EEA31 Emissions of Ozone Precursors

AP5b – EEA31 emissions of ozone precursors

Key messages ☺ Emissions of ozone forming gases (ground level ozone precursors) have been reduced by 30% between 1990 and 2001. The emission reductions are mainly due to introduction of catalysts on new cars. ☺ The emissions of six Member States are below their linear target paths to the 2010 targets of the EU National Emissions Ceilings Directive. Substantial reductions of emissions of ozone precursors are still required in a number of countries to reach the 2010 targets of the EU National Emissions Ceilings Directive. ☺ Emissions of ozone forming gases (ground level ozone precursors) in Acceding countries have been reduced by more than 43% between 1990 and 2001. In candidate countries emissions has been reduced by about 8%. The emission reductions are mainly due to decrease in energy production and introduction of catalysts on new cars. Emissions of ozone precursors in Cyprus and Turkey increased. ☺ The emissions of 4 AC and 2 CC are below their linear target paths to the 2010 targets of the Gothenburg protocol. Substantial reductions of emissions of ozone precursors are still required to reach 2010 targets in Cyprus, Hungary and Slovenia.

Title: Emissions of ozone precursors between 1990 and 2001 (ktonnes NMVOC equiv.) for a) EEA31; b) EU15; c) AC10; d) EFTA3 and e) CC3. a) EEA31

120 45000

100 40000

35000 80

30000 C eq VO x 60 25000 M Inde es N

20000 n n 40 o 15000 kt

10000 20 5000

0 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000

NMVOC and NOx as Ozone Precursors

NMVOC, CO, CH4 and NOx as Ozone Precursors

b) EU15

120 35000

100 30000

25000 q 80 e

C O V x 20000 e M

d 60 In s N 15000 onne

40 t k 10000

20 5000

0 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 NMVOC and NOx as Ozone Precursors NECD Target Path (NMVOC & NOx only) 2010 NECD Target (October 2001) (NMVOC & NOx only) NMVOC, CO, CH4 and NOx as Ozone Precursors c) AC10

140 8000

120 7000

100 6000 C eq 80 5000

4000 Index es NMVO

60 n n 3000 kto 40 2000 NMVOC and NOx as Ozone Precursors 20 NMVOC, CO, CH4 and NOx as Ozone Precursors 1000

0 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 d) EFTA3

800 120

700 100 600

80 C eq

500 O V x e 400

Ind 60 es NM n n

300 o

40 kt 200 20 100

0 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000

NMVOC and NOx as Ozone Precursors NMVOC, CO, CH4 and NOx as Ozone Precursors

e) CC3

140 4500

120 4000

3500 100

3000 eq C O

80 V x

2500 M e

Ind 60 2000

1500 ktonnes N 40 1000 NMVOC and NOx as Ozone Precursors 20 NMVOC, CO, CH4 and NOx as Ozone Precursors 500

0 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000

Title: Sector split of emissions of ozone precursors in 2001 (%) for a) EEA31; b) EU15; c) AC10; d) EFTA3 and e) CC3. a) EEA31 Transport 46%

Agriculture Other (Non Energy) 3% 12% Waste 2%

Energy Industries 10% Other (Energy) 10% Fugitive Emissions 4% Industry (Processes) 5% Industry (Energy) 8% b) EU15

Road Transport 40%

Other Transport 10%

Agriculture 3%

Other (Non Energy) Waste 14% 1% Energy Industries 9% Fugitive Emissions Other (Energy) 3% 7% Industry (Energy) Industry (Processes) 8% 5% c) AC10

Transport 39%

Other (Non Energy) 10%

Agriculture 1% Waste 5%

Other (Energy) 15% Energy Industries 15% Industry (Processes) Fugitive Emissions 4% 3% Industry (Energy) 8% d) EFTA3

Transport 38%

Other (Non Energy) 6%

Other (Energy) 4% Industry (Processes) Agriculture 2% 5% Industry (Energy) Waste 2% 0.4% Energy Industries 7%

Fugitive Emissions 36% e) CC3

Other Transport (Non Energy) 34% 9%

Agriculture 4%

Waste Other (Energy) 5% 15%

Energy Industries 11%

Industry (Processes) Fugitive Emissions 3% 9% Industry (Energy) 10%

Title: Pollutant split of EU15 emissions of ozone precursors in 2001` (%) for a) EEA31; b) EU15; c) AC10; d) EFTA3 and e) CC3. a) EEA31 NOx 48%

CH4 1%

CO 14% NMVOC 37% b) EU15

Nitrogen Oxides 48%

Methane 1%

Carbon Monoxide 13% NMVOC 38% c) AC10

Nitrogen Oxides 52%

Methane 1%

Carbon Monoxide 16% NMVOC 31%

d) EFTA3

NOx 39%

CH4 1%

CO 8% NMVOC 52%

e) CC3

NOx 45%

CH4 1%

NMVOC 35% CO 19%

Title: Change in emissions of ozone precursors for each sector and pollutant 1990 – 2001 (%)for a) EEA31; b) EU15; c) AC10; d) EFTA3 and e) CC3. a) EEA31

Waste -12% Agriculture ☺ -17% Transport -35%

Other (Non Energy) -18%

Other (Energy) -24%

Industry (Processes) -29%

Industry (Energy) -27%

Fugitive Emissions -20%

Energy Industries -37%

CH4 -21%

NOx -25%

NMVOC -32%

CO -39%

-50% -40% -30% -20% -10% 0% 10% 20% 30% b) EU15

Waste -7%

Agriculture -17% Other Transport ☺ -8% Road Transport -41%

Other (Non Energy) -17%

Other (Energy) -16%

Industry (Processes) -21%

Industry (Energy) -17%

Fugitive Emissions -35%

Energy Industries -37%

Methane -21%

Nitrogen Oxides -25%

NMVOC -32%

Carbon Monoxide -39%

-50% -40% -30% -20% -10% 0% 10% 20% 30%

c) AC10

Waste 0% Agriculture -22% Transport ☺-38% Other (Non Energy) -24% Other (Energy) -51% Industry (Processes) -70% Industry (Energy) -66% Fugitive Emissions 24% Energy Industries -53%

Methane -32% Nitrogen Oxides -44% NMVOC -41% Carbon Monoxide -56% -80% -60% -40% -20% 0% 20% 40%

d) EFTA3

Waste -1%

Agriculture -33% Transport ☺ -25% Other (Non Energy) -11%

Other (Energy) 5%

Industry (Processes) -21%

Industry (Energy) 23%

Fugitive Emissions 81%

Energy Industries 67%

CH4 8%

NOx -5%

NMVOC 19%

CO -36%

-60% -40% -20% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% e) CC3

Waste -28% Agriculture -11% Transport ☺-11% Other (Non Energy) -21% Other (Energy) -5% Industry (Processes) 6% Industry (Energy) -9% Fugitive Emissions -18% Energy Industries -0.4%

CH4 -45% NOx -10% NMVOC -5% CO -14%

-60% -40% -20% 0% 20% 40%

Title: Contribution to change in ozone precursors emissions for each sector and pollutant 1990 – 2001, (%) for a) EEA31; b) EU15; c) AC10; d) EFTA3 and e) CC3. a) EEA31

Waste -0.7% Agriculture ☺-1.5% Transport -57.2%

Other (Non Energy) -5.8%

Other (Energy) -7.0%

Industry (Processes) -5%

Industry (Energy) -7%

Fugitive Emissions -2.2%

Energy Industries -13.5%

CH4 -0.5%

NOx -37.5%

NMVOC -42.2%

CO -19.8%

-70% -60% -50% -40% -30% -20% -10% 0% 10% 20% 30% b) EU15

Waste -0.2%

Agriculture -1.5% Other Transport ☺-2.0% Road Transport -63.8%

Other (Non Energy) -6.2%

Other (Energy) -3.2%

Industry (Processes) -3%

Industry (Energy) -4%

Fugitive Emissions -4.1%

Energy Industries -12.0%

Methane -0.5%

Nitrogen Oxides -37.5%

NMVOC -42.2%

Carbon Monoxide -19.8%

-70% -60% -50% -40% -30% -20% -10% 0% 10% 20% 30%

c) AC10

Waste 0% Agriculture 0% Transport -28% Other (Non Energy) -4% Other (Energy) ☺ -19% Industry (Processes) -11% Industry (Energy) -17% Fugitive Emissions 1% Energy Industries -20%

Methane -0,7% Nitrogen Oxides -50% NMVOC -26% Carbon Monoxide -23%

-60% -50% -40% -30% -20% -10% 0% 10% 20%

d) EFTA3

Waste 0%

Agriculture -78% Transport -431% ☺ Other (Non Energy) -25%

Other (Energy) 6%

Industry (Processes) -22%

Industry (Energy) 13%

Fugitive Emissions 545%

Energy Industries 93%

CH4 3%

NOx -124%

NMVOC 529%

CO -308%

-170% -120% -70% -20% 30% 80% 130% 180%

e) CC3

Waste -20% Agriculture -5% Transport -42% Other (Non Energy) -12% Other (Energy) ☺ -9% Industry (Processes) 5% Industry (Energy) -11% Fugitive Emissions -6% Energy Industries 0%

CH4 -5% NOx -47% NMVOC -18% CO -29%

-60% -50% -40% -30% -20% -10% 0% 10% 20%

Notes :Data for Malta not available. Weighting factors are used to derive tropospheric ozone forming potentials (TOFP) so that emissions can be combined in terms of their contribution to tropospheric ozone: nitrogen oxides 1.22, non-methane volatile organic compounds 1.0, carbon monoxide 0.11 and methane 0.014. Source: EEA/ETC-ACC (2003)

Results and assessment Policy objectives and measures Emissions of ozone forming gases are covered both by the EU National Emission Ceilings Directive, NECD, and the Gothenburg protocol under CLRTAP. The NECD involves somewhat stricter targets – a 58% reduction versus a 52% reduction respectively between 1990 and 2010. This indicator is aimed to support the EU thematic strategy Clean Air For Europe – CAFE. This indicator constitutes relevant information for the Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) Programme. CAFÉ constitutes a programme of technical analysis and policy development which will lead to the adoption of a thematic strategy on air pollution under the Sixth Environmental Action Programme in 2004. The major elements of the CAFE programme are outlined in the Commission’s Communication on CAFE (COM(2001)245)). A number of recently-introduced EU policy measures target pollutants that contribute toward the formation of tropospheric ozone.

• Emissions of NOx and NMVOCs are covered both by the EU National Emission Ceilings Directive (NECD) (2001/81/EC) and the Gothenburg protocol under the United Nations Convention on long-range transboundary air pollution (CLRTAP) (UNECE 1999). The NECD involves slightly stricter emission reduction targets than the Gothenburg Protocol for EU15 countries during the period 1990—2010. For NOx the EU15 has a 56% and 50% reduction target under the NECD and Gothenburg Protocol respectively. For NMVOC, the reduction required under the NECD is 61%, the Gothenburg reduction target the reduction required is 54%. • The Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) Directive (96/61/EC) entered into force in 1999. It aims to prevent or minimise pollution of water, air and soil by industrial effluent and other waste from industrial installations, including energy industries, by defining basic obligations for operating licences or permits and by introducing targets, or benchmarks, for energy efficiency. It also requires the application of Best Available Techniques (BAT) in new installations from now on (and for existing plants over the next 10 years according to national legislation). • The Large Combustion Plant Directive (2001/80/EC) is important in reducing emissions of NOx, SO2, and dust from large combustion plants (>50 MW). The Directive sets emission limits for licensing of new plant and requires Member States to establish programmes for reducing total emissions. Emissions limits for all plant will be revised in 2007 under the IPPC Directive. This Directive amended the 11-year old existing Directive for large combustion plants (88/609/EEC) or LCPD. • Emissions from transport are controlled by a number of Directives. These include: emissions from passenger cars and light commercial vehicles (70/220/EEC, as last amended by 98/69/EEC targeting CO, NMVOCs and NOx); quality of petrol and diesel fuels (98/70/EC) as last amended by Directive 2003/17/EC specifying lower sulphur contents of fuels, (but also indirectly targeting emissions of the primary pollutants CO, NMVOCs and NOx; emissions from non-road mobile machinery (97/68/EC) as amended by Directive 2002/88/EC specifying limits for CO, NMVOC and NOx emissions; and for heavy duty vehicles Directive 88/77/EEC as amended by Directive 1999/96/EC which provides the Euro 3 (from October 2000), Euro 4 (from October 2005) and Euro 5 (from October 2008) emission standards for CO, NMVOCs and NOx. • The 1994 VOCs Directive (94/63/EC) applies to the operations, installations, vehicles and vessels used for storage, loading and transport of petrol from one terminal to another or from a terminal to a service station. There are no specific EU emission targets set for either carbon monoxide (CO) or methane (CH4). However, there are several Directives and Protocols that affect the emissions of CO and CH4. Carbon monoxide is covered by the second daughter Directive under the Air Quality Directive. This gives a limit of 10 mg m-3 for ambient air quality to be met by 2005. Methane is

included in the basket of six greenhouse gases under the Kyoto protocol (see climate change fact sheets ‘CC2: Total CH4 emissions’ and ‘CC5: Total greenhouse gas emissions’ for more on policy context). The ozone directive also includes targets regarding ambient tropospheric ozone concentrations.

Environmental context Emissions of total non-methane volatile organic compounds, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and methane, contribute to the formation of ground level (tropospheric) ozone. Tropospheric ozone has adverse effects on human health and ecosystems. NOx, NMVOC, CO and CH4 are known as ozone precursors and the relative impact of their combined contribution to ozone formation can be assessed based on their tropospheric ozone forming potential (TOFP): nitrogen oxides 1.22, non-methane volatile organic compounds 1.0, carbon monoxide 0.11 and methane 0.014 (de Leeuw 2002). Ozone is a powerful oxidant and as such, can have a deleterious range of impacts on both human health and the environment. High concentrations of ground level ozone have been shown to adversely affect the human respiratory system, and there is evidence that long term exposure to raised ozone concentrations accelerates the decline in lung function with age and may impair the development of lung function. In the environment, high concentrations of ozone are harmful to crops and forests, decreasing yields, causing leaf damage and decreasing disease resistance. Ozone is also capable of causing damage to manmade polymeric materials such as plastics and rubbers.

Assessment Total ozone precursor emissions have been reduced in most Member States. For EU15 emissions have been reduced by 30% between 1990 and 2001. The decrease between 2000 and 2001 was 1.6%. Road transport is the dominant source of ozone precursors and contributes to 39% of total emissions in 2001. Other sources, including commercial and domestic combustion and use of solvents in paint, glue and printing also contributed significantly in 2001. Emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds (38% of total) and nitrogen oxides (48% of total) are the most significant pollutants contributing to the formation of tropospheric ozone in 2001. Carbon monoxide and methane contributed 13% and 1% in 2001 respectively. The emissions of NOx and NMVOC, the two most important pollutants reduced by 25 and 32% respectively. Emission reductions are mainly due to further introduction of catalytic converters for cars and increased penetration of diesel, but also through the implementation of the Solvents Directive in industrial processes. Emissions in the road transport sector have been reduced by 41% since 1990, and are also the largest reduction in absolute terms. The sector responsible for the second largest reduction, in both absolute and % terms between 1990 and 2001, was the energy industries sector. Although these reductions appear to have reduced peak concentrations of ozone, they have not been enough to limit human health and ecosystem risks significantly (see indicator fact sheet ‘Exceedance days of air quality limit values of ozone’).

Total ozone precursor emissions have been reduced more than 46% between 1990 and 2001 in all Acceding countries. The decrease between 1999 and 2000 was 10%. Transport is the dominant source of ozone precursors and contributes to 39% of total emissions in 2001. Other significant sources are commercial and domestic combustion (30%), use of solvents in paint, glue and printing (9%), and industry (12%). Emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds (31% of total) and nitrogen oxides (52% of total) are the most significant pollutants contributing to the formation of tropospheric ozone in 2001. Carbon monoxide and methane contribute 16% and 1% in 2001 respectively. Emission reductions are mainly due to further introduction of catalytic converters for cars and increased penetration of diesel, but also through the implementation of the Solvents Directive in industrial processes and reduction of fuel consumption. Emissions in the industry (processes) have been reduced by about 70%, in energy sectors by from 51-66%, the transport sector have been reduced by 38% since 1990.

Title: EU15 and EFTA3 change in emissions of ozone precursors (NMVOC and NOx only) since 1990 compared with the 2010 NECD targets (%).

Germany United Kingdom Liechtenstein Netherlands Sweden Finland France ☺ EU15 Luxembourg Italy Denmark Iceland Austria Ireland Belgium Spain Greece Norway Portugal

-80% -60% -40% -20% 0% 20% 40%

1990 - 2010 NECD Target (NMVOC & NOx only) 1990 - 2000 (NMVOC and NOx only)

Title: AC10 and CC3 change in emissions of ozone precursors (NMVOC and NOx only) since 1990 compared with the 2010 Gothenburg protocol targets (%).

Estonia Slovak Republic Lithuania Latvia Czech Republic Bulgaria ☺ AC Poland Turkey Romania Hungary Slovenia Cyprus

-80% -60% -40% -20% 0% 20% 40% 1990 - 2010: CLRTAP Gothenburg Protocol, 1 Dec. 1999 1990 - 2001 (NMVOC and NOx only)

Title: EU15 distance-to-target indicators (in index points) to the 2010 targets of NECD.

Portugal 51

Spain 28

Belgium 23

Ireland 21 Austria ☺ 9 4 Denmark

Greece 4

EU15 3

France 2

Luxembourg 1

Netherlands -2

Sweden -4

Italy -4

Finland -5

Germany -10

United Kingdom -11

-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40

Title: AC10 and CC3 distance-to-target indicators (in index points) to the 2010 targets of Gothenburg protocol.

Slovenia 1 Hungary -10 Romania -17 Poland -21 Czech Republic -22 Slovak Republic -35 Bulgaria ☺-39 Lithuania -41 Latvia -54 Cyprus Estonia Turkey

-60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20

Notes: The targets for 2010 are those set out in the National Emission Ceilings Directive, NECD and the UNECE Gothenburg Protocol. The NECD specifies Member State and EU15 targets for non-methane volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides. Carbon monoxide and Methane have therefore been excluded, as there are no explicit targets for these pollutants. The distance-to-target indicator is a measure of how close the current emissions (2001) are to a linear path of emissions reductions from 1990 to the targets for 2010. Source: EEA/ETC-ACC (2003)

Assessment The EU15 is approximately half way to its 2010 target. The largest emission reductions (in percentage terms) have taken place in Germany, the United Kingdom, Liechtenstein, the Netherlands and Sweden. Emissions in Greece (+10%), Norway (+11%) and Portugal (+32%) have increased since 1990. Most Member States still need to make substantial emission reductions to meet their targets. In 2001, six Member States and the EU15 were below the linear target path for the 2010 targets of the NECD. The emissions for five countries: Portugal, Spain, Belgium, Ireland and Austria were more than 5 index points above their linear target paths. The largest emission (more than 40%) reductions have taken place in Slovakia, Estonia, Bulgaria, Lithuania and Czech Republic. Several countries (mainly Slovenia) still need to make substantial emission reductions to meet their targets.

References de Leeuw, F.A.A.M (2002). (supported by the European topic centre on air and climate change, under contract to the European Environment Agency), A set of emission indicators for long- range transboundary air pollution, Environmental Science & Policy, 5, 135-145. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VP6-44HYMJ7- 1/1/d6e469ff7969874250c6d0f656a8c76b EEA (2001). Joint EMEP/CORINAIR Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook, Third Edition. Copenhagen: European Environment Agency, 2001. EEA/ETC-ACC (2003) Manipulated data based on 2003 submission of Parties data reported to UNECE/CLRTAP/EMEP. Base data are available on the EMEP web site (http://webdab.emep.int/). Eggleston, H.S. 1998. Inventory Uncertainty and Inventory Quality, background paper. Expert Group meeting on Managing Uncertainty in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories; IPCC/OECD/IEA, Paris. EMEP (1998). "Transboundary Acidifying Air Pollution in Europe", Part 1: Estimated dispersion of acidifying and eutrophying compounds and comparison with observations. EMEP/MSC-W Report 1/98, July 1998.

Data EEA31 emissions of ozone precursors (including CO and CH4) emissions since 1990 by pollutant and sector (ktonnes NMVOC equiv.)

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 % Contribution Change Change 1990- to Change 1990-2001 2001 1990 - 2001 (%) Carbon Monoxide 7909 7610 7327 7047 6388 6159 5980 5763 5566 5313 4886 4775 -3135 -21.2% -40% NMVOC 18249 17378 16830 16121 15759 15343 15009 14644 14259 13659 12933 12702 -5546 -37.5% -30% Nitrogen Oxides 22344 21666 20868 19982 19311 18923 18859 18154 17613 17176 16594 16309 -6036 -40.8% -27% Methane 401 391 383 370 357 357 350 339 330 320 312 300 -101 -0.7% -25%

Energy Industries 5379 5065 4758 4335 4091 4055 3921 3641 3482 3342 3392 3382 -1997 -13.5% -37% Fugitive Emissions 1656 1583 1570 1506 1531 1517 1477 1477 1396 1334 1316 1323 -332 -2.2% -20% Industry (Energy) 3927 3824 3598 3267 3165 3104 3085 3082 2957 2893 2835 2857 -1070 -7.2% -27% Industry (Processes) 2483 2297 2192 2063 2052 2043 2013 2073 2085 1928 1858 1769 -714 -4.8% -29% Other (Energy) 4300 4359 4155 4214 3576 3472 3693 3535 3369 3345 3173 3256 -1044 -7.0% -24% Other (Non Energy) 4847 4543 4351 4203 4133 4075 4015 4002 3996 3959 4020 3984 -864 -5.8% -18% Transport 24201 23273 22804 22048 21352 20615 20134 19236 18632 17838 16339 15737 -8464 -57.2% -35% Agriculture 1292 1248 1176 1094 1141 1154 1107 1107 1104 1082 1073 1068 -223 -1.5% -17% Waste 804 836 786 776 758 737 744 745 745 743 716 706 -99 -0.7% -12% Total 48890 47028 45390 43505 41800 40772 40189 38897 37765 36464 34723 34083 -14807 - -30%

EU15 emissions of ozone precursors (including CO and CH4) emissions since 1990 by pollutant and sector (ktonnes NMVOC equiv.)

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 % Contribution Change Change 1990- to Change 1990-2001 2001 1990 - 2001 (%) Carbon Monoxide 5526 5320 5101 4833 4585 4431 4240 4037 3894 3682 3419 3344 -2182 -19.8% -39% NMVOC 14341 13785 13432 12750 12366 11942 11538 11203 10868 10335 9865 9687 -4653 -42.2% -32% Nitrogen Oxides 16267 16130 15753 14993 14560 14187 14016 13424 13062 12652 12302 12139 -4128 -37.5% -25%

Methane 275 268 261 255 248 246 243 237 232 227 222 218 -56 -0.5% -21%

Energy Industries 3606 3472 3270 2954 2835 2757 2644 2429 2333 2229 2280 2287 -1319 -12.0% -37% Fugitive Emissions 1278 1220 1188 1100 1108 1071 1027 1025 966 889 851 826 -453 -4.1% -35% Industry (Energy) 2567 2570 2473 2352 2319 2265 2227 2205 2147 2111 2031 2133 -434 -3.9% -17% Industry (Processes) 1575 1509 1487 1421 1427 1416 1345 1421 1420 1294 1272 1236 -338 -3.1% -21% Other (Energy) 2222 2275 2117 2092 1919 1842 1965 1871 1835 1807 1769 1866 -356 -3.2% -16% Other (Non Energy) 4029 3850 3704 3547 3521 3474 3408 3410 3411 3379 3404 3350 -679 -6.2% -17% Road Transport 17004 16555 16394 15572 14801 14127 13544 12688 12087 11324 10439 9978 -7026 -63.8% -41% Other Transport 2826 2749 2672 2623 2623 2650 2707 2683 2705 2711 2633 2603 -222 -2.0% -8% Agriculture 993 960 912 842 888 896 856 851 844 837 837 822 -170 -1.5% -17% Waste 305 343 327 325 317 304 309 317 305 313 290 285 -20 -0.2% -7% Total 36405 35501 34545 32828 31757 30803 30034 28898 28053 26894 25807 25386 -11019 - -30%

AC10 emissions of ozone precursor (including CO and CH4) emissions since 1990 by pollutant (ktonnes NMVOC equiv.)

Change 1990- % contribution to Change 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2001 Change 1990-2001 (%)

Carbon Monoxide 1437 1429 1362 1328 945 854 886 875 813 792 655 637 -800 -23% -56% NMVOC 2152 1971 1760 1643 1691 1654 1667 1640 1576 1538 1325 1267 -885 -26% -41% Nitrogen Oxides 3835 3528 3242 3037 2843 2722 2749 2673 2516 2400 2219 2128 -1706 -50% -44% Methane 75 75 70 67 66 66 63 62 60 58 55 51 -24 -1% -32%

Energy Industries 1316 1185 1088 1005 853 884 851 763 679 630 626 618 -697 -20% -53% Fugitive Emissions 92 91 86 93 94 100 98 100 89 92 90 114 22 1% 24% Industry (Energy) 906 862 749 563 527 488 444 434 383 384 368 309 -597 -17% -66% Industry (Processes) 557 484 398 329 280 279 286 260 253 251 202 166 -391 -11% -70% Other (Energy) 1270 1296 1249 1298 859 827 939 866 736 760 625 618 -652 -19% -51% Other (Non Energy) 535 452 401 377 377 371 373 364 365 363 384 405 -130 -4% -24%

Transport 2529 2340 2174 2127 2275 2066 2086 2180 2164 2022 1683 1577 -952 -28% -38% Agriculture 74 73 70 66 66 68 63 66 64 63 59 58 -16 0% -22% Waste 218 219 219 216 214 212 224 218 232 223 218 217 -1 0% 0% AC 7498 7002 6434 6075 5545 5296 5364 5251 4965 4788 4254 4084 -3415 - -46%

EFTA3 emissions of ozone precursors (including CO and CH4) emissions since 1990 by pollutant and sector (ktonnes NMVOC equiv.)

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 % Contribution Change Change 1990- to Change 1990-2001 2001 1990 - 2001 (%) Carbon Monoxide 102 95 93 93 91 86 83 78 74 70 67 65 -37 -308% -36% NMVOC 332 327 347 362 377 392 398 392 375 378 387 396 64 529% 19% Nitrogen Oxides 318 307 306 319 319 322 325 319 320 324 307 303 -15 -124% -5% Methane 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0.4 3% 8%

Energy Industries 31 33 35 37 41 42 47 50 49 46 49 52 21 93% 67% Fugitive Emissions 151 158 185 203 217 238 243 246 235 247 264 273 123 545% 81% Industry (Energy) 12 12 10 12 14 13 14 14 14 15 14 15 3 13% 23% Industry (Processes) 23 19 18 19 21 21 21 21 22 21 21 18 -5 -22% -21% Other (Energy) 28 25 24 27 29 28 30 31 29 29 29 29 1 6% 5% Other (Non Energy) 51 43 44 44 49 48 51 49 48 47 45 45 -6 -25% -11% Transport 394 379 378 381 367 363 355 339 335 333 305 297 -97 -431% -25% Agriculture 54 48 38 39 38 41 42 41 38 36 36 36 -18 -78% -33% Waste 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 -0.2% -1% Total 746 719 736 765 780 797 805 794 774 777 766 769 22 - 3%

CC3 emissions of ozone precursors (including CO and CH4) emissions since 1990 by pollutant and sector (ktonnes NMVOC equiv.)

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 % Contribution Change Change 1990- to Change 1990-2001 2001 1990 - 2001 (%) Carbon Monoxide 845 766 772 793 767 787 771 773 785 769 745 729 -116 -29% -14% NMVOC 1425 1294 1290 1365 1325 1356 1406 1409 1440 1408 1356 1352 -72 -18% -5% Nitrogen Oxides 1924 1701 1566 1632 1589 1692 1770 1738 1715 1799 1765 1738 -186 -47% -10% Methane 47 43 47 44 38 41 39 35 33 29 30 26 -21 -5% -45%

Energy Industries 425.9 376.1 364.2 338.2 362.3 371.5 379.1 399.1 419.7 436.4 438.2 424.3 -2 -0.4% -0.4% Fugitive Emissions 134.6 113.6 110.9 110.3 112.5 109.0 108.7 106.2 104.9 106.8 110.5 110.5 -24 -6% -18% Industry (Energy) 441.8 379.9 365.7 339.9 304.8 336.9 401.0 428.5 412.0 384.0 422.4 400.1 -42 -11% -9% Industry (Processes) 328.3 285.1 289.3 293.2 324.0 326.0 361.3 371.8 390.8 362.1 363.0 347.8 19 5% 6% Other (Energy) 780.2 763.6 764.3 796.7 769.4 774.3 757.5 767.2 769.3 749.5 749.6 743.5 -37 -9% -5% Other (Non Energy) 231.8 198.0 202.0 234.7 186.3 181.2 182.5 179.4 171.5 169.4 187.0 183.5 -48 -12% -21% Transport 1448.3 1250.7 1185.8 1344.0 1286.4 1409.1 1442.4 1346.0 1340.6 1448.0 1279.8 1282.3 -166 -42% -11% Agriculture 171.0 166.7 155.7 146.2 148.8 149.2 145.3 148.9 157.8 145.1 140.7 151.8 -19 -5% -11% Waste 278.6 271.1 237.6 232.1 223.7 218.4 208.2 207.0 206.0 204.2 204.7 201.1 -78 -20% -28% Total 4241 3805 3675 3835 3718 3876 3986 3954 3973 4005 3896 3845 -395.8 - -9%

1 EU15 and EFTA3 NO x , NMVOC, CO and CH 4 Emissions as TOFP (ktonnes NMVOC equiv.)

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Austria 594 578 538 522 503 501 521 487 490 472 471 476

Belgium 679 674 685 680 681 715 645 632 656 606 634 654

Denmark 503 565 510 509 512 484 536 480 438 418 388 377

Finland 592 567 554 544 541 506 514 495 481 471 447 420

France 4788 4849 4740 4479 4290 4164 4039 3885 3799 3635 3484 3395

Germany 6557 5860 5376 5017 4667 4448 4207 3998 3779 3638 3537 3548

Greece 610 617 623 627 638 633 658 664 697 689 697 671

Ireland 255 257 273 254 248 246 258 260 266 243 243 243

Italy 4180 4287 4377 4179 3998 3957 3886 3720 3531 3310 3011 3011

Luxembourg 47 47 47 47 45 42 44 37 34 33 34 34

Netherlands 1185 1115 1112 1054 1010 967 957 876 838 832 793 784

Portugal 739 787 841 842 847 884 854 923 985 964 982 977

Spain 3183 3260 3282 3147 3236 3199 3142 3189 3237 3308 3296 3245

Sweden 905 885 849 801 798 760 748 696 664 634 612 606

United Kingdom 5791 5569 5378 5040 4911 4623 4544 4283 4033 3735 3537 3386

EU15 30608 29916 29185 27744 26926 26129 25554 24627 23930 22987 22168 21826

Iceland 58 60 61 62 65 64 55 45 44 44 44 44

Liechtenstein 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Norway 591 572 590 618 630 649 666 665 650 657 650 654

AC and CC3 NOx, NMVOC, CO and CH4 Emissions as TOFP (ktonnes NMVOC equiv.).

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Cyprus 49 46 50 50 51 50 52 52 53 52 54 50 Czech Republic 1468 1414 1336 1153 964 896 918 894 865 809 812 703 Estonia 253 237 149 144 154 158 166 171 172 145 108 100 Hungary 634 533 491 480 479 488 495 497 498 503 476 464 Latvia 297 231 196 172 170 181 182 179 175 166 143 154 Lithuania 363 381 229 186 187 191 199 194 195 172 153 165 Malta NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Poland 3715 3523 3404 3342 2998 2774 2842 2785 2548 2507 2136 2078 Slovak Republic 588 516 458 418 406 420 364 333 329 311 253 253 Slovenia 132 122 121 130 136 137 147 146 130 121 120 117 AC 7498 7002 6434 6076 5545 5296 5365 5251 4965 4788 4254 4084 Bulgaria 784 601 585 620 566 606 537 463 488 442 433 386 Romania 1659 1406 1239 1186 1175 1176 1176 1174 1172 1171 1172 1167 Turkey 1798 1797 1852 2029 1978 2093 2274 2317 2313 2392 2291 2291 CC 4241 3805 3675 3835 3718 3876 3986 3954 3973 4005 3896 3845

EU15 and CC3 percentage change in TOFP emissions (NO x and NMVOC only) since 1990 and NECD/CLRTAP targets

Change 1990- Change 1990- 1990 - 2010: NECD 1990 - 2010: CLRTAP 2001 2001 (%) targets Gothenburg Protocol, targets

Austria -118 -20% -52% -51% Belgium -25 -4% -48% -46%

Denmark -126 -25% -52% -52%

Finland -172 -29% -43% -43% France -1393 -29% -57% -55%

Germany -3009 -46% -65% -65% Greece 61 10% 12% 12% Ireland -12 -5% -47% -47%

Italy -1169 -28% -43% -43% Luxembourg -13 -28% -53% -53%

Netherlands -402 -34% -58% -57% Portugal 237 32% -34% -30% Spain 63 2% -47% -47%

Sweden -299 -33% -53% -53% United Kingdom -2405 -42% -55% -54%

EU15 -8782 -29% -58% -52% Iceland -14 -24% - - Liechtenstein -1 -38% - -20% Norway 64 11% - -35%

AC10 and CC3 percentage change in TOFP of NOx, NMVOC emissions since 1990 and CLRTAP targets, AC

Change 1990-2001 1990 - 2010: CLRTAP Change 1990-2001 (%) Gothenburg Protocol targets

Cyprus 2 4% Czech Republic -716 -53% -58% Estonia -113 -59% Hungary -126 -24% -27% Latvia -130 -54% -1% Lithuania -163 -54% -25% Malta - Poland -1024 -38% -31% Slovak Republic -307 -58% -43% Slovenia -13 -10% -22% AC -2591 -43% - Bulgaria -344 -52% -23% Romania -388 -30% -18% Turkey 473 34% - CC -258 -8% -

Meta data Technical information 1. Source: Emissions of CO, NOx and NMVOC - Officially reported national total and sectoral emissions to UNECE/CLRTAP/EMEP, 2003 data submission. CH4 - Official data reported national total and sectoral emissions to UNFCCC and EU Monitoring Mechanism, update 2003 (National Annual Greenhouse Gas Inventories). 2. Description: Emissions of TOFP in ktonnes in terms of NMVOC Equivalent. Combination of official data reported to UNFCCC and CLRTAP. TOFP is the Tropospheric Ozone Forming Potential of each of the air pollutants that contribute to ozone formation in the troposphere. 3. Spatial Coverage: EEA31. Data from Malta not available. 4. Temporal Coverage: 1990 – 2001. 5. Methodology: Annual country data submissions to CLRTAP or UNFCCC (for methane). Combination of emission measurements and emission estimates based on volume of activities and emission factors. Recommended methodologies for emission data collection are compiled in the Joint EMEP/CORINAIR Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook (2001), 3rd ed, EEA, Copenhagen. 6. Methodology of manipulation: ETC-ACC gap-filling methodology. Where countries have not reported data for one, or several years, data has been interpolated to derive annual emission when data is missing between two different years. If the reported data is missing either at the beginning or at the end of the time series period, the emission value has usually been considered to equal the first (or last) reported emission value. It is recognised that the use of gap-filling can potentially lead to artificial trends, but it is considered unavoidable if a comprehensive and comparable set of emissions data for European countries is required for policy analysis purposes. A list of the data used within this sheet which has been gap-filled is available from ETC-ACC upon request. TOFP were calculated according to de Leeuw (2002). Factors are NOx 1.22, NMVOC 1, CO 0.11 and CH4 0.014. Results are in NMVOC equivalents (ktonnes). Qualitative information 7. Strengths and weaknesses: Strength: officially reported data following agreed procedures and Emission Inventory Guidebook, e.g. regarding source sector split. Weakness: reported datasets do not include emission estimates for all years. Reporting to CLRTAP/EMEP and UNFCCC can be incompatible for some countries. Incomplete reporting and resulting intra- and extrapolation may obscure some trends. For example: emissions of CO and NMVOC from Iceland; reported national totals are greater than the sum of emissions from individual sectors. The use of TOFP factors does not, as yet, have wide recognition in EU Member States. 8. Reliability, accuracy, robustness, uncertainty: The individual uncertainties of the estimates for individual gases are discussed in the individual fact sheets for these gases. The trend is likely to be much more accurate than to individual absolute annual values - the annual values are not independent of each other. Overall scoring (1-3, 1=no major problems, 3=major reservations ) Relevancy 2 Accuracy 2 (see fact sheets for individual pollutants) Comparability over time 2 Comparability over space 2

Further work required: Countries should improve the completeness of the time series of their estimates (filling gaps). Further validation and checking is the responsibility of the country and should lead to improved detailed sectoral time series of emissions. There is also a need for further validation and checking within the framework of CLRTAP/EMEP and EEA/ETC-ACC activities. The approach of TOFP values needs wider recognition and acceptance.