found operating simultaneously in any given geographical region, and even within the same company. the and region, even within in any simultaneously given geographical found operating be can providers service of variety a access, and status economic technologies, onsite of types different complexity of the to due Often, operations. truck most sophisticated for required the those to methods most removal sludge manual basic from the techniques of Consequently, variety a presents it companies large to cart, driven bicycle in densely vehiclesurban areas. populated operating multiple (sometimes hundreds) of transport with a with proprietors sole from providers, service of applicable range are a that to transport and collection (FS) sludge faecal in practices best presents chapter This 4.1 INTRODUCTION • Understand Understand the social, procedural and technical aspects related to the collection and transport • Learning Objectives • Be aware of the health and safety issues regarding faecal sludge collectionandtransport. sludge faecal andsafety issuesregarding health ofthe Beaware • that factors and operated are they how are, stations transfer sludge faecal what Know • sludge to a of treatment faecal at playtransport in the variables issues and the Be of aware the • sanitation onsite of types different for applied be can equipment of types which Know • of faecal sludge from onsite sanitation technologies, and of its range ofmagnitude. andofitsrange technologies, sanitation from sludge onsite of faecal infl location. uence their station. point ortransfer technologies. Collection and Transport of andTransport Collection Georges Mikhael, David M.Robbins, James E.Ramsay and Methods andMeansMethods for Faecal Sludge Mbaye Mbéguéré Chapter 4 67

Technology Technology different sizecompanies, oramunicipality.different proprietors, sole be could providers service 12, Chapter in explained be will As facility. treatment the to FS the of transportation subsequent the and itself, collection FS the removal, FS the to prior occur that those include providers service transport and collection FS of responsibilities and duties Typical ANDRESPONSIBILITIES DUTIES TYPICAL 4.2 objectives inmind. overall keeping these vehicles. collection of licensing Activities and certifishould be adapted to suit local the context which are within services the cation, implemented, and while training worker as such measures encourage conducting the work safely and with minimal impact to the environment. should Sanitation authorities removal Effective providers service. service sludge rely on trained safe personnel, functional equipment, and and procedures for professional ideal, an of aspects highlight to is chapter this of objective The tasks. accomplishproviders these to a fromlocation where way onsite transport technologies, treatment in and occurs, which the service FS of collection the to related aspects technical and procedural the properly.on focused is chapter This function not will systems onsite FS, remove to companies transport and collection Without reality. a sanitation to access makes that chain service the in link critical a provide 4.1). They (Figure located are and tanks pit perform a valuable service for residents, neighbourhoods and the cities where they septic as such technologies sanitation onsite from FS transport and collect that companies and People 68 Empyting operation sludge offaecal from aseptic tank using vacuum would equipment. Jobsafety be Figure 4.1 improved byprotective better equipment(photo: David M.Robbins). The operator who comes to collect the FS is often the only person that a resident will interact with with interact will resident a that person only the often is FS the collect to comes who operator The with clients Interfacing 4.2.1 or information on how unimproved latrines might be updated orimproved onhow mightbeupdated unimprovedor information provide to service. better latrines tanks, septic of care proper the on pamphlets as such information, disseminate to governments local with conjunction workin to providers service for opportunity good a also is This work. they which also in can they such, As community system. the in (FSM) management the FS about information of valuable of source a span be and troubleshoot life the increase might that operation proper to related issues and needs repair identify functioning, is it well how assess to opportunity this use should They only when it both system is full, storage and onsite when it who is the will empty.person be able to observe the also is operator The community. their and client benefithe and to cial necessary is removal why communicate sludge to able be to properly,and system, onsite knowledgeablebe the to about but tasks the perform to only not responsibility a has operator the such, As system. onsite their regarding detail in later sections. inlater detail more in covered are FS be of ideallytransportation and collection wouldThe tasks. that removal sludge to activities prior performed those of some on information depth in more provides section This the fi perform nal inspection and report any issues with the system to the customers after the service • process iscompleted; and the cleanupafter • hasbeencompleted; FSremoval oncethe system the closeandsecure • post-collection; system conditionofthe the evaluate • FS; collectthe • process; the facilitate to system openthe • onceitislocated; system accessibilityofthe the determine • have to are removed; sludge that systems sanitation onsite locate • businessmodel; ornegotiate fee one,dependingonthe standardised the share • ofprocedures; them logistics andinform arrange removing FSto to prior customers with interact • provider to: Ideally, service the atypicaljobrequires When emptying the FS from onsite systems, a number of are in tasks performed accomplishing the job. is completed. The result is 95% compliance with sludge removal requirements provided for in their localordinance. provided requirements for removal intheir sludge is95%complianceThe result with answer to questions, present are traffi direct they day removal, ofsludge on the • c andtroubleshoot. of list a provide and tanks septic their up opening in assistance require that homes identify they • a with truck a the day before • out sludge removal takes place, the city workers send visit the homes and pass out they informational neighborhood, the in are providers service the before days few a • follows: as providers service sector private the with partner They cycle. year neighborhood5 rotating a services on neighborhood that by program removal sludge organised an up set has utility, water the with city, the Here in conjunction City,steps further. a few customer interaction Marikina Philippines takes Case City, Study inMarikina 4.1:Customer Interaction ThePhilippines people that can do this for and asmallfee; candothis people that brochures; pendingservice; loudspeaker ofthe adviseresidents to 69

Technology Technology cmuiaig dns o h rsdns peeal a rte rcr o te evc ad any and service service. the andafter cleanlinessduring ensuring the of record • written a (preferably residents the to findings communicating • flprotecting and equipment, walls other oors, and hoses with homes entering when caution using • asneeded; authority regulatory the to abilityandreferring best oftheir questions the to answering • service; the perform to permission explicit obtaining andalways beingcourteous • residents include: level household with interacting when follow should providers service that rules General system. onsite accessthe to acourtyard provider entering service the isinprocess, with operation and makes emptyingthe process more efficient. An example is shown in 4.2, Figure where an emptying critical, is level household the at residents with communication and cooperation Therefore necessity. a emptyingequipment with home the entering makes which , or kitchen the under directly located are systems Frequently,onsite issues. relevant other any and equipment,emptying their place system that requires emptying, to onsite identify access the ports and of manholes (if location they exist), to the identify where determine to to level household the at residents with work providers Service operation AnexampleinDakar, ofanemptying where Senegal thesystem islocated inaninternal Figure 4.2 70 are latrines if and known, be not isbeinghired. may service for onethe itisnotapparent which always grouped location their and buried typically are tanks septic example, For obvious. not is emptied be to needs that system sanitation onsite the of location the Frequently, 4.2.2 to thesystem beemptied Locating identified issues);and from damage; and furniture courtyard andgaining access requirescourtyard cooperation with theresidents (photo: Linda Strande). • are there existing manholes over each compartment that canbeopened? existing manholesover that compartment each there are • equipment (e.g.hose)? removal sludge the accommodate beopened to system canthe • isaccessiblefor emptying:system the if determining in provider service the assist to checklist a as used be can questions following The to transport. accommodate to plant(FSTP) aFStreatment locationcloseenough to client’s isthe area parking the to enough • close located system onsite the is used, being is cart or truck a if • of thesite Location are there any weather related concerns regarding site access, such as stream crossings, or roads which • system; the reach beaccessedto needto property doesneighboring • Access to thesite emptying sludge or truck the accommodate to enough wide be to need roads truck, a using if • oftheroad Width accessibility ofasite: determine that ThefollowingFS emptying typicalfactors are service. the accommodate to accessed be can system the of compartment each if assessing then and accessible, involves fi latrines pit or septicof tanks accessibility is itself the site Determining the if determining rst Determining accessibility 4.2.3 • if the house is constructed on top of a concrete concrete a of top on constructed is house the if • to underneath looking piers, on is house the if • the around yard the in depressions for looking • metal diameter cm one (e.g. probe metal a hammer • the under or outside cleanouts sewer identifying • such indicators obvious for looking known, not if • tank; locationofthe clientthe askingthe • include following: the tanks systems sanitation locate to Methods facilitate the emptying the operation; facilitate event. heavy rain impassableare during equipment. reveal hollowreveal sounds. fl the on bar iron an with tapping gently slab, to oor tank; the of location the indicate might pipes these around earth the (scraping buried are sewer stacks vent if or lines determining and plumbing the inspect an of location the tank; signify underground may which house, encountered; are ortanks rocks rod) gently into and ground the bydetermine feel if might cleanout the tank; locationofthe the indicate of direction The building. 4.3; shown inFigure as slabs, concrete exposed or lids tank manholes, as Figure 4.3 Example of a access port Example ofaseptic tank access port Figure 4.3 Strande). Province, Vietnam (photo: Linda designed for ready access, Vung Tau 71

Technology Technology equipment in proper working order, and reporting to supervisors when repairs are required. are whenrepairs equipment inproper working supervisors to order, and reporting and tools maintaining for responsible be should company transport and collection the of Employees safety equipment including: • and ifavailable; hosesfor FSpumping tanks to aswell asfor addingwater • solids; remove to non-biodegradable hooks • long handle shovels and buckets which may be to remove be cannotnecessary solids that otherwise • lids; openmanholesandaccessport to handtools andother screwdrivers • andmanholes; tanks locate andprobes to bars shovels, pry • include: providers allservice commonto Some tools localmarket. onthe availability the and used technology the on based vary providers service specifiby The used 4.4. tools c Figure in illustrated is maintenance inadequate of example An maintained. and used properly is equipment the providerThe sludge emptyinghas access service to a number the of process tools and requires that that 4.2.4 Tools ofthetrade pitcollapseifemptied? willthe • willslabs,fl have covers following berebuilt to emptying? orseptic tank oors, • have residents the that service a that is so, If required? be ports access new of installation the will • 72 Hoses and fi requirettings frequent attention andrepairs to keep properly. themfunctioning This Figure 4.4 – disinfectants, barriers, sorbentsandbagsfor cleaningupandcollectingspilledmaterial. barriers, – disinfectants, protection, protective eye protection, equipment ashardhat,– personal boots such face andgloves; vehicle from moving whenparked; the prevent to – wheelchocks removed; to? agreed David M.Robbins). illustratespicture inadequate maintenance, resulting inleaking ofFS hose(photo: from theemptying detail inChapter 2. detail as a strong indicator which ease of FS are with coveredthe could be in collected. FS more characteristics needs to have water added pumping. to facilitate This suggests deposition the that could period be used often FS ‘thick’ method, collection the on Depending ‘thick’. as to frequentlyis referred condition this diffi more much cult, collection makes layers digested more and older deeper, the in content organic (Buckley, and water of absence The density collect. to relativelyeasy and viscous less therefore is portion lowertop The 2008). a consequently and layers, deeper in found that than content organic and water higher a has typically portion top the in pit found FS a deposited recently within system, containment example, age, For sludge material. organic content, and water material, its non-biodegradable in by inflof faced presence uenced primarily the challenges are the properties understand These to order transport. in and necessary collection is FS of properties the of Awareness of type the site, the of accessibility system, onsite of type levelofexpertise. provider, andthe service equipment owned by the the on based be will utilised method specifiThe augers. c mechanical or systems, pumping trucks, vacuum tools, hand upon rely may that use of manual and mechanised techniques the through or latrines FS can be removed from septic tanks PROPERTIES OFFAECAL SLUDGE INRELATION TO COLLECTIONAND 4.3 approximately 20 litres of waste, the “Uniloo” isolates both users and collectors from direct contact contact direct from collectors and holding users both of isolates “Uniloo” Capable 2012).the waste, (IDEO, of litres tank 20 approximately waste cartridge sealable and replaceable a has which , urine-diverting mobile, modular, a of consists system This collection. manual hygienic for designed technology innovative an 4.6), (Figure “Uniloo” the is device containment cartridge a of example One devices containment Cartridge 4.4.1 frogmen), for scavengers, as such titles offensive given often are They settlements. informal in communities living low-income from come generally methods collection manual using providers Service MANUAL COLLECTION 4.4 creation. drive job and will development business licensing enable and hygiene, and improve will training services, improved for through demand the sector informal the Formalising licensing. and building, capacity training, as providing such incentivesand practices, unsafe on imposing restrictions practices, best highlighting by collection FS hygienicpromote help can government, local addition, In activities. unsafe and unhygienic commonly practises used in manual sludge collection, and are prohibiting these the recognise to starting are Bangladesh, and Ghana in those as such governments, local and National site treatment or must alsobeavoided. transfer a at discharging than rather environment the into directly FS of Dumping safe. not is countries Asian southeast and south and Sub-Saharan, several in practiced currently as pits perform operators when properthe with tasks their equipment safely following procedures. appropriate For instance, descending into practiced be can methods lift direct and containment Cartridge lift’. ‘direct and containment’ ‘cartridge namely categories, general two into falls collection sludge Manual themselves find often providers service the work. oftheir themselves, nature the andcommunitiesdueto own families their stigmatised within manifest prejudices social these how of Asia’s southern as such groups, ostracised of members are TRANSPORT (pick & shovel men) or men) shovel & (pick pelle baye (excreta bailers). In some regions, they they regions, some In bailers). (excreta bailers kaka (untouchables). However, regardless regardless However, (untouchables). Dalit (Swahili (Swahili vyura et al., et 73

Technology Technology pipe to prevent non-biodegradable material from entering and blocking the pump. the andblocking from entering material non-biodegradable prevent pipe to riser fi is the of strainer bottom A spout. the angled downwardto a tted via pump the exit to pipe riser As handle the is moved up and down, two the valves open and close and in sludge series up is the lifted the riser pipe and a second valve, the ‘plunger’ valve, is connected to a T-handle and puller rod assembly. fabrication steel butterfl and ‘non-return’ stainless y valves. One ‘foot’ valve, the valve, materials is fi available xed in place bottomat the of locally using two containing pipe built riser PVC a of consists It be countries. low-income in common generally techniques can and design, simple a has Gulper The that pumps. water ofdirect-action pump asthat sameprinciples alongthe displacement operates positive driven manually low-cost a is It (LSHTM). Medicine Tropical and Hygiene of School London the by 2007 in developed was 4.6, Figure in shown as Gulper, Sludge The Sludge Gulper 4.5.1 Technology (MAPET). Emptying Pit Manual the and Nibbler, the pump, diaphragm the Gulper, Sludge the namely, trialled; and developed been has that equipment pumping mechanical of types common most the of (4) four of overview effian and provides safelyquickly, section more This ciently. latrines pit and tanks septic servicing in providers service assisting are devices mechanical powered human in innovations Recent MANUALLY OPERATED COLLECTION MECHANICAL 4.5 fi sites. ortreatment stations tanks transfer to transported then are which carts onto tted and long handled shovels. bucketsFilled are hoisted where to are they surface, ground the emptied into The direct lift method involves the collection of FS from or latrines by tanks using long handled buckets lift Direct 4.4.2 safety equipment andprotection. personal usingappropriate station or treatment transfer a at decanted and transport low-cost by transported are cartridges full the while a basis, regular on one empty pre-cleaned a with it replace and cartridge full a seal and remove Collectors FS. with 74 developed cartridge The‘Uniloo’s’ by Unilever, Water andSanitation for theUrbanPoor (WSUP) and Figure 4.5 IDEO inGhana(photo: Nyani Quarmyne). of a rigid, disc shaped body clamped to a flclampeda body shaped to disc seal airtight rigid, An a of diaphragm. a called membrane rubber exible consist typically They materials. non-biodegradable little contains that FS viscosity low extracting of capable pumps low-cost simple4.7, are Figure in illustrated as pumps, diaphragm operated Manually Manually operated diaphragm pumps 4.5.2 hasnot beenreported. support) technical funding, training, or production of pumpthe by providers service of (e.g. intervention the without organisations external widest number the of pit and emptying Asia. providers However,in Africa service independent uptake Of the manually mechanical driven collection systems discussed in this section, the Gulper has reached (Godfrey, operation 2012). splashingofwet during sludge • use;and long-term pipeafter PVC riser ofthe cracking • sludge; inthe present material pump by cloggingofthe non-biodegradable • diffi (Godfrey, pump a culty small setting superstructure the in 2012);toiletsup and with operating • pump include: ofthe andusers by developers reported Some challenges (Boot, Godfrey, 2007; 2012; andFoxon, Still 2012). Depending on the design and used, materials the costcapital of the Gulper ranges from 40 – 1,400 USD the confi of the guration on Gulper. dependent is but pump each fi for is xed pumping The L/min. 30 The well less Gulper with viscous performs sludge and is capable of pumping at a of rate approximately the including ManualDesludgingHandPumpPoor Pump (MDHP). orthe principles, similar use that developed been have pumps Other systems. containment emptyingvarying-depth of the for allow to riser retractable a and pumpingmakeeasier to handle type lever- a include trialed been have Modifi that conditions. cations local to adapted better and user friendly more it make modifi to several cations undergone has Gulper the development, initial its Since Schematic oftheSludge Gulper(Tilley et al., 2014). Figure 4.6

10 cm 70 cm 35 cm 58 cm 60 cm 75

Technology Technology during operation respectively. operation during the of backflend stops and pump the sludge the of owentering fifrom to material valve non-biodegradable prevents tted pipe foot inlet non-returning and rubber strainer a A way toilet. same a unblock the to in used shapes is convex plunger and concave into deform to it causing pulled and pushed alternately is diaphragm pump,cavity. the a the Toforms disc operate the and diaphragm betweenthe 76 Manualdiaphragm pumpoperation inBangladesh (photo: Georges Mikhael). Figure 4.7 the waste from the bottom of the pit and displace it to the top. Once at the top of the pipe, sludge is sludge pipe, the of top the at Once top. the to it displace and pit the of bottom the from waste the out scoop intervals regular at chain the pipe. to attached the horizontally of and loosely top discs metal the Semi-circular at located sprocket and crank double a rotating manually by driven is chain The structure. ofthe any break needto part the without orapitlatrine structure containment access a hole continuous of rollera chain loop enclosed in a PVCthe into the pipe. The pipe can be inserted by developed was Nibbler the called at LSHTM around same the time as pumpGulper.the It is capable of collecting medium viscosity sludge sludge using displacement action, rotary continuous, A 4.5.3 Nibbler section. this in discussed equipment mechanical operated manually four the of summary a provides Table 4.1 Comparison ofequipment 4.5.5 from costs transport and maintenance recover to providers service MAPET the of inability the • sourced be not could which ring) piston leather (a part spare key a of importation the on reliance a • highly were MAPET using providers service the which on support institutional in breakdown a • include: sustainability oflong-term lack for reasons their (BPD,2005).Some of the were operational none years thirteen after and operational, be to found was Tanzania in MAPETs eight the of one only introduction, initially set their However, address. out to they after eight years that challenges technical the of most WASTEtackling in succeeded that concluded also Trials 2003). Bredo, and (Brikké sludge pump to able is and well works sludge from a of depth 3 metres MAPET at of a 10rate to 40 L/min depending the and on depth viscosity the of the that proven have trials view, of point technical a From pushcart. onadedicated mounted each tank, vacuum mechanical manuallycollection system. It driven has twocomponents, separate a pump and a 200 litre advanced technically most the and earliest the both the is MAPET he chapter, this for in technologies the Of system vacuum human-powered a trialled and collection and transport of short-distance sludge called the Manual developed Pit Emptying Technology WASTE(MAPET). 1992, in Tanzania In 4.5.4 MAPET suspended. nibblerwas the of development trials, during success limited to Due discs. and chain the of directions travel upward and downward the divides pipe the of length the spanning plate vertical A transport. onward for used being discs a and Y-shapedinto the container off the sludge into connector,scrapped guides which the diffi pumps parts. andspare the culty inlocally ormanufacturing sourcing • (MullerandRijnsburger, diaphragm 1992); rubber and ofthe cracking • low consequently and entrainment air fiin at resulting seals ttings air-tight diffikeeping in culties • material; non-biodegradable cloggingwhenpumping containing sludge • technology: this with The following have challenges beenreported between 300-850USD. are pumps the cases cost ofapumpsome canvary capital model,the Dependingonthe in onwheelsfor easeoftransport. mounted persons, two or one by transported be to enough light are they While emptying (WASTE fees 1993). Consultants, locally ;and dependent; functionality; 77

Technology Technology as the manual diaphragm pumps. Many different commercial brands and types exist covering multiple covering exist types and brands commercial pumps. Many diaphragm manual different the as being powered than by Other same a pumps principles motor,using diaphragm the operate motorised 4.6.1 Motorised diaphragm pumps pit motorised the as such development gobbler. auger,screw asthe beingdeveloped,such ornolonger of stages early in either is that equipment used commonly less some details also It equipment. vacuum vehicle-mounted of types some and pumps trash pumps, diaphragm motorised as such available widely is that equipment includes It technologies. fullymechanised of range a introduces section This distances. longer can over and sludge emptying of They for quantities vehicles large on transporting systems. mounted or pneumatic mobility, increased for or trolley or fuel frame a electricity, on mounted by be powered are technologies mechanised Fully FULLY MECHANISEDCOLLECTION 4.6 comparison table ofmanually operated equipment mechanical Summary Table 4.1 78 mobility.increased for hydraulically,trolley a using or powered hand by moved and frame be a on mounted typically can are pumps The engine. diesel they Although FS. or petrol a by driven of is FS pumping for used type common most pumping the air, compressed by or electrically the is which of one applications, Gulper MAPET Nibbler pump Manual diaphragm Equipment type Maximumpumpingheadis • Average flow ratesof30 • Suitableforpumpinglow • Maximumpumpinghead • Maximumflow ratesof • May besuitablefor • Maximumpumpinghead • Maximumflow rateof • Suitableforpumpinglow • dependent ondesign L/min sludges viscosity of 3.0m the pumpinghead ofthesludgeand viscosity min dependingonthe 10and40L/ between sludges pumping higherviscosity of 3.5m–4.5m 100 L/min sludges viscosity Performance OperatingCost:Unknown • CapitalCost:40–1,400 • OperatingCost:175per • CapitalCost:3,000 • OperatingCost:Unknown • CapitalCost:Unknown • OperatingCost:Unknown • 300–850(dependingon • Purchase/Operating cost Purchase/Operating (depending ondesign)/ only) (1992) annum (maintenancecosts (1992) andmodel) manufacturer (USD) • Splashing of sludge between Splashingofsludgebetween • PVC riserpipeprone tocracking • Clogging athighnon- • Diffi in accessing with a culty • Difficult tosealfi • at ttings Clogging athighnon- • • MAPET service providers unable service MAPET • ofa Arelianceontheimportation • Requires strong institutional • sludge May beunsuitablefordry • currently Pumpsandspareparts • receiving container the spoutofpumpand biodegradable materialcontent small superstructure biodegradable content fees costsfrom emptying transport to recover maintenanceand key sparepart providers service forMAPET support material content with highnon-biodegradable not locallyavailable entrainment ofair the pumpinletresultingin Challenges typically handle solid particles in the range of 20 to 30 mm, have maximum flow rates of approximately pumps,of pumps the performance depending the differs on size the and model. The 3-inch pumps can Trash pumps are suitable for pumping sludge with high liquid content. Similar to motorised diaphragm remove to easy and simple usually (MSF,2010). ifandwhenrequired unblocking allowing for rapid is housing impellers’ The pumped. being material the up break can that edges cutting with sometimes blades, solid fewer has typically pump trash a of impeller The features. different some pumps,with impellerwater centrifugal to way pumpssimilar work a in Trash Trash pump 4.6.2 iue48 Mechanised pitscrew auger inSouth (photo: Africa David M.Robbins). Figure 4.8 4.8). (Figure auger the itconnectsto pipewhere riser ofthe ontop mounted pipe and byprotruding approximately 5 mimicking to 15 cm from bottom the end of pipe. the motorAn electric is prototypes with development and (Still under aspects effective certain of commercial soil currently motorised augers. They consist be of an auger placed inside are a plastic to riser slowly SAS too Motorised operate 2012). using to O’Riordan, out found carried were were they Trials however design. AS, screw operated Archimedean manually the on based are (SAS) augers screw Pit Motorised pitscrew auger 4.6.3 pump is1,800 trash 3-inch USD. a of price purchase approximate The metres. 30 to 25 of heads pumping maximum and 1,200L/min, The approximate purchase price of a 3-inch motorised diaphragm pump is2,000USD. diaphragm motorised ofa3-inch The approximateprice purchase lack of spare parts for some components of the engine A is 2009). also (O’Riordan, a sludge constraint in the some in low-income material countries. non-biodegradable of pieces large of presence the to due blocked frequently but Africa South in latrines VIP empty to used were pumps diaphragm Motorised 330 L/min,andmaximumpumping headof15 metres. flmaximum a with mm, 60 to to 40 from300 size of in rate ranging pumpowpump solids can 3-inch are They typical model. 2010).A (MSF, and particles solid some size handle can but the sludge liquid on pumping to suited depending generally differs engine diesel or petrol the of performance The 79

Technology Technology Vacuum pumps are sized based on lift elevation, pumping distance, volume of sludge to be removed, be to sludge of volume distance, pumping elevation, lift on based sized are pumpsVacuum Conventional vacuum trucks of types Different following litres. section. inthe described are systems 16,000vacuum to litres 200 from ranging capacities the having with used needs, commonly different accommodate most to models and sizes of variety wide a in available are trucks Vacuum used. be also can motors dedicated powered, independently although transmission system, truck’s the power the to utilise often pumps Vacuum trucks. larger by accessible not settings urban duty carts or even on human powered carts when smaller volumes are being collected, or for lighter use on in trailers, or dense trucks duty heavy on mounted be mayVacuumpumps systems. onsite water-retaining from FS removing at effective be to shown been have vacuum a utilise that systems Pumping 4.6.5 Vehicle-mounted vacuum equipment the in made been have investments andFoxon, Gobbler(Still further 2012).development ofthe no experienced, signifi challenges Nibbler, the cant the with to As due USD. and 1,200 approximately was Gobbler prototype the of cost estimated The diffi not adjustable. was length asthe depths ofdifferent structures culty emptying containment • diffi pump and itsheavyculty moving dueto andsetting weight; upthe • ahighnumberofparts; process requiring acomplex fabrication • andO’Riordan, include(Still 2012):operation and construction the in encountered issues 2012).Foxon,Other and 2012; Still O’Riordan, and (Still signifia be to found problem was cant Gobbler the of chains drive the blocking sludge testing, During andO’Riordan,scoops (Still 2012). the off FS remove to point the discharge the at installed is havescraper a and scoops, by replaced been metal Nibbler the in pits the of out FS pull to used disks metallic The Nibbler. the of that chain gauge Gobbler is powered motor. using a an heavierelectric The rotates motora that double turns chain drive more robust and efficient version of the Nibbler. Using the same a operating as principles as the Nibbler,2009 the in (WRC) Commission Research Water African South the by prototyped was Gobbler The Gobbler 4.6.4 diffi weight dueto andsize. culties manoeuvring • diffi use;and cleaningafter culties with • waste; amountsofnon-biodegradable andlarge sludge dry for usewith unsuitability • complicated emptyingfi the process dueto pipe; andriser auger ofthe andrigidity xed length • and Still 2012; O’Riordan, and (Still include Foxon, PSAs 2012): motorised the by faced challenges the of Some costs. onoperating available iscurrently build,however of700USDto region nodata the in costs prototypes the of one that reported is It waste. of dislodging facilitate to gear reverse a with small (de waste amount los of Reyes, non-biodegradable 2012), more recent with prototypes being fi tted 40 to 50 L/min and it may be for suitable pumping high viscosity FS and semi-solids. They can handle a 20 and SASs can 40 bybe kg, motorised operated one betweenFlow person. are estimated rates to vary to pipe be top allows discharged of into riser the material a the collection Weighingcontainer. between bottom the of auger the and pipe up lifted riser along the auger the flights. A downward angled spout at at blades cutting by up picked is FS turns, auger the as and FS the in placed is pipe riser the Tooperate, 80 need. for isadequate the proposed truck the that verify to be consulted in order to what determine equipment is available. Product specifications must be checked should When systems, local designing manufacturers collection and and transport volume tank. of the availability; • plant; treatment the to distance • andweight constraints; road widths • willbeserviced; that orvaults tanks typicalvolume ofthe • infl factors Various provider, byincluding: aservice truck litres. selectionofavacuum uence the 55,000 to litres 10,000 from ranges FS of collection the for used trucks of volume typical The ofvacuum Foursludge types removal techniques (adapted from Böesch andSchertenleib, 1985). Figure 4.9 h eupet a dsge t hu a obecmatetl esl te s big 43 m 4.3 a being fi rst the vessel; double-compartmental a haul to designed was equipment The 4.10). (Figure beingtested tankers specialist vacuum the mechanical as well collection as equipment. The BREVAC, developed tankers by Building Research (BRE), Establishment was one of vacuum specialist and conventional multiple using Botswana in tests fiof series eld a undertook (IRCWD) Disposal Waste for Centre Reference International the 1983, In BREVAC this more complex system is the expert maintenance needs, in of terms human capacity and spare parts. efflliquid untreated the of dispose to of necessary become downfall The network)uent. then reduce to a (typically effipoints increase order disposal and Wastewater ciency. in transported sludge the capabilities of volume the dewatering fi with also tted are tankers vacuum conventional Some a of bottom the at orinapitlatrine. septic tank found typically sludge viscosity higher emptying for suitable most are They 4.9. Three such techniques namely, air constant drag, air bleed, and plug drag, are briefl y in described Figure Liquid ring pumps are more appropriate for high-capacity vessels and pneumatic conveying techniques. 1985). andSchertenleib, (Böesch Vacuum used. septictanks are in found that as such worklow-viscosity removingsludge fortechniques bestconveyance techniques removal airfl sludge low ow and vacuum high where low-capacity tankers for vacuum appropriate more is former The pump. ring liquid expensive more a or pump vane low-volumefisliding cost,typically low relativelyare a tankers either Conventionalvacuum with tted operators. skilllevelofthe • and budget; • suction capacity and 26 m bar 26 0.8 and capacity a suction with pump vacuum ring liquid performance high a fi with was tted It 1985). Schertenleib, compartment for sludge, and the second a 1m a second the and for sludge, compartment cylinder to incline the vessel and facilitate cleaning after ithadbeen emptied. cleaning after vessel and facilitate cylinder inclinethe to - Lowairflow - Highvacuum V acuum system P a 3 /minute air fl ow rate. The tanker was also fi tted with a hydraulic tipping hydraulic fia also with was tted tanker flThe air rate. /minute ow - Highairflow - Lowvacuum Constant airdragsystem 3 P a compartment for service liquid (i.e. water) (Böesch and (Böesch water) liquid(i.e. for service compartment - Mediumairflow - Highvacuum Pneumatic conveying air bleednozzle P a - Mediumairflow - Highvacuum Plug dragsystem P a 81 3

Technology Technology u t te ihy ehia dsg ad pcait at ncsay o prt i, n te ih cost high the and it, operate to necessary parts specialistmarket. BREVAC target issues,the such inthe demand andpresence with sustain associated to failed and design technical highly the to Due purpose. fiand sound technically be to deemed was technology for t the However, hoses. overall the of clogging caused materials non-biodegradable and level), sludge determine to flgauge a ball of oating addition reconfi required features design Some cleaning. (e.g. guration during pit or tank septic the inside get to someone for need the prevented streams water to pressurised with masses sludge up ability break hydraulically Its 1985). Schertenleib, latrines and pit (Böesch diffi from terrain and cult FS spaces tight viscosity in high manoeuvring emptying and of capable be to proved BREVAC the testing, During Schematic diagram ofBREVAC (adapted from Böesch andSchertenleib, 1985). Figure 4.10 82 TheMarkIII(left) (right) andMark IV models oftheBREVAC device (photo: andtransport collection Figure 4.11 8 P 7 Hatch 6 Handwheel 5 Swing-outreardoor 4 Suctionanddischargevalves 3 Serviceliquidpomp 2 Hydraulicmotor 1 Liquidringvacuumpomp Peter Edwards). ressure safetyvalve 9 21 13 15 Slurrytank 14 Serviceliquid(watertank) 13 Hydraulictanktippingcylinder 12 11 Sparewheel 10 Load/dischargecontrolvalve 9 W 14 T ool locker ater separatorfordischargeair 8 10 15 7 11 3 15 4 5 6 Table 4.2Different Vacutug versions andcorresponding general properties 4.11 sold.Examplesshown unitsofeach are inFigure several andinTable 4.2. and Bangladesh, in developed been have versions four further a then, (KWAHO).Since Organisation Health and Water Kenya the by Kenya in trialled and (MCA), Associates Coffey Manus by Ireland in developed was I, fiMark The version, Vacutug.UN-HABITAT rst the of development the in account In 1995, lessons learned from the development of the BREVAC and MAPET by IRCWD were taken into Vacutug 10 Break up FS that has agglomerated into a solid mass, either by making use of a long handle shovel handle long a of use making by either mass, solid a into agglomerated has that FS up Break 10 jobiscomplete. process untilthe Continuethis 9 then gauge, vacuum the watching by closed valve the with level proper the to vacuum the Increase 8 transmission. truck’s from the equipment by usingapower vacuum take-off the Engage 7 system. storage over orcovers the accessports orpitby removing the tank Openthe 6 beemptied. orpitto tank the to truck hosesfrom the Lay outandconnectthe high identifying 5 or people, of usingwheelchocks. truck the Secure area the 4 clearing as such hazards, possible for site the Inspect 3 orissues. andnote any concerns pendingservice occupantofthe the Inform 2 1 as Park truck the close to system the as possible. The maximum is distance by determined length the trucks: ofvacuum operation The following for recommended the are steps service the of health providers. and equipment the protect to also but removal, sludge accomplish correctly, to operated only not be must that systems mechanical complex are removal sludge for units Vacuum Delivering vehicle-mounted vacuum services 4.6.6 Mark I&II Mark III Mark IV Mark V Version removal of further FS. offurther removal the enable to vacuum the re-builds periodically valve the Closing pit. or tank the of out drawn is FS suffi valve the open and that such system, ciently storage the into hose the of end the lowering ‘fl to couldcauseatank that groundwater ifemptied.oat’ pumps. may intermediate require differences orelevation distances Further gain. elevation in meters 4 and distance linear in meters 25 than more no be typically should This inlet. tank truck vacuum the to tank septic or pit the of bottom the from rise elevation and hose of sanitation system in order to use the high pressure stream to break up the sludge. The direction of direction The sludge. the up break to stream pressure high the use to order in system sanitation the into and hose the through back tank truck vacuum direction the of the contents fl reversing the the forcing of by and ow or FS; the of viscosity the reduce to necessary when water adding and 500 1,900 700 1,000 Capacity Capacity (litres) Relative Width Very Narrow Average Narrow Narrow Travel Distance Short-Haul Long-Haul Medium-Haul Medium-Haul propelled chassis Mounted onself- Mounted on or pick-up propelled by tractor trailer chassisand of motorisedtricycle Mounted onchassis of motorisedtricycle Mounted onchassis Mounting & Mounting Propulsion (excluding shipping) Cost (USD) 10,000 20,000 15,000 15,000 83

Technology Technology iue41 Examplewhere method ofcorrect thehose Figure 4.12 17 Remove the wheel chocks and drive the truck to the next site or to the nearest approved disposal approved nearest the to or site next the to truck the drive and chocks wheel the Remove17 instances, some In fi report. the nal them give and complete, is work the that client the Inform 16 15 Cleanupany usingproper spillage sorbentmaterials; hoses; away lidandpack the 14 tank the Secure carried be should checks following the tank, septic a of case the empty.In once system the 13Inspect oils materials, non-biodegradable of concentration high as such conditions, abnormal any Identify 12 is this that recommended is It contents. the of 95% and 90% between remove should Operators 11 84 site. operator the fi interview, this nal fi clientofthe the informs During ndings andany recommendations; system. billing of type some through provider the service to directly made often is payment however, service the for immediately received is payment system. any for recommendations proper useofthe • any ormaintenance; for recommendations repairs • orpit; tank conditionofthe the • removed; was how waste much • indicating: report awritten Prepare f. are they that completeand pumpingis the when properlyattached are lids tank the that Ensure e. isproperly vented; tank the Verify that d. ordamage; for cracks tank Inspectthe c. structures these Frequently, place. in properly are tees outlet and inlet that sure make to Check b. lines leach plugged indicate could which pipe, discharge the from back running water for Listen a. operator: out by the drain. down andifexcessive the beingdischarged system, are chemicals the using are occupants the how to as clues provide can FS the of odour and colour The grease. and verifi spot checks. periodic ed by through management is in sound condition, and hose the that connections are locked into place to using prior method; this hose the that ensure to essential is It removed. contents the fland the normal to returned then is ow properly secured; tank; bottom ofthe andcansometimes befound atthe off break (if present); Strande). is easy andquick to assemble (photo: Linda iue41 Example ofanimproperly maintained Figure 4.13 and twine (photo:and twine David M.Robbins). hose held together with plastic bags Table 4.3 Summary table for mechanisedequipment sludge mechanical Summary emptying Table 4.3 cost equipment andconcerns. performance, section,highlightingthe discussed inthis emptying sludge mechanical mechanised the of aspects main the Table 4.3 summarises offully mechanised systems Summary 4.6.7 or used,capacity, capabilities(e.g.jetting), andshipping costs. extra 2 speed of10 travel average 2011) km/h(MikhaelandParkinson, 1 Assuming two loads emptied per day from an average distance of 10 kilometres from the disposal point and an and point disposal the from kilometres 10 of distance average an from day per emptied loads two Assuming The range of price conventionalsignifi varies vacuum tankers cantly depending on whether vehiclethe is brand new Vacutug Gobbler auger Pit screw Trash pump pump diaphragm Motorised vacuum tanker Conventional Equipment Type flow ratesofover 50L/min. • canhandleliquidsludgeandasmall • maximumflow rateofapproximately • liquidsludgeand canhandlevery • maximum pumping head of 15 m (can • maximumflow rateof300to • canhandleliquidsludgeandsolid • Pumpingheadvaries dependingon • large quantities Idealfortransporting • sludge caneasilyhandlelow-viscosity • pumpingheadvariesdependingon • idealforareaswithlimitedaccess. • sludgewell canhandlelow-viscosity • diffi from variable emptying culty • pumpingheadofatleast3m • easilyduetosludgebuildupin blocks • depths) (diffi from variable emptying culty pumping headofatleast3m amount ofnon-biodegradablewaste from variabledepths) head of25to30m(caneasilyempty 1,200 L/min.Maximumpumping 20to30mminsizesolid particles easily empty from variabledepths) easily empty 330 L/min 40to60mminsizeparticles pump modelused of sludgeover longdistances waste well andsomenon-biodegradable model used and somenon-biodegradablewaste depths the working parts Performance Capital Operating 700 2,000 500 – 2,000 20,000 10,000 – 1,200 100,000 10,000 – Cost (USD) 2 load 25 USD/ Unknown Variable Highly Unknown Unknown Unknown 1 notfinancially viableforlong- • smallvolume (500to1,900 • diffi high- emptying culty • canbeslowtotransport • notadjustable length • weight ofthepump • complexfabricationprocess • difficult tomanoeuver dueto • difficult tocleanafteruse • unsuitableforusewithdry • thefi oftheauger xed length • prohibitively expensive for • difficult tomaintainin • diffi accessinghigh- culty • • spare parts notavailable spareparts • blockingduetonon- • weight andsize non-biodegradable waste sludge andlarge quantitiesof and riserpipe potentialforclogging • requirescontainmentsystem • difficult tofi • nd spareparts haul transport litres) sludge viscosity and ahighnumberofparts some service providers some service specialised parts low-income contextsdueto areas density locally sludge biodegradable wasteinthe Challenges 85

Technology Technology iue41 Schematic ofhumanpowered sludge faecal Figure 4.14 3km. up to of range effective an have and spaces tight in manoeuvrable be to designed are The carts 2012). Koné, and Chowdhry 2003; Barreiro, 2002; Montonegero, and 2012, Foxon,Strauss and (Still cart pushed or pulled manually a in or on carried litres be can 200 to up of of capacities with Containers sludge wheels. axle more single or a one on with mounted load-bed a of consist typically carts standardised widely, vary designs 4.14.Although Figure in shown is which of example an countries, low-income designed carts customised as specifically for well of transport FS, can be found in many as transport materials, general for of used carts standard both Today, emerging and safety, and Manual transport health 4.7.1 worker stations, transfer of use the as such aspects other • procedures need that to be followed including of road rules the and activities at treatment the plant; • and sorbents, disinfectants, and certifi training including the operator skills of the the might be required perform to cations that shovels, including • used be to equipment management spill the • type the of sludge removal equipment, including hoses, pumps, augers, and other tools of trade; the • type of the vehicle to be used including maintenance, its licenses and roadand permits, worthiness, • ofFSinclude: transportation for beconsidered the needto The aspectsthat and disadvantages. advantages in use and their presents equipment currently types of manual and motorised different the describes section This engine. fuel-powered a motor-propelledusing is which that power,and animal This equipment can be into categorised two main forms: that which is manually propelled by human or facility. ortreatment station transfer the to sludge sludge. the transporting of of capable some Low-cost equipment, or standardised of transport customised,used foris often nottransport therefore the and are 4.6 4.5 Section Section in previously in described described equipment equipment mechanised small-scale operated manually the of Most OFFAECAL TRANSPORT SLUDGE 4.7 86 technologies. technologies. and work; the collection bags; itiskeptwhere whenitisnot inservice; (figure: Research Triangle Institute). technology management transport et al., et Figure 4.15 Sludge collection and transport vehicle Sludge andtransport navigating collection ofManila, Philippines roads (photo: city inthebusy Figure 4.15 for large operators, smaller systems and transfer stations rely on manual methods of vacuum truck truck vacuum of methods emptying.manual on rely stations transfer and systems smaller operators, large for may be providers. While used mechanised receiving stations of service and accountability accuracy the increase and error human reduce therefore can stations receiving Mechanised required. as information relevant other any and port, name, operator’s input the received, volume the load, the the of date to and time the track truck vacuum the from hose the will provided. system The station receiving the load through electronically the signs in, and discharges connects operator the where 4.16, Figure in shown as stations receiving mechanised of use make to FSTPs larger for common more becoming is It Delivering sludge to faecal thetreatment4.7.3 plantortransfer station can be fi 2011). (Losai Management Limited, hook lifts with additional options as cranes such with tted 2012;Bhagwan (McBride, providers service small-scale for affordable always not are these but kg, 5,000 to 2,000 from ranging capacities load with trucks pick-up include Examples FS. of collection the for used been also has equipment transport motorised expensive More fi (O’Riordan, 2009)orinatank bed ofatricycle 4.14). (Figure back the to tted load the on drums in transported be either can Sludge kg. 1,000 to up of loads carrying of capable are vehicles. Some models motorised larger size and power the and streets are able access to narrower than Motorised tricycles are the smallest type of low-cost used motorised transport to move FS. They in vary locally are available. outrepairs knowledge carry andskills to the that verify to it isimportant many are variations widely used in low-income countries. Before selecting the type of transport system, maintenance of is transport motorised generally more complex than that of manual howevertransport, speed, increased and capacities load larger leading to reduced travel times as range and compareda greater The to and manual operation fortransport. potential the offers equipment transport Motorised Motorised transport 4.7.2 low a transport. and for longdistance not are suitable andlow speed,they range travel limited capacity, load small a have generally equipment transport low-cost manual Since David M.Robbins). , 2012), sometimes trucks trucks 2012),sometimes al., et 87

Technology Technology 10 Clean up any spillage in the area around the inlet after completing the discharge of FS into the the into FS of discharge the completing after inlet the around area the in spillage any up Clean 10 a on standing as such station transfer a into drums discharging when techniques lifting proper Use 9 Store any solids screened non-biodegradable in a safe location to drain and to prior dry containment 8 to screens have stations transfer some as solids the washing suffifor Ensure available is water cient 7 as FS, transporting to prior station transfer the to access and authorisation necessary the Obtain 6 offl completeand the tank forthe unloading mechanism other or power take-off the oading Engage 5 connections. hoseandmake the Remove the 4 out of gear, truck location fordesignated parkthe sludge removal, and in take the truck Position the 3 Carefully following samplingthe regarding instructions of FS. Some haveFSTPs designated sites for 2 guard oroperator. facility inwith Check 1 following safety guidelines: the to adhere should operators station, transfer or plant treatment the to FS of method delivery the of Independent Automated sludge faecal receiving station at ManilaWater’s South Septage Treatment plant, Manila, Figure 4.16 88 and washing), hand (e.g. practices hygiene adequate following equipment, and hoses Replace 12 Use 11personal protective equipment such as gloves and hard hats, and do not smoke the entire during completing the required paperwork. required completing the operation. collection anddischarge inlet. the andre-seal station transfer andensurallprotective equipment isworn. surface, stable landfi incineration through and/or proper disposaleither lling. solids. remove non-biodegradable have locked inlets. stations some transfer process. wheels. the parking andchock brake, apply the plant. the to hazardous materials contain may FS the that suspected is it if discharge allowing to prior FS the of samples request may operators Plant sludges. commercial for others and septage, residential Philippines (photo: WSUP, Sam Parker). ag-ie (.. utmsd ealc ak o sis >,0 m >2,000 skips, or tanks metallic customised (e.g. large-sized • frame, metallic and liner plastic of made (IBCs) Containers Bulk Intermediate (e.g. medium-sized • 2012); McBride, drums, metal smallsized(e.g.200-litre • been has station’ transfer ‘modular as: sizessuch Thesecomeinvarious vault. concrete the replace to the containers developed usingportable category, second a de-silting, of challenges the mitigate To costly andtime-consumingprocess. prohibitively a became de-silting as disuse into fell UHTsoperational many result, a an As became authorities. local for soon issue periods long relatively over stored is FS when place takes that siltation and separation solid-liquid natural However, the transport). (secondary trucks vacuum and transport) the following sections. the There ‘fiare two main stations: types of transfer in in more detail xed’ These and are described ‘mobile’. 4.8.2 Types oftransfer stations equipment. transport andsecondary primary both beaccessibleto stations transfer that essential fiis a It to point. disposal transported nal and truck, tanker a as such equipment transport large-capacity of means by emptied is station. station transfer transfer the nearby stage, a transport to secondary collection the In of point the from or FS the carts transport stage, to primary used are the vehicles small During secondary. and primary stages: main two into process the dividing transport developed been have approaches transport decentralised issue, this address to order In disposal site. a fi FS to for be economically it to viable for transporting great too often are or treatment nal centralised times travel the distances, short over sludge transporting for suitable be may equipment this of some FS of transport While tankers. vacuum and large to collection inaccessible areas in use the for suitable equipment for small-scale including options different introduced chapter this in sections Earlier 4.8.1 Introduction STATIONS TRANSFER 4.8 of approximately 23 m 23 approximately capacities of With Ghana. Accra, in (2007) Boot by reported (UHT) tank holding underground the are tanks such of example An treatment. for capacity without time of period short a over FS for capacity ‘permanent are which fi of the rst categories, main storage Constructed as tanks’. vault-like concrete fourstructures, these are tanks designed to provide into storage divided be can stations transfer Fixed Fixed transfer stations both access to fresh FS and treatment capacity is easier siting due to acceptance by community and a and community by acceptance to due siting easier is capacity treatment and FS fresh to providing access stations both of advantage main The digesters). biogas baffl reactors, anaerobic ed tanks, (e.g. septic digestion anaerobic beds, or 2012) drying Konsortium, Water Indah tanks, and (settling Group Consulting dewatering ERE - as geotubes such processes include could feature design latter This capacity,storage it can also accept fresh FS from a , and/or provide sludge partial treatment. fiof type providing third to A addition In tank’. permanent ‘multi-functional the is station xedtransfer truck. emptied avacuum IBCsare with Oncefullthe spillage. fl tampering, or avoid ooding to order in pit containers the concrete-lined store a to used Ghana was compound in fenced a project within one in example, For used. containers of type the to according The fi xed role essentially the station transfer of serves a secure, safe, and facility storage can be designed 500 –3,000litres); Montangero, 2002). Montangero, 3 , the UHTs were designed to provide access to pan latrine collectors (primary (primary collectors latrine pan to access provide to designed were UHTs the , 3 Mced 20; tas and Strauss 2005; (Macleod, 89

Technology Technology should be noted that without adequate legal assurances, service providers could be required to remove to required be could providers service assurances, legal adequate without notedthat be should consideration could be given for use the of modular small with stations transfer However,footprints. it their non-permanent nature, mobile stations could potentially mitigate such challenges, or alternatively to Due settlements. informal within siting when particularly owners, land and agencies governmental multiple with negotiations lengthy involve sometimes can This difficonsuming. be time can and cult stations transfer for permission relevant the obtaining and space filand of process suitable The nding availability Land ofaficonstruction xed station. the to committing without time of overlocations period potential a of suitability the of evaluation the taken into account. The provisional use of mobile stations may assist in optimising coverage by allowing be to need used being methods transport their secondary and and primary of cost the another, sizing, one proximityto their stations, transfer of coverage appropriate the determine to sludge order In by transport. generated demand the meet to suffi primary of costcient be overall the minimising time same the at while equipment, small-scale using collection to needs stations transfer of coverage The Optimising coverage planningstages. inthe be considered should that aspects important highlights section following The planned. carefully be to needs stations siting of the the system using stations, In transfer order a transport to successful establish multi-staged Siting oftransfer stations 4.8.3 2002). andMontangero, (Strauss Lesotho asMaseru, been usedinplacessuch duties allowing thus for cost savings and potential for increased revenue. Such systems have reportedly If towed, the motorised vehicle towing the container is capable of other performing related or unrelated secondary as double also can They fi ortowed the to canbeeasily driven oncefullasthey settlements. containers transport nal disposalsite. high-density in stations fixed siting for required procedures lengthy often and complex the sidestep they that is stations these of advantage main The are in sited anyequipmentThe stations byare required. area small-scale where multiple transport trips tractor. or truck a via pulled trailers tanker or vehicles, collection motorised include stations transfer such of fi tank a emptiedessentially being - Examples structure chassis. wheeled a the on near any point tted at Mobile transfer stations consist of providing containers storage easily capacity temporary transportable Mobile transfer stations network into the is not uncommon due ease generally and to of a the facilities access. lack of alternative FS and also high BOD loading at treatment the wastewater plant (Chapter 9). However, illegal dumping the of content lowwater network the to due the in blockages increased to lead can it as disposal sludge for manholes of use the discourage rightfully owners efflasset liquid and its Utilities and/or uent. FS of transport secondary the for exists, one if network, sewerage the to stations access indirect or of direct provide types These station’. ‘network-connected the is station fi transfer of xed type fourth The FSisprovided capacityfor fresh receiving 4.2. inCaseStudy with (e.g. byproducts treatment Furthermore, liquid effl dewatering. uent to or biogas) could be used if treatment duefurther is provided. An example of a fees transfer station transport secondary in reduction 90 by dissatisfi stations such ed landowners. stations are sited on roads large enough for access by secondary transport vehicles. transport enoughfor accessby onroads large secondary sited are stations transfer ensure to necessary thus is It transport. secondary in used vehicles larger to accessible be not might it distance, travel transport primary the reduce would settlement informal populated densely a of middle the in station transfer a siting while instance, For operation. proper for necessary is sewers Depending on the type, access to a transfer station by and primary secondary transport vehicles or trunk Access levelofacceptance. mayshowers the helpincrease and toilets likecommunal facilities other with stations transfer combining as such incentives Offering necessary. be therefore may process siting the in communities the of involvementEarly Leone. Sierra Salam, Tanzania (Muller and Rijnsburger, 1992), Maputo, Mozambique (Godfrey, 2012) and Freetown, informal settlements where there is little, if any, open land. Such rejections have been reported in Dar es populated densely in ‘Not-In-My-Back-Yard’(NIMBY) challenging so-called be This can homes. effect proximityclose in their to station transfer a of siting the notis reject It foruncommon to communities Acceptance A transfer station comprising a 6 m transfer station modularandmulti-functional Case Study capacity 4.2:Large h psiiiy ht h ln onr a rqie h dmblsto o te tto, hc would which station, the of demobilisation the require may owner land the that possibility the • potential future been the have not beenidentifi that challenges of had some ed include: however system performance, management evaluate a diffi to and therefore cult is operational It yet established. not was station transfer the 2012 of As Performance providers. service transport andsecondary primary for the optimalis location the if determined be yet to has It facilities. toilet needed much with providedthem station as the residents also was from forthcoming Acceptance as neighbouring structure. a permanent signifiwas cantly wouldeasier than have been for a fi not was classifi legally station xedas the station, ed could be moved in the future if required. the permission Obtaining necessary from the local authorities station the that agreement the with land, owned privately identifiof piece was a site on ed suitable A Siting thestation mobility. reduced with those to access limited that one albeit necessity a being latter walkway,the and staircase a via provided was facilities sanitation the the to soakaway.nearbyAccess a while into piped was water washing tank holding the into piped was toilets the from wastewater The facilities. washing hand pour-flof installation the as well as emptieddrums, 60-litre and the toilets of ush cleaning allowedfor This tank. networkedstorage a PVCprovideda water through to connection was station Waterforthe location. another to viaalorry andtransported the acrane with canbedisassembled,lifted necessary, two containers when and If below. container tank the to connected sealed chute 60-litre screened a from through sludge drums receive confi to was gured point disposal The facility. sanitation public female one and male one as well as providers, service transport primary for point disposal a provide by constructed was GOAL, 4.16).Leone tank) (Figure Sierra The customisedwas shipping to container require a renewed sitingprocess; arenewed require 3 shipping container placed atop a salvaged 6 m 3 tank container (ISO 91

Technology Technology 92 • the diffi culty of carrying the 60-litre drums up the stair case to the disposalpoint; diffi the caseto the stair upthe drums 60-litre • the culty ofcarrying of public risk the exposure to sludge the given close the proximity • of toilets the to disposal the point; Figure 4.17 Large capacity modular and multi-functional transfer Large station capacity (top), and sanitation facility Figure 4.17 for dedicated ramp a providing including future, capabilities. the disposalpoint,andproviding dewatering the to drums wheeling the in addressed be might issues these of Some the from tank holding the entering water of volume high potentially the of implications cost the • and tank; needfor de-siltingthe andthe frequency ofsiltation the • toilets. (bottom) (photo: GOAL). 4.9.2 hazardsChemical traffi transport). during relevant c (particularly • cover orsludge-fi structure heavy loads(e.g.containment carrying and lled containers); • metals); (e.g.glass, sludge inthe objectscontained sharp to exposure • andfalls; slips,trips • sidewalls its of collapse the to lead can pit unlined an surrounding soil the of capacity bearing low • The following handling ofFS: physical hazards canexist inthe 4.9.1 Physical hazards Additional canbefound inChapter 11. andsafety information health exposure. reducing for methods and hazards, these of some of summary brief a provides providers service are at a high of risk exposure to protection, physical, chemical and biological hazards. This section safety and health adequate practice particularly when employing not manual emptying techniques or using small-scale equipment. As a result, do countries low-income in providers service and transport, collection, the with transport and collection FS of majority the associated that is situation current Unfortunately,FS. of the discharge concerns safety and health specifi manyc are There OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH ANDSAFETY 4.9 unsafe to safe practices. safe to unsafe The latter is recommended a program. particularly providers fromdeworming fortransitioning service and immunisation, including recommended are care health personal to related measures Preventative local and PPE, conditions of use proper the including local procedures operating standard for on programme training a customised provide tools of • use the on training provide and develop • indirect and direct avoid to (PPE) equipment protective personal appropriate the wear and provide • hazards. Thisincludes: effective defi previously the to exposure ned limiting by is assuming risks mitigating forfi defence The of line best and rst or, voluntarily adopted be can risks introduction ofregulation. the inplace,through enforcement are measures mitigating for measures Preventative Mitigating risks 4.9.5 2012, ofalcoholconsumption FScollectionprofession (Godfrey inthe pervasiveness Mikhael2011). • 4.9.4 Other hazards bacteria, (e.g. FS in pathogens of types multiple to exposure dermal and nasal oral, indirect and direct • handlingofFS: The following biologicalhazards canexist inthe 4.9.3 hazards Biological sulphur ammonia, methane, (e.g. gases harmful are of presence that the hydrocarbons in confi spaces (e.g. in ned working chemicals to exposure • dermal and nasal oral, indirect and direct • The following hazards known chemical exist: are to tools andequipment.tools FS;and with inorderavoid to systems contact direct containment exposure to FS (e.g. gloves, coveralls, rubber boots with a metal sole, safety glasses and safety masks); Chapter 2). to refer –for information more protozoa, andhelminthes viruses, manualemptying).dioxide), inanoxygen environmentduring depleted (inparticular isnot recommended); practise this introduced although asodoursuppressants, emptying for manualemptying); (inparticular during 93

Technology Technology Boot, N.L.D. (2007). Talking Crap: Faecal Sludge Management in Accra, Ghana. Water, and Engineering Development Mechanized with Tests Field Systems: Disposal Excreta On-Site Emptying (1985). R. Schertenleib, A., Boesch, the Demonstrating (2012). N. Lupuwana, E., Shaylor, W., Birkholtz, O.M., Ive, F., Kirwan, excreta K., Wall, Urban J., (2003). Bhagwan, D. Koné, S., Bolomey, M., Jeuland, A., Mensah, M., Steiner, M., Strauss, W.C., Barreiro, BIBLIOGRAPHY 4.11 provider. service safety ofthe provide can programs FSM and health based the improvement considering while sanitation scale wide for opportunities community transformative with conjunction service. in the of used part when expensive most technologies, the Such often plants, treatment to transport for need the reducing water, sand, and trash from sludge followed by of sanitation byproducts in thereby collection the truck, developed being Omni-Ingester, Bill & The funding Melinda Omni-Ingester byFoundation. will Gates be designed the to separate with the is investigation under currently method innovative further A or adoption. promotion large-scale its of evidence no is there promising, reportedly were design this of trials initial flits increase could sludge to While water times. 2% 300 of to addition 30 by uidity the that suggested was it where (1982) Hawkins from studies by supported is recommendation This top. the at sludge most dense and diffi least dense and easy-to-pump the pit, to bottom cult-to-pumpof the sludge at the the from start to collection flallowing to thereby pit sludge, the the into uidise pressures low at and water air inject to used be could pipe The 2007). (Coffey, latrine pit a of bottom the to extending pipe suction built-in a of installation the is suggestion One collection. easier enable to facilities sanitation existing to improvements for made been have recommendations some perspective, technical a From marketing and promotion engineers, design specialists, advisors. masons,andlegal personnel, sanitation including specialists of range a approach is of required, involving,new implementation designs a to multidisciplinary be effective, the to need For services designs. future developing as transport well as and structures, containment existing collection effi to improvements consider cient more and effective more safer, for Innovations processeffi easierandmore makingthe collectionandthus during cient. clogging mitigating cloth) and rags, products,hygiene menstrual waste, solid household (e.g. material diffinon-biodegradable haveless seals much water with fortoilets structures containment Sludge cult. more trucks vacuum by access makes road the from far placed tank septic a instance, For design. their inflor to by related uenced are systems sanitation onsite emptying with faced challenges the of Many still are signifithere solutions. andpractical innovative willrequire that cant gaps However, practices. transport and collection improve to fiFSM the of in eld achieved been has Much CONCLUSION 4.10 94 for Partnerships Building Tanzania: Salaam, es Dar Study. Case Salaam es Dar Partnerships: Sanitation (2005). BPD qimn i Gbrn (osaa. ubnof Sizrad Itrainl eeec Cnr fr Waste for Disposal (IRCWD). Centre Reference International Switzerland: Duebendorf, (Botswana). Gaborone in Equipment Govan from Study Mbeki Village. Case a VIPs, Household of Emptying The Principles: Franchising Social of Effectivenes andpromising -Situation,challenges, solutions.InIWAmanagement Asia-Pacific RegionalConference. Development. (WEDC). Loughborough,Centre UK:Loughborough University. GRET Cambodia. (2011). Landscape Analysis and Business Model Assessment in Faecal Sludge Management: Management: Sludge Faecal in Assessment Model Business and Analysis Landscape (2011). Cambodia. GRET Godfrey, (2012). A. Faecal Sludge Management Demonstration Project in Maxaquene A and B, Maputo, Mozambique. Assessment Model Business and Analysis Landscape (2012). Konsortium Water Indah and Group Consulting ERE Exhauster. 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Technology Technology Still, D., Foxon, K., O’Riordan, M. (2012). Tackling the challenges of full pit latrines – Volumes 1 to 3. WRC Report Report WRC 3. to Volumes1 – latrines pit full of challenges the (2012).Tackling M. O’Riordan, K., Foxon, D., Still, in accumulation sludge of Management – emptying latrine pit of methods into Investigation (2009). M. O’Riordan, Mechanized with Tests Field – system disposal excreta onsite Emptying (1985). R. Schertenleib, A., Boesch, Additional Reading Material and es Dar EmptyingTechnologies (COMPET). Pit on Study Comparitive Systems the of (1993).Summary WASTEConsultants. Sanitation of Compendium (2008). R. Schertenleib, C., Zurbrügg, A., Morel, C., Lüthi, E., Tilley, 96 4. Name three types of of NameFS, hazardscollection and three them. and howin transport the to mitigate 4. stations. two typesoftransfer and describe are, stations Explainwhattransfer 3. GulperSystem? ofthe operation inthe encountered often are challenges Whattechnical 2. these how describe and technologies collection mechanical operated manually four List 1. End ofChapter Study Questions systems work. systems No. 1745/1/12, Africa. Water Commission,South Research Water Africa Commission(WRC), Research VIP latrines. South for Centre Waste Reference Switzerland: Disposal. International no.03/85).Duebendorf, report; (IRCWD(IRCWD). WasteDisposal for Centre Reference International (Botswana). Gaborone in Equipment Salaam, Tanzania: WASTE Consultants. Technologies. Switzerland: Institute of Dübendorf, Aquatic Swiss Science Federal and Technology (EAWAG).