【欧州】【鉄道】

Road/Railway – Environmental friendly vehicle: Hydrogen fuel

cell-powered train tests expand to the

Andrea Antolini Former Researcher JTTRI

【概要：Summary】 in the railway sector. The European Commission identifies electricity, hydrogen, biofuels, natural gas, and liquefied 【記事：Article】 petroleum gas (LPG) as alternative fuels. In 1. Background particular, electricity and hydrogen are considered Railways are considered being an environmentally as alternative power sources for an environmental friendly mode of transport, as 80% of its traffic runs friendly transport. Several studies on fuel cells and on electrified lines. However, this also means that hydrogen (FCH) train technology have underlined the 20% of rail traffic and around 40% of the mainline advantages of the utilisation of fuel cells and network are still served by diesel-powered trains, hydrogen in the railway environment. which are known for their high emissions of particle The FCH trains have a potential to replace diesel matters, NOx and also CO2 emissions. In the EU, there rolling stock in the European railway sector and still exist a significant number of non-electrified thereby to reduce GHG emissions and other pollution. railway tracks, and diesel trains and locomotives are FCH trains are considered an economically feasible used in those areas. However, diesel locomotives emit clean alternative to current diesel-powered trains. a significant amount of CO2, particulate matter and Some examples in show that the market NOx, among others. In order to eliminate these introduction of FCH based trains in passenger emissions of diesel-powered trains, they need to be transport is picking up pace. With this replaced by low or zero emission alternatives. Rail competitiveness of FCH technology and the given operators will have to consider a shift from framework conditions, FCH Multiple Units are expected diesel-powered trains to other low emission solutions to have the potential to replace 30% of diesel trains like hydrogen-powered trains, which are considered by 2030. In the mid and long term, the utilisation of being an environmentally friendlier alternative. fuel cell trains could lead to a more sustainable In the railway sector, hydrogen is described as an train operation than diesel powered trains with high energy carrier with “great potential for clean, levels of particulate matter and NOx emissions. After efficient power in stationary, portable and transport the start of operating FCH trains in Germany in 2018, applications.” In particular, in the vast areas with the tests for the utilisation of FCH trains is non-electrified railway networks, new low-emission expending into the Netherlands, which also has a FCH trains are considered being a suitable choice for larger non-electrified railway network. It is replacement of the diesel locomotives. If then also expected that ultimately, fuel cell powered trains the CO2 emissions in the production of hydrogen are could help to decrease the CO2 emission levels also considered, and the CO2 emissions are reduced by using

1 wind energy or other renewables as energy sources, a to reach the zero-emission objectives are not decarbonisation of the railway sector could become unfeasible, FCH trains can be utilised. However, in reality. order to apply the FCH technology successfully in the railway sector, several technological and 2. Comparison of potential replacement options non-technological barriers will still have to be to diesel traction overcome. According to the European Commission, fuel cells and hydrogen (FCH) technology is a promising option to Main benefits of alternatives to diesel traction replace diesel combustion engines also in rail General strengths Key applications transport. The FCH powered trains are equipped with Shunting in yards fuel cells that produce no NOx or particulate matter easy recharging emission while in operation and they can also reduce Battery- Multiple-units or CO2 emissions, compared to equivalent diesel powered little additional locomotives on engine-powered trains. If the utilised hydrogen is traction infrastructure partly electrified required produced from renewable energies, FC-powered engines lines have a great potential to reduce CO2 emissions. Operation over The study entitled “Study on the use of fuel cells and longer Shunting mixed with hydrogen in the railway environment” by Roland Berger non-electrified main line of up to Consultancy, commissioned by Shift2Rail Joint routes than with 200 km distances Undertaking and the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint battery traction Undertaking, assessed the potential of the FCH Multiple-units/main technology for railways. Larger numbers of line locomotives for The study provided, among others, an overview of past Hydrogen trains can be routes with longer studies or technological trials on the implementation fuel cell supplied by a central non-electrified of fuel cell and hydrogen technologies in the railway refuelling sections sector. Furthermore, the market potential to replace infrastructure diesel-powered trains in Europe by 2030 was assessed. Cross-border The study concluded that FCH trains are economically Fast refuelling traffic with viable in particular when they are used on longer (compared to different power non-electrified routes of over 100 km. Since FCH recharging systems trains can operate with very short brakes of less than batteries)

20 minutes for fast refuelling, FCH trains overcome Unlimited access to High speed rail the technical constraints of battery-powered trains electricity, high traffic Electrifi- on non-electrified railways. power range possible Long / heavy freight cation In contrast to the battery-powered trains, which have trains with the operational constraints resulting from their Energy recovery Passenger trains catenary battery configurations, the FCH have a greater without the need for with frequency of at flexibility and have a significant market potential, storage least 2 trains/h as they provide a flexible, zero-emission and Source: Streichfuss, Martin/ Schwilling, Andreas: potentially cost-competitive solution. Therefore, Accelerating the decarbonisation of rail. In: the FCH trains are an economically feasible clean https://www.railwaygazette.com/in-depth/accelerating-the alternative to current diesel-powered trains. In -decarbonisation-of-rail/55086.article, 11 November 2019, particular where other electrification alternatives retrieved 19 November 2019

2 Comparing the environmental effects of the various fuel cell trainset is currently on test at Japan’s traction options, according to Streichfuss, Martin/ Railway Technical Research Institute. JR East has Schwilling, Andreas, fuel cells have potential started work on a new generation of vehicles with the applications on routes where service frequencies are intention of having the first train ready for too low to justify fixed electrification and a longer commercial use in 2024. On the search of options to range is required that would demand large and heavy replace diesel-powered train fleets, in South Korea, batteries. However, fuel cells have the disadvantage Hyundai Rotem and Hyundai Motor’s Mabuchi Research of requiring two energy conversions with their Institute have started developing a fuel cell tram, efficiency losses compared to just one for batteries. following several similar projects in China. The aim Battery power has advantages over fuel cells in terms is to achieve a fast and consistent decarbonisation of CO2 emissions, even when the CO2 emissions from the of the entire energy and transport system production of the batteries is taken into Also in Europe, several regions and countries are consideration. However, the weight of the batteries considering the introduction of hydrogen-powered will continue to limit the range of the vehicles. trains. In Germany, the alone operates Battery power is suited to shunting locomotives, 2,343 diesel train sets for passenger transport, which usually have idle times during the day that which have eventually to be replaced by more allow for recharging, as well as hybrid multiple units environmentally friendly alternatives. In 2014, the or locomotives equipped with pantographs that can German federal states of Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen), operate on electrified lines and recharge from North Rhine-Westphalia, Baden-Württemberg and the catenary or fixed charging points on non-electrified Public Transportation Authorities of Hesse signed a lines. letter of intent with the train manufacturer Alstom Considering the main benefits and disadvantages of for starting trials with 2 fuel cell Alstom Coradia conventional electrification trains, fuel-cells iLint trains by 2018. On 20 September 2016, Alstom trains and battery powered trains, there will be a presented the first Coradia iLint hydrogen role for all three options in the future. However, zero-emission train, with exhaust being only steam given the long lifespan of rolling stock, diesel and condensed water. The Coradia iLint zero-emission vehicles will remain a significant factor in the FCH powered passenger train, which has a maximum speed railway transport for some years. However, of 140 km/h, can cover a distance of about 800 km regulations to incentivise the replacement of diesel without refuelling. The Coradia iLint was funded by vehicles before the end of their economically optimal the German government as part of the National service life could contribute to accelerating the Innovation Program for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell decarbonisation of the railway transport sector. Technology (NIP). The Coradia iLint has been granted approval by the German Railway Office (EBA) for 3. Start of FCH train’s public transport passenger service in Germany and on 16 September 2018, operation the world’s first hydrogen fuel cell Coradia iLint Several railways in Japan and Europe have put train was inaugurated in passenger service for public battery-electric trains into service on regional transportation, in Lower Saxony, Germany. Two fuel lines, particularly where part of the route is already cell powered trains offer commercial service for electrified. However, hydrogen based fuel cells are public transport on the nearly 100km line running considered as one of the best technologies to achieve between Cuxhaven, Bremerhaven, Bremervörde and decarbonisation of railway transport, in particular Buxtehude. The fuel cell trains replaced the existing where other electrification alternatives are diesel trains of the public transport provider technically or economically not feasible. A prototype Eisenbahnen und Verkehrsbetriebe Elbe-Weser (EVB).

3 The necessary hydrogen refuelling facility was funded electrification or hydrotreated vegetable oil fuel, through a EUR 8.4 million grant from the German also with batteries for regenerated braking energy. federal government’s National Innovation Programme Furthermore, the Coradia iLint hydrogen fuel cell for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology. In the longer trains are tested to show that they represent a highly term, this will be replaced by an on-site hydrogen suitable environmentally friendlier solution, production. according to Managing Director of Alstom Benelux Furthermore, the Rhein-Main-Verkehrsverbund (RMV) Bernard Belvaux. On 31 October 2019, Alstom and the public transport company in Hessen, Germany, Province of Groningen, local operator , the announced that one of its subsidiaries, ”fahma”, has Dutch railway infrastructure manager ProRail and the ordered 27 Alstom fuel cell trains, which are set to energy company Engie have signed an agreement for the start operation by 2022. Alstom will also supply the pilot project to test the Coradia iLint hydrogen fuel hydrogen, maintenance and the provision of reserve cell passenger train for the first time in the capacities for the trains over the next 25 years. The Netherlands. The Coradia iLint hydrogen fuel cell FCH trains will replace diesel train sets on four multiple-unit passenger train is to be tested on the regional lines in the Taunus region. It is so far the Groningen – Leeuwarden line. Testing at up to 140 km/h world’s largest fleet of fuel cell trains ordered from is planned to take place over two weeks in the first Alstom. Alstom underlined that there are more quarter of 2020. The testing is aimed at demonstrating opportunities for the utilisation of the Coradia that hydrogen fuel cell technology is an appropriate iLint fuel cell train across Europe, and not only in way to achieve zero-emission railway operation on Germany. non-electrified lines in the Netherlands, which are currently operated using diesel-powered trains. 4. Coradia iLint Fuel cell train test in the Since the Coradia iLint hydrogen fuel cell train is Netherlands – the first pilot project outside quiet and emission-free, emitting only water and Germany steam during operation. It represents a clean After the Coradia iLint hydrogen trains have started alternative for railway operators and regional their regular passenger service in Lower Saxony in authorities wishing to replace diesel fleets on Germany in September 2018, the Dutch province of non-electrified lines with low or zero-emission, Groningen has decided to start a test of the Coradia environmental friendlier trains. iLint fuel cell trains in 2020. The railway network in the Netherlands has about 1,000km of 5. Conclusion non-electrified lines and FCH trains could replace The European railway sector must take action and find the diesel trains in this non-electrified part of the solutions in order to further reducing the railways’ railway network, The planned test with a fuel cell emissions on the non-electrified parts of the railway train in a first pilot project in the Netherlands. network. Due to the high levels of particulate matter In 2017 the Dutch provinces of Groningen and Friesland and NOx emissions as well as CO2 emissions and the awarded Arriva a 15-year contract to continue to noise levels of the diesel-powered trains, which are operate their regional passenger services from used on the non-electrified parts of the railway December 2020 onwards. As part of this, the fleet of network, the rail operators’ continued focus on diesel 51 Stadler GTW DMUs will be fitted with batteries to has to shift to low emission solutions. Although enable braking energy to be recovered for reuse, hybrid electro-diesel and diesel-battery trains have reducing emissions and cutting noise when been considered as solutions, obviously, only battery accelerating. A further 18 new Stadler Wink trainsets and hydrogen fuel cell based solutions have the have been ordered, which will be able use overhead potential to reach a zero emission transport

4 operation. Although railways are considered being Alstom: World premiere: Alstom’s hydrogen trains enter already an environmentally friendly means of passenger service in Lower Saxony. In: transport, in order to further improve its carbon https://www.alstom.com/press-releases-news/2018/9/world- footprint and to achieve zero-emissions, the diesel premiere-alstoms-hydrogen-trains-enter-passenger-service traction needs to be eliminated on the -lower, 16 September 2018, retrieved 4 June 2019 non-electrified part of the railway network. In this Coradia iLint – the world's 1st hydrogen powered train. In: respect, the FCH trains could be a more sustainable https://www.railway-technology.com/news/alstom-coradia-i solution. The FCH trains are expected to offer some lint-netherlands/, 4 November 2019 environmental advantages for the vast D’Silva, Kristina: Coradia iLint: Alstom make world’s first non-electrified parts of the railway networks. hydrogen powered train starts its services in Germany. In: Hydrogen based fuel cells are considered being one of https://urbantransportnews.com/coradia-ilint-alstom-make the best technologies to achieve decarbonisation of -worlds-first-hydrogen-powered-train-starts-its-services railway transport, in particular in regions, where -in-germany/, 16/09/2018, retrieved 19 November 2019 other electrification alternatives are technically D’Silva, Kristina: Alstom to test World’s first hydrogen or economically not feasible. fuel cell train in the Netherlands. In: Fuel cells and battery technology will find a growing https://urbantransportnews.com/alstom-to-test-worlds-fir role in the rail sector for replacing diesel traction, st-hydrogen-fuel-cell-train-in-the-netherlands/, as the pressure to decarbonise rail transport 09/11/2019, retrieved 19 November 2019 increases. However, the wider factors of the power Fuel cell train to be tested in the Netherlands. In: generation of hydrogen and the related emissions need https://www.railwaygazette.com/traction-and-rolling-stoc to be considered, which will also influence k/fuel-cell-train-to-be-tested-in-the-netherlands/54959. deployment choices. article, 1 November 2019, retrieved 20 November 2019 http://www.hydrogenfuelnews.com/alstom-to-bring-trains-e References quipped-with-fuel-cells-to-germany/8533954/, 25.1.2018 Alstom: Coradia iLint – the world's 1st hydrogen powered http://m.engineeringnews.co.za/article/alstom-to-test-it train. In: s-hydrogen-fuel-cell-train-in-the-netherlands-2019-11-01, https://www.alstom.com/our-solutions/rolling-stock/corad 1st November 2019, retrieved 21 November 2019 ia-ilint-worlds-1st-hydrogen-powered-train, retrieved 21 New study shows good potential for hydrogen-powered trains November 2019 in Europe. In: Alstom: RMV’s subsidiary fahma orders the world’s largest https://shift2rail.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Press- fleet of fuel cell trains from Alstom. In: release-hydrogen-in-the-railway-environment_FINAL.pdf, https://www.alstom.com/press-releases-news/2019/5/rmvs-s 17 May 2019, Brussels, retrieved 21 May 2019 ubsidiary-fahma-orders-worlds-largest-fleet-fuel-cell-tr http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/rolling-stock/hydro ains, 21 May 2019, retrieved 4 June 2019 gen-fuel-of-the-future.html, January 15, 2018 Alstom to Test Coradia iLint in the Netherlands. In: https://www.railway-technology.com/features/ilint-worlds https://railway-news.com/alstom-to-test-coradia-ilint-in -first-hydrogen-powered-train/ -the-netherlands/, 04 Nov 2019, retrieved 20 November 2019 New study shows great market potential for Hydrogen in Rail Alstom to test its hydrogen fuel cell train in the throughout Europe. In: Netherlands. In: https://shift2rail.org/news/new-study-fch-technology-in- https://www.alstom.com/press-releases-news/2019/10/alsto the-railway-environment/, May 10, 2019, retrieved 20 May m-test-its-hydrogen-fuel-cell-train-netherlands, 31 Oct 2019 2019, retrieved 20 November 2019

5 Streichfuss, Martin/ Schwilling, Andreas: Accelerating the Ruf, Yvonne, Thomas Zorn, Pinar Akcayoz De Neve, et.al., decarbonisation of rail. In: Roland Berger: STUDY ON THE USE OF FUEL CELLS AND HYDROGEN https://www.railwaygazette.com/in-depth/accelerating-the IN THE RAILWAY ENVIRONMENT. In: -decarbonisation-of-rail/55086.article, 11 November 2019, https://shift2rail.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Final- retrieved 19 November 2019 version_study-on-the-use-of-fuel-cells-and-hydrogen-in-t Hessen plant größte Brennstoffzellen-Flotte der Welt. In: he-railway-environment.pdf. Luxembourg: Publications https://www.faz.net/aktuell/rhein-main/region-und-hessen Office of the European Union, 2019, retrieved 20 May 2019 /rmv-tochter-zuege-mit-brennstoffzelle-fuer-den-taunus-1 6198528.html, 21.05.2019, retrieved 5 June 2019 New study shows good potential for hydrogen-powered trains in Europe. In: https://www.fch.europa.eu/news/new-study-shows-good-pote ntial-hydrogen-powered-trains-europe, Brussels, 17 May 2019, retrieved 20 May 2019

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