An Archeological and Historical Assessment of The

AN ARCHEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE

WESTSIDE MULTI-MODAL TRANSIT CENTER PHASE II BEXAR COUNTY, TEXAS

Prepared for:

FEDERAL TRANSIT ADMINISTRATION, VIA METROPOLITAN TRANSIT

PREPARED BY: Michelle Dippel, RPA Sally Victor, Senior Historian HNTB Corporation 301 Congress Avenue, Suite 600 Austin, Texas 78701 (512) 447-5590

July 2012

Table of Contents List of Consulting Partners ...... iii Introduction ...... 1 Cultural Resources Regulatory Framework ...... 1 Project Archeologist...... 2 Project Historian ...... 2 Archeological resources ...... 2 Area of Potential Effect ...... 2 Soils and Geomorphology...... 2 Previously Recorded Archeological Sites ...... 3 Previous Investigations ...... 4 Assessment of Archeological Resources Potential ...... 5 Historic Resources ...... 5 Area of Potential Effect ...... 5 Methodology ...... 6 Literature Review and Archival Research ...... 6 Field Survey ...... 7 Historical Contexts...... 7 NRHP Evaluation Criteria ...... 9 Documented Resources Within Area Of Potential Effect ...... 12 SUMMARY OF RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 17 REFERENCES ...... 19

Table 1 – Archeological Resource Inventory within 1.0 km of the APE Table 2 – Resource Inventory within the APE

Appendix A – Map Exhibits Exhibit 1a – Project Location – USGS Topo Exhibit 1b – Project Location – Aerial Exhibit 2 – Resource Location Map Exhibit 3 – 1882 City of San Antonio Engineer’s Map Showing Alazan Ditch Exhibit 4 – Augustus Koch 1886 Bird’s Eye View Detail Exhibit 5 – San Pedro and Alazan Acequias Map Exhibit 6a – 1896 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map Exhibit 6b – 1911 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map Appendix B - Resource Photo Sheets Appendix C – City of San Antonio Ordinance Number 60317

LIST OF CONSULTING PARTNERS

Prime Contractor HNTB Corporation Michelle Dippel, RPA [email protected] Sally Victor, Senior Historian [email protected] 301 Congress Avenue, Suite 600 Austin, Texas 78701 512/691-2203

Local Preservation Contacts Bexar County Historical Commission Dr. Felix Almaraz, Jr., Marker Chair 323 Inspiration Drive San Antonio, TX 78228 210/458-2626 [email protected]

SAN ANTONIO CLG: Shanon Peterson, AICP Historic Preservation Officer City of San Antonio P.O. Box 839966 San Antonio, 78283-3966 210/207-8316 [email protected]

Kay Hindes, City Archeologist Office of Historic Preservation City of San Antonio P.O. Box 839966 San Antonio, 78283-3966 210/207-7306 [email protected]

Elizabeth Porterfield, Senior Management Analyst Office of Historic Preservation City of San Antonio P.O. Box 839966 San Antonio, 78283-3966 210/207-3327 [email protected]

iii

INTRODUCTION

A Supplemental Environmental Assessment for the Westside Multimodal Transit Center (WSMMTC) is being conducted by the VIA Metropolitan Transit Authority (VIA) and the Federal Transit Administration (FTA). The proposed project includes Phase II of the WSMMTC (refer to Appendix A, Exhibit 2), and is an expansion of the WSMMTC Phase I, which is the construction of a transit facility to provide a convenient location to transfer between local buses, bus rapid transit, streetcar, intercity bus and passenger rail services. Phase II would add 2.1 acres to the transit plaza and is conveniently located to provide seamless connections between various modes of transportation.

CULTURAL RESOURCES REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969 requires consideration of important historic, cultural, and natural aspects of our national heritage. Important aspects of our national heritage that may be present in the project area have been considered under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966, as amended. This act requires Federal agencies to take into account the effect that an undertaking will have on historic resources. Historic resources are those included in or are eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) and may include structures, buildings, districts, objects, and sites. In accordance with the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP) regulations pertaining to the protection of historic resources (36 CFR 800.4), Federal agencies are required to identify and evaluate historic-age resources for NRHP eligibility and assess the effects that the undertaking would have on historic resources.

This project also falls under the purview of the Antiquities Code of Texas (ACT), because it involves “lands owned or controlled by the State of Texas or any city, county, or local municipality thereof.” The ACT allows for all such resources to be considered as State Archeological Landmarks (SAL), and requires that each be examined in terms of possible “significance.” Significance standards for the code are clearly outlined under Chapter 26 of the Texas Historical Commission’s (THC) Rules of Practice and Procedure for the ACT and closely follow those of the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and Guidelines.

If a project’s effect is determined to be adverse, the Federal agency must take steps to avoid, minimize, and/or mitigate the adverse effect. The consultation process of identification, evaluation, and assessment of effects to cultural resources is used to address the requirements of Section 106 of NHPA. If a transportation activity has the potential to adversely affect a historic resource and includes the proposed taking or use of the property for a transportation activity, the special provision of Section 4(f) of the United States Department of Transportation (USDOT) Act of 1966 must also be addressed. Considerations must include any feasible and prudent alternatives and planning to minimize harm. The Section 4(f) process also applies to the taking or use of public parks, recreational areas, and wildlife refuges.

This report identifies and documents archeological and historic-age resources (buildings, sites, structures, objects, or districts) within the area of potential effect (APE) of the proposed WSMMTC. Furthermore, this report evaluates the identified cultural resources and makes recommendations regarding NRHP eligibility and effects to cultural resources. Refer to Appendix A, Exhibit 1a and 1b: Project Location Maps and Exhibit 2: Resource Location Map. Appendix A, Exhibits 3, 4, and 5 are nineteenth century maps illustrating the project area. Appendix A, Exhibit 6a and 6b are the 1896 and 1911 Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps for the project area.

This report was prepared by individuals who meet the Secretary of the Interior’s Professional Qualification Standards (36 CFR 61) and includes a description of the project, research and field methods, evaluation methods, historic contexts, and NRHP evaluations and recommendations. In addition, the report provides detailed support documentation including pertinent correspondence.

Project Archeologist

Michelle Dippel, RPA has a B.A. in Archeological Studies, and a M.A. in Anthropology. In addition, Ms. Dippel has 16 years of Cultural Resource Management experience in Texas and other states in the Southeast.

Project Historian

Sally Victor, Senior Historian, has a B.A. in American Studies and a M.S. in Community and Regional Planning and 30 years of experience in historic preservation. Ms. Victor is pre- certified by TxDOT and the New Mexico State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) for historic surveys and archival research. She has 30 years of experience in coordination under Section 106 and NEPA regulations.

ARCHEOLOGICAL RESOURCES

Area of Potential Effect

As a result of a meeting with the THC held on March 30, 2012, it was determined that the APE for archeological resources includes 2.1 acres of land within the proposed boundary of the Phase II improvements (refer to Appendix A, Exhibit 1a).

Soils and Geomorphology

According to the Geologic Atlas of Texas, San Antonio Sheet, the project area falls within the Pecan Gap Chalk (Kpg) Formation. This formation consists of chalk and chalky marl which becomes more calcareous as you go westward in the state. Kpg tends to be a very light yellow to yellowish brown color that weathers to form moderately deep soil which is seldom exposed (Bureau of Economic Geography 1983).

The proposed project area is located in an upland setting that has been previously disturbed by the construction, and in some cases demolition, of various buildings and an existing parking lot. According to the USDA’s Soil Survey of Bexar County, Texas (1966), the project site is situated on Houston Black Clay, terrace, 0 to 1 percent slopes. The Houston series consists of upland soils that are deep, moderately dark colored, and gently sloping to strongly sloping. These soils occur in the northeastern, eastern, south-central, and southwestern parts of the county.

Houston Black Clay, terrace, 0 to 1 percent slopes, occurs as broad areas of an old outwash plain and as broad, smooth terraces that parallel the major streams. It is mainly in the south-central and southwestern parts of the county. It is similar to Houston Black clay, 0 to 1 percent slopes, but has a thicker surface layer and is underlain by more friable, less compact material. A layer of water-bearing gravel commonly occurs near the base of the alluvial deposits.

The surface layer is dark gray, about 40 inches thick, and calcareous. It has fine, blocky structure. The subsurface layer is gray clay and is about 15 inches thick. It has moderate, fine, blocky structure and is extremely firm but crumbly when moist. The underlying material varies. It ranges from clay loam to sandy loam in texture and from reddish yellow and dark brown to light gray in color. Most of this soil is cultivated.

Previously Recorded Archeological Sites

Records on file at the THC’s online Texas Archeological Sites Atlas were examined for information on previously recorded archeological sites and previous archeological investigations conducted within a 1.0-kilometer (km) (.6 mile) radius of the APE. Sixteen sites are located within one km of the APE, and one site is located within the APE. A table of these sites (Table 1) is included below.

Of these 17 sites, one site, the Alazan Acequia (41BX620), is located within the APE and appears to cross the APE in a diagonal path from northwest to southeast. This site has been previously identified as potentially eligible for listing on the NRHP. The Alazan Acequia is only partially located within the APE and extends for approximately 3.2 km (2 miles) outside of the APE. According to Fox (1978), the Alazan Acequia was constructed as a flood control measure in the late 1800’s and subsequently filled when it was no longer needed in the early 1900’s (see more detail on the history of this resource in the “historic contexts” section). The acequia is believed to be between 15 centimeters (cm) (6 inches) and 61 cm (24 inches) below the modern ground surface. Since the original fill and burial of the acequia, various episodes of construction and demolition have impacted the property. The 1911 Sanborn maps identify structures on the block that are no longer in existence; therefore, post-burial, the area in which the acequia is buried was impacted by the construction of the buildings as well as their demolition. In addition, much of the APE currently serves as a parking lot, and it is probable that the construction of it likely impacted the buried acequia.

One of the 17 sites, 41BX302, the Jose Antonio Navarro House and grounds has been designated as a State Archeological Landmark (SAL), and is located approximately .75 km (.47 miles) from the APE. No additional previously recorded sites are located within or adjacent to the APE.

Table 1: Archeological Resources Inventory Within 1.0 km of the APE THC Site Site Type NRHP Eligibility Number 41BX179 Historic - Casa del Capitan, Not recommended eligible Presidio de Bexar 41BX302 Historic – Mexican Revolution, Jose Antonio State Archeological Landmark Navarro House and grounds 41BX508 Historic, industrial – soap Not recommended eligible factory 41BX600 Historic debris, portions of Not recommended eligible Alazan Acequia 41BX601 Historic, commercial Not recommended eligible 41BX605 Historic, commercial - Recommended eligible, not McNue House listed 41BX608 Historic, commercial – Recommended eligible, not Martinez Mill listed 41BX610 Historic, residential - Recommended eligible Lischike/Duerler House 41BX611 Historic, residential – Marx Not recommended eligible House 41BX612 Historic, residential – Not recommended eligible Callaghan Navarro House 41BX614 Historic, commercial – Recommended eligible, not Morales House listed 41BX615 Historic, commercial - Recommended eligible, not Anton Reicher Shop listed 41BX616 Historic, residential - Auton Recommended eligible, not Reicher House listed 41BX618 Historic, residential - Recommended eligible, not Guilbeau-Saldana House listed 41BX620 Historic, Alazan Acequia Not Recommended eligible 41BX647 Historic, residential - Not recommended eligible Ybarbo/Barrera House 41BX992 Historic cemetery site Not recommended eligible

Previous Investigations

No previous investigations have been documented within the current proposed project’s APE. Projects in the vicinity include an early 1980’s City of San Antonio’s Vista Verde redevelopment project (Labadie 1987), which documented many of the sites listed above, as well as the recent investigations for the WSMMTC Phase I project conducted by Raba-Kistner (Held 2010).

Assessment of Archeological Resources Potential

In this part of the state, aboriginal cultural resources are relatively common on alluvial terraces adjacent to prominent streams and springs. While significant aboriginal sites may occur at great depths adjacent to rivers and streams that contain deep Holocene-age alluvial packages, intact aboriginal sites are rare in the uplands. Due to the relative antiquity of the sediments in upland areas, combined with their shrink-swell characteristics and erosional potential, intact aboriginal archeological resources are rare in upland settings. Where they do occur, they tend to consist of surficial scatters of artifacts that lack depth and vertical or horizontal integrity. Historic-age cultural resources may occur almost anywhere in this region and tend to be visible on or near the modern ground surface. Based on the geomorphic characteristics of the soils that characterize the APE, as well as the extent of prior impacts from construction, demolition, and use, the APE appears to possess minimal to no potential to contain any previously unrecorded, intact archeological deposits. In addition, due to the extent of the impacts to the property, it is not likely that site 41BX620, Alazan Acequia would be found to be intact below the ground surface.

HISTORIC RESOURCES

Area of Potential Effect

Per the discussion at the March 30, 2012 meeting with the THC, the APE for historic resources includes the buildings and structures within the proposed boundary of the Phase II improvements as well as the structures on all blocks facing the WSMMTC Phase II project location. The APE is located within the City of San Antonio’s locally designated Cattleman Square Historic District (refer to Appendix A, Exhibit 1a or 1b for the boundaries of this historic district). The City of San Antonio is a Certified Local Government, a program administered by the National Park Service (NPS). The NPS website notes the following:

The Certified Local Government Program is a preservation partnership between local, state and national governments focused on promoting historic preservation at the grass roots level. The program is jointly administered by the National Park Service (NPS) and the State Historic Preservation Offices (SHPOs) in each state, with each local community working through a certification process to become recognized as a Certified Local Government (CLG). CLGs then become an active partner in the Federal Historic Preservation Program and the opportunities it provides.

Therefore, the locally designated individual historic landmarks and historic districts are considered potentially NRHP-eligible. The Cattleman Square Historic District is evaluated as a NRHP District later in this report. Additional rules and regulations relating to Certified Local Governments are contained in 36 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 61.

Methodology

A desktop records review of the APE was conducted for the immediate vicinity of the WSMMTC Phase II during January to April 2012. In addition, each structure (whether historic- age or not yet historic-age) within the project APE was photographed and documented during the field survey. A historic-age resource as defined in accordance with 36 Code of Federal Register (CFR) 60 is a building, structure, object, district, or site that is within the APE and at least 50 years old at the time of letting. The proposed letting date for this project is 2012 therefore the end of the historic period is 1962.

Literature Review and Archival Research

The records review included documentation of NRHP properties, Official Texas Historical Markers (OTHM), Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks (RTHL), and SAL Structure, as well as historic cemeteries. Archival research targeted multiple repositories in San Antonio and on the internet, including the City of San Antonio Archives and Public Records, the City of San Antonio Office of Historic Preservation, and the City of San Antonio Central Library Texana Genealogy Department. The Texas State Archives and Library in Austin was also consulted. In addition, historic maps were reviewed for locations of potential historic resources. A selection of relevant historic maps reviewed is included in Appendix A Exhibits 3-6.

Sources Reviewed  The THC’s Texas Historic Sites Atlas (Atlas) for NRHP, RTHL, Historic Cemetery files, OTHM, and SAL listed resources;  National Parks Service (NPS) website for National Historic Landmarks (NHL);  City of San Antonio Office of Historic Preservation;  Handbook of Texas Online;  Augustus Koch 1873 and 1886 Bird’s Eye View of San Antonio, Texas;  Bexar County Appraisal District;  City of San Antonio Archives and Records;  Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps.

According to these resources, there are two listed NRHP individual resources (Resources 2 and 4), one NRHP eligible resource (Resource 9), and one Local Landmark District treated in this report as a NRHP District (Cattleman Square Historic District) within the project APE. There are no NHL, RTHL, OTHM, or SAL recorded within the APE.

Previous Projects Within the Current Project Area A Non-Archeological Historic-Age Resources Reconnaissance Survey Report (HRSR) was prepared and submitted to the THC in 2010 that included portions of the current project APE that face Medina Street (ECOMM 2010). An earlier HRSR was conducted in 2005 for installation of curb ramps in compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act also included portions of the current project APE that faced Medina Street (LopezGarcia Group 2005).

Field Survey

Per the guidelines discussed with the THC noted above, a field survey was conducted on all buildings and structures within the WSMMTC Phase II project New City Block (NCB) 263 and all buildings and structures facing that city block. All major buildings and outbuildings were photographed and mapped in sufficient detail for evaluation of NRHP eligibility. Photo sheets are located in Appendix B. Each resource is listed in Table 2. A physical description and NRHP eligibility recommendation is provided later in this report.

Historical Contexts

Historical contexts within the APE were identified to understand the cultural influences that formed the environment. They were also developed to enable the organization and evaluation of historic-age resources for historic significance. Based on archival research, the following historic contexts were developed for the APE:

Acequias in West San Antonio, Texas – 1865 – 1903 Present day Bexar County was part of the Spanish Empire and for much of this time most lands were the property of either the Crown or the missions. Early settlers of what was to become San Antonio believed it was safer to live near the missions than in the rural areas where cyclical droughts, severe winters, disease, and native aggressions could be life threatening (City of San Antonio Office of Historic Preservation website 2012).

Acequias or irrigation ditches were significant to the Spanish and Mexican colonial settlements in the San Antonio area. Their primary purpose was to supply water to crops in the semi-arid climate of central and south Texas. Components of an irrigation system may include, but are not limited to dams, canals, ditches, reservoirs, pipes, pumps, and head gates. Construction and maintenance of the acequias was labor intensive thus competition for the limited acreage they served was very strong. Water rights were strictly controlled and landowners were expected to maintain the canals. Noncompliance was subject to fines.

The earliest acequias were constructed for the San Antonio missions and those constructed later were privately built by the owners of ranches and small farms. I. Waynne Cox and David L. Nickels describe the Alazan Acequia as originally conceived as a flood-prevention measure in March 1865, near the end of the Civil War. Anne Fox describes the construction of the Alazan Acequia as a “bold and practical conception” designed in 1872 by City of San Antonio Engineer, Francois Giraud. It was constructed in response to flooding in the Olmos Creek watershed with the growing mid-19th demands for farmland west of San Pedro Creek as an added benefit. As the city grew westward the previous farmlands were taken over by homes and businesses, eliminating the need for the acequia. In 1903 portions of the acequia had been filled in (Fox 1978:3; Cox and Nickels 1996:1-4). Refer to Appendix A Exhibit 5 for a copy of a map from the Fox report that illustrates the San Pedro Acequia and the Alazan Acequia. In addition the 1894 City of San Antonio Civil Engineer Survey Book 5 illustrates that the NCB 263 had been platted into twelve rectangular lots with no mention or illustration of the Alazan Acequia.

Within the project APE, Bexar County Plats Book 2(87-88) indicates that the Alazan Ditch (Acequia) flowed diagonally west to east through the block bounded by Zavala Street (now Travis Street), Frio Street, Houston Street, and Medina Street and finally following South Frio Street south of Buena Vista Street (refer to Appendix A Exhibit 3). It was stone lined, open at the top, and had no cap (Labadie 1987: 12, 30). The vegetation along the canal was clearly visible in the 1886 Augustus Koch Bird’s Eye View Map (refer to Appendix A Exhibit 4). However, as the acequia continued southeast past Commerce Street it is no longer visible on the map as it follows Frio Street to the south. According to Cox and Nickels the Alazan Acequia was utilized for approximately a quarter century from c. 1876 to c. 1903 (Cox and Nickels 1996:1-4). Eventually, the Alazan Acequia was paved over and built over with the expansion of San Antonio in the vicinity of the International and Great Northern (I&GN) Railroad Depot. It may remain buried under the NCB 263 which is the location of WSMMTC Phase II project.

Community Planning and Development in San Antonio, Texas – 1877-1970 Development in the project area has evolved from primarily wood frame dwellings in the late nineteenth century to commercial brick faced buildings. In the twentieth century, this transition is depicted in the Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps (refer to Appendix A Exhibits 6a and 6b) and the 1886 Augustus Koch Bird’s Eye View Map (refer to Appendix A Exhibit 4). Nineteenth century occupation according to Kay Hindes, City of San Antonio Archeologist, also may have included a Hispanic community known as Laredito (translates Little Laredo in Spanish). She described the community as within an area bounded by Laredo, Frio, Perez, and Morales streets and including nineteenth century jacals (structures constructed with tree slim close-set poles tied together and filled out with mud, clay, and grasses). The 1896 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map (Sheets 7 and 9) may illustrate portions of Laredito west of Laredo Street, south of West Commerce and near San Luis Street (outside the APE) where brown or adobe resources are illustrated. The 1911Sanborn Fire Insurance Map clearly illustrates very small one-story wood frame buildings, not adobe, located on the southeast corner of the proposed project location that are noted as Mexican Tenements. These structures were not identified on later maps of the area. Additional intensive research would be required to more clearly delineate the precise location of the Laredito community, but archival research conducted for the proposed project does not indicate this community was located within the APE.

Transportation via the railroads arrived in San Antonio with the Galveston, Harrisburg, and San Antonio Railroad in 1877. In 1879 the I&GN Railroad was extended from Austin to Laredo which provided a direct link between the United States and Mexico. The development around the depot expanded considerably as shown graphically on the 1872 and 1886 Augustus Koch Bird’s Eye View maps (refer to Appendix A Exhibit 4 for a copy of the 1886 map). By 1886 there were multiple hotels and many small homes lining Medina, Frio, Houston, and Commerce streets.

The present I&GN Railroad Depot was designed by San Antonio architect Harvey L. Page and was constructed in 1907. The Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps (refer to Appendix A Exhibit 6) illustrate that the area now known as Cattleman Square Historic District was a mixture of frame one and two-story buildings, some of which appear to have been only a single room clustered around a central outhouse. These small buildings are referred to as “Mexican Dwellings” or “Mexican Tenements.”

The area became more fully developed after the construction of the present depot and Heimann Building (1909) with construction of multiple multi-story brick hotels and commercial buildings. It became increasingly busy during World War I and World War II with United States soldiers arrivals and departures. During the late 1940s and early 1950s passenger train activity slowed considerably. By 1965 only one train used the station daily. The facility was closed in September 1979 (City of San Antonio Office of Historic Preservation website 2012).

Cattleman Square Historic District was designated as a City of San Antonio Landmark District by the San Antonio City Council (Ordinance Number 60317) in 1985. The San Antonio Office of Historic Preservation notes on its website the following:

San Antonio currently has 27 different locally designated historic districts….Not to be confused with National Register Historic Districts, of which San Antonio has 19, local historic districts are adopted by ordinance at City Council and include legal enforcement of compliance with adopted development codes that are specific to historic properties.

Cattleman Square Historic District is a small collection of streets on the west side of IH-35 immediately west of downtown San Antonio. The buildings include late 19th and early 20th century commercial and industrial buildings. It is roughly bounded by Travis and Martin Streets to the north, Buena Vista and Commerce Streets to the south, Pecos La Trinidad (IH-35) to the east, and the railroad tracks to the west. Refer to Appendix A Exhibit 1 for the precise boundaries of the district per the City of San Antonio Historic Preservation Office. During the Interstate Highway construction eras of the 1950s and 1960s multiple buildings in the district were demolished for construction of IH-35. Currently there is a mixture of historic-age buildings that have been substantially renovated, historic-age buildings that are in disrepair and remain vacant, and newer buildings that do not contribute to the architectural or historic integrity of the district as a whole (City of San Antonio Office of Historic Preservation website 2012).

NRHP Evaluation Criteria

While a historic-age resource is required to be evaluated against NRHP criteria under Section 106, there are other categories under which a historic-age resource may be identified, such as RTHL, locally designated resources, OTHM, and cemeteries. These four types of resources must also rise to the level of significance using NRHP criteria to be considered eligible for NRHP listing. Historic-age resources with RTHL designation, local designation, or those with historical markers or cemeteries are not automatically considered eligible for NRHP listing under Section 106. Three of the surveyed resources (Resources 2, 4, and 9) have been listed in the NRHP or determined NRHP eligible. In addition, portions of the NRHP-listed Cattleman Square Historic District are also located within the APE.

To qualify for listing in the NRHP, a resource must be historically significant; that is, it must represent a significant part of the history, architecture, archeology, engineering, or culture of an area, and it must have the characteristics that make it a good representative of resources associated with that aspect of the past. NRHP Criteria A, B, C, and D (refer to next page) were

9 applied in the evaluation of the historic-age resources documented by this report, looking for resources that are representative of the historic contexts (Criterion A), or are associated with the life of an important person, such as those mentioned in the historic contexts (Criterion B), associated architectural and/or engineering qualities (Criterion C), or contained information potential about human history (Criterion D).

Criterion A Events To be considered for listing under Criterion A, a property must be associated with one or more events important in the defined historic context. Criterion A recognizes resources associated with single events, such as the founding of a town, or with a pattern of events, repeated activities, or historic trends, such as the gradual rise of a port city's prominence in trade and commerce. The event or trends, however, must clearly be important within the associated context: settlement, in the case of the town, or development of a maritime economy, in the case of the port city. Moreover, the property must have an important association with the event or historic trends, and it must retain historic integrity.

Criterion B Persons Criterion B applies to resources associated with individuals whose specific contributions to history can be identified and documented. Persons "significant in our past" refers to individuals whose activities are demonstrably important within a local, state, or national historic context. The criterion is generally restricted to those resources that illustrate (rather than commemorate) a person's important achievements.

Criterion C Design or Construction This criterion applies to resources significant for their physical design or construction, including such elements as architecture, landscape architecture, engineering, and artwork. To be eligible under this criterion, a property must meet at least one of the following requirements: embody distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction; represent the work of a master; possess high artistic value; or represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction.

Criterion D Information Potential Certain important research questions about human history can only be answered by the actual physical material of cultural resources. Criterion D encompasses the resources that have the potential to answer, in whole or in part, those types of research questions. The most common type of property nominated under this Criterion is the archeological site (or a district comprised of archeological sites). Buildings, objects, and structures (or districts comprised of these property types), however, can also be eligible for their information potential. Criterion D has two requirements, which must both be met for a property to qualify: the property must have, or have had, information to contribute to our understanding of human history or prehistory, and the information must be considered important.

For listing in the NRHP, a property must meet at least one of the criteria described above and must also possess enough integrity to convey a sense of a particular time and place. These considerations of integrity include:

Location is the place where the historic property was constructed or the place where the historic event occurred. The relationship between the property and its location is often important to understanding why the property was created or why something happened. The actual location of a historic property, complemented by its setting, is particularly important in recapturing the sense of historic events and persons. Except in rare cases, the relationship between a property and its historic associations is destroyed if the property is moved. Design is the combination of elements that create the form, plan, space, structure, and style of a property. It results from conscious decisions made during the original conception and planning of a property (or its significant alteration) and applies to activities as diverse as community planning, engineering, architecture, and landscape architecture. Design includes such elements as organization of space, proportion, scale, technology, ornamentation, and materials. Setting is the physical environment of a historic property. Whereas location refers to the specific place where a property was built or an event occurred, setting refers to the character of the place in which the property played its historical role. It involves how, not just where, the property is situated and its relationship to surrounding features and open space. Materials are the physical elements that were combined or deposited during a particular period of time and in a particular pattern or configuration to form a historic property. The choice and combination of materials reveal the preferences of those who created the property and indicate the availability of particular types of materials and technologies. Indigenous materials are often the focus of regional building traditions and thereby help define an area's sense of time and place. Workmanship is the physical evidence of the crafts of a particular culture or people during any given period in history or prehistory. It is the evidence of artisans' labor and skill in constructing or altering a building, structure, object, or site. Workmanship can apply to the property as a whole or to its individual components. It can be expressed in vernacular methods of construction and plain finishes or in highly sophisticated configurations and ornamental detailing. It can be based on common traditions or innovative period techniques. Feeling is a property's expression of the aesthetic or historic sense of a particular period of time. It results from the presence of physical features that, taken together, convey the property's historic character. For example, a rural historic district retaining original design, materials, workmanship, and setting will relate the feeling of agricultural life in the nineteenth century. Association is the direct link between an important historic event or person and a historic property. A property retains association if it is the place where the event or activity occurred and is sufficiently intact to convey that relationship to an observer. Like feeling, association requires the presence of physical features that convey a property's historic character.

Historic integrity is crucial if a resource is to illustrate significant aspects of the past. Resources should resemble their historic appearance by retaining materials, design features, and construction from the period of significance, conveying a sense of a particular period in history.

When assessing the integrity of a resource, the NRHP does consider entities whose components may lack individual distinction, but over time, harsh environmental exposure, vandalism, abandonment, and neglect have caused the deterioration of various individual components. Eligibility was assessed in terms of the four criteria for listing and assessed the integrity of each historic-age resource within the applicable NRHP contexts.

Documented Resources Within Area Of Potential Effect

Per direction from the THC, all buildings within NCB 263 and all buildings, whether historic-age or not yet historic-age, facing that block were documented with photographs (refer to Appendix B) and located on a resource map (refer to Appendix A Exhibit 2). In addition each resource was evaluated for NRHP eligibility and whether or not it is contributing to the Cattleman Square Historic District. Table 2 summarizes the results.

Table 2: Resources Inventory Within the APE

Distance to City of San the Resource Name of Date of NRHP Eligibility Address Antonio Proposed Number Building Construction Recommendations Landmark Project (feet) Recommended 301 – 411 Scobey Eligible, North 1 Storage 1914 Yes Contributing to the 75 Medina Complex Cattleman Square Street Historic District. Individually NRHP Listed under Criterion C in1975 I&GN 123 North (Reference Number 2 Passenger Medina 1907 Yes 82 75001951), Depot Street contributing to the Cattleman Square Historic District. Eligible as Contributing to the 110 North Cattleman Square West End 3 Medina c. 1915 Yes Historic District, 167 Drug Store Street recommended individually Not Eligible. Individually NRHP Heimann Listed under Building/ Criteria A and C in 118 North Avance 2005 (Reference 4 Medina 1909 Yes 58 National 4001396), Street Headquarter contributing to the s Cattleman Square Historic District. 925 West Recommended Not Within the Old El Fenix 5 Houston c. 1909 Yes Eligible, not proposed Grill Street contributing project area 925 West Recommended Not Within the Unnamed 6 Houston c. 1960 No Eligible, not proposed Retail Street contributing project area

Distance to City of San the Resource Name of Date of NRHP Eligibility Address Antonio Proposed Number Building Construction Recommendations Landmark Project (feet) Unnamed 925 West Recommended Not Within the 7 Storage Houston c. 1960 No Eligible, not proposed Warehouse Street contributing project area Viera 910 West Within the 8 Building Travis c. 2000 No Not historic-age proposed Carport Street project area Determined Washington Individually Hotel/ 230 North Within the Eligible and 9 Viera Medina c. 1940 Yes proposed Contributing to the Historical Street project area Cattleman Square Building Historic District Not historic-age, Medical 301 North 10 1981 No not located within 81 Center Frio Street the District 923 West Recommended Not Within the Commercial 11 Houston c. 1960 No Eligible, and not proposed /Garage Street contributing project area Cattleman’s 915 West Recommended Not Within the 12 Patio Bar Houston c. 1960 No Eligible, and not proposed and Grill Street contributing project area Unnamed 816 West Recommended Not 13 Commercial Houston c. 1940 No Eligible, and not 170 Building Street contributing Eligible as Contributing to the 900 – 906 Cattleman’s Cattleman Square West 14 Square c. 1923 Yes Historic District, 59 Houston Hotel recommended Not Street Eligible Individually Recommended Louis 908 West Eligible, and Hernandez 15 Houston c. 1910 Yes contributing to the 74 Senior, Street Cattleman Square House Historic District Eligible as Contributing to the 912 West Cattleman Square San Antonio 16 Houston c. 1940 Yes Historic District, 56 Dye Works Street recommended Not Eligible Individually Alazan NCB Eligibility Within the 17 c. 1872 No Acequia/ Block 263 discussed above. proposed

Distance to City of San the Resource Name of Date of NRHP Eligibility Address Antonio Proposed Number Building Construction Recommendations Landmark Project (feet) Ditch project area (archeologic al site) Source: City of San Antonio Individual Local Landmarks and Figure 2d Pages 15, 34, Appendix F, 2010 HRSR.

The following section describes the historic-age and not yet historic-age resources in the WSMMTC APE. Each resource entry includes an address, name (if known), short description, integrity issues, and current historic designations. Several sources were utilized to characterize these buildings including, the 2005 Lopez Garcia report entitled, Non-Archeological Historic- Age Resources Reconnaissance Survey, VIA Primo – Fredericksburg Road BRT Project, Bexar County, Texas (2010 HRSR), the City of San Antonio Individual Local Landmarks listing, and the City of San Antonio Historic Landmark Districts maps.

Resource 1 - 301 to 411 North Medina Street (Scobey Storage Complex) This complex contains six contiguous buildings strategically located adjacent to the Union Pacific Railroad tracks and related to the early 1910 to 1990 era moving and storage business. The buildings are abandoned and in a deteriorated state, have many enclosed windows and doors, and have been identified as potentially containing hazardous materials. They are fenced with prominently displayed “No Trespassing” signs. In addition there are many broken and missing windows, as well as additions and alterations to the buildings. Well known Texas architect Alfred Giles designed 301 North Medina Street in 1914. There have been a series of additions to this building as late as the 1940s. As a complex, the buildings are outside the Cattleman Square Historic District but are listed as an individual City of San Antonio Local Landmark. The 2010 HRSR recommended this complex NRHP eligible under Criteria A and C and contributing to the City of San Antonio Cattleman Square Historic District. The buildings maintain integrity of setting and location. For these reasons the buildings are recommended Eligible for the NRHP and are contributing to the Cattleman Square Historic District.

Resource 2 - 123 North Medina Street (I & GN Passenger Depot) This resource is the most significant within the Cattleman Square Historic District. Constructed in 1907 and designed by San Antonio architect Harvey L. Page, it is an especially fine example of Mission/Spanish Revival architecture. It was individually listed in the NRHP in 1975. It is one of the few remaining buildings designed by Harvey L. Page. The facility was closed in 1979 due to the decline of passenger train activity. In the interim it has been completely renovated. It is currently owned by VIA. It is also a City of San Antonio Individual Landmark and is located within the City of San Antonio Cattleman Square Historic District. Based on its NRHP listing, this resource is considered to be contributing to the District.

Resource 3 - 110 North Medina Street (West End Drug Store) This resource is a one-story red brick building with three chamfered recessed double door entries and ornamental three-part parapet constructed c. 1915. It has been renovated, appears to be in good condition, and is

14 occupied. The 2010 HRSR recommended it as NRHP eligible based on its association with the City of San Antonio Cattleman Square Historic District. It is located within the San Antonio Cattleman Square Historic District, and it is a City of San Antonio Individual Landmark. This building has a large two-story addition on the rear that is considerably larger than the original one-story building facing Medina Street. It retains integrity of location, materials, workmanship, and association. The new addition at the rear diminishes integrity of design, setting, and feeling. However because it is a City of San Antonio Individual Landmark Building, it is recommended NRHP eligible as Contributing to the Cattleman Square Historic District under Criterion A within the historic context of Community Planning and Development at the local level of significance. It is not recommended individually NRHP eligible.

Resource 4 - 118 North Medina Street (Heimann Building/Avance National Headquarters) This resource is a three-story red brick building with galleries on the western façade and an ornamental parapet. It was designed by Atlee B. Ayres in 1909. It was individually listed in the NRHP in 2005, is located within the San Antonio Cattleman Square Historic District, and is a City of San Antonio Individual Landmark. This resource is a contributing resource to the District.

Resource 5 - 925 West Houston Street (El Fenix Grill) This resource was constructed c. 1909, is a City of San Antonio Individual Local Landmark, and is within the City of San Antonio Cattleman Square Historic District. The 2010 HRSR recommended this complex as not eligible for the NRHP and not contributing to the Cattleman Square Historic District due to heavy fire damage. It does not have an intact roof or windows, is currently in severely deteriorated condition, and is abandoned. Because of this deterioration it no longer maintains integrity of design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, or association. The only aspect of NRHP integrity that remains is the location. For these reasons the building is recommended Not Eligible for the NRHP and not contributing to the historic district.

Resource 6 – 925 West Houston Street (Unnamed Retail) This resource was constructed c. 1960 and is located within the Cattleman Square Historic District. It is an unremarkable building with a stuccoed exterior, shed roofed awning, boarded up windows, and replacement doors. As such it does not maintain integrity of design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, or association. The only aspect of architectural integrity remaining is location. For these reasons the building is recommended as Not Eligible individually for the NRHP under any criteria and is recommended as non-contributing to the historic district.

Resource 7 – 925 West Houston Street (Unnamed Storage Warehouse) This resource was constructed c. 1960 and is located within the Cattleman Square Historic District. It is an unremarkable building with a stucco façade, raised parapet, and constructed of concrete masonry units, with a front facing gable metal roof. The windows and doors have been boarded up. It does not maintain integrity of design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, or association. The only aspect of architectural integrity remaining is location. For these reasons the building is recommended as Not Eligible individually for the NRHP under any criteria and is not contributing to the Cattleman Square Historic District.

Resource 8 – 910 West Travis Street (Viera Building carport) This structure is a pipe supported carport that is not yet historic age. It is not contributing to the Cattleman Square Historic District.

Resource 9 - 230 North Medina Street (Washington Hotel) This resource is a c. 1940 two-story concrete masonry unit building faced with red brick and a one-story extension on the rear. It is illustrated on the 1911-1951 Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps in the same configuration. It has a flat roof with a stepped parapet, awnings on three sides, and tall paired windows on the north and west first floor facades. The awning lights over the first floor windows have been enclosed. The second story has paired and single double hung windows. It is occupied and was renovated in 2000. There is also a shed roofed carport on the south side of the building adjacent to a gated parking lot. Currently the Washington Hotel is proposed as part of the WSMMTC Phase II Plaza. It retains integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association. For these reasons the building is recommended as eligible for listing in the NRHP and contributing to the Cattleman Square Historic District under Criteria A and C within the historic context of Community Planning and Development at the local level of significance. It is within the City of San Antonio Cattleman Square Historic District and is a City of San Antonio Individual Landmark.

Resource 10 – 301 North Frio Street (Frio Medical Properties) The block bounded by North Medina, West Salinas, North Frio, and West Travis Streets is a Medical Center that is not yet historic-age. It is also not included in the City of San Antonio Cattleman Square Historic District.

Resource 11 – 923 West Houston Street (Commercial/Garage) This building is constructed of sheet metal and is not yet historic age. It is not contributing to the Cattleman Square Historic District.

Resource 12 – 915 West Houston Street (Cattleman’s Patio Bar and Grill) This resource is a concrete masonry unit constructed c. 1960 building. It served as a commercial garage until it was renovated into an outdoor patio bar and grill associated with Cattleman’s Restaurant across the street. There have been additions to the building including the outdoor covered patio area. It is an unremarkable building with stuccoed exterior, shed roofed awning, and replacement windows and doors. As such it does not maintain integrity of design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, or association. The only aspect of architectural integrity remaining is location. For these reasons the building is recommended as Not Eligible individually for the NRHP under any criteria and it is not considered to be contributing to the Cattleman Square Historic District.

Resource 13 – 816 West Houston Street (Unnamed Building) This resource is a concrete masonry unit building constructed c. 1940. It was utilized for light industrial purposes until it was converted to storage. The primary façade is stuccoed with a decorative stepped parapet and tile filled arch. Some awning windows have been covered. The display windows are covered with chain link fencing and the doors are boarded up. Along the east façade is a ribbon course of metal windows separated by pilasters. Some of the metal awning windows have been filled with concrete block. As such it does not maintain integrity of design, setting, materials,

16 workmanship, feeling, or association. The only aspect of architectural integrity remaining is location. For these reasons the building is recommended as Not Eligible individually for the NRHP under any criteria and it is not contributing to the Cattleman Square Historic District. It is not a City of San Antonio Individual Landmark.

Resource 14 - 900 to 906 West Houston Street (Richbrook Building, Cattleman’s Square Tavern, and Hotel) This resource is a two story multi-colored brick building constructed c. 1923. The windows, awnings, and doors have been boarded over or replaced on the first floor; however those boarded over may be retained underneath. The second floor retains one over one wood double hung windows, brick soldier courses, and parapet. The footprint of the building remains as it was originally constructed. It retains integrity of location, setting, materials, feeling, and association. The alterations to the first floor have diminished integrity of design and workmanship. For these reasons the building is recommended as contributing to the Cattleman Square Historic District under Criterion A within the historic context of Community Planning and Development at the local level of significance, but it is not recommended individually eligible for listing in the NRHP. It is within the City of San Antonio Cattleman Square Historic District and is a City of San Antonio Individual Landmark.

Resource 15 - 908 West Houston Street (Louis Hernandez Senior House) This resource is a one-story wood frame and brick L-plan Queen Anne Victorian dwelling. It is in deteriorated condition particularly where the west roof and wall segments have separated and it appears to be abandoned. It is within the City of San Antonio Cattleman Square Historic District and is a City of San Antonio Individual Local Landmark. Because of this deterioration it no longer maintains integrity of materials or workmanship. However, the building retains integrity of location, setting, feeling, and association. For these reasons the building is recommended eligible individually for the NRHP, and it is recommended as contributing to the Cattleman Square Historic District.

Resource 16 - 912 West Houston Street (San Antonio Dye Works) This resource is a two-story brown brick building. The windows and doors have been covered or enclosed; however, it is possible that the original windows and doors are extant. In addition, the brick building exterior retains the distinctive parapet and opening enclosures from the historic-period and is occupied. It is within the City of San Antonio Cattleman Square Historic District and it is a City of San Antonio Individual Landmark. It maintains integrity of location, design, setting, feeling, and association. The alterations that conceal the windows and doors diminish integrity of materials, and workmanship. This resource is recommended Not Eligible individually for the NRHP, however, it is recommended as contributing to the Cattleman Square Historic District.

SUMMARY OF RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This section documents the results and recommendations for both archeological and non- archeological historic resources. One archeological site 41BX620 has been previously identified within the APE (Fox 1978, Cox 1993, and Labadie 1987). This resource, the Alazan Acequia (site 41BX620) is only partially located within the APE and extends for approximately 2 miles outside of the APE. According to Fox, the Alazan Acequia is believed to be between 6 inches and 2 feet below the modern ground surface. Since the original fill and burial of the acequia in

17 the late 1890’s, various episodes of construction and demolition have impacted the property. The 1911 Sanborn maps identify structures on the block that are no longer in existence; therefore, post-burial, the area in which the acequia is buried was impacted by the construction of the buildings as well as their demolition. Large portions of the APE have also been impacted by utility installation, and parking lot construction. Because of these impacts, it is not likely that the portion of the site located within the project APE would be intact. The eligibility of the resource has not been determined by previous investigations; however, it is not likely that the portion of the Alazan Acequia, site 41BX620, located within the APE would be found to be intact below the ground surface and it would not have sufficient integrity to yield additional research potential. Additionally, as previously stated, based on the geomorphic characteristics of the soils that characterize the APE; the extent of prior impacts from construction, demolition, and use, the APE appears to possess minimal potential to contain any previously unrecorded, intact archeological deposits. However, in the unlikely event that unanticipated artifacts or remains are identified during construction, all work should cease immediately and VIA and the THC should be notified of the discovery.

Sixteen structures have been documented within the APE for historic resources. Of the sixteen structures, eight have been listed on the NRHP or have been recommended eligible for listing on the NRHP, six have been recommended as not eligible, and two of the structures were not yet of sufficient age to be historic. The addition of the transit center would not change the overall character of the area, which is currently active and diverse under existing conditions. Noise and vibration effects are not anticipated and the appearance of the transit center will be carefully designed to be visually attractive within the context of the historic district in order to minimize visual effects. Effects on historic properties and the historic district from the addition of the transit center are thus considered neutral. Only one NRHP eligible resource, the Washington Hotel (Resource 9) is located on the block to be acquired by VIA for the WSMMTC. VIA is proposing to include this resource in the design of the proposed facility and will coordinate design reviews with the THC as required to ensure No Adverse Effect to the resource, resulting in No Adverse Effect to any of the resources identified in this report.

In accordance with 36 CFR 800.4, HNTB has made a reasonable and good faith effort to identify historic properties within the archeological APE and the historic APE. No archeological resources were identified that meet the criteria for listing on the NRHP according to 36 CFR 60.4 or for designation as SALs according to 13 TAC 26, and no further archeological work is recommended in connection with the proposed undertaking. In addition, the project as currently planned would have No Adverse Effect on historic structures. It is recommended that all studied areas be cleared from further cultural resources investigations, pending additional design coordination regarding the incorporation of the Washington Hotel into the final plans for the WSMMTC.

REFERENCES

Barnes, Vigil 1983 Geologic atlas of Texas: San Antonio sheet. Bureau of Economic Geology, The University of Texas at Austin.

City of San Antonio Archives and Public Records 2012. http://www.sanantonio.gov/clerk/ArchiveSearch/AdvancedSearch.aspx. 2012 Accessed April 12, 2012. March 21, 1882, Bexar County Plats Book 2 Page 88 of 120, City of San Antonio Office of the City Clerk Municipal Archives & Records. Subject: Plats Book 2. Page 87: Plat showing the partition of portions of Blocks 29, 32, 41, and 49 [44] amongst the heirs of Charles S. Todd, December 27, 1881. [Alazan Ditch, I. and G.N.R.R.; Streets: San Marcos, Comal, Salado, Medina, Frio, Leona, Pecos, Perez, Morales, Hidalgo, Chaves, Zavalla; NCB/OCB 221, 287].

2012 Accessed April 12, 2012. January 01, 1894. Subdivision, Civil Engineer , Survey Book 5 Page 214 of 355, Subject: Zavala St., N. Medina, W. Houston, N. Frio.

City of San Antonio Office of Historic Preservation. http://www.sanantonio.gov/historic/default.aspx. 2012 Cattleman Square Historic District, accessed April 12, 2012. http://www.sanantonio.gov/historic/Districts/Cattleman_Square.aspx 2012 List of City of San Antonio Individual Historic Landmark Designations, accessed April 12, 2012. http://www.sanantonio.gov/historic/Docs/HistoricLandmarks_2011.pdf. 2012 Farms and Ranches of Bexar County National Register of Historic Places nomination, accessed April 12, 2012. http://www.sanantonio.gov/historic/Docs/Hist_Farm_Ranh_Context_NR.pdf. 2012 City of San Antonio Comprehensive Zoning Ordinance.

Cox, I. Waynne.1993 Excavation of a Portion of the San Pedro Acequia (41 BX 337) VIA Metropolitan Transit System Parking Lot, San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas. Center for Archaeological Research, The University of Texas at San Antonio Archaeological Survey Report, No. 219.

Ecological Communications Corporation. 2010 Non-Archeological Historic-Age Resources Reconnaissance Survey VIA Primo – Fredericksburg Road BRT Project Bexar County, Texas. Prepared for VIA Metropolitan Transit and Federal Transit Administration.

Fox, Anne A. 1978 Archaeological Investigations of Portions of the San Pedro and Alazan Acequias in San Antonio, Texas. Center for Archaeological Research, The University of Texas at San Antonio Archaeological Survey Report, No. 49.

Held, Pollyana 2010 An Intensive Archeological Survey of the Proposed VIA PRIMO – Fredericksburg Road Bus Rapid Transit Project San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas.

Labadie, Joseph H. 1987 An Archaeological and Historical Assessment of the Vista Verde South Project, San Antonio, Texas. Center for Archaeological Research, The University of Texas at San Antonio Archaeological Survey Report, No. 156.

LopezGarcia Group. 2005 “Reconnaissance Survey of Historic-Age Resources Along Fredericksburg Road and IH- 10, San Antonio, Texas, for the Installation of Curb Ramps Complying with the Americans with Disabilities Act.” Prepared for Texas Department of Transportation, Environmental Affairs Division by Donald R. Abbe and Steve Gather.

Nickels, David L. and I. Waynne Cox. 1996 An Archaeological Assessment of the Alazan Acequia (41BX620) in the Five Points Area of San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas. Center for Archaeological Research, The University of Texas at San Antonio Archaeological Survey Report, No. 253.

Texas Department of Transportation. Historic Map Overlay Project 2006 1845 San Antonio and Vicinity. 1873Augustus Koch Bird’s Eye View of San Antonio Texas. 1883 City of San Antonio with Alazan Creek, Alazan Ditch, and San Pedro Creek.

Texas State Library and Archives website 1836 Siege of Bexar. 1868 The City of San Antonio. July 1, 1868, Records of the War Department. 1869 City of San Antonio with Some Particular Places. 1873 Porter Loring Bird’s Eye View of San Antonio, Texas. 1889 City of San Antonio, Texas, Matthews, Northrup & Company.

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) 1966 Soil Survey, Bexar County. Soil Conservation Service In cooperation with the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station.

The University of Texas Perry-Castañeda Map Collection 1886 Augustus Koch Bird’s Eye View of San Antonio Texas, from the Amon Carter Museum Collection. 1896 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map, City of San Antonio 1911 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map, City of San Antonio

Appendix A Map Exhibits