings being then about "years o d .

im l G a A f haran ur Bota n rden s arch 31 19 14 . (1) n n ual Report o Sa p . M . 6

J The following werekilled o utright a u Bhu rdas , Alphonse , Arbuthnot , , Bombay yellow C lc tta

Fa ri C ola , , , Garden , Chapta Faizan , j long, Kala Karania round MachliG i u riSu n a hra Z , S , , Sharbati brown , S n gap , , afran epia opal

Z . Dhopa , ardalu, Hasina

— Kachm ahua Those un affected were Dr . King , , Khaiya , i - M d M , Naiibabad , Krishn a Ebog , Langra Hardoi , a ras , ombasa Sta lka rl Na s ati Nucka Salin u n da Su n drea , S , , Amin , p , , , urkha l 3 a s Romani . The last , by the way, f owered when iye r old from

the seed .

With reg ard to the maximum temperature that the mango will

’ n stand there are no exact data available . I the hot parts of the Bombay S Presidency, for example, holapur with a maximum of the tree

S . thrives . In ind with a maximum of it also grows well “ ) Higgins states The mango is distinctly a t ro pical tree and must ' be protected from frost or even chilly temperatures if it is

o r r he expected to do its best . F this reason in pa t , t lower elevations S o f these islands are better suited to it than the higher lands . ince the

Hawaiian climate is scarcely tropical , yet up to several hundred feet . the trees produce fair crops an d even at quite high altitudes grow " well but without bea ring freely . (2) Woodrow says T he mango tree grows freely in all tropical ° - or sub tropical climates with a mean shade temperature of from 75 F. 9 a fi to 80 F. with a normal minimum bove eezing point and abundant " a moisture either in the tmosphere or at the roots .

— Moisture All over the Bombay Presidency there are found well _ grown trees which get no water except that which falls in the monsoon . Some of these trees may have been irrigated till they reach bea ring age but many in the rice lands of the Konka n and the iu n gles of the G hats have received no such attention . In the two latter locations the annual o 80 200 rainfall varies fr m to inches per yea r . In the drier parts of the P e a . r sidency it _is found necessary to irrigate up till the be ring age It is also found necessary to irrigate in districts of heavy rainfall where the soil is exceedingly porous and where the plantations are on the l R slopes of hi ls as at atnagiri . W d “ ) 50 00 oo row says A rainfall from to 1 inches yearly , and e S falling chiefly from Jun till the end of eptember . is suitable but the rainfall may be much less if irrigation be available or the trees be planted

' I e' an - H i () Th M o ln awai . B ll t 12 , _ 3 f h° H°wa r Ex g . q n p . St 1906. 2 9 . ( ) The Man go. p . 7 near tanks so that the roots may find water by e xten din g downward as occurs in Sind . “ ) P. Mr . s : P C . De say assing from the driest plains bf Rajpu 10 tana where rainfall averages under inches , we find the same in the

Central Provinces and Bihar from 30 to 50 inches ; while - in Bengal

' rO er 100 p p and in the lower regions of the Himalayas, from 50 to inches .

Again , in Assam and Darjeeling and the Western Ghats it ranges above 1 00 e . F inch s rom the above calculations and practica l observations, it may be fairly concluded that the Provinces receiving varied rainfall 30 of from to 100 inches annually, are gen erally adapted for its cultivation , although with more or less advantage . n ) W : A e rl ester says y a y rainfall of 1250 to 2500 mm . (375 to 75 inches) falling mainly from June to the en d of September 1s most

1rriation 1t ce suitable for the mango but where g _ is available will su c ed " with less rainfall than this . ‘sl " Higgin s says : As to the moist ure requirements the mango is bett er suited to an irrigated region than to one of natural rainfall f because of the bad e fects of rain at flowering time , and indeed throughout the entire life of the tree, where the mango blight

r hu (Collelot ic m species) is known , and further, because it is a distinct advantage to be able to apply water when it is most needed and withhold it when it will do harm .

says Ra ins atthe time of flowering seem to be special ly injurious . It has been sug gested by lVlr. Hartless and others that

a - the moist wea ther interferes with pollin tion . If this 1s accomplishg " a m a cd by insects the damp we ther y affect their operations . _easily In the Bombay Presiden cy it has been our experience that rain or fog at the flowering time spoils the flowers an d prevents the setting T n t f of fruits . This is especially the case in the ha a Dis rict , one o the

- sea coast Collectorates , penetrated by creeks and having a considerable F u amount of hilly jungle Rain in Januaryand ebr ary is , however, rare . s Fog is more common and its damage i considerable. Whether this 1n sect s v damage 15 direct or partly through Jassid remains to be pro ed . (5) In most of the other important mango districts the precipita s

s 00 tion is hea vier than at Saharanpur . It is sometimes as grea t a 1 inches

1 . n an . 2 (1) Treatise o M go, p

39 . (2) T he Man go . p .

n o in Hawan . 8 . (3) The Ma g . p

Porto ico . 13. (4) The Man go in R , p

b n e Vol. IV No. 8 A ril 19 13 . 57 (5) Popen oe. Cu a Magazi , . . p , p 3 . 8

M d i per annum at Darbhanga and aldah , yet it does not occur ur ng the n ripening season and coming at other times of the year, it is of be efit u ratherthan detriment . It is generally believed thro ghout India that s damp wea ther at the time of flowering is one of the commone t causes se of crap failures . The mango flower pos sses one pollen bearing stamen and the structure of the former is such that this as well as the . stigma which must receive the pollen . are exposed to the weather and , s the slightest dampness in the air above the degree of humidity, washe

e . This away the .pollen and prevents f rtilization seems to be one of the principal reasons why the mango fails to bea r heavily in excessively moist climates .

“ ‘ ) the . E a Mr. P. C De sa ys : xcessive dew is apt to w sh away " pollen grains depriving the pistils of the power of fertilization .

a We must . in truthfulness , add that we have no experimental dat in India concerning the relation of mango pollination to weather .

The time of flowering in the Bombay Presidency is affect ed by climatic conditions In the southern parts of the Bombay Presidency on the coast , the flowering and fruiting are earlier by a month than C near Bombay ity and again Bombay is earlier than Poona , which lies u on the p latea above the ghat s, with a comparatively small rainfall and a drier climate .

‘z’ Collin s says : It may be considered as proved that the mango ic will be prolif only in regions subjected to a considerable dry season . On the moist north side of Porto Rico the trees grow luxuriantly but fi they are not nearly so proli c nor is . the fruit of such good quality as on the dry south side an d in the very dry region about Yauco i a o and at C bo R jo, the fruit seemed at its best while its abundance was i e attested by the fact that f ne fruit was s lling as low as 12 for a cent . (3) G In uatemala and Mexico the mango was found at its best only

in regions where severe dry seasons prevailed . It was also fou n d to 1n a be the case J ma1ca . All agree that the mango fruits but Sparingly . . 0 1 i 1 18 m m st local t es and much more prolific in dry seasons .

Mr. M 16t acmillan in a letter of July h, 1914 , says Indian m angoes generally do not appear to be suited to our moist climate

1 rea tise on a () T M n go. p .

(2 The an o in Porto ) M g Rico, p . 30 .

(3 Do ) . p . 13.

10

CHAPTER II.

Propaga tion of the Ma ngo .

In nature the mango tree is propagated by the seed contained

In r in its fruit . ho ticulture , the mango is usually propagated by graft ing scions of a desirable variety on stocks of some inferior race . The W P" question naturally arises , hat are the advantages of grafting The usual answer given is You cannot be sure that a seedling tree will bear the same quality of fruits as its parent . There appears to be little experimental evidence for this statement . The following may be quoted (”At the Saharanpur Botanical Gardens some exp eri ments were made during the year 188 1 and 189 3 from which it was determined that seedlings from grafted va r1et 1es were fairly cert ain to produce fruit of good quality . However , the experiments were i made upon one race or type o f mango only, the Bombay , and were not carried out on a very extensive scale ; they could not really be x considered as producing any definite results . An e perimenter in Queensland at about the same time reported having grown seedlings of the Alphonse variety to the fourth generation from a grafted tree , all of them coming exactly true to type and indistinguishable from the grafted parent

H m a . o hr Firm in ger says Mr. J p y has likewise in his garden a graft ed tree received from Botanic Garden of the Mazagaon mango , stones from the fruit of which he planted , and one or two trees raised therefrom produced fruit exactly alike and fully equal in every respect

P. Mr. to the fruit of the parent tree . In a conversation I had with Ho m phray many years afteg he made the above communication he told me that he had since sown the seeds of other kinds but not met ru with the same results from them . The seedling did not yield f it r equal to that of the parent tree . The Java kind , hp weve , always came true as a seedling . Collins“ ) says The ease and rapidity with which mangoes can be ro a t ed p p g by means of seed are decided advantages , but the results

tin c n few are very ‘ , and very of the really desirable varieties can be maintained by this method . There are a few good varieties in f di ferent parts of the world , the seedlings of which appear to produce ' fruits identical with the parent . Mr. A . M . D Cru z , a lea ding t 27t 19 hor iculturist of Bombay,in his letter dated h July 11, says At a m bo rdi a place called J , near the Dahanu Station on the Bombay ,

(1 u ba a azin e an uar 19 13 Vol ) . W . 5 2 1 C M g . J y , . No . p . 2 . ' (2) uotin e ort of tht Botan lca1G Q arde s . . . 18 . g R p n N W F Pf, 54 3 T he an o in Porto il ico ( ) M g . l l

Baroda and Central India Ra ilway Line , there are two mango trees bearing quite a distin ct species of mango . A friend of the owner had b w two seeds rought down to Ma him , and so n there wit hout any special

“ attention . Both germinated and grew up to be g ood . vigorous trees and produced the very same kinds of fruits as in Jam bordi. The

rm d o e a 1s latest info ation receive fr m the old st mali of. Goreg on that there is a tree of about 6 yea rs old raised fro m the Alphonse mango seed . It bears fruits quite as good as the grafted ones . I missed seeing when it was in fruit .

' 1 om t 1t 18 1m erative om r r t At th s p , p to say s ething ega dfin g he mono embryonic and polyembryonic types of mango , as this has a close connection with the question at issue, namely , why should we graft P

On its practical side , the following is the important fact . In mono embryonic mangoes, the embryo is the product of the female sexual cell contained in the ovary an d the male sexua l cell brought in the t pollen grain . The embryo , herefore, will be of a pure character if the pollen is from the same tree or a tree of the same variet y as that h bearing the ovum , but of a hybrid c aract er , if the po llen has come i t e . e from a tree of a different var ety If h embryo is therefor a hybrid , it may be expected that its fruits will differ in some way from those of its female parent , and most markedly so , when the male parent is of very different type . In the case of a polyembryonic mango t e all one embryo (of en absent) may be produced by f rtilisation, but o l i the rest a re vegetative growths of the vu e t ssue of the female parent . i There is therefore no admixture of foreign blood nto them . and they must come tr ue to type and produce the same kind of fruits as their n ) W st F a th bservation e a parent . e er says In lorid w has be n m de that the seedling types , all being polyembryonic , transmit their 1 characters to their progeny in a remarkable degree , that s, come true r to seed . Of course , va iation exists , but the main characters of c the type are well reproduced . This feature of reprodu tion of type , of the inferior seedling variet ies . has also been noted in Jamaica , contrary to the habit of the imported grafted varieties from India; whfie Phili i s progeny is very variable . The types grown in pp v , popularly o but incorrectly called varieties , are also polyembry nic and thus , as il is well kn own , reproduce their rac a characteristics to a remarkable b n degree . In juxtaposition _to this character of the polyem ryo ic types (to reproduce themselves true to seed) the progeny of the m o n oem : bryon ic variet ies of India seem to be variable and there appears to be ' little doubt that the species may be divided into two great divisions ,

o 47 . e an . (1) Th M g , p 12

the one containing the polyembryonic mangoes , whose progeny retain m o n o em br on ic s racial characters of the parents , the other y varietie

from India whose progeny is variable .

r Until further exact experiments have been car ied out in India,

it is impossible to say to what extent any variety comes true from seed . That hybrid fruits can be produced has been proved by us and it is

quite likely that these occur in nature . As long as doubt prevails vegetative propagation is the only method of ensuring an adult plant

. n that will give fruits of the desired variety . We shall ow discuss some of the" methods of propagating the mango vegetatively — « Propaga tion by cuttings We have so far been entirely unsuccess

ful in propagating the plant by cuttings . Attempts to do so were

- - 9 - i P made in 19 13 14 and 1 14 15 . Cutt ngs of airi and Alphonse varie ties were planted in sandy soil and kept in glass frames for over two .

months but no roots appea red nor was any callus formed . Some of the

cuttings produced shoots , doubtless on account of the stored food

material . The cuttings were made from wood of a year old . In all 100 cuttings were tried, but with no success in the production of roots . The cuttings were put in June 19 13 and in March and O ctober 1914

and April 1915 . P In the Bureau of lant Industry , Bulletin 46, page 13, ment1on is made of mango cuttings producing callus in variablyf T he root though produced is slow to form and is usually of a single fibre, of so small and brittle a nature that the rooted cutting is difficult of transplantation .

At the present moment no reason can be given for the failure

of the mango to respond to this method of propagation .

P o a a tion b la e in - For r p g y y r g this operation , select a healthy r vigo ous growing branch of ripened wood , that will bear being bent u down to the earth witho t breaking, out the branch half through with a sharp knife just above one of the leaf buds , towards its extremity and then pass the knife upwards so as to slit the branch longitudinally for two inches . The slit should be kept open by inserting a small

, t e piece of wood and the branch weighted wi h a stone (Fig . W 24 S 9 made layers on eptember th, 19 12 , of Pairi variety of which 7

. Of produced roots these , two showed very small roots on December 18th 9 , 1 12 , h and the rest on April 5t , 19 13. These are the dates of

. - examination The roots had been formed earlier . This proved that the mango will root when layered and that layering may be used as a e means of propagation alt rnative to grafting . It takes a long tim e .

13

however, to produce roots thus . Su ccess depends on the selection

s . O of good and healthy branche for layering n October 7th, 19 13, 25 P a . On M 19th 1914 7 layerings of iri were done arch , . , of these showed very small roots developing from all over the lower surface of the branch r a 30th 9 and not f om the wood . On M y , 1 14, these 7 were detached

“ from the tree . The layers of both years were in pots t ill September 3oth 19 14 , , when four were planted in the groun d in Gan eshkhin d G N Botanical arden . one of these have as yet fruited . Of the layers 1912 an d 1913 r F made in two p oduced flowers on ebruary 5th, 19 14, but failed to fruit . These flowers were the first growth made by the terminal buds of the layered branches . This confirms the idea , that the nature of the bud 1s determined early , and any stimulus causing it to develop will reveal its pre- destined character (whether flowering “ ) ”) or v egetative) . Layering is referred to by Collins and Higgins

r s At present , laye ing as a sub titute for grafting cannot be recom mended for the following reasons

(1) The percentage of success has not been considerable .

(2) The roots are slow in forming .

f - s (3) The a fter gro wt h and fruiting of the layer is very s low .

— Propaga tion by Gootee (Marcotte) The method consists in removing a ring of bark from a healthy and vigorous growing branch to a length of about 2 inches and surrounding it either with earth (clay a r and cowdun g mixed together in equ l propo tion) or moss , and takin g S t . ee i care to keep it continuously mois ( F g . 1 1914 Six gootees were made on lth August on a country tree . R 2 t 1915 . Observation s were made on February 5 h, oots had been n e oo ees produced 1n 3gootees only . O of the rooted g t was detached on

n o . F 9 . 1 ebruary 27th, 1 15 It had ple ty of ro ts It was transplanted nto a two 3oh pot , but did not survive . The other were detached on June t ,

9 u . T . 1 15 , and transplanted m the gro nd hey have not yet flowered

1s a n d H This method mentioned by . Collins iggins but with no data of experiments .

. — ' G raftin is Pro a a t on b rafting . g the art of joining the cut p g i y g _ surface of the branch of one tree with a similar surface on the stem ac of another tree , in conditions which cause the cut surf es to unite ed the t permanently. The branch so joined is call scion and he stem

i P o co (1) The Mango n ort Ri . p 30.

o in aii . 0 (2) The Man g Haw , p 1 , 14

of which it is grafted is called the stock . The actual joining talces the b1 place at a soft region just b elow the bark called cam u m .

‘ The first point to be considered is the preparation of stock plants 1 15 ln con n ect 1o n , t o on which to graft . this to be noted that mang

st nes seeds germinate readily when fresh , but soon lose their o . ( ) 19 15 e vitality On June 3oth, , stones were removed fr m a numb r . o t wo revm u s of mangoes taken off the tree only a day or p ly . The ’ variety was Shahabuddin and the seeds were all from one tree m the

' s ow Gan eshkhin d Botanical Garden . The following table h s the germination

win No . of ston es . Date of so g.

i m ' H ggin s reports that 435 per cent . of seeds varying from 31 to

41 days old, have p roduced good plants . He does not mention the

. varieties used It may be said , therefore , that it is possible to get a fair germination for a month after the extraction of the seed from the r f uit but that germination capacity rapidly decreases afterwards .

u Assuming that the stocks are req ired in pots . the next question S is hall we plant the seeds in pots at once or plant in soil and trans, plant the seedlings into pots ? l n soil the plants are a s a rule e m_ or

. i vigorous and larger n Gan eshkhin d Botanical G arden s on July 26 th, 19 11, u seeds from one co ntry tree were sown , 225 in soil and 250

’ in ot s . p After a year the average height of . those in the field was 20 13 inches and inches in the pots .

ln con t1n u at1on b of the a ove line of enquiry , seedlings raised the ground were in 1912 - 13 19 13- 14 and , m e transplanted into pots, so

, - intact others with only root pruning , and others with both root

. " and stem pruned A great number of plants died . The percent

s a wa s 67 3 age of success in the mo t f vourable case 7 . T he conclu io s r w w a s n d a n ere , th t mango seedlings of one year old stand trans ' a pl nting badly, and that pruning the roots decreases the number of surv l wa s .

(1) The an o i H w n a aii . 1 M g , p 0. 15

Woodrow“ ) recommends the germination of seeds on a hard surface to p reven t t he descent of the tap root the seed bein g covered 4 with inch leaf mould . When the first growth has become firm the ‘zl y s seedlings , he says , m a be transplanted into pot . Westet . recommends the sowing of seeds in the soil when pots are not available and subsequent t ransplanting of the seedlings into pots . He states that the roots are brittle and need carefu l handling . It is desirable , however , to grow seedlings in pots from the start so as to avoid a check to the growth at the time of transplanting .

Plants in pots very quickly exhaust the plant food contained in the limited amount of soil surrounding their roots . Hence to get strong seedlings it is necessary to add some qu ick- acting fertiliser ‘z) Westet recommends the following solution

Nitrate of soda G ram s

'

High Grade Sulphate of Potash 50 per cent . Do . 1 High Grade Acid Phosphate 0 per cent . Do . Water Liters

The following table s hows the growth made by seedlings of of S N mango manured with 1 ounce odium itrate at a time per plant . zud O t The manure was given on May 25th, July , ctober 5 h an d 1 1 December 26th , 9 1

Height 25 th Height on Height o n Height on 12 h 0 t ober 26th ember In cre e Ma y 19 11 be 26 1 u 1y t c as . :6d | 9 1l Bff fore m a n u rin g .

n s. I che In ches. 32 14

-v This lan t ,wa s used lor b d p , u i ng; l

Veget ative growth m uch sp oiled by in sects .

1 a n 3 Nos . In two of the manured cases , d , the in crease was

n orm ou s while in all the controls the increase was very moderate ,

2 The an o. 15 . (l) The Man go , p . () M g 16

com let l Care should be taken to see that the constituents are p e g ri ro d dissolved and the solution should be stirred as the wate ng p cee sfi watering the following procedure h s been found To economise , a Trenches should be dug deep enough for the brim of the pots useful .

r . standing in them to come on a level with the su face The pots should . d i be pla ced in position and dry leaves heape nto the trench so as to j ust cover them The pots must be lifted once in two months to prevent . the tap root entering the soil through the hole 1n the base of the pot “ so and anchoring the plant there . Plants kept can be watered at intervals of a week and should be in moderate sunshine . Insects See must be looked for and spraying done accordingly . ( Chapter on Insect Pests .)

The next question is, At what age of the stock should it be grafted ? On this point there is great difference of opinion an d who . practice There are those advocate grafting on a very young, ‘" e W o, seedlin g . ester says The seedling with se d attached theret ' when it is about 15 to ZO cm s . high and three weeks old , is carefully ' a lifted with a small ball o f earth . The roots , with the e rth intact, are then wrapped up in a little ‘ grass and the young seedling plants ie m , tied to .the tender branch of the tree requ r d to be enarched fro care being taken that the young seedling trees and the branch to be grafted should be pointing in the same direction and be of the same '

e o h. age , i. e both se dling and the graft sh uld be of that year s growt

When grafted , the union should be covered with grafting clay to ex elude the air . The roots of the seedling suspended as above described when grafted , must be kept moist by watering either by hand or with a garden syringe in case there is not sufficient rain . The process s n of grafting be commenced in the beginning of rainy sea o , _ should as soon as the young mango seedlings are procurable . should be ready for cutting, i. s . , the grafts should have taken within a month . The grafts should be partially severed at first and completely severed afterwards , but I have succeeded in cutting them " as soon as thirteen days after grafting . a) Higgin s recommends grafting when the stocks are about 6 months old . He states that if allowed to remain too long in pots the b d roots ecome crampe and may never recover from the effects . “ ) Co llins quoting an article in the Suga r Journa l a nd Tropical Cultiva to r, says that the seedlings are usually fit for grafting in ten 17

n o - - - months but if t well grown should be older, and t ha t two year o ld

“ seedl1t1 s » a re g u e a r . t he , very s ccessfully n ched The stem of seedling, ’ ' , shou ld be m f he says as thick as a an s smallest inger near the root .

ln the Ga n eshkhin d a i ~ Botanic l Garden n the year 19 14, two months -old seedlings with their seed and a lum p of soil were removed

- from the field . The earth and seed wa s covered with moss and tied

s . in a acking Ten such seedlings were grafted on October 28t h, 1914 h P . o th , by enarc , on a airi tree The sci ns were of e same age . Five succeeded a n d these were later transplanted 1nto the field and are doing well .

The seedlings usually employed by the n u rseryrnen in West In ern ln dia are two tothree years old . the case of Ratnagiri g raft s the scions are much thicker than the stocks and the scion usually

- becomes toph eavy and makes a poor growth . It is no uncommon thing in Ratnagiri to graft one huge scion on two small stocks .

The argu ments advanced in favour of big grafted plants are that they fruit earlier , and are stronger and more durable than the grafts done on younger stocks , but evidence is entirely . lacking . Woodrow“ ) says The age of the stock in enarching need not be a definite quantity . Stocks of three weeks old and also three yea rs old have been very successfully used as far as union is concerned f r a d ~ but as the root of the tree su fe s from confinement in a pot , itis visable to retain the cramped condition as short a time as possible. Seeds planted in June and July produce fine strong plants for stocks f s by the en d of November which may be gra ted, during the two ucceed i ing months and be kept in shade during the hot season , W ll be ready t to plant out during July following . By his course vigorous trees are

“ produced which start in to growth freely and m due season bear a e crop worth attention . A large old graft that has been s veral years m a pot may yield a few mangoes a year or two -earl1er than the freely grown

' tree but a few mangoes do not pay the cost of protection from birds , etc and the root that wa s cram ed in a pot will probably yield to the . . p

first strong breeze that strikes the tree .

lt cannot be said at present how far the system of grafting on green stocks will be profitable since the people are induced to b uy

- ~ n r -w1t h large grafts . It is also not know as to how the small g afts stand transit but it can safely be said that we can use It to 2 years old " stocks provided we take care of the stocks by proper transference

an o . 17 (1) The M g , p ,

M A 39 —3 18

disturbing the roots and without of these to other pots without see allowing the roots to get pot -bound . Care should also be taken to i i that in grafting the scion should be of equal th ckness W th the stock. ,

“ on Scion There is very little that can e n uen e o Stock I fl c f . . h regarding this as very few t ria s have been made either in India said , l scion re on derat In the mango , the appears to have a p p or elsewhere .

wn . ing influence and reproduces its o type , no matter on what stock Different stocks may induce different degrees of vegetative vigour

i . in the scion but here again nothing def nite can be said It may, , however be safely stated that vigorous growing seedlings should be , used as stocks The position of the scion on the stock and the age . of the stock do influence the vigour of the vegetative growth of the ' 1914 G h scion and the age at which it flowers . In August , in anes S ed khind Botanical Gardens, a well grown hahabuddin tree was us as stock and five branches from grafted plants in pots were trans of ferred to it by grafting . The scions were grafted on to the end

' 1915 e well - ripened branches . In January , two of the scions bor in florescen ces but did not develop fru its .

Borsha ft ot Also in August 1914 , one branch of a gra ed plant in a p was transferred to a country plant and this bore two well developed fruits in May 19 15 .

In both the above cases the pot plants from which the scions h to were taken produced no inflorescence , althoug branches similar how the scions were purposely left to see they would behave .

39 s ln Bassein Garden , a country tree of about years old wa

6 19 12 . M . u heavily cut back on March th , any new shoots sprang p from the stumps and on these shoots were grafted scions of Alphon se

- ‘ 22 19 2 . b and Sakharia varieties on May n d , 1 Grafting was done y enarch from plants in small pots tied near the branches of the stock. On N 1912 ovember l st , , further graft ing was done from established scions on to new branches . O ut of 40 scions thus placed, 3 flowered

22n 19 14 . on January d , As the first and second graft ings were not distinguished it is impossible to say to which the flowering scions

- ot belonged , but it shows that , by top working this tree , flowers were g — on 14 20 n s the scions in months after grafting . The original pla t in the pots from which the scions W ere taken had not flowered by this i t me . It seems rational to assume that the position at the end of a branch in the system of a big tree is likely to accelerate flowering .

- X C . I In the Agricultural and o operative Gazette , Nagpur , Vol . . S p ember 1915 15 h e t , page , the following passage occurs ; wit

20

t e n is the flows freely . If h grafti g it being the growing time, sap no irrigation is required . done in the rain y sea son , — G a tin The tool necessary is a sharp grafting Requiremen ts far r f g is , knife For tying up the joint some kind of tape or cord necessary .

n . and usually sticky material to protect the wou d

i n Graft ing wax and waxed tape made in var ous ways have bee “ ) (2) (3) P recommended chiefly by American writers In oona , the recog t a h sopa , p n ised substitute for tape so far is the inner art of the she t fi wet of the plantain leaf cut into strips . This is usually rst applied , , and string tied above it and the whole covered with grafting clay made

du n . e by mixin g equal parts of fresh cow g and clayey soil This mixtur e admirably The string is soft and coarse and is , in any cas , answers . padded by the sopa t and so does not cut into the tender tissues of the tree .

— e 1 Methods of Grafting These may b divided into two classes (1) in which the scion is only partially detached from its

parent plant while the junction with the sto ck is being made . (2) in which the scion is completely detached from the parent

plant an d then joined to the stock .

2— n In the first class come the following methods E arch , Tongue,

C S W W . V us and Saddle . In the second , rown , ide , hip and edge ario the os modifications of the above may be made, but these are m t important and will be described one by one . In all cases the cut sur v the faces of the stock and the scion must be smooth and e en , so that s u be yom m g is perfect . The cutting of the scion and the stock ho ld immediately followed by the process of joining them together . The cut surfaces must not be allowed to dry up . — Grafting by En a rch or Simple Approa ch (See Fig .

n This is by far the commonest system practised . by nurseryme i‘ ed in Western India and s very sim ple. The stock in its pot is plac so that a branch of the tree from which the scion is to be taken is in ns contact with the stock . If necessary, the branches bearing the scio fi hes should be bent down and xed conveniently . Where branc a n s c nnot be bent , so as to meet pot plants on the ground, these pot pla t f In must be elevated on a sca folding to meet the scion branches . e the Konkan , the pots are tied to the branches of the trees close to th i n sc ons . By any of the above methods a large number of stocks ca

I The an o b Wes er . 3 2 Hi i 20 g y , s . 1 . 3 Woodrow . () M t p 1, ( ) gg n , p 1 ( ) , p . ‘ 21

be r ft d " g a e on from one tree . The branch of the scion is brought o t cl se to the stock , and at hepoint of contact a thin sliceof bark . and ' '

- - wood is removed from each . The slice maybe two o r three inches i , a an d d urfac s hp uld long nch bro d about inch eep “, The cut s e s

fit each other so that union may be perfect . The cut surfaces should n d immediately be tied together a covered with grafting c a o r wax . l y _ a a It t kes ne rly two months for perfect union to take place . A month f and half after gra ting , a cut is made in the scion between the point u an d of j nction the parent tree . This cut is deepened after a week and the scion completely severed after another fortnight . Th e original t 0 p of the stock is then removed . T he cuts are. later on trimmed and the cut ends tarred W o ” ) oodr w says The graft is, by some people , permitted to remain attached to the large tree for an indefinite time and the result is swelling at the point of union from the con striction of the bandages and an unsightly union which may be avoided by removing the graft early and placin g it in moist shade for a few weeks . When it is found that union is complete the bandage should be completely. removed

' and replaced by another ban dage not very tightly applied, to permit swelling . After a few months, careful dressing off snags with a sharp " knife will induce a clean stem and finish the graft . While the pots containi n g the stocks are on the tree an d the union is going on, water should be given to the pots daily so as to keep the soil moist but not

- water logged . — Tongue Graf t by Approa ch This is a modifica tion of theprevious

. . a a method Inste d of merely making a paring of stock and scion, _

Fi. 7 . tongue is cut in each, so that they fit together as in g By this mea ns there are three surfaces of union instea d of one as in enarching .

The outside of each tongue must be pa red in order to expose the

' cambium la yer which m akes the union . 41 In Gan eshkhin d Botanica l Garden s, 58 enarch and tongue grafts were made from the same tree. to test the relative success of

’ 16 7 - r the methods . Of these , of enarched and of the tongue g afted

'

‘ f led thu s s 72 4 plan t s ai , the percentage of uccess in the two was and f u respectively . This di ference , tho gh not striking , indicates that there is greater percentage of success in the tongue- graft than d e in the en arch . This is as one woul xpect as there are three surfaces of union in the tongue graft .

— - Sa ddle Graft This to some extent resembles ton gue graft ing

' since a tongue is actually made in the scion bran ch . This

16 an d 17. (1) The Man go, pp . 22

e of" is fitted on to the stump of the stock left after compl tely cutting 2 The top is trimmed to a pom t by cutting its top (Figs . and alongtwo sides so as to fit the tongue of the scron . — saddle grafting but the scion is Whip Graft This resembles

( i . from the first Completely removed from the parent tree Fg

“ i 8 . It is inserted on the stock in the manner shown in F g . The . i leaves should be removed from the scion . The cut is t ed up in the i usual way Ou r experience as to percentage of success by th s method .

In Ga n eshkhin d i G is somewhat varied . the Botan cal ardens the per G centage of success was small , while in Bassein ardens on the coast in the hands of another operator , the percentage of success was high .

- f fi In the latter garden , whip gra ted trees produced ne straight stems ‘ I and flowered three years after planting ou t .

— W Wedge Graft This is the reverse of the saddle graft . ith the fit scion completelycut off the tree and pointed so as to into a cleft Fi See . in theapex of the beheaded stock . ( g

— Crown Grafting This system is adopted to renovate old and ~ u seless trees or wild trees having undesirable fruits . It consists in be heading the trees at a distance of two to three feet from the ground with a saw and -then inserting the scion in the form of a wedge in the i 6 . See F . slit of the bark prepared for it . ( g a , b , and c )

In the case of a very large tree it is desirable to cut o ff many of M the branches before sawing through the tree trunk . ore than on e scion can be inserted according to the thickness of the trunk . For 6 each scion a slit is made about inches long , cutting from below up wards, taking care not to injure the wood . The sides of the cut are then eased out gradually by a piece of hard wood or smooth bone an d - the scion cut in the form of a wedge is then gently pressed from above into the space so prepared . The tree trunk is then firmly bound with coir rope and sacking is put over the cut end of the scion , the whole being covered with grafting clay . If the bark of the stock splits , then t wo parallel incisions of equal length are made at a distance of two

i s to three nches and the scion is then inserted between the incision ,

From our experience the percentage of success by this method has been exceedingly small due perhaps to faulty watering of the

s, stock weakness of the stocks or dry climate . In those cases where the graft succeeded . the scion has made excellent growth and has

See also W t 3 - pp 3 34, f 3 t e °f whi ra t-u c yp p g f s quot-u Trans. A u . so . i s g ln d a, le38 , Col. in M a n go B u d d g. A c r o w n - r a t e m a n g f d go f r u it in f o r t h e fir s t t im a f f i g e t er gr a t n g. 23

e e s o t he produc d flow r fr m third year after grafting . Photo 2 shows r 'of the f uiting such a gra fted plant .

— Side Graf ting This method has previously been fully described (I ) . is by one of us The method as follows . (See Fig .

A transverse cut lito 2 inches in length is made in the st ock at a dist ance of 9 inches to foot from ground Above this a triangular “ the

" notch two to three inches in length is cut out . The chief object of cutting is to stop a small portion of the descending sap in order that it may be absorbed by the scion . When a triangular cut is thus obtained , a longitudinal in cismn in the middle of the horizotan al ciit is made 18 r and carried . downwards very ca efully up to the length of four to six inches according to the strength of sto ck and scion . The bark is then loosened for making way for the scion of the desirable variety . This is generally done by mea ns of a small piece of hard woo d cut in the form of the scion as the instrument is frequently insu fficient for raising the bark . Care is taken not to bruise the inside wood . The scion is then inserted in the O pen ing made for it and is gently pushed down till its shoulder rests on the top of the stock . Further trea t ment is iu st the same as for other kinds of grafting . After two or

1 three months when the graft has taken , the earth s heaped over the 15 off o s o grafted portion , the head of the stock cut and nly the ci n is

1 i da allowed to beseen . Watering s g ven every alternate y, if there is no rain and 13 continued foi' about six to eight months till the graft

f . becomes su ficiently . established

e In the coast districts of the Bombay Pr sidency and in Goa , this method is commonly pra ctised apparently with good success . Our T own ex en en ce in . . he p a _ drier tract has not been encouraging advan tages cla imed for the method are (I) that the whole tree is not sacrificed if the graft fails to

(2) the metho d ca n be used on trunks up to 3% feet thick provided the bark does not Split

" (3) as the graft can be made on well established plan-ts with to ea a large root system , the tree is said to grow vigorously and b r profusely

(4) it can be used for the improvement of country mangoes

growing in thefield .

— ricultural ournal of India . Vol. VI" Part 2. A ril 1913. (I) Prayag S. Ag J , p 24

” s rf He e Mention of this metho d is made by We te recomm nds the use of Sphagnum moss and a small cylinder of tarred paper placed e ed in around the graft ed plant . He says this method has be n us

Florida with some success .

a in comparing the various methods of grafting there is no hesit tion in saying that for all ordinary purposes simple enarch on a on e a year old seedling is the best . The percent ge of success is the operation is ea sy . Tongue stock and scion . There are three n giving a greater chance of union , but also undoubtedly, on accou t of the comhlicated nature of the cuts , causing a certain check to the W flow of sap for a time . hip grafting is anticipation in the hands of but be one accustomed to it , and in a very damp climate cannot dr recommended for operators of small experience , or m a y climate.

‘ is ren ew m The crown graft , when it succeeds , an admirable method of g i old trees and the side graft is quite as good . The side graft s the safer as the top of the tree is not sacrificed in anticipation of the result.

Crown- grafted trees make vigorous growths and fruit in about six

' years from grafting . They may flower earlier than this . — - - d scr Top Working . The term Top working is use to de ibe the operation of renewing the top of an old or worthless tree . The W top is s everely pruned . Many branches spring up . hile these are young, scions of desirable variet ies are grafted on them . The following is a case

A country tree in Bassein Botanical Garden s of unknown age r 30 but p obably over years old , was heavily cut ba ck on March 6th, 1 M 91 . 2 any new shoots sprang up from the stumps , and on these

r V a 2 we e grafted scions of good ariety on M y 2n d , 1912 . The grafting m was done from plants in s all pots tied to the tree at various places. On N l st ovember 19l2 , further grafting from the established scion s s . Out 40 i 3 on to new hoots of the stock was done of a total of sc ons, e 22n d 1914 flower d on June . As the first and second gra fting were not dist inguished it is impossible to say to which the flowering scion s

e e - b long d, but it shows that by top working flowers ca n be got on scions 14— 20 f . months after gra ting The pot plants from which the scion s t d1d were not flower . The experiment is rather interesting as . aken showing that the position of the scion on the tree has some effect on i the t me of flowering. It is ration al to suppose that a mature scion f e the gra t d on outer branches of an old tree will flower sooner than one

‘ grafted on a young stock .

I The Man o ) g , p , 34 .

26

3 1 w 1; to 3; inch . and from four to six feet high , ith a stem diameter of

“ There was only one successfu l case which was a budding made on . i i i . n 1900 It began to sprout a month after nsert on , 4th 1899 . July , S re eated at Saharanpur . uccess never averaged the experiments were p O Six i , over 5 per cent . The exper ments were done for five or years m It was particularly noted that the co moner variet es continuously. i S wa s i such as Bombay Maldha were unsuccessful . uccess got W th L Na s atiS T am an cha the lesser known varieties such as angra, p , afaida, , etc .

. E th D . Sc e G M . A , P. D . raham , conomic Botanist of Mr. — G Central Provinces (now Lieutenant Colonel raham , Director of Agri l st 19 14 O e culture Bagdad says in a letter dated January , nly onc , , ) the to my knowledge , has the mango been successfully budded in

. Central Provinces . The method used . was the same as for oranges " l have tried it more than once but have never succeeded .

Our own experience in the Gan eshkhin d Botanical Gardens has been as follows

1 10 - d On August 12th, 9 , shield budding the mango was trie 29th on seven stocks in pots and on eight stocks in pots on August ,

In 19 11 33 7 e but without success . shield and patch buddings wer . N u . n done on stocks in pots . All were unsuccessf l O ovember

8 1911 i . th , , seven shield budd ngs were made on stocks in the field

On e of these was successful . This made four growths during the th year . The first flush occurred on December 26t h , 19 12 , and e . F 6t 4 S others on ebruary h, March th , and May 16th, 19 12 . ( ee

P No . in 19 12 1 hoto , 3 shield buddings of Pai ri on country n e N stocks were do in ovember . Ten more were done in May

- 1913. in n All these two lots were unsuccessful . 1913 14 buddi g

was done on an extensive scale . The number of successes was 8 only per cent of the total number of buds inserted . The buds

m P - were fro airi or Alphonse trees . The bud wood wa s fully

r . h matu ed and of a dark colour The bud was always swollen . wit

- u st the outside scale leaf i opened . it was found rather difficult to

separate such a bud . Shield buddings and Patch buddings were

. Pot both done plants were found unsuitable as budding stocks,

since their bark did not separate easily from the underlying wood. — The stocks used were seedlings Zi 3years old standing in the field. After the bud was inserted there was a considerable pause before it began to grow . In the case of the successful buddings the 27

following are the actual dates of the operations and the inception

of growth in the bud .

Date when growth of buds ate of O D peration . started .

2 4th Septem ber 19 13 29th October 19 13 25th September 19 13 29th October 19 13 29th September 19 13 24th Decem ber 19 13 29th Septem ber 19 13 29th November 19 13

17th October 19 13 25th November 19 13 17th October 19 13 l st Decem ber 1913 27th October 19 13 l st Decem ber 19 13 29th Novem ber 19 13 l st December 1913 8th Novem ber 19 13 28th December 19 13 18th Novemb a 19 13 18th February 19 14

The period before the bud starts growth is therefore much longer

' I n in the mango , than in Citrus . n the latter case the resti g period

(in Poona) is about 20 days . it Will be noticed from the above table r a 8 7 that the e were t wo abnormally long periods of dormancy, l sting

a s l haVe and 93days respectively . It is astonishing th t the bud shou d kept alive for so long a time when there was little or no rain . After the buds once started growth , they made excellent progress , and in some

- cases produced a shoot 4 feet long within the ensuing six months .

' 4- A few buddings were made in 19 1 15 , to ascertain if budding

t e is successful in wet weather , as h trials in previous years had been 15th 19 14 made after the rains . Only one bud inserted on August , , 12th O 19 14 succeeded . This sprouted on ctober , and grew vigo rously .

9 14 26 . e In August 1 , buds from Alphonse trees were inserted Thre

o n 18th of these took . These particular buds were inserted August , F 19 15 t wo M 19 14, and germ inated on ebruary and the other in arch r 19 15 . This also shows the extraordina y long time the bud can live on the tree before germination occurs .

et c To sum up : in Poona , mango budding is as y an un ertain

No f r f mea ns of propagation . satis acto y explanation can be o fered N for this . In Saharanpur and agpur, similar lack of success is ln 80 . . reported . in Florida up to per cent success has been claimed s india , therefore , the writer cannot recommend this method of propaga in tion until a similar percentage of success is assured . successful cases the bud grows vigorously, and in one case observed by us , flowered

r . four yea rs and three months after the operation , but set no f uits 28

1) e dling mangoes are ready for budding when t ga s : S e - t high . Bud wood should be taken from the theif zhout zl me re

h. growth , well matured , from the end of a branc first , second, and third e . Such bud- wood is always gre n and smooth About three weeks d off in advance of the date when the budding is to be performe , cut the i leaf blades of the selected bud- wood while still on the tree . Th s causes W - d the leaf stalks to drop . hen the scars are well healed the bud woo 4 The m . is in condition for budding . buds should be cut about c long with an ample wood shield and inserted in the stock at a point h - d browm h where the bark is green an d smoot like the bud woo , not s x n ire or greyish and rough . Use wa ed tape for tying and cover the e t bud hen in the course of two or three weeks a good union has . W

' formed unwind the wrapping and expose the leaf bud and cut off the

- off the top stock 10 15 cm . above the bud . Thereafter promptly rub wild sprouts whenever they appear in order to assist the inserted buds wi r in to make a growth , h ch otherwise f equently are very dilatory

W e wt 30 . cut starting . hen the buds have mad a gro h of about cm 0 ff thestock immediately a bove the bud . — Note The budding knife should be kept clean and the edge so " sharp that it readily shaves the hair on the forearm .

CHAPTER III.

Assuming the climate to be such that mango trees will live and l e thrive in it , we have now to consider the siting of the p antation . D ep alluvial soil near rivers is ideal , but the plantation must be made above the flood level , for the young trees will not tolerate being submerged

. V l o n d for any length of time irgin soi of f rests or grass lands , a cultivated ground is suitable provided it is over three feet deep and . has a well drain ed su bstratum . Sites exposed to violent winds are

f - e unsuitable unless an e fective wind brea k can be constructed . Th f e es sites o hills are suitabl if the underlying rock is laterite . In all sit

a water~su l a there must be an mple pp y, for the plants require artifici l k i e watering for at least f ve years . l n considering the question of sit s the mango trees mu t be considered as the main crop of the plantation .

We have seen mango trees grown as subo rdin ate crops in betel - vin e an plantations , citrus gardens and rice fields . In no such condition c they be really paying .

‘ 1 ural New Yor er ‘ A ri () R k , p l 29 , 19 16, p . 697 . 29

— Trea tmen t of lan d previous to Plan ting Assum ing that we are con sidering suitable cultivated soil of over 3 feet deep with a well d a t r u t e r ined subs at m , h first necessary operations are thorough plough ing and harrowing before the ground hardens after the rains in order an d to kill weeds aerate the soil .

ex In the case of virgin la nd the . isting tree growth must be cut l “ down and a l stumps removed . Low sc rubby growth should be burnt and the whole area brought under the plough to incorporate the ashes into the, soil and break it up generally .

The question of the preparation of hillside is attended with In some difficu lty . the laterite regions, the Ratnagiri practice is re

u n le commended . This consist s in clearing the f g growth and pits are ma de at the required distances . All deep rooting and trouble u some trees near such pits are removed and their roots d g out . Con triva n ces are made by levellingand damming to let the rain water satu s R n rate the ground . The hill oil near at agiri itself is very crumbly

. s laterite and the necessity for tilth and aeration is not o great , even if tilth were possible . Before planting trees the land must be levelled and arrangements

e made for drainage . In an uneven piece of ground water coll cts in

are likel to f - hollows and trees in such parts y _ su fer from water logging f during the rains especiallyin clayey soils . A rough but e fective met hod of determining the level of the so il is the following

. Get s Make. three T squares of wood also a traight bar of

seasoned wood about three feet long with smooth level faces . The other requirem ents are a number of stout wooden pegs of length . ri le varying from one foot to six feet an d a spi t yel . Two short ba pegs a redriven into the ground till the r resting on them is

absolutely horizontal as shown by the spirit level . A third peg is inserted in the field at a suitable distance away an d roughly

in line with the two first pegs . A T square is erected on each of the first two pegs and a sight taken on to a T

s to of the third peg . peg is then lowered or quare held on p . This raised until the top of the T square is level with the line of sight and across the first two . Intermediate pegs can then be inserted t cross levels taken from them . By his means the land can be made

absolutely level or given an y desired slope . The slope should w d l not be above 5 inches per 100 feet , other ise the lan is iable A to be washed and eroded . s a rule, a slope of two inches per 100 feet will give the n eceessary fall to allow irrigation water to 30

s travel ea sily but there may arise cases where levelling to thi extent would be more expensive than profitable and levels up to

but not exceeding five inches per 100 feet may be taken . By drainage we mean arrangements for the run- off of superfluous —sod i water Drains are of two kinds , surface drains and sub dra ns . . Surface drains are shallow channels to permit of the escape of the surface water sub—soil drains are trenches or lines of buried porous

pipes or undergrou nd channels loosely filled with rough st nes or , o similar materials providing large interstices for the travelling of water Surface drains prevent the sweeping away of the soil from . the surface but care must be taken that they themselves are not mere e carriers of soil . Fo r this purpose it is well to have one or mor silt pits in the course of the drain where the water may deposit its

‘ S the soil before going on . urface drains may be made parallel to

- e slope while sub soil drains should be at a slant across the slop ,

- n not at right an gles to it , however . The depth of a sub soil drai

“ a will depend on the nature of the soil . It is important to see th t

- open sub soil drains are left clean . All drains must have a final fall

Sub - into a nala or some such outlet . soil drains are really necessary only in areas of very heavy rainfall where the soil is stiff .

— Distan ce between Trees Aft er the land has been levelled it should be marked out for the trees , a stake being put at every point where be a tree is to be planted . The distance apart at which trees should planted has been the subject of considerable discussion both by Indian W ") and American writers . ester gives IO metres (about 33 feet) as

e the minimum distance at which tree should be planted . Ou r experien ce coincides with t his and for this country we can recommend 30 feet as an average distance for mango tree planting . We do so , on account of the prevailing tendency to plant all kinds of trees thickly, apparently under the impression that the more trees per acre the more fruit . hi the Gan eshkhin d Botanical Ga rden s grafted mango trees were planted 15 20 from to feet apart . The resu lt was that they crowded each other and produced leaves and fruits only at the tips of branches which

~ struggled for light . When the trees were 25 years old it was impera tive to cut out every alternate tree in order to let the others have a chance . This could have been avoided if the trees had been planted 30 feet apart both ways . It must be remembered that a healthy grafted

, mango tree may live for at least 50 years and in that time branches d grow to cover a considerable area . Each tree must have light an air at all stages of its growth .

l T n o ( ) he Ma g . p . 40 . m o f o n e e a r o ld m a n o la n t r o w in : C o m pa r is o n o f r o o t s ys t e y g p g g

m o t . (a ) in gr o u n d a ft e r t r a n s fe r e n ce fr o a p

(b) in p o t .

(c ) in gr o u n d . No . 4 .

” l n t in a o t C o m pa r is o n o f r o o t d e ve lo p m e n t o f t w o ye a r s o ld gr a ft e d p a p

n a n d a s ee d lin g p la n t in gr o u d .

(3 ) s eed l in g in gr o u n d .

d la n f in n o t (bl d r a ine n .

32

(grafted or otherwise of one year or more not grown in pots) is usually i attended by a large percentage of deaths : The only method by wh ch transplantation from pots can be done is to graft and transplant at . i is i a very early date , and as a rule th s method not commerc ally useful since people have a prejudice against buying small grafted plants . If seeds of stock plants are planted in the field at the required w distance each makes a natural root system and gro th is vigorous . ,

To graft on stocks in the field , the method of enarching from already e u grafted pot plants is most generally us f l , although other methods For may be employed where conditions are favourable . example on at n su le Khanapur, District Belgaum , a plantation visited by e Ka , 7 8 of us was started by country seeds and , when or years old , was G side- grafted to various good varieties by an expert oanese. This 19 ] O ut grafting was done on 75 trees in the rains of l of these,

n Ma 1914 b IO u . 20 grafts succeeded . I y , one of these ore fr its All but of them bore flowers at the same season did not set fruit . This method of side- grafting may prove successful in heavy rainfall districts where the air is very moist and there is no danger of the scion drying up , but for drier districts the method of enarching on to younger stocks is preferable . ”) a) Wester suggests budding on stocks in the field . Areka r describes the method of enarching on young stocks in the field an d cites the following advantages

(l) The expense of watering is reduced .

i (2) Two or three stocks in the field can be grafted on from f one single gra ted plant . (3) The resulting plants grow vigorously as the root system

is not disturbed, and the plants attain great size .

In the Gan eshkhin d Botanical Gardens the method was tried | 9l l t in on four seedlings , wo succeeded and one attained 8 feet in

13 F l9 o length and flowered on th ebruary 15 . No fruits set (Phot “ No . 19 16 ) It flowered also in . without setting fruit . Higgins recom mends the method for use where grafted plants are received with a badly cramped root system or with reduced vitality due to long transplanta tion . He says by this simple adaptation a shoot only a few inches in length has been made to produce a tree t0 p of 5 feet spread an d 45 " feet height in less than a year .

The an o M g , p . 40 . 2 () Shetkian d Shetkari - , pp . 206 207 .

(3) Shield buddin the man o g g , p . 16. ’ Fiv e e a r s r o wt h m a d e b a r a ft e d la n t a ft e r t r a n s fe r e n c e t o field y g y g p . '

NO 6 .

Fi ’ v e yea r s gr o w t h m a d e b y a Pa ir iC r a ft o n a t w o ye a r o ld

s e e lin d g in silu. 33

indicates a met hod for the saving of weak grafted

' plants . He recommends the planting of five mango seeds nea r the we akly tree and the grafting of the weakly tree on to the strongest of

s . . t the five eedlings The o hers are then pulled out . The employment of this method means that after planting the seeds a period of 12 to 18 months must elapse before the resulting be d . plants can grafte As a rule , a cultivator desires to see his ground full of grafted pla nts as soon as possible and hence prefers to plant ,

, re r a at once al ady g afted pl nts brought in pots . f i el If the method of gra tin g on stocks in the f eld is s ected , then three or more seeds should be sown in each pit a n d the grafting done (in the strongest seedling , the others being pulled out .

if - If pot plants are to be planted , the pot , of the narrow necked _

type, should be broken ; if of the cylindrical type the whole cone of ea rth should be removed with the contained roots and the mass sunk in the middle of the pit with its surface about 2 inches

below the soil level . Mixed earth and manure should then be spread evenly over the surface and the whole trampled and A rammed . thorough soaking should then be given . It is best to co in plant in l udy weather or if sunny weather then in the evening . — Season o Pla tin W f n g here the rainfall is less than 60 inches , a planting should be done at the bre k of the rains . Thereby , the plants get the benefit of more or less continuous moist weather which enables them soon to recoverfrom the shock of transplantation and to lay hold W on their soil su rroundings . here the rainfall is over 60 inches per

' ' ' is desirable f W - lo annum , it to plant about the end o the rains . ater gg n g of the plant is thus avoided and full benefit is ta ken of the soil moisture and of the atmospheric moisture which persists after the rains for

some time . If it should so happen that the proper planting time has

been missed , it is still possible to plant , but great precautions have to be taken as to regular watering and protection . On the whole ,

Wa e in such cases it is desirable to it till the next planting s ason . — After Ca rer The area in which the plants are put; must be

thoroughly fenced in or each individual plant must be fenced in -to

a d r d . A prevent _ c ttle and goats evou ing the ten er shoots mango plant may ea sily be killed outright by these animals in a short time . Again, plants which have passed their life in shade or semi - shade often succumb on account of the “ sudden exposure to which they are subjected in i a n ot the field . To avoid this , pl nts which have prev ously been hardened

a (I) Woodrow : The M n go. 34

- shade of dried grass f or should be prot ected by a small tent shaped “ O f n ? recommends the pla nting Ba anas at least a fortnight . Colli s n We ri n e between the mangoes to protect the latter . have no expe e c i but have seen the method succeed W th other of this as regards mangoes , trees . in florescen ces appea r on the newly planted lf flowering shoots ( ) , tree in the first three years such shoots should at once be removed. it on l the They seldom set fruit and if fruit is set, y takes away from . . tree the strength that it should be putting into it s frame- work of Any s oots that arise below the pom t where the scion u mtes branches. h i th w th the stock should be cut off close to the stem of the st ock and e cuts covered with tar . Mention has been made of the transplantation of small mango e dl ng When seedlin s are allowed to remain in the groun d S e i s. g for more than a year or two their transplantation will have to be. done t with care as the tap root has penetrated deep and lateral roo s have formed in abundance . The following precautions are to be observed in transpla ntin g d I he should not be ry , as the () The soil surrounding t _ plant roots are likely to be exposed if this is the case . If the soil is

t i l d. dry, the earth round the tree should be ar if cia ly moistene of The area to be moistened depends on the age and . the vigour

the tree .

the (2) The transplantation should, if possible, be done in er rainy season , as thereby the amount of watering to be given aft

transplantin g is much reduced . (3) There should be a big ball of earth removed round the b nts roots of each plant . It has been found y experience that pla

with naked roots transplant very badly .

‘ (4) We have been able to transpla nt even 4iyears old trees

the . without pruning top , and with little damage to the roots

(5) A temporary tent - shaped shade of grass should be erected for each plant after transplantation and should be allowed to o ffi till the plant bec mes su ciently established .

(6 It r l ees are ) 7 is always p eferable to transp ant when the tr in not flush .

. (7) In the case of large plants the ball of ea rth should be i r a The surrounded by sack ng and firmly tied before emov l . sacking is removed on the pla nt reaching

(0 TheMan o in or o R c» 9 g P t i . p I . 35

Furthe r Ca re.

Man ur — ing . The manuring of mango trees _ as practised in the P s d Bombay re i ency varies considerably . In the Dharwar District an d t a O in Ra n giri , choppings of pun tia decuman a (Nivadu n g) and ' Euphorbia n crirfolia ( 40 Thor) are placed in the pits mixed with lbs .

. . r fa m yard manure per pit . ln one or two cases the refuse of the

' ' - slaughter house has been used . In a private cultivator s ground in , Dharwar D ist rict the following was given

Big bone pieces plus soil from old houses farmyard manure

’

20 1bs . lus 2 n p inches red earth . l another place tank mud and red A earth were put in the pits . c om m on practice in the Deccan 80 is to put lbs . farmyard manure in the pits .

We a . have alre dy (page 31) given our recommendations regarding

. the filling of the pits The purpose of this mixture is to give nitrogen , phosphorous , and potash in a form readily obtainable by Indian villagers d We m and lan holders . reco mend 20 lbs . farmyard manure per tree for

- e a one year old tre and an increase of 10 lbs . per tree per annum up to

100 . i - lbs per tree . S milarly bone meal at 5 lbs per t ree for a one year

i r s on e n e e . old and an c of lb per annum up to 15 lbs . per tree . Ashes at 10 . a e 2 . 30 . lbs per tree and incre s d by lbs per annum up to lbs per tree . The manure should be well dug into the ground in a trench 2 feet

' 6 1 - broad, inches deep and foot from the trunk in a one year old tree . Widen the trench 6 inches per annum and take its inner edge 6 inches further from the tree per annum . The best time to apply the l manure is at the brea k of rains . f artificial manures are given they

n - W should be applied at the e d of the rains . here intercrops are not e In taken at the break of the rains , green manuring may be us d . this case , the amount of farmyard manure per tree may be reduced by one the quarter . Where intercrops are taken system of circular trenches may be exchan ged for long n arrow trenches and the intercrops fitted

' between in these. ") — The Sa lt Mm uring. Woodrow says mango growers near r Mazgaon , Bombay, who produced such famous f uit before the land

'

d 10 . was occupied with cotton mills , applie lbs of salt to each tree at d O the end of September . This would arrest growth uring ctober In and November and encourage the formation of flo wer buds . a moist climate a n d the intervening ground occupied with irrigated

n 14. (1) The Ma go. p . 36

is commendable, but with a dry climate crops, this system is highly unnecessary . P e To test the effects of salt manuring at oona , experiments wer — e h - 19 13 14 . The same four trees ac 1- 12 1912 13, and made in 191 , . The year received 10 lbs . of salt , and four trees were used as controls results were

” ate of lowerin . in . g Date of salt m an ur g D f Treated trees .

27th e ruar 19 12 . 20th November 1911 F b y Pairi72 18th an uar 19 13. 21st October 19 12 J y 17th ebruary 19 14. 27th October 19 13 F

d n ot ower. 20th November 1911 Di fl Pairi73 18th an uar 19 13. 21st October 1912 J y h e ruar 19 14. 27th October 19 13 17t F b y

lower. 0th ovem ber 1911 Did n ot Pairi84 2 N f r 1913. l t October 1912 18th Jan ua y

ru r 19 14. 27th October 19 13 17th Feb a y

2 ovember 19 11 27th ovember 191 . Pairi106 20th N N

19 13. 21st October 19 12 18th Jan uary 4 19 1 . 27th October 19 13 17th February

n ro Un resled tree (Co t ls) .

27th ebruar 1912 . Pairi83 F y 18th Jan uary 19 13. 4 17th February19 1 .

id n ot ower. Pairi85 D fl

18th Jan uary 1913.

Did n ot flower.

er Pairi105 Did n ot flow . r 19 13 18th Jan ua y . 4 17th February 19 1 .

Pairi153

ose From the above no definiteconclusions can be drawn . 10 th t if ence years in which the rees flowered , there is no perceptible d fer e a ed between the flowering times considered as a whole . In th untre t trees there are two more cases of non - flowerin g but this m ay be due S ffect to other causes . alt manuring seems therefore to have no e on the time of flowering .

It is a common practice in the Konkan to apply salt as a man ure

. The f ments to mango trees e ficacy of this is doubtful . The experi . r or m B mb A 9 4 are ep ted i o ay gricultural Depa rtmen t Bulletin 59 of 1 1

“

con vrn cm . been not g , being only for one yea r . The u se of salt has

i 1 o f w 2 i ure. expla ned as () to keep f hite ants , () to reta n soil moist

38

watering is necessary to take the material into are given in October , the soil The method of irrigation we recommend IS a long broad . trench on each side of a row of trees .

f me. Prun ing - The mango tree growing wild assumes a grace ul do shaped form with a clean stem of a height ranging from four to ten in n e fee The grafted mango tree often branches a ragged man r t. from the ground level . t To obtain well shaped grafted mango plan s the first desideratum n t u r m n is a properly made graft . Too often the pla s sold by n rse y e . . i m P N 7 . s o . 8 are like those in Photo No . The ideal as shown hoto , and this is easily produced by a careful choice of scions and correct S e a grafting . uch a plant when put in the fi ld proceeds to develop e ra strong straight stem . If the plant has not branch d natu lly when it reaches eight feet high the terminal bud should be removed and side a ro branches will develop . Side branches , whether arising natur lly or p

- wed du ced by topping , should be kept equal and one should not be allo

-s lf to outstrip its neighbour; otherwise a lop ided tree results . one bra nch shows a tendency to grow at the expense of the other, it should be shortened and one of its side branches allowed to take up the work of continuing it s growth . The side branches of the main stem will themselves branch and should be cared for in the same way as the l main stem . f the shape of the tree is thus attended to for the first four years , little care need be taken afterwards except the excision

S r of dead branches and the removal of superfluous ones . o fa we

. Let the we have dealt with pruning for form only us now consid er question of pruning for flowers and fruits .

The inflorescence of the mango is borne either as a term inal organ or in the axil of a leaf . Most observers appear to consider

l in florescen ces that on y terminal are produced . This however is n ot

' in flor n the case and a count of over esce ces showed l7 3 per cent . axillary among these . The wood on which the inflorescence appears varies greatly even on the same tree . The mango tree in Western u e l di , as a rule, makes three woody growths (flushes) per ann um O hot which may be called the cold weather growth ( ctober), the (M - er weather growth arch April) and the rains growth (July) . Oth io growths are occas nally intercalated, especially a growth in

a - F Janu ry ebruary simultaneous with the flowering o f other branches. On all these growths , inflorescences develop . We have studied several hundreds of flushes from their inception to the time they flowered o and are c nvinced that there is no possibility of pruning for flowers l u r s e r m e n . G r a ft ed p la n t a s s o d b y N y A n id e a l r a ft e d l a n g p t . ' A x illa r in flo r e s ce n c e s n e a r la s t a r s in fl r es n y ye o ce ce . 10 . N o ,

l In f lo res c e n c e a n d v eget a t iv e gr o w t h s s id e by s id e 39

as any kind of pruning may lo off a potential flower- bea ring bran p ch. We w have seen cases even of the follo ing extreme types . (l) Wood which bore a terminal inflorescence last season bea ring axillary in florescen ces in the next season with no inter

’ v i en n . Se P g woody growth ( e hoto No .

(2) A flush made in Noy ern ber flowering in the succeeding

January (two months later) . (3) Wood of several years old and four inches in diameter n produci g an inflorescence . (4) Axillary buds on the same branch developing simul

tan eou sl iflo res y, some into n cen ces and others into woody o See P gr wths . ( hoto . No .

Heavy , pruning of old trees results in a vigorous production of f vegetative branches and has no special e fect on the flowering . The only possible time to prune bearing trees is immediately

. F after the rains rom January to June inclusive , flowers and fruits F S are on the tree . rom July to eptember inclusive the rains flush

l n r . O grows and ipens ctober then , is the best time to prune (rem ov ' ing only dea d and diseased branches and such as are obviously superfluous) . The following few rules for the successful pruning of the mango tree may be of use

(I) Fo r large branches use a saw and immediately after~

wards trim the edges of the stump with a sharp knife .

2 Fo r n c , bu t ( ) smaller bra hes, use secateurs on no account to use them for branches which do not yield readily their action .

If the secateurs leave a ragged stump , trim with a knife .

(3) Cu t all branches , which have to be removed entirely,

close to the trunk . (4) Paint the surface of all cuts one inch or more in diameter

with tar at once . In most cases a callus will gradually close the

wound thereafter .

In tercrops a When mango trees are planted at 30 feet apart , there is natur lly i a great amount of unoccupied space . During the f rst five years at least of the life of the plantation and later if the ground is not too W shady short - season crops may be taken between the trees . here water

' ' l s l n en a C a mo sis sora ioide , is scarce brinjals (Sola rium me o g ), guvar ( y p p ) 40

lthi Dolihos bilo us ) r n s potatoes an d ku ( c f r are raised du ing the rai , l n i ci in the Dharwar district in red soil . med um black s l Small

a i . W Japanese and Spanish groundnut , peas and be ns are ra sed here

- , , i i n irrigation facilities exist , cabbages , knol kohl beets turn ps, on o s, u n - the Deccan and sweet p otatoes, have been grown successf lly both i In a it is the Southern Maratha Country . the Konk n , too often the

~ practice to grow rice between the trees . This means water loggin g

. f in the rains and cracking of the soil later on The trees su fer . They

. u are scraggy and sick, and bear few fruits Heavy feeding crops s ch

as lucerne are also undesirable . S M Co n In some parts of the outhern aratha u try jowar, tur and

cotton are grown in mango plantations . These should not be grown between young trees as their shade interferes with the vigorous growth

of the plants .

Pier n i In Gujarat , there is a practice of growing p grum (black

pepper) under the shade of mango trees . W P ester recommends for the hilippines the growing of small,

- - quick growing, early fruiting fruit trees between the mangoes . For

es - o vegetabl , he recommends corn , sweet potat es , yams , rozelle, beans

or any crop to which the land is adapted , provided the cultivation is

a not c rried so close to the trees that the working animals in iure them.

CHAPTER V .

Ha vestin P c in d Ma etin . r g, a k g a n rk g

— Ha rvestin the Fr g uit . The grafted tree begins to bear from its

" fourth year, producing from ten to fifteen fru its in its first bearing season . This n u mber j n crea ses to 50 or 75 in its sixth yea r and up 300 500 to to in its tenth year from planting , always provided the soil

and cultivation are good . P rofessional buyers of mango plantations are well v ersed in .the operations of harvesting . Their employees use a small bag net at the

’ end of a long pole . The bag net is about l5 inches deep a n d fixed to an iron ring of about l2 inches diameter and with two iron blades is thereon whereby the fruit stalk is evered . The whole thing s ‘ called khadi M in arathi . The fruit aft er being severed by the iron blades falls into the net . This is then delivered into a bag net (called h li f e ) 300 is capable of holding to 500 fruits . For small trees this not so necessary . The j helion large trees is tied on to a branch with

khodi O ou d in reach of the of the perator . When the j neliis full it sh l

(l) The an o 4l M g . p . .

42

r s d squeezing . By some inte nal tan ard and feel them carefully without of judgment they pronounce the fruit ready or not . a l5 i for want of shipping after M y , fru ts are plucked In Ratnagiri , earlier . a re i i t , frurt W th he In the case of Pairi and Alphonse s . p cked

in i . stalks attached as it is believed that fruits picked th s way last longer

- few Our experience has been that the stalk withers and falls off a days after plucki ng and makes no appreciable difference to the keeping

, i d qualities of the fruit . It is desirable , however that the fru t shoul zin have a certain amount (say , an in ch) of stalk to prevent the oo g out of sap all over the skin of the fru it and thereby spoiling its appearance .

— s a After picking , the fruits mu t be kept cool and aw y Ripen ing . a - en from the direct sun . They are tr nsferred to a store house for rip ing The fruits are first sprea d in one layer on a bed o f mango .

ed. leaves at least four inches thick, and left there for two days expos n In o r They are then transferred to straw for ripeni g . s me sto e houses half the space is reserved for spreading and half for ripenin g

- com proper . The store house should be well ventilated and not

ri s [seiIema Wihtii pletely dark . Country va etie are kept in straw of g fi i d (Sheda) . Three to ve layers of such fru ts are built up separate [scha um sulca iuin Pawn a as by two inches of grass . em ( ) is avoided

Fo r o it is found to have the effect of retarding ripening . superi r T of varieties such as Pairi and Alphonse rice straw is used . his allows e is uniform ripening and good coloration . Besides , it is soft and ther Two no danger of marking the fruit and so spoiling its market value . layers at most of such varieties are built up but it is desirable to keep th only one layer . Fruits thu s preserved in straw ripen about the six S is day and the whole lot is taken out for immediate sale . orting generally done at this time but this would be better done at an earlier be , , , s stage namely immediately after , picking as the fruit can then he . t handled without damage If it is desired to delay ripening , then fruits are not put in straw but are kept exposed on a bed of man go

. B leaves y this means the ripening can be delayed by about a week.

An experiment was carried out to test the relative keeping and

i i P - our r pen ng qualities of the airi and Alphonse varieties . Twenty f frmt s of each variety were used and an additional twenty- four of

P a - airi as check . The results are as follows i

The average time for which the first twenty- four Pairi fruits from a e one tree kept good was days from date of plucking . The aver g 43

‘ time for the second lot of 24 Pairi fru its from a separate tree was l6 l

. T he days average time for the Alphonse fruits was 247 days . There is no doubt therefore that the Alphonse is the better keeper . The

' ‘ i average osses of weight dur ng ripening were 125 . l32 and 18 2 r per cent . of o iginal weight , respectively, for the three lots above

m e . All ention d the Alphonse fruits , even when plucked green, coloured

e - b autifully, assumin g an orange yellow hue . The Pairis coloured

e . very fe n and were green to some extent, even when fully ripe The

Alphonse mangoes kept the firmness of their flesh till the last . The ' airis o P became watery very soon . The cutting of the mang fruit from the tree with a piece of stalk attached made no difference to its keeping qualities . At the same time there is no doubt that , w h c especially in the case of the Alphonse, the bacterial infection i h

' starts rott in g gain s its entrance through the open passage in . the wound where the sta lk was attached .

External blemishes and blackening do not necessarily indicate underlying putrefaction .

f . It would seem that ithe stalk wound . is healed with wax the W Alphonse mango might be made to keep longer . hen mangoes

r . can be exported in cold sto rage , the Alphonse is the variety to expo t During the above experiment the maximum temperature of the room ° ° in which the mangoes were stored ranged from 77 to 92 F. Each d “ mango was enclosed in a muslin bag an suspended so as to have no contact with its neighbours .

s u r nd l w In 19 16 , 50 Alphon e fr its were ipe e as fol o s Sixteen had their stalks removed and the scar closed up with

l6 . Th melt ed paraffin wax . and were left with stalks on ese the a 32 were enclosed in muslin bags and suspende d in labor tory,

T e I8 not tou ching ea ch other . h remaining were kept in straw

. in a box in the laboratory . All the fruits were from one tree The average length of time that the fruits kept good were

First lot of T6 (waxed) 143 days 16 5 Second lot of I6 (not waxed) [43 Third lot of 18 (in st raw)

The maximum temperatu re during the period ran ged in the ° ° laboratory from 80 to 88 F.

lication of wax had no effect . The reason of this is The , app

' '' a that on removing the fruit st lks , sap gushes out and the wax will not settle properly on the wet surface . 44

The results so far show that (l) Rotting starts as a rule from the stalk . (2) Fruits kept in straw ripen more quickly than fruits

Ci i . suspended in bags with free air rculat on Higgins“ ) reports certain experiments on the cold Siorflge of 0 0 — i i in goPd mangoes at 34 40 F. in which cond t ons he preserved fruits i re m re condition for 3] days . He says that probably mangoes W ll q So different temperatures from temperate fruits . far as is known this question has not been t ackled elsewhere .

— ow Pa cking Experiments carried out by us for several years sh - i - we that the grea t desideratum is a light , thief proof, ra n proof and ll “ 75 ventilated package which will take a fair amount , say, fruits . If the package is not well ventilated then the fruits ripen too quickly

- - U i , err route. nless th ef proof very few fruits will arrive at their

- destination and unless rain proof the packa ge will be soaked, as much of the fru it is gathered and sold after the rains begin . As a packing fi so material we have used sann hemp bre, dry grass and have al suspended the fruits in muslin bags fixed above and below on to trays.

u are Soft dry grass is as satisfactory as anything , provided the fr its wrapped in tissue paper and the usual cylindrical basket is satisfwtory except that it can be easily tampered with . The sending of fruits Lo M o d to Marseilles , Trieste and ndon by ail steamer (not in c l

. of few storage ) was tried . The fruits so sent , with the exception a

ria . that arrived at Marseilles , were in a hopeless condition on ar v l s u The cost of sending was also very high . It appears that unle s fr it

ood can be sent in large quantity and in cold storage , there is no likelih of developing an oversea s trade .

— Ma rketing The mango cr0 p furnishes employment an d profit

are to a considerable number of people of variou s classes . There . however, no separate railway statistics for the numb a and value of m n e the a go parcels carried per annum , but the number and valu s mu t be considerable . The mango plantation s are disposed of in e r l s ve al ways which wil now be described .

e) — Sa le of the Ma ngo Crop During the months of January and

Fe m a bruary when the ango is in full bloom , the fru it merchants p y their visit to the mango plantations especially those that are within

fers easy reach of Bombay, and make offers for the cr0 p . The of are also made in the month of April , as then the fruits a re sufficiently

(l The an o in HaWaii ) M g , p . 18 .

(2 e roduced rom the ) p Poon a A ricultural l 97' o le e . . 2 R f g C g Mag . Oct l9l5 , Vol. 6. No . P 45 d eveloped and the attendant risk is not considerable . Thus in this system the mango is sold annually either in the flowering or in fruiting season to the highest bidder . Another system of selling the cr0 p is also in vogue . It consists in selling the crop of the plantation on ' a three or five yea rs lease . l n the latter system the loss of one year is counterbalanced by the gain in other years and as such , it is not attended with any grea t risk ; wherea s , in the former system , especial l “ fl y when buying the plantation in the owering season , the purchaser takes great risks as the inflorescences may get blighted by the pre valence of insects (Jassids by fogs , or by untimely rain such as occurred in l9 l5 . Though an experienced merchant takes these facts into consideration before speculating , yet , on account of some 19 ] l unforeseen circumstances , such as the frost of , the prevalence

t co n si of rain in l9 l5 , or a hea vy unexpec ed storm , there may be a derable drop in the number of fruits left on the tree , with the result that the buyer is put to great loss and the grower does not rea lise the full amount of money promised to him . Thus in a certain case , the 9 13 crop was sold for rupees in February 1 , but owing to the subsequent glut in the market the contractor could not realise more than rupees and a little over and paid the owner 200 ru pees less ’ In e than they agreed on . another plac , a certain gentleman s crop wa s sold one year for rupees but it was un likely that the merchant t was m would realise mo re than 600 rupees , as he crop very uch damaged by untimely rains in the month of February .

Generally the crop is sold t o fruit merchants or to contractors , but very often it is sold villagepeople who in turn sell it to fruit t_ o merchants through middlemen . Thus , where the plantation is large the crop passes through a great number of hands before it actually comes into the hands of the customers , the middlemen always getting '

a . the lion s share, with the sm ller risks Where the plantation is small and the number of plants below three hundred , the disposal of the fruits can be done without the intervention of the middlemen and the fruit can be sent direct to the very door of the custom ers , thus making the fruits available to the w n latt er at cheap rates . This system has the follo i g advantage

(I) It brings more money into the pockets of growers . (2) It does away with that class of middlemen by whose

intervention t he fruits rea ch the customer at dea r rates .

a a This system however, becomes un m nage ble for a grower , who owns large plantations and is thus led to have recourse to the

dd . syst em of selling through mi lemen 46

previously mentioned it w ll be profitable Apart from the risks i v f f plantation in ad ance, the purchaser to purchase the whole o a i points before making a venture considers the following

ilwa sta tion s a n d to well- kn o P oximity to ra y w (I) r . n i ai i d s Thana , the plantat ons cont n ng grafte In the di trict of . u , a , a plants near the railway stations s ch as Thana Kurl Bandr , i i Borivli and so on y eld mmense profit, G o , r , orega n , Andhe i ' an m from 4 6 r the valuation of each bearing plant r g g to upees , - in i sed To cite an instance , a certain land owner th s area posses Of es more than plants . these half the number of tre e f ane. ris — Alphons and the rest of di ferent v were Pai , one fourth ‘

i Sal hat , s . 0 t d ties such as Batll , Roos, g and other His cr p fe che as follows

Am ou n t in rupees for which Year. the crop was sold. I I50

2 , I00

I, 800 I 500 . .

' In another gentlemans garden in the same area there were

9 4 of nearly 800 trees an d in l l , he realised rupees , the age In f m the plants varying from 6 to 20 years . places far away ro

railway stations and the markets where , as a consequence, t h the facilities for marketing and easy transpor are small, t e value of the crop is very much lowered and the fruit of each h grafted pla nt fetches from eight annas to one rupee . In suc cases the expenses of cartage add grea tly to the - cost of production

and the fru its det eriorate on account of the lon g cart fourney.

(2) The age an d bea ring capa city of the trees - The grafted mango begins to yield fruits from the 5th to the 6th year of its l r ife but the p olific years are ordinarily its l0th to its 35th year. i it s Thereafter y eld gradually declines . Age also greatly in flu

en ces o fm its n the p wer of the to remain on the tr ees . If the pla t

is in full vigour , the losses caused by windfalls are considerably less than in old trees whose exhausted vigour is not sufficient

to enable them to withstand the effects of heavy winds or storms.

‘ T ' hese often come with so terrific suddenness as to cause complete 47

C failure of the crop onsideration should , therefore, be given t o the age of the trees .

— (3) Ea rly or la te bea rin g In Bombay a nd in the neighbour a hood of R tnagiri , the mango harvest is nearly over by the end Ma of y , except for a few late varieties ; whereas in Poona and the neighbourin g district it begins from the middle of Ma y and W continues till the end of June . here the mangoes are sold

' late , especially after the rains have set in , the demand for them a nd en is very small , as a consequ ce they have to be sold very cheap . The time of bearing will therefore have to be borne in

' mind .

s (4) The beha viou r in bea ring of ome old coun try trees.

In some places , there are old country trees reputed either for immense bea ring “ ca pacity every yea r or for their delicious

l - th . fruits , which often approach e A phonse in quality Such trees fetch a very grea t sum annually o r bien n ially and thus enhance

Fo Kala m sa ra t he value of the crop . r example , in (Taluka Bo rsha Pachora , District Jalgaon) an old country tree , by name , 19 14 fetc hed 700 rupees in the yea r .

(5) Bea ring out of sea son Fru its out of season being rare are sold very dear and go a great way in increasing the value of A such a tree . Thus in Trombay , one single lphonse tree fetched

120 rupees in the month of December 190 8 .

(6) The n umber (if Alphon se or other trees of good qua lity . The Alphonse variety is the mango pa r excellen ce and the valuation of the plantation is generally based on the extent of ground under this variety . — r the ma n o . r (7) Lea n or fa t yea rs fo g As a ule , the mango . T a e a bears its cra p in alternate years . heabund nc of one ye r is generally succeeded by a small crop next yea r and though con

i x dition s that determine this are diff cult of e planation , yet , from

n n l . a commercial standpoint , they i flue ce great y the mango trade a o The p urchaser should take these things into consider ti n as , t e of 0 when markets are glutted with mangoes , h value the cr p

The will be lowered . scarcity or abundance of the mango is not the same in all parts of the Province . The lean year for m for n , y be a fat the mango in one part , instance , the Konka a s i i year for the Deccan and vice versa . The e cons derat ons there

i . fore are of great weight in the estimat on of the mango crop 48

ition s such a s preva len e of clouds un timel (8) Clima tic con d c , y — I i s eta This factor S the most mportant hea v sto m , ra in , y r that is to be considered and is one that causes the failure of the i time do a deal of crop Clouds during the flower ng gre t , W a“ damage by causing the flowers to drop off . oodrow says If the hot cloudy weather which accompanies the thunder- storm and w turns milk sour occurs while the trees are in blossom , the flo ers o mostly fall off without fertilisation and in consequence the cr p The same effect is caused by the ams at the flower is scanty . r

. i we s ing time It profoundly affects the fecund ty of the flo r . . F 19l5 Such a condition occurred in the month of ebruary , much near Bombay, and the violent untimely rain washed away

. ua of the pollen and greatly reduced the crop Again , the us lly Ma con si heavy storms that blow during April and y, cause a , th derable drop in the number of fruits left on the tree and e must purchaser is put to a great loss . Allowances for these

be made by the purchaser .

of Besides , the availability of labour and the prevalence insect p ests such as Jassids and fruit - flies are points which should be taken into consideration as they greatly affect the

crop .

There is little doubt that if co - O peration in selling were he r introduced, man go growers would obtain larger prices for t i

fruits . At present the middleman has it all his own way .

a r ts — In l9 l3 ~ h our Foreign M ke , an enquiry was made Wit f shipping companies in Bombay as to the number of mangoes exported

9 x 47O per season . The l l3 e ports of the four c ompanies totalled L

u d dozen mangoes . This is a much larger number than one wo l x u s e pect and one wonders where all the fruits went to . The fr it

x e oxes are said to be e ported in small wood n ventilated partitioned , b holding one fruit per compartment .

“

M s . es rs Geor e Mon ro Limited oven t Ga rdenMa r et London, g , C k , in 19 14 wrote a s follows

We receive occasional consignments of mangoes generally

' sent to us by business people who have brought them from Bambi? W e have also had several instan ces of traders who have endeavoured to send large quantities but they have never arrived in good condition x t e ou d e cep when th y have come in small lots brought personally . I sh l

' not have thought that there were as many as the letterstates coming

(I) Woodrow The an o M g .

50

immediate planting they should be If the plants are required for pots or the pots should be broken off from them taken out of their i ou a i . The balls thus t ed sh ld and the ball of ea rth tied up in s ck ng . c i a in water and the plants then put in the pa k ng c se . If be immersed then the space between the plants the case is to travel a long distance , O i a ack. should be filled with dry grass or moss . rd nary de l wood p of few small grafts m ay be . consignment ing cases are suitable A sent in a basket but as the parcels are apt to be rou ghly han dled on the O boxes are best The following is a convenient size of a box . railway , ' ” ' ' " l Length 2 6 X breadth l 9 X depth holds from l2 to 18 grafts according to their size and This " with and the top covered with The age . lid may be dispensed sacking .

The plants can project above the level of the box without harm.

Two rope handles shou ld be fixed on to the box .

w . In A n l Plants can be sent in this way even in the hot eather p S and n was sent from Poona to Jamesabad in ind l9l6, a consig ment C o a k u r Un ed arrived in good condition, and another to r p in the it

Provm ces equally successfully .

n ed It is essential that the plants to he sent should be well harde , If the . straight- stemmed plants with buds in a dormant condition wt and plants are in flush , there is likelihood of the new gro h dying possibly the plants also .

") " — W use Packing for Foreign Coun tries oodrow recommends the e ro of Wardian cases . These are ess ntially boxes with a glass roof p of t ected by strips of wood . Ventilation takes place through sheets oden pierced zinc , and boxes are raised from the ground on square wo

I pro legs . These cases are always expensive and hold few plants in

portion to the material used . Ordinary deal wood packing cases have been used at the Gan esh d khind Botanical Garden s for despatch of plants to Washington (Unite

- out E . States of America), Dongola , and Cairo ( gypt) Twenty seven fif of twenty- eight plants arrived in good condition at Washington ty No of plants were sent to Dongola and were acknowledged . report

u i — ed damage was made . O t of a hundred sent to Cairo f fty eight arriv ” Those not in good condition on arrival were not all dead from phi“ siological causes but one case had been roughly handled and many

1 T . - e an o . () h M g . pp 2l 22 SI

s plant broken . To give an idea of the bulk of these consignments lowi i Do the fol ng f gures . of the ngola consignments are quoted

Don gola .

" " 210 l x x bs . 43 24 23; " " " 213 43 x 24 x 285 " " 142 33 x 22 x Cost

Rs . a . p .

50 Al hon se man o ra - - p g g fts at Rs . I 8 0 each 75 0 0 Packin g charges 50 0 0 Railway charges from Kirkee to Bombay 4 l0 0 Shippin g charges 96 9 0

Total 226 3 0

In Hawaii E S the annual report of the xperiment tation for 1908 , 47 ' page , an account is given of shipping ma ngo rafts to Washington M S by ail tea mer . As far as moisture at the roots was concerned the plants arrived in good condition but the immature wood died and the a plants bec me defoliated either during the journey or on arrival . The packing only of plants with ? mature wood a nd dormant buds is recommended .

Experience at Ga n eshkhind Botanical Garden s shows that the plants must be small , hardy and dormant with no diseased or weakly branches . O n the way ventilation and watering must be arranged for . Both can be secured by fixing wire netting over the top end of

over it . of the box and nailing strips wood at intervals of two inches , instea d of putting on a lid . The cases should be kept on the deck

sea a n d of the steamer out of the way of water d tie in position . They should be watered lightly with fresh water through the top of the case every second day in hot wea ther . — Pac in Seeds o the Man o . Ou r r k g f _ g present expe ience g ives no m definite gu idance as to the best ethods of packing seeds . Seeds received by us from the Philippines packed in moist saw dust had most Of la n t ly germinated en route. the germinated seeds few lived after p ing a n d the other seeds did not germinate . Seeds received from the same source packed in dry charcoal had not germinated on the way,

r m n . but a ve y , s all perce tage germinated This may have been due wa to the fact that the seeds had been about three weeks on the y. As has already been shown (p age III) the mango seed rapidly loses its Co e Ca germinating capa city after a month . nsignments of se ds to iro d in and to Livingstonia have been sent . These seeds were packe 52

en oute a n d en the On account of delay r delay in op ing charcoal .

i . parcel in others , the seeds did not germ nate

— Scion s The packing of scions for transport Packing of Mango . to other countries by post has received attention by us and by the

S i . ow Department of Agriculture , United tates of Amer ca The foll m scro n s ii g e in g report was received on so e sent to Hawa I re r t to ”have to report that we got no result whatever from the cuttings We m and which you so kindly sent twice . very carefully budded the grafted them but whether it wa s due to the climate or some other cause

n at none of them would start . Quite a umber of each variety sent those two times were dried and dead but we tried all the green ones l in the best way we could but , as have said , got no

“ ) Wester says in the shipment of scions or bu dwoods these

- me should be selected from straight growths of well matured wood, so what larger in diameter than a lead pencil and from which all leaves

- have dropped and all leaf scars are well healed . He recommen ds that the scions be packed in moist sawdust and wrapped in wax or

in tm e oiled paper and finally in Manila paper or tubes without pap r.

No mention is made of success or failure of scions thus packed. O awa In l9l4 , we received four scions of the ahu mango from H ii . These were packed in moist sawdust covered with oil paper and packed

TW - in a tin tube . O were completely rotten and two half rotten

We — N e on arrival . budded four and crown grafted one . one of thes took .

a) lt is stated that scions from India and elsewhere in the East usually arrive in the United States of America in an un satis M factory condition . essrs . La throp and Fairchild sent experimentally

ff es scions of the Ja na mangoes from Colombo to America . The parc l

on s were a month the way . These were tin tubes packed in variou ways . The most successful method was to cover the cut ends of the a nd ere sticks with collodion dip the whole stalks in mud . These w

w c val packed ith a small amount of moist oir . Their condition on arri is described as fairly good . The scions were comparatively young h Ee writers of the Bulletin state that older wood could also probably e sent .

Again , no information was given as to whether the scions were sed for grafting or budding a n d with what success .

(I) The an o M g . p. 38 . 2 () U.S.A . De t. u p B ll. No. 46 ureau of Pl 14 (B ant industry). p. . 53

are To sum up while scions cheaper to send than plants , it is r seldom that they ar ive in good condition . Seeds keep their vitality

only a short time , and the resulting plant may not come true to type . We are thus forced to conclude that the only satisfactory way of im h porting mango varieties is to ave small hardy grafted plants sent .

‘ CHAPTER Vl l .

Un sa t s c r P ifa to y la n ta tion s .

Ren ova tion of Neglected Plan ta tion s - Mango trees are often left to take care of themselves after they begin to bear , the idea being pre a v lent that they require no treatment except the picking of the fruits . f The evil e fects of this are easily visible . Many buds make feeble r g owth , others rot and fail to develop . The inflorescences are small and few fruits appea r . The slender branches are weighed down by such fruits as are formed and do not regain their first position . The ee L ground is hard and w dy on account of absence of cultivation . ight and circulation of air are at their minimum . Many branches are dead or dying and the trees present an un healthy aspect . All the

- - - o - diseases creep in , viz . , black stem , red rust , s oty mould and lichen . su L a d . oranthus abounds n takes a firm hold of the trees ch trees , ' unless taken in hand early by a man who knows his business , become irretrievably ruined . The methods to be adopted are tillage , manuring ,

No pruning , spraying and general sanitation . matter how thorough r t and complete such treatmen t may be , t ees that have been neglec ed for several years will never bear t he same crops as trees that have been properly cared for from the start and all the time . The first necessary operation in renovating a plantation is the removal of all the branches that would interfere with ploughing . These branches should be taken off by a saw and the edges trimmed smooth

be . with a sharp knife . The cut surface should covered with tar Where ploughing is absolutely out of the question because of the roots being too near the surface , hand digging must be done . If the trees , as is often the case , have been planted too closely, every alternate tree must be cut out so as to lea ve at least 30 feet from tree to tree in all

, e directions . After these preliminary operations dead and diseas d branches should be cut off and then pruning for shape should be taken fi in hand . There may be some dif culty in deciding what branches aim to keep and what to prune off . It must be the of the pruner to iu give plenty of Space to all the branches so as to encourage a plent f l 54

. of leaves to prevent the tree from becoming a mass of development O with a few leaves at the top ends . In ctober l9ll lanky branches ,

Botanical Gardens , twelve trees were thus pruned in Gan eshkhin d , l 9l l five plants were in full new growth . In three In December , in n n n trees a few branches were in growth and two growth was begi i g,

t . a 1912 unpruned area not a single tree was in grow h In J nuary , In the l in three completely pruned trees produced inf orescences the t0p i position while two from the other plot produced nflorescences . In April l9 l2 seven of the pruned plants produced hot weather l l , ,

t . O o growths In the unpruned plots nine produced hese In ct ber . o the same trees were again pruned . Both they and the contr ls 19 12 , F M 1913 produced plenty of vegetative growths in ebruary and arch .

0 Of n l ]7 . on Ten pruned plants produced fruits , the total being , the

The pruned plants nine fruited , the total number of fruits being o difference between the two sets is thus not perceptible . It is w rthy of note that in two years the pruned plants made up leeway and became

II l2 . n Oc o as prolific as the unpruned plants (Photo Nos . and ) I t ber 19 13 the pruned trees were again pruned lightly only dead and

ix l 93. crowded branches were pruned . S produced fruits total ing In o her — 240 . In non pruned trees eleven fruited, producing fruits t respects there was no appreciable difference .

It must be admitted that this experiment does not show greatly

n . the in favour of pruning . O the other hand it clearly shows that if trees receive a set - back by pruning they rapidly recover from it and were bear as well as ever . As a m atter of fact , the trees in question not sufficiently neglected for the full benefit of the treatment to show and again it must be remembered that pruning in the case of the mango own is not primarily a matter of pruning for fruit (since, as we have sh . f n for in lorescences may occur on all growths) . but a matter of pruni g h n shape and vigour . This can only be done satisfactorily by s api g the tree in its early non- bearing years and then leaving it alone except for the cutting out of a diseased or crowded branch now and again It — an is is the same story for every operation , the only profitable pl t o a tre t the tree rightly from the start and all the time .

A plot of 33 Cowasp - Patel trees of lO- lZ years old was chosen

. l9 l0 w en?“ r and treated thus It was ploughed in August _ and dug h earl the plough would not go . This operation was repeated ; y y N rees between August and ovember . The control plot consisted of 37t e in of the same age and variety . There was no marked differen c flowering time between the two plots but there was a difference in Pr u n e d Pa ir it r ee . 12 .

U n p r u n e d a ir it r P ee .

56 of clouds is doubtful but the following are guesses . Ra diation of s terrestrial heat is checked and a close damp hot atmosphere result , This may be directly detrimental to the cells of the reproductive organs or it may possibly induce the formation of enz mes that are , y is a lso i detrimental to the cells of the plant . It poss ble there -that is some connection between cloudy weather and the breeding of Jag. in i and the sids and also between the amount of enzyme the ‘ t ssues S greed with which the Jassids suck them . uch cloudy weather often

f it . W od. comes suddenly . It is di ficult to devise means to combat o " row ) suggests flooding the ground of the plantation with water as soon as the gathering clouds are observed . d Another cause of sterility is the attack of insects such as Jassi s. n ese insects , when they appear , attack the infloresce ce m such large u numbers and suck so much sap that flowers fail to set fr it . Such cases very oft en occur in Sind . Their life history , general description

66 . and remedies are given on p .

It is also possible that a given tree may be what is called a shy " In bearer , i. e . , its natural peculiarity is to set little or no fruit . this case the difficulty can be overcome by side or crown grafting or top working the tree with scions of a good prolific variety .

We have at present no data as to the effects of manuring on steri lity nor is there any information as yet regarding self- sterility (if it exists) among mango varieties . ’ — Fa ilu e to bea r n A tern a te Y r r i l ea s . It is a belief among Indian mango growe rs that the tree bears a heavy crop only every alternate

year and that in the intervening years the crop is poor . Our experience Gan eshkhin d G i in Botanical ardens on the whole conf rms this .

' The following is the cr0 p record from 1908— 19 16

Yea r. r C op . 1908 G ood . 1909 Poor . 19 10 Fair . 19 11 F air although frost spoiled many flowers . 19 12 P oor . 1913 E xceptionally good . 19 14 P oor . 19 15 G ood . 1916 F air .

Gardenin in the ro i g c Edu . VI 2 T p s. , p . 57 . 57

This peculiarity of the tree is taken into account by those who

speculate in the mango crop . The probable cause is connected with i the nutrit on of the tree . Heavy fruiting undoubtedly takes it out of a tree and the plan t has to recover from its effects before producing

another heavy crop . It may well be asked Why ca nnot the trees recover between one sea son and another The answer is that the r e f uit remains on the tre till, say, June , and the next flowering comes

w ou in the follo ing January, so , there is little en gh time for recuperation . It is naturally suggest ed that hea vy manuring would to some extent s t k as ist the ree to recover more quic ly . This rema ins to be tried .

") ‘ Heartless suggests the removal of the flowers of certain trees a in a plant tion so as always to have some in bearing . But he does not

say that he has tried this . He a lso suggests thinning the crop and

thinning out the shoots of the growing year .

C P HA TER VI I I .

Flowe n rig a n d Pollin a tion .

m — Ti F ow . o l in . In e f er g the neighbourhood of Poona , in florescen ces to a begin appear nnually about the first week of December . In Trom

bay , on the coast near Bombay , they appear as a rule about the end of N ovember . In Ratnagiri , o n the coast further south , they are quite M as early . ango fruits from Madras come into the market practically

all the year round , which means an equally extended flowering sea on . . s

— - e There is a varietyof mango termed Ba ra m ashi t he twelve - mon th f

signifying its characteristic of flowering . The main flowerin g sea

son , however , is round about the beginning of the year . This is the

time observed also in the United States of America and the Philippines .

23 19 3 E a d S On January , 1 , the Acting xplorer in ch rge , Unite tates

Department of Agriculture , wrote us as follows

The period at which the mango flowers in Florida , varies n more or less with the seasona l conditio s . This year a few trees

o n ormal were in bloom in December . H wever , under conditions t the first blooms appea r sometime in January , the last some ime

in March . Very often , there is a second flowering season in re ard to June . The mango appears to be erratic in g its time of i i blooming . A protracted drought followed by soak ng ra n or m fact anything that causes a severe check to the growth of the tree

is apt to force it to bloom .

Pa rt II A ril I9l4. o rl. of In dia Vol . lx , (I) Agri. J u . , p — u a 39 8 58

P Bureau of Agriculture , hilippine Islands The Horticulturist , , 19 13 wrote us on February 19 , , as follows

I take pleasure in informing you that the ea rliest varieties that I have seen come into flower late in December and early in January I have not noted when the first flowers of late varieties . i i in of appear In Florida , I have never not ced unt mely flower g . i In Ma mango that is any flowers com ng later than early , the , , y s r th In the Philippine Island , however , it seems that ve y rarely e mango trees will burst into bloom suddenly almost any time of

the the year . This of course provides for a few mangoes during

' better part of the year also . I have unfortunately not had the opportunity to note whether this habit of flowering at unusual

times is a regular feature of such trees .

In the Bombay Presidency, besides the January flowering , one other well marked flowering time is sometimes observed . To this matter attention has been drawn by one of the ex- students of the ” T a m h n k B M . . . a ar .A Poona Agricultural College , r K V f g . He suggests a classification into (1) those trees that flower every altern ate

2 3 S mber year , () those that flower every year , ( ) those that flower in epte

S - October or both in January and eptember October . His first class is based on the belief that in each alternate year the crop is small . The Se September flowering is not entirely conditioned by variety . In pt 912 ember 1 , an unusually large number of mango trees in various parts of the Presidency produced flowers . The climate of the previous months was a s follows

19 - 11. P Rains , oor rains with a great burst in October Nov

ember .

1911- 1 N 2 . M Cold weather, ormal ango flowering. poor. 19 12 . Hot weather, Very hot and dry . 19 12 Rains, . Rains delayed , they burst at the end of July,

then a break . then again heavy rains in August .

We have here conditions similar to those cited in a letter from

i S E re the Un ted tates Agricultural xplorer , namely, poor flowering p vrousl , y considerable check by heat , and then sudden moisture in excess.

On e tree in the Bassein Taluka of the Thana District blossomed in S 19 11 the first week of eptember and produced fruits in November.

It was a seedling tree . This tree is said to blossom every year at this i t me .

(1) n ote in the ricul A Ag tural ourn al of In dia - Vol. VII P V 2 . art I 3 9 40 . J , , pp . 9 59

Ne ar 19 11 ar Dh war , in , we saw a mango tree flowering in Septem

ber . It had never before been known to - flower at that time of the

d n In a gar e at Trombay , many in florescen ces appea red in Sept _ 19 1 i ember 2, and fru ts formed . Quite close to them new in flores

, term in a l cences both and axillary , occurred in January 1913. Similar Gan eshkhin d G cases occurred in ardens . In the same Trombay gar den it was remarka ble to see that m any individual Pairi and Alphonse

trees went on flowering from the beginning . of December till the end F 9 3 of ebruary 1 1 . On the sa me tree all stages from unopened flower

buds to fruits of the . size of a pea were observed . The owner of the garden stated that the flowering sometimes went on till the end of M arch . Fruits are thus available in this plantation from the end of . M till arch the end of June .

In florescen ces may be formed even as late as April and that too

in close proximity to fruiting in florescen ces .

That this phenomena of the double flowering season is not con d “ ) fine to India , is shown by the following extract

The sea son of the flowering of the mango in Honolulu has been

o e ' n ted with interest for several years . A record has be n kept of the

" first flowers observed which appeared to be the beginning of a general

blooming season , disregarding the few flowers that may appear almost at any time The record of the beginning of the season has been as follows 1 10 1 6 January to , 90 December 10 to 12 , 1906 November 15 20 907 a d F 1 to , 1 n ebru ary 5 to 25 , 1908 . Attention is called to the fact that for three successive years each season of flowering

has been n early one month earlier than in the preceding yea r . Fo r the mango crop of 1908 there were two seasons of quite general Nov blooming among the mango trees of Honolulu , the first being in a ember and the second in Febru ary . It will be observed th t a period of three months is thus covered which is a marked contrast to the sea

sons of flowering where climatic conditions are more sharply defined . ll In the Deccan the pomegranate , guava , and a the citrus species i have three flower ng seasons term ed in Marathi ba ha rs. These are

- Mri- baha Hatti the Ambe ba ha r (January) , the g r (June) , and the an 6a ha r (September) . Trees can be forced to flower at y one of these sea sons by stopping water for some time and exposin g the roots of

f he HawaiiA i. x t . Stu . 1909 . 47 . (1) An n ual Report o t gr E p , p 60

the trees at the same time pruning off a few of the smaller roots . Such , 9 11 1913 1 . a treatment was given to some mango trees m and

19 12 - e in On the 13th and 14t h December , twenty three tr es

. en Ga n eshkhin d Botanical Gardens had their roots exposed Betwe a h December 25 and 29 , 160 lbs . of farmyard manure were given to e c

- o Twen ty one similar plants were observed as contr ls. rested plant . Results

- Non rested trees . Rested trees .

1913 7 owered on a n uar 8 . 1913 7 flowered on lemm a 8 . fl J y ; 19 13 4 29 19 13 I 1. 9 29

I1 owered I7 flowered fl

' t heir oots and On October 24, 19 13, five plants had r exposed

M 80 . e on pruned . anure was given at the rate of lbs per tre

f . F ees November 15 . and watered immediately a ter ive control tr were observed . Results

- Non rested trees . Rested t rees.

19 14 2 owered on ebruar 1. 1914 1 flowered on Jan uary 15. fl F y 1 1 5 2 February 1. 19 4 . 1 1 10 9 14 1 20. 19 4 . 1 I did n ot flower 1 did n ot flower

4 flowered 4 flowered The above experiments conclusively show that the exposure of the roots of the mango in the way practised on oranges and guavas has no definite effect on the time of flowering of the mango or on the

e number of tr es that will flower .

Further attempts to force mango trees to flower were made also on the following lines

2 P “ () runing the branches at different points .

(3) Planting grafts taken from trees reputed to bear at unusual

The method of pruning done for two years was as follows

a P u fis () r ning was done all over the tree , just behind the r t

bud scar .

(b) P cond runing was done all over the tree , behind the se

bud sca r .

c s () The ame behind the third bud scar . 61

' (d) All the above three methods were used on different

branches of one tree .

The results were that a great many vegetative growths burst forth the , a near pruned places more so in the () method than in others , and ' in flo rescen c where es were form ed they were stunted and weakly:

r The thi d line of experiment , viz . , grafting trees of reputed n u usual owering season has not as yet given any conclusive evidence fl .

since the plants have not borne flowers .

A iultu ra l News O 19 5 In the gr c for ctober 1 , page 342 , an account is given of a method said to be employed in the Philippines for forcing early flowers and fruits . This method is the smoking of the trees fo r two continuously months previous to flowering . To test the method two Alphonse and two Pairi trees in Ga n eshkhin d Botanical Gar; 25 9 dens were continuously smoked from December th, 1 15 , to . the M 9 middle of arch 1 16 . The smoke was produced by burning rubbish and cow - dung cake at the foot of the tree and the smoke was passed

through an earthenware pipe to direct it among the branches . A six- foot wa ll of matting was a lso erected round the trunk to prevent the smoke spreading . There wa s no appreciable difference between “ the smoked trees and their controls as the year was a fat one for the mango .

In certain p arts of the Bombay Presidency and in Alibag District particularly , a form of Ringing or the removal of a circular ring of bark , two inches in thickness all round the stem , is adopted with the object of hastening flowering or rendering unfruitful trees M ” ) productive . acmillan mentions this method for forcing flowers .

Experimental evidence in this direction is , however , wanting , but the operation has the disadvantage of wounding a branch severely and if performed extensively upon a tree it is apt , if not to kill it. at he f least to render it incurably unhealthy ; for, if t rings are not suf i a d cien tly wide to cut off all communication between the upper n lower w e lips of the wound they produce little effect , and if they are rd they

r l . are difficult to heal . Fo these reasons , the operation is undesirab e l — Pollin a tion . The following are our own observations and con clu sion s - w

The flower is undoubtedly entomophilous and designed for short si i tongued insect visitors . Honey is secreted in con derable quant ty

b in an d Plan tin Ed . 11.1914 . 82 . (1 Han d ook of Tropical Garden g g. , p 62 from the disc and there is a peculiar odour the source of which is as

The honey is often Sp ead all over the inner sur. yet undetermined . r i i O ns face of the petals showing that secret on beg ns before the flower pe , d P rell a Flies belonging to the general Psychon osma a n y r are the chief o

i bu m s i . n s visitors in Poona , and a tree in full flower fa rly W th them A t

" rt rs how crawl over the flower and steal the honey , but doubtful far they assist pollination . — In er b e. Self ~pollin a tion is possil many cases the present writ s have noticed flowers with the stigma and the anther very close to

- u e gether o r actually in contact . This is not by any means the r l . . The anther and stigma generally stick out away from each other m the In h and opened flower . some of the cases w ere the contact of anther stigma was observed pollen grains had been deposited on the stigma

19 11 in florescen ces Co wa s - P we e and style . In of u atel trees r enclosed in paper bags during the whole development of the in flores

ts i of cences . Several frui set in the bags show ng that pollination some kind had taken place without the intervention of the insects .

— The hermaphrodite flowers a re protogyn ous . The flowers open and remain open some time with the nectary actively secreting and the stigma fully exposed before the anther bu rsts . In several cases we

“ have seen this condition of the flower with the pollen grains on the stigma and in one case the stigma withering and the ovary fertilised, though the anther of that particular flower was yet unburst.

There are no scientific data as to whether crossing between varieties takes place or n ot . It is believed m this part of India that one can never be sure of the produce of a seedling mango even

of i though it is raised from the fruit a f rst class variety . It is assumed s s that thi is due to cro sing with inferior varieties . 1911 19 12 19 13 During , , we did a great number of crossings t be ween varieties , using various methods . The first employed was that ' 167 Pl described in Bulletin , Bureau of a nt Industry; United States of

America , Department of Agriculture New methods in Plant-breed O ing by liver . In this method one cleans the pollen out of the flower by a fine jet of water instead of mutilating t he bud by emasculation

. L - with scissors ater in 1913 14 the anther was removed by forceps in emasculation . The following are the results

— 19 11. On e hundred and forty- two crosses made between i i i d fferent var et es . The severe frost of 19 11 February wrecked i ex ermen t . i - th s p Th rty three crosses set but n one finally survived.

4 1 .

A n a b n o r m a l M a n o in fl o r e s e g c n c e . 63

- 1912 . In florescen ces were few , so crossing was on a smaller

scale , only seventeen being done . Three of these produced fruit 2 5 . . of mm diameter each These all later on dropped off .

— - 19 13. One hundred and twenty m ine flowers were crossed F 19 13 Of in ebruary . these , 15 developed fruits of the size of

a millet grain , but these dropped .

9 1 - 1 4 . Two hundred and six crosses in all were made

of these twenty sets . Sixteen reached the size of a millet grain

and four the size of a pea . All finally dropped except one .

r 19 15 fi - In Feb uary one hundred and fty three crosses were done .

Cowa s i- P P Of these , three of j atel and airi (the female parent being

- Cowa sp Patel) succeeded . The seedling of one of these has been 3 transferred to a plant in the field . Photo No . 1 shows the crossed b fruit . The hybrid nature of the fruit could be seen y

(1) The fact that the right shoulder is higher than the left .

(2) The smoothness of the skin (Cowa sji- Patel fru it being

rough and warty) .

(3) The absence of the side sinus .

(4) Slight presence of the beak .

The fruit produced by the next generation will be awaited with interest as it may give a lead in determining which of the present forms

a . are hybrid, and a hint as to their parent ge

CHAPTER IX .

Pests a n d Disea ses.

de L A . Mr Ra m rao Kasar o . (In consultation with . g , g , Assistant

P . Professor of Entomology , Agricultural College , oona )

— ~ M In sect Pests of the Ma ngo . ango trees from the youngest seed ling to even the oldest trees are subject to the attacks of various kinds

of insects . Very few people recognise the importance of these pests and in a large number of cases the trees die before any attempt is made E to find out the real cause of the malady . specially is it so , when there are borers inside the stems or at the roots . f The young plants in the nursery , gra ted or ungrafted , are equally

- attacked by certain kind s of leaf eating caterpillars . Jagged and uneven edges of lea ves are sure signs of the presence of these cater pillars and a careful search will reveal them either on the leaves them u d a selves or closely sticking to the stems . One s ch efoliating caterpill r 64

wn is Pa rasa lipida (Fig . A) . It is green like a leaf with two bro stripes along the sides and with irritating spines at both ends of the body A much larger caterpillar but less often found and not so . destructive is that of Na ta da velutin a Koll . Brown tough cocoons of about the size of g" rapes are found plentifully stickin g to the bark of the tree From these the moths will emerge , giving rise to a new brood . next seasonabout the beginning of the monsoon . There seems to be only Pa asa liida m one generation of these in a year . r p has been bred fro a Term variety of plants besides the mango . It has been bred from inalia i Butea ron dosa , , . we ca tappa , f , castor tea etc In young seedl ngs as ll a s old the pests can be easily checked by Spraying the plants with , , a the lead arsenate . The hard tough cocoons can e sily be found on bark and must be destroyed to prevent future infection . The insects do very little damage to the old trees where there is a large amount of leaf but they are a source of constant danger to young grafts and t seedlings which they often comple ely defoliate .

Another beautiful caterpillar found upon the mango lea ves is that of a butterfly Eutha lia ga ruda Mo . It is found sitting upon the middle of the leaf and , though it is a large caterpillar , cannot ea sily be distinguished from the leaf which it imitates closely. It is often foun d in considerable numbers on old as well as young trees . The pupa can be found hanging from the under sides of the leaves . In a n ur

‘ sery of young plants it pioves troublesome and unless picked out con sta n tl a t y, it may not le ve a single en ire leaf . The radiating feathery

“ f bod . t e projections rom the y , og t her with the close resembla nce to the structure of the leaf, hide the caterpillar effectively; but it can be tracked a from the e ten leaves as it is found not very far away from them .

' Another very important caterpillar is that of Maca lla mon cusalrs. A number of caterpillars are found to bind the leaves at the end of a

- o o branch into a close nest like formation inside which they feed . (Ph t No . The webs look much like red - ant nests from a distance but can easily be distinguished from a number of dry and eaten leaves composing the nest . The caterpillars are extremely active and slip down to the soil if the nest is torn . They are brown caterpillars with e grey lateral strip s . Though these nests are found on larger trees they seem to do little damage , but young grafts are spoiled in appear

her ance and vigour even though there are only a few such nests . W e ever th y are found, they should be cut and dropped into a bag and afterwards destroyed by fire . Spraying the young plants with lead has arsenate been found to do considerable good These CS“ . P appear abo t u the middle of the monsoon a n d are foun d even in the hot

65

e weather . Ther are a few other caterpillars found on the leaves but as they do occur in any large numbers they need little attention On e of these is found on very tender leaves and belongs to a moth Bom r E batailla l acosa t ix . A hairy caterpillar uproctis scin tilla n s with clumps of velvety hairs is also found on young plants but this , as well as others of less importance , need no special treatment a s they are easily killed by the lead arsenate spray advised in the case of other caterpillars . A small weevil has been seen cutting the leaves right through the mid rib and laying eggs in the cut portion . The cut portion drops to the

u gro nd below , the grub mines into the withering and decaying leaves e entering the soil to pupate . O n case in which this weevil played havoc with a newly established garden came to our notice in Poona . r There was not a single green leaf on the plants . The best emedy is to burn all leaves that are found dropping to the ground to check future in broods . They always appear the latter half of the monsoon and are not found afterwards .

Another Caterpillar appears about the same time or a little earlier and is found tunnelling the tender shoots . It is of a small moth

n ew Clumetia tran sversa . As often as shoots are put forth the cater pillar is already tunnelling it and it is a very common sight in grafted plants to see dry twigs with holes in t hem . The damage is very great, checking the growth of plants during the monsoon when only new

No f lea ves and shoots are put forth . remedy is likely to e fect much except cutting off every such withering shoot and burnin g it . Very often a white weevil Myllocerus ma culosus is found nibbling at the few leaves of young plants . Coupled with its appearance a of the a green kind Astycus latera lis are also found . They do not c use any considerable damage but can easily be destroyed if they do so . A broad ight winnow is handy in this work . It should be held under , l e the p lants and a light tap given to the branches . The we vils drop into the winnow and can be destroyed easily .

“ The older and more established trees have pests of different kinds . Though most of the caterpillars already noted on leaves are found

. on older trees , they cause little or no inconvenience An important Ba toea a rub a pest on old trees is a thick- set grub of a larg e beetle r r and it is found boring inside the thick bark and stems also . The eggs are laid in the chinks of the rough bark and the young grub at first W lives in the bark . hen it gets older it transfers its attention to the wood inside It tunnels up and down or may trace a spiral round the . 1 latter is usually the way it mines No s . 5 P _ trunk . ( hotos and The the trunk when it confines its attention to the bark only . Tapping the — M A 39 9 66

' da it ba rk with a piece of wood reveals this mage by the hollow sound emits and the grub can be traced to the en d of the gallery by this means , i only if the damage is recognised early . The chewed f bres can be e seen thrust out from a crack in the bark and very oft n small heaps of this sawdust- like material can be seen collected at the bottom of the . en km fe W i i trunk The grub can be scooped out with a stout p th l ttle . he i i so injury to the stem . T part may then be panted W th tar as to prevent other beetles comin g and laying eggs in the tender parts . As many as a dozen can be pulled out of badly attacked trees . Where tea - xture the grub has already entered the wood , half a spoonful of a nu i of three pa rts of chloroform and one pa rt of creosote may be njected 18 into the hole by a syringe and the hole plugged . If the gallery not crooked a stiff piece of wire may be thrust into the hole till it reaches , In a the grub and the grub killed in its gallery . old de d trees the S pupa of this beet le are found along with the large flat grubs . uch trees must be destroyed to prevent the pest breeding unhindered .

’ At the flowerin g time small insects (Iassrds) appea r on the flower ' Idiocerus cl ra lis ing shoots . They are sucking bugs , yp , and crowd round k the flowers and youn g fru its , puncturing the tissues and suc ingthe sap .

In consequence , the flowers as well as young fruits drop before they

' ' “ est Sin d ther attain maturity . When the r is bad , as in some parts of , e may not be any fruits form ed on the trees . The sweet secretion from these bugs is often so abundant that it m ay be heard dropping down a m on the leaves below . A black sort of fungus (C pnodiu ) grows upon

' this sweet secretion and where the pest is bad the upper surface of f most leaves may be covered by this ungus , giving a sooty look _black Ca n od um d to the whole tree . This p i is sai to interfere with the res s piratio n of the tree . A uccession of broods may take place during a f the whole of the fruiting se son and seriously a fect the yield in fru its . Experiments conducted elsewhere have given a remedy by which a great deal of the damage can be averted and it consists in spraying the trees with cru de oil emulsion at intervals of a week until the fruits Ex ha ve set . periments conducted at Ga n eshkhin d Botanical Car e dens hav not , however, been successful . The best remedy recommend ed fish- - 1 e _is oil resin soap ( to To be us ful the sprayings must _ begin a week before the trees flower and be continued until the e ' a mango s are about the size of marble .

An othe e t r p s of some importance on the fruit is a weevil Cryp lorh n cus ma n e a . T y gif r his weevil lays eggs in the still undeveloped ovary of the fruit and the beetle passes through all the stages of growth ' n de i si the stone . When the fruit is ripe a n d ready for the table it

67

may chance to burrow its way out , giving the fruit an unsightly appear c an e . Discolouration of the pu lp due to the excreta being thrust out t of the stone is very of en seen when such mangoes are cut . It is not

every tree that gets attacked , but some trees h ave the reputation of

being attacked every year while neighbouring trees may escape . There does not seem to be any remedy except to burn all stones

irrespective of whether they contain the weevil or not .

- fl Da us z on a tus f A fruit y, c , breeds pro usely in the fruits . The 10 30 fruits rot and to per cent . of the fruits are destroyed . The flies

“ lay their eggs in fruits ready for picking and the larvae (maggots)

develop inside in the pulp , reducing the whole to a slimy rotting con

dition . The maggots , when ready to pupate , force their way out of

/ the fruit and enter the so il . The best means yet found to stop the

a attack is to burn or bury all the fruits found to be att cked . so that the flies may not get any chance of breeding through another genera

tion . Another means found so far successful is to keep windfalls , tw etc as traps under the trees just a week or o before the harvest . If these trap fruits are punctured by a blunt nail the waiting flies readi

ly lay eggs in such fruits . These fruits may then be destroyed . An attempt to destroy males by using a distillate of 0 cimum sa n ctum (tulsi)

as a bait is being made but conclusive results are not yet to hand .

The red ant (Ecophylla sma ragdin a often proves troublesome to

people engaged in the harvesting of the fruits . These ants bite and

Q . . crawl up the legs and hands Their nests are found on the, trees These must first be cut off and destroyed before any attempt is made

to climb the trees . The following are some of the scale insects that affect the mango

‘ — Aspidiotus destructor Sign s This occurs commonly where

mango trees are grown and becomes a serious pest if not checked .

They fu lly cover the tender young branches and leaves . The

upper as well as the lower surfaces of leaves harbour the species .

In gardens devoted to mango gro wm g , individual trees only here and there are seriously affected while the remainder are hardly ' B rkill d . . u attacked at all . It has been recor ed also by I H on

" q) ” r mango trees at Nadiad Gujarat . The best emedy is to

' spray the affected parts With rosin wash (see appendix) .

I N a En tomolo ical Series. Vol. II. o. 2. f A ri. ln di, (I) Memoirs of the Dept . o g , g 68

— few G s There are s ale insects more Chion a spis dila ta ta reen c in P common than this on mango and banyan trees oona , where it occurs on both the upper and lower surfaces of the leaves . The

females are rarely found , and when found they are always on the s C lower surface The insect is known on palm m alcutta , but . its occurrence in Western India has not previously been noted .

— This scale occurs commonly Leucaspis in dica on mango trees but does not seem to have been noticed previously , i in India It was first identified in America on mango sapl ngs . c introduced from India . The s ales are completely hidden under the black mould (called bla ck stem) so common in connection l with scale insects , but under this covering the scales comp etely t encircle the tender branches . I may become a serious pest if

not carefully watched .

— Pulvin a ria psidii Mask . This pest , which is so common

on guava (Psidium guava ) and which forms a white felt , has been

found also on the mango . , The pest is recognisable from a dis tance by these white specks and also from the black mould which

covers the leaves and tender branches . The scale attacks the

green parts but has not been found to be a serious pest .

Icerya seychella rum West -This has been rarely found on

the mango shoots . It has not been observed on any other plants

- in Western India . The remedy for all the above mentioned

pests is to spray with rosin wash .

— Fungoid Diseases Mango plants growing under normal condi tions are little affected by fungi , whereas such as are predisposed to

infection by unsuitable soil , dampness , close , planting, injury by — accident or otherwise in fact , in a weakened condition however

— ' brought about are more liable to attack . Fortunately , in the P Bombay residency , there are very few serious fungoid diseases that attack the mango . In the following notes only those that are commonly met with in the Bombay Deccan have been mentioned .

Soot -mould Ca n odium man ierum y ( p g f Cooke and Broome) . The fungus grows on the honey- dew secretions of plant lice ( aphides) and forms a dense black covering on the affected parts ,

usually leaves . The injury is not due to parasitic action but is

ourn al of the om a ation al His b y tor ociet Vol. X X II 1 14 J B N y S y. I , No. , Jun e 30, 19 , p.

d in flores. Inoculation of buds with juice from malforme or fungus . i i cences has given no definite results . The nternal structure g ves no clue .

CHAPTER X .

Uses a n d Ca n n ing .

— fi Uses of the Ma ngo . The rst and the most obvious use of the f at W l t ll man o is as a food when ripe . Tastes di fer as to the stage g ' O E a It the fruit should be eaten . The urope n generally prefers j ust as

. it is turning ripe, when the flesh is yet firm and cuts easily The

Indian likes it at a later stage when the flesh is soft and squashy . There n e are different methods of opening the mango for eating . O method common among Europeans is to take up a slice on each side leaving the stone and its surrounding pulp in the middle , scoop out the side

’ slices and bite the flesh off the stone after removing ring of skin on it . The Indian often slices the mango into ' sections and eats each sepa rately after skinning . A method practised in America is to remove a cap at one end and eat out all round the stone with a spoon .

— ’ Ca n n in g There is a possibility that a trade in canned mangoes I t may be developed . n cer ain coast districts many mangoes are left

he unsold yearly o n account of t stoppage of steamers during the rains . A firm in Honavar on the coast of the Kanara District of the Bombay Presidency has for some years been producing excellent canned mango juice . Mango pulp preserved in syrup or honey is sold in the Bombay baza ar and a Bengal firm produced canned mango pulp for a time at S . G i . least ome oanese f rms also can in syrup At present , there is dem an in no great d India or outside it for ca nned mango slices , but it is conceivable that a taste for this delicious fruit could be created . In the Ga n eshkhin d Botanical Ga rden s preliminary experiments in mango canning have been carried on since 19 13. The apparatus

, a used was a ste m pressure canning apparatus (Hotel Outfit No . 1) North~West ern S made by the teel and Iron Works , Eau Claire , Wis U S , . See consin nited tates of America ( Photos 18 , 19 and The

50. a e - - net price of the apparatus was doll rs , i. . , Rs . 156 4 0 . This particular type of apparatus was chosen because it combined the fol lowing desirable characters

1 ‘ . 30 s It can develop a pressure of lbs . per qua re in ch. As a S rule only ten pounds pressure is used in canning . team pressure is f a much more e fective steriliser than simply boiling water . fit w it h a n a n d s ld e r in a r t u s C a n n in g o u t C s o g a p p a . 2 0 . N o .

S h o w m g t h e m e t h o d o f u t t m p g m o r t a k in o u t t h e ca n s h g , w e n t h e

a a r a t u s is h pp o t .

72

s s a u ura The following are analy e , kindly m de by the Agric lt l es s u an d a e B a Poon a , of fr h Alphon e fr it c nn d Chem ist . omb y, Alphonse ju ice Juice from fresh Can n ed juice from

ruits. l hon se fm i Alphon se f A p t.

Per cent . 80' 50 Moistu re l ' 264 Acidity as Tartaric acid

Percen tage of suga r on dry ma tters .

Crystallizable sugars

Non - crystallizable sugars

' Tota l su gars 6l 38

The kernel of the fruit conta ins a la rge a mou nt of s ta rch a n d is

the a s n a i sometim es used as food by poor in p rt of the Ce tr l ndia .

- t e e s Pu e s In a letter received from h Ov r eer, blic Ga rd n , Pach 1 marhi , on 7th June l9l3, the following information is conta ined

m ra s H s a a A ong the hilly t ct of o h ng ba d District , there are se era a a s a e C s Ka a r N v l borigin l tribe , n m ly ond , ti , Kotwa , awghan a, an d Korko os, who collect m ango stones an d preserve the same

- as a s u . s s are irs all rie e su food t ff The tone f t of , d d in th n for a s week or o an d then roasted . The process of roa sting is as follows

The stones are first sprea d on a thin layer of grass an d are a a covered with l yer of the same thickness . Fire

is a ass- e pplied to the gr cov red stones . When fla mes are out a small stick is taken an d they are turned u p a n d down to s ur a t a as ec e p r i l ro ting . They are then exposed to the sun a u a s e are for co ple of d y befor they stored u p . When desired a su f i ua is a out F s f cient q ntity t ken for consu m ption . ir t e th y remove the shells to expose the kernel which is crushed a s into co r e powder . It is then pa cked in a thin piece of l a d t c oth n a night the bundle is taken to a pool of water an d a e llow d to remain there for the night with a heavy stone a a . Ea t he pl ced bove it rly in morning , the bu ndle is taken out an d u i bro ght home . t appears that in this wa the - y, as tringent as e t te of the powd r is removed . After completely wash m - g, es ut the powder becom milky white . It is then p 73

in a an d into boil g w ter cooked for some time . It is

ra a u s u - gene lly e ten with milk, c rd , b tter milk or pu lse .

a re a s u ses a There l o other of the m ngo . When green , the stone is a ru extr cted , the f it cut into ha lves or slices an d

I u t u () p into c rries .

(2) a s w sa s es r m de into pickle ith lt , weet oil , chilli an d othe

ingredients .

(3) ma de into preserves known a s Moram ba by being a n d d boiled cooke in syru p .

(4) dried a n d made into the native Am boshi u sed for

a a e dding cidity to c rta in cu rries .

5 u cut sm a ( ) when very yo ng into ll pieces , mixed with sa lt " an d es a n chilli forming excellent Chatni , so great a fa vou rite

a m a s ong Indi n . When ripe

I is a u r ha s a s e ( ) it m de into c r y which we t acid taste .

2 u e s u z s ea la s a n d r ( ) the j ic q ee ed , pr d on p te d ied , forms a n " - excellent t hin ca ke known as Amb poli .

The u e s e j ngly va ri tie , on accou nt of th ir dense sha de a n d ever a green ch racter , ma ke excellent roadside trees a n d groves fo r ca m ping r u s g o nd . It is folly to grow a good variety for sha de a s the fru its a re alwaj s ea ten a n d the tree is a s a ru leless vigorou s a n d sprea ding tha n the ju ngly typ e .

CHAPTER X I.

t Ma ngo Cla ssifica ion .

— The assi a P is a s a n Cl fic tion of Ma n go Va rieties . ( rinted f r t a rticle

the u u a u a . X a l9l5 in Agric lt r l Jo rna l of Indi , Vol , p rt IV, October . ) ("l In India the nu m ber of m a ngo va rieties is im mense Watt s a a but e few t tes that Ma ries collected some 500 va rieties in Indi , v ry a Ma es m a a ttempts ha ve been m a de to describe these . ri de sta rt by describing the varieties of his own district a n d the sa m e ha s been done

s a a n d Ha ss . by one or two other , not bly Woodrow rtle One or two bu t a s a a va rieties ha ve been carefu lly stu died , whole they h ve not

u a c ss is m es been exa mined with a view to cla ssification . S ch pro e ec

' sa ry if we a re to ha ve a n y definite knowledge a s to the types of this s emba rras de rihesses fruit a n d their distribution a nd possibilities . Thi c in forms of ma ngo fru its ha s a ppa rently existed in India for centu ries .

l . l4 . f In ia Vo . V 9 (l) Diction ary of Econ om ic Products o d , , p M A 39- l0 74

‘ l’ de Ca eteru m fru ctu um we find Van Rhee writing horum In 1638 , c omoru m a o rum n ostratium ar a a s au secu s a p py v i c m a ng , h d c r re ion u m diverSIta te lu rim u m ar a es qua e ro g , p v i nt, da ntur speci , p — s m a s u e our Of these other fru it , ngoe , not nlik a es (Translation ppl ra s a r r a a p a re fou nd in seve l type , which v y g e tly ccordin g to a n d ears , the nature of the region .)

we a a s . r Withou t som e classification h ve ch o Acco ding to What s be e u e r e scheme ca n this chao r d c d to o d r

is e a m In all classification the m ain point to xtr ct fro a multitude m m a n d s a of characters those which a re co on con t nt in individuals type It seem s to u s t hat since m a ngo trees a re at present named or s . ru s u a t h ' fru it a s a n d recognised by their f it we ho ld t ke e the part by he ea s a r a e e er a a a the which to classify . T l t v i bl xt n l ch r cter of fruit

d ' s a e ru . s ze a n wei in a given variety is the h p of the f it The i . ght vary

u s the sa m e ree . s is s w considera bly a m ong fr it of t Thi well ho n in Zl photo No .

the s u e s a s No 22 In contrast with fir t fig r t nd photo . , which con f er a r e es a m e tains m angoes of di f ent v i ti , n ly

Pa r 5 Cow - M . . a s Pa e l . othi i i p t l . 6 2 Pa iri . . Batli.

7 . Bo ha . Khoo n t . rs 3.

8 . se 4 Popatya . Alphon .

9 Mu . lgoba .

s a s at e a a re The diversity in h pe i onc pp nt .

as u a a e i u A classification b ed on fr it ch r ct rs s ndou btedly artificial, bu t as a m ea ns for redu cin g to som e kind of order the existing chaos of

a a is as as a u a a . form s , an rtifici l good n t r l cl ssification . atural classi _ fication will come later when the existing form s ha ve been catalogued an d described .

' I a s n cl s ifying mango fru its we m ay with reason follow the plan adopted in l875 for the cla ssification of gra pe varieties by the Inter n a a m e a e m m ss a t K ma n tion l A p logr phi Co i ion olm a r . The three i cla sses then suggested were — (I) Roun d f ruitedr Those va rieties with fru its in which the r m s a length f o t lk to apex is equ a l to or less tha n the breadth. — Lon ruited is g f . Those va rieties in which the length s rea r a di tinctly g te th n the brea dth .

Hortus Malabaricu (l) s .

2 2 .

M a n o f r u it s of d iffe r e n t va r iet ie w s s o in e . g , h g va r ia t io n in s h a p 75

— (3) In defin ite T hose that fa ll in neither class on accou nt

a of being on the border line between the cl sses a n d, in a ddition, a a a a of somewh t v ri ble n tu re .

a the a o s To m ke b ve trictly logica l , class (i) shou ld conta in only those that ha ve fruits with the a xis from sta lk to tip consta ntly shorter tha n the tra nsverse a xis a n d class (3) shou ld conta in the forms with

‘ a s ua a n d a s “ an u u a a both xe eq l l o y do btf l or v ri ble form s . A somewha t “ ) simila r classifica tion was su ggested by Woodhou se for the m a n e goes of Bhagalpor .

This mention of a xes m ea ns that we ha ve to consider in what

s e position a ma ngo fru it hou ld b for description . It is a u sefu l con ven tio n to describe a ma ngo fru it lying on its side with the bea k to

n a is e a the left . O n e ca then t lk of t l ngth (a xis between st lk a n d apex), brea dth (a xis at right a ngles to length. an d pa ra llel to pla ne in which the m a ngo fru it is lying) a n d thickness (axis at right a ngles to brea dth a n d vertica l to surface on which the fru it is lying) .

In the a bo ve -mentioned a rticle by Woo dhou se a n d in a m ore recent ‘zl article by Popen oe the va riou s pa rts of the fru it have been na med s es e m a e o u r a n d the methods of description u gg t d . We y cont nt an d t s u s selves with describing the pa rts, na mely right lef ho lder ,

a a a n d s u s s . ba sa l cavity (a tta chment of sta lk), be k, pex, in (on left ide) s u su a a n d the In a ddition , size in three dimen sion , weight , colo r, rf ce s a s s s u natu re , closeness a n d distribu tion of the m ll dot on the kin ho ld

' ' cu t es s u s a s be described . After the fru it is the fl h ho ld be de cribed

s a s ss a n d s to taste , colou r a n d stringiness, the kin to thickne , the tone is an a a s b a d ma s . to size , weight , fi re , n rking The following ex mple of a ma ngo fru it pa rtly thu s described

— — 245 a s a su m s Qa dh Shen drya . Weight gr mme me re ent s u fl s a s 9 X 6 X 5 cm . , lu sciou , colo r of the e h p le yellow, no fibre r a s s a colou r of the ou ter skin yellow to b ick red , gl nd m ll white, f s u s e slightly rou gh ; basa l ca vity slight , le t ho lder lightly high r e s e 2 cm . a u ; tha n right , bea k slight , from pex , ro nded w ight of ton ‘

X 4 X 3 2 cm s . 37 gra mmes a n d it s measu rements u or Such descriptions will ena ble u s to put ma ngoes into classess b s su a dimate to thema in three cla sses ju st mentioned . The e bordin te u classes wou ld be distingu ished by the cha racteristic shape of the fr it , m issm e s lass s u an d s a g .g . , the Alphon e c with high left ho lder m ll or

l m e II . 168 f riculture. Ben a . Vo u , , (l) Quart erly Jou rn al of the Departm en t o Ag g l p Jan ua ry 1909;

lo ical Societ , 1913. (2) Proceedin gs of the Am erican Pomo g y 76

a ll the a e es t he s s a be k Under this wou ld com e v ri ti of Alphon e h pe, a . se Fern a n dm et a n d a s e e. . , , , c . In but difierin g in colour t t , g Alphon m e u r o ut a s s tabular form the sche wo ld wo k follow

I Gen era escrition l d p . Name of the variety.

Shape Fig . 38 .

' R ish in the Le t shou er hiher tha Very luscious. edd f d n the l . g

m i e an d a e r ht th n sk n .closel attac fra gran t . ddl , p l ig i i y hed . n the out to lesh ots m n u yellow o f d i te.

SI e.

ht e ow Briht red on ex os Fern an din Very luscious . Brig y ll g p ed side and - yellowis green on n on - ex

os . ed sie. . Thic s . i p d k k n c ose. ' l l attach t l y ed o f esh. Sur ace rou h an d wa g rty, with sm a e o ll y ll w dots . Y o is - Madan Ban Luscious ell w h green : beak slightly ' presen t : both shoulders fall: in g equ ally ; small bla ck dots s pre en t .

P ia class. Sha opot pe, Fig . 32 .

S ih aci Ye ow rather rui l g tly d, ll F t bulged in the middle and

easan t . tou h fire sm n arro p l g b all . wed at the stalk end green to red dots prominent

an c ose. d. l Masan a Pa e e ow tou h . Skin reen an m l y ll , g g d oran ge, s all I dots p resen t : beak sharp and ' rom p m en t .

we s re m a e a - e ass If de i d to k world wid cl ification , we shou ld make r a ass s em the a s territo i l cl e bodying Indi n , We t India n , Cu ba n , Philip

' e m a es a n d se pin ngo , the cou ld a ga in be grou ped u n der the two great ea s m o n oem br on ic a n d e r h d of y poly mb yonic . So fa r only mono em r m a s are b yonic ngoe known in India .

A word or two regarding the origin of ma ngo na m es m ay n ot be ou t of place .

seem s a It th t the Indian is somewhat eccentric when he comes . a m m a ru s a n d to n ing ngo f it ta cks a fa nciful title on to every seedling a u es u th t prod c good fr it s . A la rge nu m ber of these m ay frequently a e u r the s s a s be tr c d to colo of kin , h pe , ize , etc . T he following instances

' a sh s will cle rly ow how ome of the ma ngo va rieties have been named How n am e . d E a x m ples . F rom outwar co our I d l Dalimb a ie the y ( co our of om e ran a u t » l k l p te). K I? a ark c ouredfr i ) From shape g d l Ba ll ( ke a ott e ’ . K ' li b l ) elya (like a plan tain) fopa li:(healt flikela m ” Lad” ba l li ( l ke). outs . l ide W4 771 0 xl e havm ( g a romin en t n ose or ho a on e with p beak). B ky ( a 4o]ea

78

Rawan ya .

Dildar .

Kare- mau ve

Gadhem ar.

Dilhou se

l a n 2 Ram ha y . Very in proportio Order No. , p

Varieties

Shou lders ridged .

Varieties

Cohort I I Long fru ited

Mu e a . I a . Order No. , B tli ch long ted Varieties

Sha ravan dodi.

Dodi.

Ca l tio cut . Kha rki

2 T o a u ri o a a t n Order No. , t p . El ng ted with downw rd poin i g

Popatya . Totapuri.

Sau n dadya .

- nd rder No. 3 Cowas Pa a s a a O , u tel . Elong ted , light be k ri e s u dg d ho lders . 79

4 N . n s o , Alpho e . No a s be k high left houlder .

s Alphon e. Man ku rad .

Fern an din . R ebel .

Mu sherad (T a m ba da Kata r a ) , y .

a . Ma - (S fet) da n Ban .

ia . l r Ja m b. C oa Alphonse

O d No. 5 Pa . a m r er , iri Bro d arked bea k .

Pa . Kho bar a Ma a iri y ( n vli),

r Angi ya . Ba lim a n ld v. Ma ej (Poka l)

Shepya.

The selection of va rieties f or difieren t loca lities - In selecting a va a a a u a a s a ' riety of m ngo for p rtic l r tr ct , ever l features ha ve to be con The u s is sidered . p rpo e for which it to be grown viz . , for home

su a o r se es s u due con mption or m rket for pre rv ho ld be given weight . In places s1tuated close to ra ilway sta tions or to big markets the most

e a s a es su a s Pa s Mu a a l ading v rietie of m ngo ch iri Alphon e lgob ; B tli , le e . re a a s s etc a grown . It is lw y de irab , how ver , to grow varieties of last1n g qua lities in pla ces far remote from ra ilwa y communication or s a s a t s e Pa s other transport facilitie , v rie ie lik iri oon deca y a fter ripen

e o r s r ing an d are hence not w ll su ited f u ch pu poses . The question ' now a rises a s to what va rieties are best suited for a a o s is p rticula r tracts . Inform tion n thi point however not complete but the following ta bu la r sta tem ent m a y be u sefu l

Kon kan .

Cowa sj i- Patel in addition to

above In Than a district.

Ka la- Ishad an d Fern an din in

Karwar district . 80

a n d s a ua For those tracts which are very dry who e nn l precipita. l5 s is s a a s s tion does not go beyond inche , it de ir ble to r i e tock plants an d graft the a bove recom m ended va rieties in situ a s it has been foun d by experience that gra fted pla nts direct from pots do not thrive in

es su ch plac .

e a s r s a n d On accou nt of the extend d r nge of the di t ict of the vary. s a a ing soil a n d climatic condition th t prev il within them , the above au recom m endations m u st be a ccepted with c tion .

m a a a er a m a e its f u A va riety y beh ve in c t in nn r , ripen r it durin g a pa rticu lar period an d show other habitua l characteristics when s s a an d growing in certa in condition of oil , clim te, cu ltu ra l methods but when it is grown in different conditions, it m ay beha ve in a very

er e r s the a is su e different m a nn . In oth r wo d , v riety bj ct to the influence

is r e of the conditions in which it g own , ither in regard to flowers

. the K or fru its For exa m ple, in onka n the ma ngoes flower earlier

a u a m than in dry tracts by bo t onth .

— Pr s At the s s a oductiven es . pre ent t ge it is not possible to give the relative yield of m ost of the varieties a lthou gh it is a character of r e m a e p im i port nc .

— Time o Ma tur t The e f iy . tim of m atu rity is an im porta nt varietal ua q lity in the m ango . The Fern an din com es a lways late into the

l - m ar e . ar S ra k A v iety of h va n Dodi in Sata ra District is generally m a u re a er m t ft the iddle of Ju ly . In Bombay m a rket the Madras a s viz T ota u ria n d Neelu b v rietie , p m , genera lly com e into the market r f om July onwa rds .

The following are some of the leading va rieties that keep well

s . Bo Alphon e rsha .

F r e n a n din . Batli .

a S kharia . Khoon t .

82

Bordea ux Mixture.

Ta ke

e l2 lbs . Copper su lphat , lbs 18 . Sla ked lim e,

r 100 a s . Wate , g llon

Dissolve the copper su lphate in 3 ga llons of hot water in a wooden

he m e a u u a e a a Mix t s e . tu b. li in b cketf l of w t r into thin p t Pour

the copper su lphate solution a n d lim e paste sim u lta neou sly in a wooden

30 40 a s a e a n d s r e cask containing to g llon of w t r ti w ll . (If a bright

' steel bla de dipp ed in this m ixtu re tu rns red by the deposition of free copper the m ixtu re is likely to burn the lea ves a n d m ore lime should

e e is e s e t he a be a dd d till no copp r d po it d on bl de . )

a er m a e 100 a s . lb Add w t to k up to g llon Ten s . of soft soap may m a be a dded . It y not be necessa ry when there is no da nger of the m ure e as a a ixt b ing w hed w y by ra in .

Fish Oil Resi o n S ap.

a fis One g llon h oil resin soap .

Sixty gallons water .

0 c = . S 3 i 1 c e E u 0 . m m — m E o am t m m o m o ? 9 5 » 4 m a i 3 h 2 6 1 o m 3 m 3 : s m u m e 5 v J 2 o n a v s : m e z w w h e m s om s o n n — a w o —e w — t e g a n a 1 T a p é 2 o “ Z e “ s e m n — w t u o w e s- e—m — e w m u t e

95

3 3 =0 5 o 5 s > o n aB 6 g o e 3 o e v sm o s v m e n : c i u a n a s — “ i g “ 3 fl w s s - s 3 m £ m o s 0 £ o : a c s 2 c s 5 —hm : u £ 5 o £ F q w a a 3 —s u s 0 3f — E e 9 5 s w 3 e ? . 3 . s 3 v 5 » 5 ? ? 0 u a 2 s “ m i . _ fi — i c a 1 _ s n c a 5 a $ 6 s 5 e o a 0 — o c c q t w n v 8 e : w. e c as 8 2 — 0 0 0 O

(“ w

c