Regional Programme Australia and the Pacific Activities 2020

www.kas.de/australia

i Contents

The Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung 3

A Word from The Director 4

Parliamentary and Political Party Dialogue 8

Foreign and Security Policy 12

Cybersecurity 22

Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism 31

Energy Policy 36

PERISCOPE Briefs 2020 40

Rule of Law 42

Development Policy 44

The PERISCOPE Vision 47

PERISCOPE Analysis Papers 2020 48

Country Reports 50

Digital Snapshot 51

2020 Digital Snapshot Index 54

Meet the Team 56

Foreign and Liaison Offices 58 The Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung

The Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung

The Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (KAS) is a political foundation of Germany, with the vision to promote international dialogue, sustainable development, good governance, capacity building, regional integration and enhance understanding of the key drivers of global developments. It is named after the first Chancellor (Prime Minister) of the Federal Republic of Germany, Konrad Adenauer who embodied Christian-social, conservative and liberal traditions. His name represents the democratic rebuilding of Germany, reconciliation with France, the anchoring of German foreign policy in a trans-Atlantic community of values, a vision of European unity and Germany’s orientation towards a social market economy.

German political foundations are unique Worldwide work and Activities in throughout the world. The Konrad-Adenauer- Australia and the Pacific Stiftung is associated with Germany’s Christian Democratic Union (CDU) party. Not many other Currently KAS is present in around 120 countries, organisations provide the same expertise in with over 100 offices on six continents. With the field of democracy building and dialogue. our worldwide networks and long-term partner Although each foundation is affiliated to with a structures, we aim to contribute to knowledge political party, they are organizationally, legally exchange and policy development in line with and financially independent and they are funded our values and goals. Especially across the Asia- by the German Government. Their international Pacific region, the work of KAS is reflective of work is closely aligned with Germany’s foreign Germany’s commitment to an order based on policy goals. rules, cooperation and responsible, concerted Through its international activities and leadership. projects carried out in collaboration with local As current global developments – such as a partners, KAS makes a substantial contribution volatile security environment – underscore to international cooperation, ensuring that the common interests of Europe and Australia, Germany lives up to its growing responsibility KAS’ Regional Programme for Australia and the in the world. Particularly in development policy, Pacific seeks to foster durable collaboration the aim of our work is to motivate and enable through dialogue among parliamentarians, (young) people to shape their own future by representatives of government departments strengthening democracy, the rule of law and and leading academic/think tank experts, as promote the principles of a just social market well as political analysis and consultancy. For economy. This includes capacity building in the European Union in general and Germany the areas of creating sustainable democratic in particular, dialogues with Australia and New structures, constitutional reform, as well as the Zealand are of special relevance due to our support of human rights and peace processes. history of strong bilateral and regional relations. For this end, we collaborate with government Given our shared values and common interests institutions, policy-makers, political centre in shaping the rules-based order, there are parties, civil society organisations, academia and manifold opportunities for this partnership. Our the media sector. programmes are dedicated to collaboration and A further pillar underpinning the political work knowledge-sharing to strengthen our collective is research and consultancy. This is more than resilience and ability to find solutions to the just giving advice on current political affairs. pressing problems of our time. We conduct research on the implications of political developments and seek to inform the policy-making process to contribute towards the development of far-sighted, sustainable policies Konrad Adenauer (1876-1967) that can help prevent crises. Bundesarchiv B 145-F078078-0004 / Katherine Young / CC-BY-SA 3.0

3 Activities of the Regional Programme Australia and the Pacific 2020 A Word from The Director

“the security and prosperity of the Asia-Pacific (including the Indo-Pacific and the economic and security integration of the South Pacific region) are of central concern – not only in its wider geographical neighbourhood but also globally.”

world in which the balance between strategic It is also encouraging to see continuous progress A Word from The Director engagement and strategic competition in the in the formalisation of the EU-Australia Free US-China relationship has shifted. The 2020 Trade negotiations. A Free Trade Agreement Defence Strategic Update of the Australian between the EU and New Zealand is also government, representing a re-orientation underway, highlighting the increased focus of our 2020 will be remembered for major disruptions on both a national and global scale, of Australia’s strategic positioning, responds two regions to connect and cooperate. from the devastating Australian bushfires to the global impacts of the coronavirus to the challenges of a shifting geopolitical As far as New Zealand is concerned, 2020 was pandemic. The latter has turned the world upside down and will shape history with its environment – especially in the light of the an election year under difficult circumstances. changes the pandemic brought. For Australia, long-term effects. The government implemented an early and strict as a key player in the Asia-Pacific, questions of lockdown and nearly eliminated the coronavirus. regional leadership, institution-building and The so-called ‘covid election’ not only brought integration are of paramount importance to with it a record number of advance votes but also ensure continued geopolitical and geo-economic COVID-19 has accelerated many trends in the For Germany a significant milestone in 2020 was resulted in the first party to achieve an absolute stability, security and prosperity. field of international relations that were present the 30th anniversary of German Unity - a reminder majority since the introduction of the mixed even before, yet the pandemic amplified their that German reunification would not have been This is especially salient against the backdrop member proportional system and reaffirmed significance and visibility: the crises affecting possible without the preceding institutionalisation of a globalised and interdependent world, the leadership of the country by Prime Minister multilateralism and transatlantic relations, China of the vision of “European Unity”. where economic well-being, political stability Jacinda Ardern and the Labour Party. Given and Russia’s growing global influence-seeking, and security are interlinked. For Australia, the country’s dependence on tourism and the In Australia the containment of the Coronavirus or intensifying disinformation campaigns – what the security and prosperity of the Asia-Pacific education sector, the economic recovery will be a across the country - under the motto “Keeping came to be known as “infodemic” - are just a (including the Indo-Pacific and the economic and challenging task for the new government. the Australians safe” - was the government’s few examples. security integration of the South Pacific region) number one priority; lockdowns, contact While most South Pacific island countries have are of central concern – not only in its wider In the midst of the pandemic, in July 2020 tracing and public adherence to a strict regime so far been able to remain free from local geographical neighbourhood but also globally. Germany took over the six -month presidency contributed to the success of the policies and transmission of the coronavirus, their economies What is happening in the Asia-Pacific does matter of the Council of the European Union. Under increased trust in government. But Australia, have lost revenues from tourism, the export to Europe as well. the banner “Together for Europe’s recovery” the also known as the “lucky country” with a record of produce and remittances. Given that most entire presidency focused on enabling Europe of almost three decades of uninterrupted The German Government’s new Policy Guidelines of them are still considered amongst the least to cope with the consequences of the pandemic. prosperity, is now in its first recession after 30 for the Indo-Pacific, released in September 2020, developed countries, their economic recovery will European cohesion, enhancing digitalization, years and faces long-term economic challenges – signal a distinct commitment on Germany’s part also be a difficult one. technological and industrial sovereignty, in addition to increasingly tense relations with its to actively contribute to shaping the rules-based Responding to the aforementioned global reforming policy on migration and creating a major trading partner China. order - whose future is seen to be determined in challenges, there is an increased need for new matrix for re-engaging the EU with the UK the Indo-Pacific. Under the heading ‘Germany– In the foreign policy area Prime Minister Scott bilateral and multilateral cooperation between and China, as well as promoting the EU Green Europe-Asia: Shaping the 21st Century Together’, Morrison emphasized Australia’s intensified like-minded nations who can work together Deal and European values on an international the Guidelines are intended to pave the way for regional partnership as a sign of greater to uphold the principles underpinning the level will also remain on the agenda of Portugal closer cooperation with partners in the region – responsibility and named the Indo - Pacific as the liberal architecture. This is done by devising and Slovenia, both successors of Germany to the in particular ASEAN and the so-called Partners “epicentre of rising strategic competition” - in a frameworks and policies that reflect this EU “Trio-Presidency”. across the Globe.

4 5 Activities of the Regional Programme Australia and the Pacific 2020 A Word from The Director

normative foundation and offer solutions to the Special highlights included the fourth iteration pressing problems of our time. The commitment of our annual Konrad Adenauer Lecture Series in to multilateral cooperation is the key driver and cooperation with the ANU Centre for European Understanding Contemporary Challenges overarching goal in the international work of Studies - with the Hon Julie Bishop as keynote Through the PERISCOPE Vision the Konrad Adenauer Stiftung. The recent crises speaker on the topic Multilateralism and Regional In order to capture the many aspects of This way, it seeks to bring together rocking our hyper-linked, interdependent world Cooperation in Times of Global Crises. Another the challenges we face from a wider arc perspectives from Germany, Europe, the have revealed, we are all living in decisive times key event was a virtual dialogue between the of vision, we have developed PERISCOPE Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific for multilateral cooperation. The KAS Regional German Minister of Defense, Annegret Kramp in 2020 as a platform for publications and region to help address the pressing Programme Australia and the Pacific Konrad Karrenbauer and her Australian Counterpart, analysis on contemporary issues in the area problems of our time. Adenauer Foundation is committed to enhancing Senator the Hon Linda Reynolds. Their discussion of foreign and security policy, cybersecurity, understanding of the drivers of these global centred on the strategic outlook in the Indo- As the COVID-19 pandemic has laid bare terrorism/counter-terrorism, energy policy, developments and promote knowledge-sharing Pacific and the potential of Australian–German vulnerabilities, the resulting upheavals the rule of law, as well as development and dialogue among key stakeholders in the Defence relations; this highlighted once more that and globally reverberating crises are at policy and economic and social matters. political process. amongst the many shared concerns about the future the same time underscoring the common of the rules-based order, there are also many points Just like the real-world sighting instrument, interests between Europe and Australia. In our fourth year as an established regional of commonality and opportunities for increased PERISCOPE is meant to broaden our And Australia, with the support of like- office, we have sought to achieve this by hosting strategic cooperation in the Indo-Pacific. insights - taking in views from different minded nations like Germany, is stepping up and contributing to a number of theme-focused angles. It is reflective of the Konrad its leadership in shaping the international events in Australia, New Zealand and the South Through a range of accompanying innovative Adenauer Foundation’s commitment to order in the Indo-Pacific. And the vision Pacific – in 2020 mostly in a digitalized way. These publications and digital news digests, we enhance understanding of the key drivers behind PERISCOPE is to provide a platform ranged from political dialogue programmes sought to further deepen understanding of of global developments and promote for generating insights that can contribute to intensify the bilateral relationship between these issues. This way, we have released new knowledge-sharing and dialogue among key towards these efforts. Germany, Australia and New Zealand in the field issues of our ‘Periscope’ Analysis Paper/Brief stakeholders in the political process. of Foreign and Security Policy, Cyber Security Series – dedicated on connecting perspectives and our well-established annual Australia- from Europe and the Australia-Pacific region on Europe Counter-Terrorism Dialogue, Energy topics such as energy policy, cyber security and Policy as well as a focus on Development Policy. the rule of law. Another project we are proud In 2020 we also established a rule of law dialogue of is the 2020 ASPI-KAS Special Report on the Through all these online/offline and hybrid When reflecting back on an unusual year we are between Germany and Australia. Additionally impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on extremism activities, publications and digital initiatives, we anticipating an active 2021 and working together we further expanded our foothold in the South dynamics, because it highlights the long-standing seek to contribute to a broadened understanding with you to achieve this goal. My team and I look Pacific in cooperation with the Victoria University partnership with our cooperation partner ASPI. of the challenges that concern us all in an ahead with optimism and we cordially thank all Wellington by initiating an online International And, on a weekly basis our ‘Digital Snapshots’ offer interconnected world. As you read on, you will our friends and partners for the great support Dispute Resolution Training Programme that compact analysis of relevant current affairs issues be able to glean an overview of our focus and and cooperation. focuses on climate change in the Pacific region. from ‘down under’ - including New Zealand and activities in 2020, a panorama snapshot of how the South Pacific of course - to readers across the we have sought to bring our regions closer Dr Beatrice Gorawantschy miles. And last but not least, we concluded the together and contribute towards improving the Director Regional Programme year with another highlight – the launch of our political dialogue with this part of the world. Australia and the Pacific complementary website “Periscope”.

“The KAS Regional Programme Australia and the Pacific Konrad Adenauer Foundation is committed to enhancing understanding of the drivers of these global developments and promote knowledge-sharing and dialogue (Photo Credit: Rohan Thomson, Pew Pew Studio) among key stakeholders in the political process.”

6 7 Activities of the Regional Programme Australia and the Pacific 2020

Parliamentary and Political Party Dialogue

“…today’s idea in one country is Members of the German-Pacific Parliamentary Friendship Group of the Bundestag, MP Volkmar Klein (centre), tomorrow’s policy in another” German Consul-General Peter Silberberg (far right) and Brisbane Honorary Consul Prof. Michael Rosemann (far left)

From the International Democratic Union’s mission statement1 February 2020 Visit of the German-Pacific Parliamentary Friendship group International cooperation and multilateral Germany, Australia and New Zealand have headed by MP Volkmar Klein engagement, based on shared principles highly respected parliamentary systems based and common goals, begin with dialogue. on a strong democratic tradition. This places KAS Australia & the Pacific was excited to • the increasing complexity of systemic Parliamentary diplomacy and inter-parliamentary them in an excellent position to work together take part in the 2nd Brisbane Climate Change climate solutions (e.g., integrating exchanges play an important role in building to develop comprehensive and coordinated Roundtable, organised by the Honorary energy & foreign policy; solar bridges between countries to enhance peace, policies in response to today’s challenges. Across Consul of Germany, Prof. Michael Rosemann. to hydrogen) democracy and sustainable development. the Pacific Islands, the further development of The informative and inspiring discussions inclusive political parties and the rule of law are covered, amongst others, the following topics: Participants included a delegation from the Less driven by protocol than meetings between paramount to sustainable development. German-Pacific Parliamentary Friendship ministers and heads of States, exchanges of • the conflict between economic and Group under the leadership of MP Volkmar ideas, experiences and good practices between Parliamentary and political party dialogue ecological well-being, Klein as well as the German Consul-General parliamentarians and party representatives therefore constitutes a key pillar of our work in • the need to convert symptoms (climate Peter Silberberg and representatives from promote a better understanding of Australia and the Pacific region. indicators) into impact statements, Climate-KIC, QUT (Queensland University of shared challenges: by learning from each other • a requirement for incentive schemes Technology), UQ (University of Queensland) to better address challenges, identify avenues for that scale globally and Messe International. action and drive meaningful change. (Source: Report German Honorary Consulate Brisbane).

1 The IDU is an inter-parliamentary forum for centre-right parties to exchange views on matters of policy and organisational interest, “so that October 2020 they can learn from each other, act together, establish contacts and speak with one strong voice to promote democracy and centre-right policies around the globe”. Farewelling Matthias Cormann

Senator the Hon Mathias Cormann, Minister for Finance and Leader of the Government in the Senate left Parliament in October 2020; he was officially nominated by the Australian government as candidate for the OECD’s Secretary General’s post.

The Regional Programme Australia and the Pacific expresses its sincere appreciation for the invaluable contributions of the Hon Mathias Cormann towards furthering the bilateral relationship between Germany and Australia. KAS Australia and the Pacific is most grateful for Senator Cormann’s patronage and long-standing support which has been invaluable to the establishment of the KAS office in Australia and its ongoing activities. In

the true sense of “distance does not matter”, Former Minister for Finance the Hon Mathias Cormann we are looking forward to keeping in touch! with Dr Beatrice Gorawantschy

8 9 Activities of the Regional Programme Australia and the Pacific 2020 Parliamentary and Political Party Dialogue

February - March 2020 Specifically, he highlighted a number of inflection As value partners, navigating changing political points and unhelpful economic and socio- and economic tides requires a delicate balancing Tackling the New Challenges for Political Parties political narratives in order to draw out lessons: of pragmatism and principled commitment and Liberal Democracies in Changing Times with the end goal of what Dr Schueler described to the foundational tenets of liberalism. as “polishing away blind spots and giving liberal Matters of international trade, global security KAS Australia and the Pacific was pleased to In Australia, Dr Schueler for instance democracy its shine back” and multilateralism have become pillars that welcome Dr Klaus Schueler, State Secretary addressed the German Australian business determine the stability of domestic political and Overall, the focus was on how to weather (ret’d) and former Federal Managing community and academic audiences in economic systems for both countries, including the storms of a changed political landscape Director of the CDU, for a political dialogue Brisbane and Sydney on ‘Germany and issues of climate change and energy politics. since both Germany and Australia as well as programme with Australian and New Zealand Europe in the post-Brexit/post-Merkel era’ The various discussions, round tables and and New Zealand are facing various challenges politicians, political party and industry and exchanged views with policy makers and bilateral meetings reinforced the need to stick to in their respective domestic settings as well representatives, academics and think tank political partners at the Federal Parliament the tried and proven narrative of what the liberal as internationally. experts. Dr Schueler, who is now the Board in Canberra, including the then Minister of order can offer for societies and individuals. of Management’s representative for national Finance the Hon Mathias Cormann, as well as and international politics at LANXESS NSW Minister for Jobs, Investment, Tourism and a member of the Board of Trustees the Hon Stuart Ayres and the Speaker of the at the Konrad-Adenauer-Foundation was New South Wales Legislative Assembly the accompanied by Dr Peter Hefele, Head of the Hon Jonathan O’Dea. Asia Department at KAS. They engaged in a A key event was also a public lecture at the series of roundtables, bilateral meetings and University of Queensland which centred discussions in Brisbane, Sydney, Canberra, on the challenges to democracy and the Auckland and Wellington on timely issues rules-based order in a changing global such such as populism, European integration, environment. It was titled Disruptive Times climate politics as well as the new challenges -Liberal Democracy under Pressure. Rather to democracy and the rules-based order in a than simply lamenting a ‘crisis of the West’ and changing global environment. liberal values, Dr Schueler sought to go beyond defeatist assessments and examined what can be done to enable liberalism to deliver on its

Left: Lecture at University of Queensland with promises to individuals and societies – both Prof Katharine Gelber, Head of the School of Political domestically as well as internationally. For this Science and International Studies & Professor of Politics end, Dr Schueler proposed a recalibration and Public Policy, University of Queensland. of liberal values based on critical reflection Right: Dinner discussion with representatives of the of where the trajectory of Western liberal Brisbane Political, Business and Science Community democracies may have gone off course over the past decade.

Left: Luncheon discussion with Board members of the German- Australian Chamber of Industry and Commerce (AHK) and the European Australian Business Council (EABC), Guests of honour, the Hon Nick Greiner AC, Chair Emeritus EABC and then Federal President of the Liberal Party and Mrs Lucy Turnbull AO, then Chief Commissioner, Greater Sydney Commission.

Right: (Top) Meeting with Hon Jonathan O’Dea MP, NSW Speaker of the House. (Middle) Meeting with Senator the Hon Mathias Cormann – the then Minister of Finance & former Co-Chair of the Australian-German Bilateral Advisory Group. (Bottom) Meeting with Stuart Ayres MP, NSW Minister for Jobs, Investment, Tourism.

10 11 Activities of the Regional Programme Australia and the Pacific 2020 Foreign and Security Policy

Foreign and Security Policy

Katja Theodorakis Senior Programme Coordinator for Research and Analysis (Foreign/Security Policy)

Intense political competition and digital developments have greatly influenced the way we see and understand foreign policy and traditional diplomacy. These complexities have created an increasingly challenging security environment, and to avoid being caught off-guard, political decision-makers are forced to think ahead more, taking into consideration a wider array of traditional and non-traditional threats.

How to navigate strategic uncertainty in the Here, strategic cooperation centred on upholding Indo-Pacific, especially with an eye on the the tenets of the rules-based order is of changing leadership role of the US in the region paramount importance to the kind of stability, is a formidable challenge for Australia as a security and prosperity that will extend well regional power committed to upholding the beyond the Indo-Pacific region. rules-based order. And the European Union, The overarching aim of our foreign and security equally facing new economic and security policy analysis is therefore a finer-grained challenges, including issues arising from digital

understanding of present geopolitical challenges, Photo Credit: L B (via unsplash) transformation and emerging technologies, through addressing a variety of topics and from works with a clearly articulated vision of various perspectives – with the overarching aim ‘strategic autonomy’ under the new ‘geopolitical’ to better identify future challenges and highlight Commission. As the Covid-19 pandemic has opportunities for cooperation. only highlighted the vulnerabilities inherent in global interdependencies and intensified existing Australia, Germany and Europe as Shapers of the Global Order? debates about greater resilience, autonomy and various forms of diversification and decoupling, Multilateralism, ‘Pragmatic Internationalism’ both Australia and Europe are seeking to take an increasingly active role in shaping the and the Future of International Cooperation international system. One can detect a common theme in recent Similarly, the Australian Prime Minister as public foreign policy statements by Australia, well as the Defence and Foreign Minister Germany and the EU: that it is in their took a distinctively assertive stance when respective interest to not only defend but they introduced the long-awaited Defence also to actively shape the global order. EU Strategic Update (see Snapshot #19/20 ). This Commission President Ursula von der Leyen’s more pronounced pivot towards the Indo- “the Covid-19 pandemic State of the Union Speech (SOTEU) from Pacific as the strategic focus for Australia’s September illustrates this poignantly, as defence activities also signaled a greater has only highlighted the do the German Foreign Minister’s framing willingness to actively defend Australia’s vulnerabilities inherent in and introductory words around the recently interests and shape the rules-based order in global interdependencies” released Indo-Pacific Policy Guidelines. the region.

12 13 Activities of the Regional Programme Australia and the Pacific 2020 Foreign and Security Policy

It could be argued that such positioning is based “the strategic focus for Australia’s on the growing realization that the international defence activities also signaled order, albeit ‘rules-based’, is also very much a greater willingness to actively shaped by power - and that the current geostrategic environment, warrants a shift of defend Australia’s interests” focus from internationalism based on an ideal view of the liberal order to a more pragmatist variety of internationalism.

Overall, the common factor for Australia and the EU is the need for greater sovereignty and strategic autonomy, to find new ways to exercise influence in the international system. This requires new partnerships, as identified in Germany’s recently released Indo-Pacific policy guidelines: ‘Global Partners’ - industrialized democracies such as Australia, India, Japan, and South Korea— are seen as key variables in the quest for greater self-reliance. Pragmatically, these partnerships would be built around key policy issues such as digital autonomy, supply chain sovereignty, and an expanded European security footprint through bilateral and The 2020 Konrad Adenauer Lecture, delivered by the Hon Julie Bishop, Chancellor, Australian National University and former multilateral joint naval exercises. Foreign Minister of Australia. (Photo credit: Ben Kopilow, Fusion Photography)

October 2020

The Hon Julie Bishop discusses key Interested in diplomacy, geoeconomics and Konrad Adenauer Lecture 2020 ingredients for a secure, open, stable cooperation in the Indo-Pacific? Tune into and prosperous Indo-Pacific. this video with Australia’s former Foreign Multilateralism and Regional Cooperation in Times of Global Crises: Minister of Australia and current Chancellor Australia and Europe and the International Order of the Australian National University who answers some questions we posed to her as a contribution to the 5th German-Asian Against the backdrop of an international unconditional leadership’. Rebuilding more Business Dialogue - 4th November 2020. order under strain, the lecture focused on widespread confidence in the legitimacy and the kind of international engagement that is integrity of this order requires a commitment Ms Bishop, who was also Deputy Leader needed to move forward as the pandemic to uphold and strengthen its maintenance. of the Australian Liberal Party, is widely has revealed systemic weaknesses in the Alan Gyngell, a prominent Australian foreign regarded as one of Australia’s finest international order and a long –simmering policy thinker observed not too long ago Ministers for Foreign Affairs; she is credited backlash to ‘hyper-globalization’. Ms Bishop that “No single power will be able to generate with strengthening Australia’s strategic discussed key ingredients for a secure, open, the energy needed to shape and sustain a new and economic relationships and positioned stable and prosperous Indo-Pacific based on international order, energy will have to come from the country as the largest aid donor to the the Rules-based International Order– which a networked grid, not a single power source.” Indo-Pacific region. Under her leadership, can only be maintained and strengthened Australia’s 2017 Foreign Policy White Paper through sustained commitment and ‘brave, This is a fitting conclusion to the theme of the – a comprehensive policy framework for the 2020 Konrad Adenauer Lecture in sync with subsequent decade – was developed. As Ms Bishop closing words: despite the myriad the first woman to hold the role of Foreign “If the Rules-Based Order didn’t of today’s challenges, the foundation we can  View the video on the Periscope website. Minister, she made gender equality and draw on to move into the future is built on periscopekasaustralia.com.au/ms-julie-bishop- exist today, we’d have to invent it” discusses-key-ingredients-for-a-secure-open-stable- women’s empowerment a key priority in decades of multilateral engagement. and-prosperous-indo-pacific/ Australia’s foreign policy. Hon Julie Bishop Chancellor, Australian National University and Since these arrangements are anchored in

Photo provided by ANU, Office of the Chancellor former Foreign Minister of Australia the rule of law, it is the respect for these

14 15 Activities of the Regional Programme Australia and the Pacific 2020 Foreign and Security Policy

Right: Ms Virginia Haussegger moderating the discussion (Photo credit: Ben Kopilow, Background to the Fusion Photography) Konrad-Adenauer Lecture Series

The Konrad Adenauer Lecture Series is Adenauer-Stiftung (KAS). Over a number a platform for strengthening knowledge of years ANUCES and KAS have fruitfully and understanding of challenges and worked to bring together researchers interests common to Germany and Australia and policymakers on issues of critical and their respective regions of Europe importance in both Europe and Australia. and the Indo-Pacific. Since the inaugural Their collaborative events and publications Konrad Adenauer Lecture took place in have promoted dialogue among scholars November 2017 it has presented a variety and practitioners to address common of high ranking international speakers. The problems and identify shared interests. establishment of the prestigious annual ANUCES and KAS formalised their Konrad Adenauer Lecture Series was the partnership through their commitment to culmination of an ongoing collaboration this annual, high-profile lecture series and between the ANU Centre for European accompanying publications. qualities that characterize the long-standing The lecture was moderated by prominent Studies (ANUCES) and the Konrad- and trusted relationship between Australia journalist Virginia Haussegger, Chair of and Germany. This is the only way forward the 50/50 Foundation and Chef Editor at - as Ms Bishop concluded, “If the Rules-Based BroadAgenda. The Ambassador of the Order didn’t exist today, we’d have to invent it” Federal Republic of Germany, Dr Thomas Fitschen delivered the closing remarks in The lecture series is the fruit of an ongoing which he highlighted the importance of the wonderful cooperation with the ANU Centre institutional aspects of multilateral diplomacy for European Studies (ANUCES) who has – the rule of law as the cornerstone of the been working with KAS to bring together rules-based international order. This means researchers and policymakers on issues seeing the UN as not just a loose political of critical importance in both Europe and commitment amongst member states but a Australia. Since the inaugural Konrad binding framework founded on very specific Adenauer Lecture took place in November legal obligations that can provide a peaceful 2017, it has featured a variety of high ranking and prosperous order if adhered to by all. international speakers.

Ambassador Dr Thomas Fitschen delivering closing remarks. (Photo credit: Ben Kopilow, Fusion Photography)

Virginia Haussegger, Prof Brian Schmidt, Dr Beatrice Gorawantschy, Ambassador Dr Thomas Fitschen and Anne McNaughton (from left to right) (Photo credit: Ben Kopilow, Fusion Photography)

16 17 Activities of the Regional Programme Australia and the Pacific 2020 Foreign and Security Policy

November 2020 A Dialogue with the Defence Ministers of Australia and Germany:

“The Indo-Pacific: Geostrategic Challenges and Opportunities for Australia and Germany”

KAS Australia and the Pacific, in partnership operandi: how militaries innovate, in terms with the Australian Strategic Policy Institute of capabilities, organization and long-term (ASPI), brought together The Honourable strategic thinking. As a reflection of this need Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer, Federal for greater prioritization, she referred to the Minister of Defence, Germany and Senator key tenets of the Strategic Update to “shape the Honourable Linda Reynolds CSC, Minister the region, deter actions against Australia’s for Defence, Australia for a hybrid dialogue on interests and, when required, respond with the strategic outlook in the Indo-Pacific and military force”. The Update made clear, the potential of Australian–German Defence according to the Minister, that these are relations. The discussion was moderated underpinned by a “shared respect for the by ASPI’s Executive Director Peter Jennings, sovereignty of all nations”, which above all with KAS Australia & The Pacific Director constitutes the foundation of “what unites us”.

Photo Credit: Alex Boyd (via unsplash) Dr Beatrice Gorawantschy introducing the Similarly, threats to sovereignty were also a Ministers and delivering the vote of thanks. key theme in the German Defence Minister’s In light of the recently released German address, which she delivered as part of a Government Policy Guidelines on the Indo- ‘virtual tour’ to the region. Minister Kramp- Australia’s 2020 Defence Strategic Update: Pacific and the Australian Government’s Karrenbauer, referring to Russia’s occupation Strategic Update 2020, the Ministers of Crimea, highlighted that for the first time Navigating the ‘Grey Zone’ into the Future? discussed their countries’ respective in a long while “we are seeing territorial approaches to a rapidly evolving strategic orders changed by violence again in Europe”. “Ladies and gentlemen, that future is now… the ANZUS security alliance. It appears this environment. Minister Reynolds explained She drew attention to the importance of the world that we grew up in is no more... has only gotten more complex now as the that changes in the strategic environment ensuring freedom of navigation in the we have to define a new, rules-based order Update points to unresolved questions in required adjustments to the prevailing modus Indo-Pacific as a parallel. Given the serious and encourage, very strongly, all major state regards to the need for nuclear capabilities actors to accord with these rules” and more importantly, whether Australia and the US are even able to hold a sustained The Hon Linda Reynolds, Australian Minister German Federal Minister of Defence Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer speaking via video link to of Defence, in a speech on July 2, 2020 technological advantage in the Indo-Pacific. attendees at the ASPI Meeting Centre. (Photo Credit: Rohan Thomson, Pew Pew Studio) For the future, increased engagement with Australia is making fundamental changes like-minded nations will become more to its strategic orientation and defence targeted in defining what building cooperative capabilities in order to adapt to a changing networks around the shared goal of an open security landscape in the Indo-Pacific. Indo-Pacific means specifically. Following on from (not superseding) the Accordingly, as NATO and the EU are also 2016 Defence White Paper, The Defence configuring new defence capabilities and Strategic Update, launched on July 1, outlines reorient their strategies to adapt to the the challenges in Australia’s strategic major strategic realignment underway, environment and their implications for Australia may well be looking for new working Defence planning. This goes beyond military relationships. The increasing engagement hardware purchases and includes important between NATO and Australia, culminating in issues such as defence diplomacy and the Individual Partnership and Cooperation building regional relationships (including Program Agreement signed on Secretary among ASEAN countries). General Stoltenberg’s 2019 Australian visit Self-reliance and co-dependence have for a may indeed signal deepeening engagement in long time been the axes of the debate around the Indo-Pacific.

18 19 Activities of the Regional Programme Australia and the Pacific 2020 Foreign and Security Policy

Clockwise: Peter Jennings, ASPI Executive Director; Senator the Honourable Linda Reynolds CSC, Minister for Defence, Australia; the German Federal Minister of Defence Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer in an exclusive interview with Honourable Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer, Federal Minister of Defence, Germany. (Photo Credit: Rohan Thomson, Pew Pew Studio) Laura Tingle, Chief Political Correspondent of the ABC (Photo Credit: Rohan Thomson, Pew Pew Studio)

challenge to the effectiveness of conventional the Guidelines are intended to pave the way for “Both Ministers emphasized the Both Ministers emphasized the value of retaining military capabilities posed by the rapid pace of closer cooperation with partners in the region – value of retaining close ties with close ties with the United States, as a key pillar of technological adaption and invention, Minister in particular ASEAN and the so-called Partners a secure global order, also through cooperation the United States, as a key pillar Kramp-Karrenbauer also stressed the need for across the Globe. Minister Kramp-Karrenbauer, via NATO, but respectively stressed the need for greater cooperation in the cyber and information who had chosen Canberra as her first port of call of a secure global order, also developing greater. This includes the need to environment in this regard. on this ‘visit’ to the region, outlined the notable through cooperation via NATO, but re-define what self-reliance means in a rapidly shift from the transatlantic area to the Indo- changing, post-COVID-19 world - where the risks This comes against the backdrop of a growing respectively stressed the need for Pacific: she defined the region as a political and and dangers to our security extend well beyond recognition in Germany that, in light of developing greater.” economic centre of gravity where the rules- traditional military threats to pandemics, climate systemic rivalries and a changing transatlantic based order of tomorrow would be secured. change and the resulting food, energy or water relationship, there is a need for Germany to Identifying security and defence as priority areas shortages, or disinformation campaigns. As Dr shoulder more responsibility through its foreign This commitment to increased German for this end, the Minister reiterated Germany’s Gorawantschy drew out in her final remarks, in and defence policy. Minister Kramp-Karrenbauer engagement in the Indo-Pacific was warmly readiness to expand cooperation “with those a highly interdependent world where economic had previously advocated for Germany (and welcomed by the Australian side, with Minister who share our values in the region, intensify well-being, political stability and security are Europe) to play a more assertive role and Reynolds affirming that, especially on key issues our military contacts and promote dialogue on interlinked, resilience and sustainability are key. “produce security and stability where it matters”. of future security such as critical technologies matters of security.” She flagged the expansion and raw earths, there was “no better place to The dialogue highlighted once more that The German Government’s new Policy Guidelines of Germany’s maritime presence in the Indo- start cooperation with than Germany.” The amongst the many shared concerns about the for the Indo-Pacific, released in September 2020, Pacific as a key avenue - through for example Executive Director of the Australian Strategic future of the rules-based order, also many points signal a distinct commitment on Germany’s part joint exercises, training, embedding German Policy Institute Peter Jennings thanked Minister of commonality and opportunities for increased to actively contribute to shaping the rules-based officers in Australian Navy units or dispatching Kramp-Karrenbauer with “Minister, I hope that strategic cooperation in the Indo-Pacific can order - whose future is seen to be determined in liaison officers to multilateral organisations in you will indeed make Australia the first port of be found. the Indo-Pacific. Under the heading ‘Germany– the region. call for this increased cooperation.” Europe-Asia: Shaping the 21st Century Together’,

20 21 Activities of the Regional Programme Australia and the Pacific 2020 Cybersecurity

Cybersecurity August & September 2020 3rd Europe-Australia 1.5 track Cybersecurity Dialogue

‘Cybersecurity in Crisis Times - A Way Forward for Europe Katja Theodorakis and Australia’ A Virtual Discussion Series in Three Parts Senior Programme Coordinator for Research and Analysis (Foreign/Security Policy) The annual KAS Australia-Europe 1.5 track form of the arrangements can and should Cybersecurity Dialogue, in 2020 already in be tailored to the threat and to those willing its third iteration, aims to bring together and able to cooperate, but there is no viable In a hyper-connected and highly networked world, technology enables senior government representatives, policy alternative to multilateralism.” individuals, civil society, non-state actors and institutions to impact on makers, academic experts, practitioners and — Deglobalization and Its Discontents by social and political agendas more than ever before. And since global members of the diplomatic corps to share Richard N. Haass their views, develop better understandings powershifts manifest in competing political models that seek to challenge This requires us to look at how we manage and explore how cooperation could be the liberal order - developments in cyberspace also reflect these global interdependence, particularly in the strengthened. power dynamics. The Covid-19 pandemic has highlighted not only the area of cyberspace, as a politically contested Usually, this is achieved through a combination space shaped by hyper-connectivity and lack interconnectedness of the world but also the associated vulnerabilities. of roundtables, an in-depth seminar and of overarching global governance. The topic meetings at various relevant institutions and for the entire dialogue/discussion series ministries, as well as the respective federal, hence centred around multilateral and multi- state and EU Parliaments – alternating between stakeholder engagement and the potential Canberra/Sydney and Berlin/Brussels as for increasing cooperation as the COVID-19 “A specific common concern is Our analysis seeks to cover these crucial aspects locations. pandemic has widened the attack surface for of contemporary cybersecurity challenges - cyber operations. While this first discussion for example threats to critical The 2020 dialogue took place in a slightly ranging from the geopolitical level and questions in the series focused on global cyber norms, infrastructure, and more specifically altered, virtual format – the overarching theme about the shifting global order and international subsequent sessions were respectively of ‘Cybersecurity in Crisis Times- A Way Forward threats from cyberspace that could cyber norms to offensive cyber operations, dedicated to joint responses to large-scale for Europe and Australia’ was addressed halt the successful implementation private sector/industry perspectives, as well as cyber incidents and the EU’s toolkit as well as through three separate interactive discussion the challenges of building the cyber workforce a discussion on emerging technologies and of energy transition that both sessions with speakers from Europe and of the future. Grappling with cybersecurity issues of Digital Autonomy for Australia and countries have in common.” Australia. therefore also involves addressing underlying Europe. Julia Schuetze questions on sovereignty, trade-offs between The Covid-19 pandemic has highlighted not We were supported in the conceptualisation Project Manager International Cybersecurity Policy, privacy and security, transparency and only the interconnectedness of the world but and organization by three experts from the Stiftung Neue Verantwortung, Berlin accountability. also the associated vulnerabilities. Even before, Stiftung Neue Verantwortung – a Berlin think it has been argued that greater cooperation As value partners, Germany and Australia share tank at the intersection of technology and and multilateral engagement are necessary a very similar approach based on their common society: Julia Schuetze, Alexandra Paulus and on a broader geopolitical level. This has been value basis yet how ’cybersecurity is done’ at Kate Saslow who chaired these sessions. especially important for Europe, whose identity the policy level varies – and it is important to is founded in a vision of cooperation and This event was held under Chatham House better understand the key differences in these openness, as highlighted by EU Commission Rule (not open to the public). Experts were approaches in order to capture their nuances President Ursula von der Leyen. invited to these discussions as part of a and inherent possibilities. Accordingly, we see selected group to allow for the opportunity to tremendous value in comparative analyses and Multilateralism is seen as the only way forward: actively engage and share insights. an exchange of perspectives especially when “Effective collective action can meet the risks of there are diverging approaches on a certain issue disease, climate change, cyber-attacks, nuclear - and our programs are geared towards that. proliferation, and terrorism. No single country In particular, one key objective of our cybersecurity on its own can make itself secure; unilateralism focus is to assess how and why Australia and is not a serious policy path. This is what global Germany/Europe may take similar or different governance (not government) is all about. The approaches, looking at the varied circumstances they may encounter in specific areas.

22 23 Activities of the Regional Programme Australia and the Pacific 2020 Cybersecurity

Session One Session Two

The opening discussion was on ‘Covid-19 and cyber operations against public health Dialogue on Joint Responses to Large Scale As the EU is internally practicing their the road to global cyber norms: The case infrastructures. This case study raises Cyber Incidents. responses, aiming to go as far as sanctions, of banning cyber operations against public interesting questions and implications this development impacts the relationship with With the EU Cyber Diplomacy toolbox and the health infrastructures’. regarding the process of establishing global third countries. How do EU level responses blueprint for EU-coordinated responses in case cyber norms at the United Nations and impact coordination and cooperation with third Following multiple cyber operations targeting of large scale incidents, the EU has established beyond. For example, what steps would be countries like Australia? Input speakers and public health infrastructures, various groups a set of internal tools to enable a wider EU-level necessary to make such a norm sufficiently participants talked through different scenarios of states and non-state actors condemned response. In the past, EU member states have robust? How is this relevant for European- and discuss coordination and cooperation such attacks and even advanced concrete joint ‘Coalitions of the Willing and Capable’, Australian cooperation in this matter? options and their challenges. This brought proposals for establishing a norm banning some of which were led by Australia, e.g. the together diplomatic, practitioner and academic NotPetya coordinated attribution effort. This perspectives from key EU member states was then followed up by an EU statement. and Australia.

Input Speakers: Input Speakers:

Alexandra Paulus (Session Chair) “Looking specifically at Germany’s foreign policy responses, its engagement and PhD candidate in international relations at Chemnitz University of diplomatic efforts on cybersecurity, traditionally centre around developing norms to Technology, Fellow at Stiftung Neue Verantwortung and a member of the increase the stability of cyberspace, freedom of expression and capacity building in KAS doctoral college “Security and Development Policy in the 21st century” other countries…”

Julia Schuetze (Session Chair) Ms Johanna Weaver Project manager Cyber Foreign Policy at SNV and member of EU Cyber Direct Head of the Australian delegation to the UN Open-ended Working Group on cyber norms, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade

Manon Le Blanc Mr Wolfram von Heynitz Senior Policy Officer at European External Action Service Head of the Cyber Policy Coordination Staff, German Federal Foreign Office

Mr Lukasz Olejnik Anne-Louise Brown Independent adviser and researcher Head of Corporate Affairs, Australian Cybersecurity CRC

Mr Bart Hogeveen Dr André Barrinha Head of Cyber Capacity building,International Cyber Policy Centre, Senior Lecturer in International Relations, Department of Politics, Languages and Australian Strategic Policy Institute International Studies, University of Bath

24 25 Activities of the Regional Programme Australia and the Pacific 2020 Cybersecurity

Input Speakers:

Kate Saslow (Session Chair) Project Manager Artificial Intelligence and Foreign Policy at Stiftung Neue Verantwortung (SNV) Berlin

Dr Samantha Hoffman ASPI -Analyst on China’s tech enhanced authoritarianism

Session Three Prof Lesley Seebeck Dialogue on Emerging Tech: Issues of Digital “While both countries/regions Prof of Cybersecurity Practice and CEO of the Cyberinstitute at the Australian National University. Autonomy for Australia and Europe are well-placed to access leading In regards to emerging technologies, the research and development, European Union and Australia both face technological independence remains common challenges in a hyper-connected, Dr Stephenie Andal a particular challenge for the EU as yet increasingly contested world where global Head of Strategic Policy, Cyber Security Cooperative Research Centre networks are being leveraged for strategic well as for Australia.” advantage. As digital technologies and strategic objectives are becoming increasingly Kaan Sahin This session addressed the most important intertwined amidst heightened geopolitical Research Fellow for Technology and Foreign Policy, German Council aspects of emerging technologies for either competition, achieving digital sovereignty on Foreign Relations (DGAP) and EU Council Strategic Advisor for region and how these affect their respective (or autonomy) has become a key objective. Cyber Diplomacy/EU Presidency at Germany’s Federal Foreign Office notions of digital sovereignty. Issues that In this regard, the Covid-19 pandemic were discussed amongst leading experts ran has only highlighted the vulnerabilities along the following lines of inquiry: inherent in global interdependencies and Dr Ulrike Franke intensified existing debates about greater What exactly does digital sovereignty or Policy fellow at the European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR) resilience, autonomy and various forms of autonomy mean for the European Union digital decoupling. and for Australia? Do the two regions face similar challenges? While both countries/regions are well- placed to access leading research and Are there critical thresholds for determining “All this means that we cannot easily reduce the challenges presented by cyber, development, technological independence what constitutes technological dependence, or digital disruption, to a mere technology issue – as much as governments, perhaps understandably, would like to do so. We need to foreswear hastiness, remains a particular challenge for the EU ie what technologies can be imported? and to move with greater deliberation: there’s much to be gained from a more as well as for Australia (and its role in the How is the increasingly global footprint of patient and careful response, not least a deeper understanding of the issues Asia-Pacific). This includes issues related to Chinese assertions to ‘cyber sovereignty’ and greater scope to bring people on board…. some of the core innovations of the fourth affecting this? In conjunction with the impact industrial revolution, such as artificial Nor is cyber simply about security. Cyber is about adaptiveness, and resilience. of the networked diffusion of power in intelligence; robotics/autonomous weapons; Doing cyber well means strategy, not simply security. Strategy emphasises the digital politics? quantum or cryptographic technologies; proactive; security the reactive. Cyber is fundamentally about the world we (global) digital supply chains; the integration What governance/regulatory structures want to live in, the societies we want our children to grow up in, the nature of economic growth, and the nature of fundamental human rights and the values of such advanced technologies in smart need to be in place to effectively respond to we hold dear. And that means contemplating deeply what those values are, and city infrastructure; takeovers of high- these challenges? reflecting them through the people we educate, the institutions we shape, and tech companies in sensitive/strategically Is there space or opportunity for greater the elections we run to ensure that they are, in turn, reflected by those we elect consequential sectors. strategic (research/regulatory) cooperation, as our representatives.” also through international/regional fora and

taskforces such as eg the nascent Global Dr Lesley Seebeck Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI)? Professor of Cybersecurity Practice and Inaugural CEO Cyber Institute Australian National University

26 27 Activities of the Regional Programme Australia and the Pacific 2020 Cybersecurity

Focus on Tech, Security, Privacy and Risk

Aside from our Cybersecurity Dialogue Series, we were fortunate to have worked with various cooperation partners and experts on a range of current topics in 2020. Here are some excerpts from those projects:

Cooperation with the Cyber Security Cooperative Research Centre (CSCRC):

“Risk is the key factor – risk to Australia’s digital sovereignty and the integrity of our nation’s critical infrastructure. In 2018, when high-risk vendors were banned from partaking in the development of Australia’s 5G network, risk mitigation was the central argument. But it wasn’t new. In 2012 high-risk vendors were also banned from developing the National Broadband Network due to risk. The key difference was that in 2012, there was very little public discourse regarding the decision.” Photo Credit: Tobias Tullius (via unsplash) Rachael Falk CEO Australian Cybersecurity Cooperative Research Centre CSCRC. Beyond 5G: “Technological sovereignty” “This difference of experience and stages “There is some difference between how the in Europe and Australia of decision-making [in Australia and Europe relationship between cyber security and data ‘Normal’ Authority – Who’s Got the respectively] opens up strong opportunities protection laws is perceived in Germany and Power in a Democratic Information Isabel Skierka from the Digital Society Institute for deepening an already strong two- Australia: In Germany, these are treated as at ESMT Berlin and former KAS-ASPI fellow, way dialogue. There is significant scope to Environment distinct legal and policy domains – the former wrote for KAS: expand the number of issues that states like concerns critical infrastructure and technical In a guest contribution to the GNET Forum on Germany and Australia could collaborate protections and the latter protection of “Although on the surface, the debate about 5G behalf of the CSCRC, Katja Theodorakis delved on when it comes to China. The theft of personal data. In Australia, the two issues are security centers around cyber security and national intellectual property and 5G are great places into the challenges associated with regulating often intertwined in policy debates… security concerns, its major strategic dimension is to start. But there will inevitably be more as the online information environment. that of what the European Commission refers to as …In this context the question was also raised China continues to pursue its ambition to “Navigating the inherent tension in “tech-nological sovereignty”.17 Technological sov- be a global power that weighs as heavily on in discussions whether cyber security and safeguarding online spaces from violent ereignty is a widely used political term that remains Europe as it already does in Asia. data protection requirements are making extremist content while adhering to the yet to be defined, let alone opera-tionalized. In the EU more or less competitive. Some argue The KAS-sponsored visit to Germany and foundational principles of the liberal order European political discourse, it refers to the ability that the GDPR is a very significant compliance Brussels was a wonderful opportunity to is seemingly a Catch-22. Technology can of an actor (a state, a company or an individual) to issue and may well have negative impacts hear first-hand how Germans and EU officials only be democratic if tempered by a multi- act and de-cide independently in the digital realm. on innovation. However, cyber security is are seeing the rise of China. While there are faceted and accountable political process. A precondition for technological sovereignty is a still marked differences, the trend is very about more than compliance so it is hard to This should include citizens and their political certain degree of control over key com-petences clear. Everyone is starting to reassess China’s measure a negative impact on innovation. representatives, rather than just “consumers and technologies as well as the ability to decide trajectory and its willingness to play by the While member states set technical standards and Silicon Valley thought leaders”. How to among alternative technologies and capabilities accepted rules. There is much that liked- within common requirements, the framework implement the rule of law in the digital sphere provided by trust-worthy partners, and the ability minded states could do to ensure the rules- in the EU remains complex.” should therefore be grounded in discussions to further develop these, if necessary.18 In this con- based order is protected and strengthened about who gets to set the rules and norms text, sovereignty does not equal autarky. Rather, through this tumultuous period. “ defining online public life. Such ‘normative it consists precisely in the ability of entering into power’ – and especially its operationalisation in Professor Lyria dependencies while being able to master them Fergus Hanson online infrastructure – is crucial to responsible Benett Moses, Director Allens Innovations Hub, through the capacity to assess and (to a certain Director International Cyber Policy Centre at the democratic citizenship.” University of New South Wales Sydney degree) control technologies and capabilities.” Australian Strategic Policy Institute

28 29 Activities of the Regional Programme Australia and the Pacific 2020 Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism

Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism

Katja Theodorakis

Senior Programme Coordinator for Research and Analysis (Foreign/Security Policy)

Our analysis of terrorism centres around the key topics of the contemporary threat landscape, such as emerging forms of extremism and their ideological fusion, whether there are differences in disrupting

Photo Credit: Micael Navarro (via unsplash) the radicalization process online, in prisons or local communities or understanding cooperation among terrorist and crime networks/actors.

‘Tending That Garden’ - Australia’s New Cybersecurity Strategy Amidst a Changing International Society This includes how global and local dynamics “Following the Christchurch attack, “We want to see international engagement and sophistication of cyber-attacks’. This was well- interact jihadi, in traditional conflict zones/crisis it has become increasingly clear framed by agreed rules and norms, not timed with the release of Australia’s long-awaited hotspots and beyond – extending the focus to how that in order to fully grasp today’s crude economic or political coercion. new cybersecurity strategy - four years after the these forces converge and connect to opposition, But nor do we practically think longing Turnbull government set out Australia’s initial even attacks against liberal democracies. realities of terrorism, it is necessary for the past amounts to a strategy. The vision for a ‘cybersmart’ nation. to cast the net wider” configuration of power in global politics has Following the Christchurch attack, it has become Given the repeated emphasis on increased changed. We have to deal with the world increasingly clear that in order to fully grasp today’s cooperation with like-minded countries in as it is, not as we’d like it to be. The liberal realities of terrorism, it is necessary to cast the recent government discourse, a comparison Through our work we seek to pool expertise rules and norms of what has been known net wider; this means examining specific trends, to developments in Europe is also relevant. As from across Australia and Europe as two closely as the American Century are under assault. both emerging and continuing as they manifest the EU imposed cyber sanctions for the first connected regions. Our aim is to critically The jungle is growing back’, as Robert Kagan themselves across the ideological spectrum. time this month, experts and policy makers examine key developments and existing methods has observed.” And we need to tend to the internationally are debating what this means in Given the adaptability, innovation and seeming and initiatives, including experiences from the gardening.” terms of the Union’s strategic orientation and resilience of terrorist movements and groups, operational level, in order to shed light on how — Australian Prime Minister Scott Morisson willingness to connect hard security measures it is often assumed that our responses to these current perspectives and practices could be in an address to the Aspen Security and soft power/diplomacy. The action was threats are reactive rather than proactive – further developed to meet evolving challenges. Forum, August 5 2020 especially with the added uncertainty caused ‘welcomed’ by Australia and ‘applauded’ by the Our thematic focus in 2020 was centred on by the COVID-19 pandemic and its diffused US as the right step to more assertiveness. As capturing recent developments in the extremism Referencing a classic Australian security scholar, concomitant crises. But 18 years of the Global the official DFAT statement noted, “Australia space following the outbreak of the COVID-19 Prime Minister Scott Morisson emphasized the War on Terror and a significant investment reaffirms our shared commitment to freedom pandemic and the consequences, especially need for pragmatically defending ‘international in counter-terrorism practices have provided and democratic values, and a likeminded in the form of socio-political fissures and society’ which - as conceived by Hedley Bull a myriad of insights and experiences– both approach to cyber affairs, with the EU.” identity politics, this may have on national - is based on a ‘common set of rules’. This practically and conceptually. These can benefit security dynamics. statement, as well as Morrison’s ‘tending Questions regarding their efficacy and whether the debates on how to mitigate the effects of the the garden’ metaphor, reflect a note-worthy sanctions need to be complemented by more COVID-19 pandemic on terrorism dynamics and position on the dialectic between power on offensive actions. Plenty for Australia and the growing threat right-wing extremism poses to one hand and rules, norms and values in the Europe to discuss on how to best tend the liberal society. international system on the other. garden - or tame the jungle, depending on one’s perspective. One key manifestation of the international system being under strain was, alongside  View the Digital Snapshot. disinformation, an ‘increase in the frequency wakelet.com/wake/sKu3NnAVw35EKYtRiTo6I

30 31 Activities of the Regional Programme Australia and the Pacific 2020 Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism

August & September 2020 6th ASPI-KAS Europe-Australia Counterterrorism Dialogue

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Extremism Dynamics: Towards National Resilience

The Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung’s (KAS) The overarching theme of these sessions Regional Program Australia and the Pacific “Towards National Resilience” provided the in cooperation with The Australian Strategic opportunity for all participants to consider Policy Institute (ASPI) held their annual the global policy and leadership challenges in Australia-Europe Counter Terrorism Dialogue building community strength and resilience in in virtual form in 2020 – through two separate the continuing fight against terrorism. discussions on the 18th of August and 1st of For the first session, the Australian and German September 2020. Keynote Speakers were Heather Cook, Deputy Keynote speakers were live-streamed from Director ASIO and Dr Daniel Heinke, Chief of Europe joining a selected group of Australian Bureau of Operations, Bremen State Police. experts, CT practitioners and representatives In the second session, Ian McCartney, Deputy of the European diplomatic corps. Commissioner Investigations at the Australian Federal Police and Wil van Gemert, Deputy The topic for the entire dialogue/discussion Executive Director, Operations Directorate series centred around building national Europol delivered the keynote addresses. resilience as the COVID-19 crisis is impacting dynamics of (violent) extremism and terrorism On both occasions, keynote speeches were – which thrive on crisis narratives. While followed by a discussion with a select group the first session focused on the ideological of experts, moderated by Leanne Close, Head dynamics, the second session was dedicated to of ASPI’s CT Program and Katja Theodorakis, developments in the operational environment. Senior Program Coordinator for Foreign and Security Policy at KAS.

Top: (from left to right) Katja Theodorakis, Senior Programme Coordinator, KAS Australia & the Pacific;HE Dr Michael Pulch, Ambassador of the European Union; Leanne Close, then Head of Counter Terrorism, ASPI; Ian McCartney, Deputy Commissioner Investigations, AFP; Representative of the AFP; and Dr Beatrice Gorawantschy, Director KAS Australia & the Pacific

Bottom: (Left) Katja Theodorakis with Wil van Gemert, Deputy Executive Director, Operations Directorate Europol (Right) Leanne Close with Daniel Heinke, Chief of Bureau of Operations, Bremen State Police

The annual ASPI–KAS Counter-Terrorism A tried and proven format, it brings together Dialogue, now in its sixth iteration, seeks to policymakers, representatives from relevant foster knowledge exchange on continuing government institutions, academic experts and and emerging forms of terrorism and violent practitioners from Australia, Germany and other extremism across the ideological spectrum, European countries for frank discussions. exploring how to proactively deal with an Through the continuity afforded by this dialogue ever-evolving threat landscape. Trust and series, an effective process has been established openness are two important ingredients in any in which participants are able to engage in a frank From left to right: Katja Theodorakis, Senior Programme Coordinator, KAS Australia & the Pacific;Leanne Close, then Head of Counter cooperation venture. Terrorism, ASPI; Peter Jennings, Executive Director, ASPI; HE Dr Thomas Fitschen, German Ambassador; Heather Cook, Deputy exchange of ideas and explore options for how to Director ASIO and Dr Beatrice Gorawantschy, Director KAS Australia & the Pacific best deal with contemporary terrorism trends.

32 33 Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism

Digging Deeper on National Security and Resilience

In Conversation with Leanne Close APM, then Head of Counter-Terrorism at the Australian Strategic Policy Institute

As we sought to capture evolving extremism through the COVID-19 crisis - particularly in trends resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic terms of social cohesion, maintaining trust 2020, we were particularly interested in the between citizens and police in the face of CT Publication potential future effects on national security protests and resistance to governments’ dynamics –also how we even define national COVID measures. This is an important issue The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on security in light of such profound shocks to internationally, given the emergence of protest Extremism Dynamics: Towards National Resilience the global order and domestic socio-political movements in for instance the US or Germany: landscapes. it is instructive to look at broader trends comparatively – considering there has overall Customarily, our CT dialogues with ASPI are The report focuses on the overarching For this end – and in another innovative been less popular resistance in Australia than flanked by a Special Report that covers the theme of the 2020 Australia-Europe first - we engaged with current trends in elsewhere, some even speak of a return of key themes of the dialogue in order to capture Counterterrorrism dialogue - building national terrorism/counter-terrorism through a special trust in public institutions. By discussing the the main ideas discussed amongst participants resilience, including consideration of the interview for our upcoming PERISCOPE Video developments behind the ‘Towards National (under Chatham House Rule) and link them to impact of the Covid-19 crisis on the dynamics Series, again with fantastic support from our Resilience’ concept of the 2020 Dialogue and wider policy-relevant debates. of violent extremism and terrorism - and also cooperation partner ASPI. connects to the issues discussed at the 5th Special Report, some key ideas and themes Under the title “The Impact of the COVID-19 Here, Katja and Leanne dig deeper on Dialogue in Europe in 2019. from the dialogue could be examined further. Pandemic on Extremism Dynamics: Towards some questions that came up during the National Resilience”, the 2020 publication 2020 Dialogue as Leanne shares insights was co-authored by KAS’ Senior Program from her vast experience as former Deputy Coordinator Katja Theodorakis and then Commissioner National Security of the ASPI’s head of CT Leanne Close. Australian Federal Police on some of the challenges for policing that have emerged

34 35 Activities of the Regional Programme Australia and the Pacific 2020 Energy Policy

Energy Policy

Eva U Wagner Programme Coordinator for Rule of Law, Energy and Development Policy

June 2020 Energy security and climate change are among the biggest challenges Australia, KAS Regional Project Energy Security and Climate Change Germany and New Zealand are facing. In fact, they are global issues that transcend national borders. Yet they are primarily managed at national level. Green Recovery in the Asia-Pacific Region

KAS Australia was pleased to support public and private sector initiatives towards KAS Regional Project Energy Security and a greener, more sustainable economy. Climate Change Asia-Pacific’s (RECAP) online The workshop was part of a series of In an endeavour to over­come borders (and The German Government has recently released workshop on green recovery in Australia. workshops on green recovery plans in the distances) and to foster collabo­ration between its Guidelines for the Indo-Pacific (including Various Australian energy policy experts, Asia-Pacific region held by RECAP with the like-minded countries, KAS Australia supports Australia, New Zealand and the South Pacific). including a representative from the Victorian aim of identifying and comparing various the free exchange of innovative ideas and policy The Guidelines inter alia re-affirm Germany’s State Government, discussed the Australian countries’ approaches. strategies. Energy and climate matters affect the commitment to intensify cooperation with this private, public and business sectors alike. They region in regards to climate protection, climate also have a wider impact on foreign and security change adaption, protection of biodiversity, policy, and give rise to socio-cultural issues. renewable energies and energy efficiency. Accordingly, they must be mas­tered by the political As far as Australia is concerned, the German and economic sectors as well as society as a whole. Government intends to expand its cooperation in July 2020 & October 2020 regards to green hydrogen. German-Australian Energy Policy Dialogue 2020

The 2020 KAS Australia & EUCERS Energy Dialogue was implemented by way of two virtual seminars.

The first seminar – held in cooperation with Attracting more than 100 participants, the and chaired by the German-Australian Energy event was chaired by Prof Frank Jotzo, Transition Hub – was a closed expert session Director, ANU CCEP and featured the under Chatham House Rules on the Australian following speakers, panellists and Hydrogen Strategy 2019 and the German and commentators in a lively discussion of the EU Hydrogen Strategies 2020. production of hydrogen, the definition of clean hydrogen and the import and export of The second seminar – held in cooperation hydrogen, respectively. with the Australian National University’s Centre for Climate and Energy Policy (ANU There was also great interest in the ongoing CCEP), the German-Australian Chamber of bilateral feasibility study on the export of Industry and Commerce (AHK Australien) green hydrogen from Australia to Germany. and the Energy Transition Hub was a public session on The Hydrogen Economy: Prospects For A German-Australian Collaboration.

36 37 Activities of the Regional Programme Australia and the Pacific 2020 Energy Policy

German-Australian Energy Policy Dialogue 2020 (Continued)

July 2020 October 2020

Speakers for the first dialogue were: Speakers for the first dialogue were:

Prof Frank Jotzo (Chair) Ms Rebecca Burdon (Chair) Professor, Crawford School of Public Policy and Managing Director, Energy Transition Hub, University of Melbourne Director, Centre for Climate & Energy Policy, ANU Dr Joachim Pfeiffer MP Spokesperson for Economic and Energy Affairs of the Christoph von Spesshardt CDU/CSU Parliamentary Group in the German Bundestag Executive Director, AHK Australia

Dr Thomas Longden Dr Joachim Pfeiffer MP Grand Challenge Fellow, College of Asia & the Pacific, Australian National University (ANU) Spokesperson for Economic and Energy Affairs of the CDU/CSU Parliamentary Group in the German Bundestag Dr Frank Umbach Research Director – European Centre for Climate, Energy and Resource Security (EUCERS) Jo Evans Deputy Secretary, Climate Change and Energy Innovation, Prof Friedbert Pflüger Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources (DISER) Director, European Centre for Climate, Energy and Resource Security (EUCERS) and Managing Partner, Bingmann Pflüger International Dr Stefan Kaufmann MP Dr Joachim Lang Innovation Commissioner of the German Government for Green Hydrogen Director General and Member of the Presidential Board Executive Board, Federation of German Industries (BDI) Innes Willox Prof Frank Jotzo Chief Executive, Australian Industry Group Professor, Crawford School of Public Policy and Director, Centre for Climate & Energy Policy, ANU Dr Joachim Lang Changlong Wang Director General and Member of the Presidential Board Executive Board, Researcher, Energy Transition Hub, University of Melbourne Federation of German Industries (BDI)

Prof Friedbert Pflüger Prof Peter Rayner Director, European Centre for Climate, Energy and Resource Security (EUCERS) Director, Climate and Energy College, University of Melbourne and Managing Partner, Bingmann Pflüger International

38 39 Activities of the Regional Programme Australia and the Pacific 2020 PERISCOPE Briefs 2020

PERISCOPE Briefs 2020 Analysis #1 Analysis #2 Analysis #3 Germany and the EU’s Hydrogen Analysis of the Australian Australia’s Opportunity: Synergies Strategies in Perspective – The Need for Hydrogen Strategy between Hydrogen Export and a Sober Analysis Domestic Energy Transition in Australia The first three editions of KAS Australia’s Dr Thomas Longden newly developed Periscope Brief Series Dr Frank Umbach Changlong Wang, Roger Dargaville & were dedicated to the topic of energy and, Dr Joachim Pfeiffer MP Falko Ueckerdt more precisely, hydrogen. The first edition provides the reader with in-depth analyses of [...] In the beginning of June 2020, delayed The Australian National Hydrogen Strategy [...] The bilateral scenario working group of Germany and the European Union’s Hydrogen by more than five months, the German was developed to support the establishment the Australian-German Energy Transition Strategies, both of which were adopted in 2020. Government finally agreed on its long of an Australian hydrogen industry. While Hub analysed the potential impact of The second edition analyses the Australian debated and disputed national hydrogen there is mention of domestic uses of hydrogen exports on energy systems in Hydrogen Strategy, issued in 2019. The analyses strategy. The delay was caused by major hydrogen and establishing hydrogen hubs, Australia as part of a multi-model scenario highlight complementary competencies and disputes primarily between Germany’s a key aim of the Strategy is to establish analysis. The scenario analysis is based needs in Germany, the EU and Australia’s Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy Australia as an exporter of hydrogen. [...] on four energy-economic models which hydrogen sectors. The third edition deals and the Ministry for the Environment. The examine a range of carbon abatement with synergies between hydrogen export core of the dispute was whether Germany scenarios for Australia, [...] and domestic energy transition in Australia should only support ‘Green Hydrogen’ or and analyses by way of various scenarios the be technologically neutral, which would potential impact of hydrogen exports on local also allow research, development and pilot energy systems. projects of other hydrogen options.

Occasional Analysis Brief Series / Analysis #1 1 Occasional Analysis Brief Series Occasional Analysis Brief Series Occasional Analysis Brief Series Occasional Analysis Brief Series / Analysis #2 1 Occasional Analysis Brief Series / Analysis #3 1

Analysis #1 August 2020 Analysis #2 August 2020 Analysis #3 October 2020

Germany and the EU’s Hydrogen Strategies in Australia’s Opportunity: Synergies between Perspective – The Need for Sober Analyses Analysis of the Australian Hydrogen Strategy Hydrogen Export and Domestic Energy * Dr Frank Umbach* / Dr Joachim Pfeiffer** Dr Thomas Longden Transition in Australia

For the last two years, hydrogen has enjoyed an unprecedented political and industry The Australian National Hydrogen Strategy was developed to support the establishment of an Changlong Wang*, Roger Dargaville**, Falko Ueckerdt*** hype around the world. The number of companies which joined the International Australian hydrogen industry. While there is mention of domestic uses of hydrogen and establishing hydrogen hubs, a key aim of the Strategy is to establish Australia as an exporter of hydrogen. For Hydrogen Council, for instance, increased from 13 to 81 in the last three years. Hydrogen In November 2019, the Australian federal government launched its National Hydrogen Strategy1 example, one measure of success for 2030 is that Australia has become one of the top three exporters is regarded as a clean, secure and affordable energy carrier (similar to electricity) which aims to position Australia as a major player in the global hydrogen market by 2030. This is an of hydrogen to Asian markets. rather than an energy source and an industrial raw material, which may play a key role economic opportunity ripe for international collaboration, such as through the recent Joint Declaration and be the ‘missing link’ as feedstock in hard-to-abate sectors such as steel-making The Strategy has been adopted by all Australian States and Territories (which are members of the between German and Australian governments to further the research in this field.2 The production 1 and refineries, ammonia production and chemical industry in decarbonised Council of Australian Governments, now to be succeeded by the National Council ). It contains measures of renewable (green) hydrogen shows potential for significant cost reduction,3 and combined with 2 energy systems. of success, but no key performance indicators (which has been stated to be the role of a ‘roadmap’) . Australia’s renewable and mineral resources renders it an attractive proposition for supplying green The Strategy is part of a broader focus on hydrogen by Australian organisations (as shown in Table energy and energy-intensive products to the global market. The bilateral scenario working group of In the future, it may also fuel buses, trains and trucks and even ships and planes. By mid-2019, 50 1). It builds on the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) National the Australian-German Energy Transition Hub analysed the potential impact of hydrogen exports new targets mandates and policy incentives were initiated globally to directly support hydrogen Hydrogen Roadmap. And the Technology Investment Roadmap that is being developed by the on energy systems in Australia as part of a multi-model scenario analysis. The scenario analysis4 is as a clean, sustainable and resilient chemical energy carrier. In 2017, a ‘Hydrogen Council’ with Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources (DISER). The Roadmap (a Discussion Paper of based on four energy-economic models which examine a range of carbon abatement scenarios for relevant private-sector actors was set up. In 2019, the World Energy Council started a ‘Hydrogen which was open for comment between 21 May and 21 June 2020) is currently being finalised and likely Australia, ranging from a “Status Quo” scenario (which only considers the existing energy policy) to Global Initiative’. Of the G20 member countries, nine had already national roadmaps and eleven to include hydrogen as a key technology, which is reflected in the example stretch goal of producing an ambitious “200% Renewables” scenario where not only is domestic demand met with renewables, had support policies for hydrogen in place. hydrogen under $2/kg. but an additional 100% is generated to supply electrolysis for large-scale green hydrogen exports. The In the beginning of June, delayed by more than five months, the German Government finally There are also sub-national hydrogen strategies and action plans. Examples include the Queensland “200% Renewables” scenario highlights a visionary goal for Australia to become a global leader in both agreed on its long debated and disputed national hydrogen strategy1. The delay was caused by climate mitigation and the export of zero-carbon energy. Hydrogen Industrial Strategy3, South Australia’s Hydrogen Action Plan4, the Western Australian major disputes primarily between Germany’s Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy and the Renewable Hydrogen Strategy5, and the Tasmanian Renewable Hydrogen Action Plan6. Ministry for the Environment. The core of the dispute was whether Germany should only support ‘Green Hydrogen’ or be technologically neutral, which would also allow research, development * Graduate researcher, PhD candidate, Energy Transition Hub, University of Melbourne and pilot projects of other hydrogen options (see Figure 1)2. ** Senior Lecturer in the Resources Engineering group in Civil Engineering at Monash and the lead of the Renewable Energy stream * Grand Challenge Fellow, College of Asia & the Pacific, Australian National University (ANU) *** Senior scientist at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) and leads the team National Energy Transitions 1 www.coag.gov.au/ 1 COAG Energy Council, Australia’s National Hydrogen Strategy. 2019. * Dr Frank Umbach – Research Director – European Centre for Climate, Energy and Resource Security (EUCERS) 2 Refer to slide 14 of 43 for the relevant statement. https://energy.anu.edu.au/files/NHS%20ANU%20presentation%202019.pdf 2 Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Joint Declaration of Intent on an Australian-German Supply Chain Feasibility Study of https://www.dsdmip.qld.gov.au/industry/priority-industries/advanced-manufacturing/hydrogen-industry-development.html ** Dr Joachim Pfeiffer MP – Spokesperson for Energy and Economic Affairs, CDU/CSU Parliamentary Group, German Bundestag 3 Hydrogen produced from Renewables. 28 August [cited 2020 28 August]; Available from: www.dfat.gov.au/international-relations/ 4 www.renewablessa.sa.gov.au/topic/hydrogen/hydrogen-action-plan themes/climate-change/joint-declaration-intent-australian-german-supply-chain-feasibility-study-hydrogen-produced-renewables 1 See The Federal Government of Germany, ‘The National Hydrogen Strategy’, Berlin, June 2020 5 www.drd.wa.gov.au/projects/EnergyFutures/Pages/Renewable-Hydrogen-Industry.aspx (www.bmbf.de/files/bmwi_Nationale%20Wasserstoffstrategie_Eng_s01.pdf) 3 Longden, T., et al., Green hydrogen production costs in Australia: implications of renewable energy and electrolyser costs. CCEP 6 www.stategrowth.tas.gov.au/energy_and_resources/energy/hydrogen 2 See also F.Umbach, ‘Hydrogen: Decarbonization’s Silver Bullet?’, Geopolitical Intelligence Service (GIS), 2 July 2020 Working Paper 20-07 Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University. , 2020(August). (https://www.gisreportsonline.com/hydrogen-decarbonizations-silver-bullet,energy,3233.html) 4 Ueckerdt, F., et al., Australia’s power advantage: Energy transition and hydrogen export scenarios, Insights from the Australian- German Energy Transition Hub. 2019(September).

40 41 Activities of the Regional Programme Australia and the Pacific 2020 Rule of Law

Rule of Law August 2020 The launch of KAS Australia’s rule of law dialogue between Germany and Australia

Eva U Wagner Tax Sharing in a Federation Programme Coordinator for Rule of Law, Energy and Development Policy

According to the United Nations, the rule of law is fundamental to international peace and security and political stability, to achieve economic and social progress and development, and to protect people’s rights and fundamental freedoms.

Rule of law and development are strongly While the rule of law may be more or less well interlinked, and strong rule of law-based established in some countries, the principles societies should be aimed at as an outcome of are non-existent or fall short of the required the 2030 Agenda and Sustainable Development standard in others. And, even if they are well Goals (SDGs). established in a country, they are nothing that may be taken for granted. Rather, their The rule of law requires the separation of Prof Dr h c Rudolf Mellinghoff, former President of the German Supreme Finance Court implementation must be actively monitored, powers, an independent judiciary, and open (Photo: Daniel Schvarcz / Federal Fiscal Court) be discussed and be recalibrated, if and when and transparent law-making by elected necessary. The importance of the rule of law representatives. The principles enable people has become particularly obvious during the to openly criticise the law and administration ongoing coronavirus pandemic. Governments and to assemble freely. They mean that the law do not always “get it right”. Their actions may, for The first event – a virtual seminar on the is applied equally and fairly and accessible for example, be disproportionate and, if so, there reform of tax sharing in a federation - everyone. The principles also prohibit arbitrary must be remedies available. was hosted by the Melbourne Law School treatment and torture, assume that people are (MLS). Chaired by Prof Miranda Steward - innocent until proven guilty, may remain silent KAS Australia seeks to contribute to the ongoing Professor of Law, Melbourne Law School, and are not required to incriminate themselves. rule of law debate, including current issues and featuring Prof Rudolf Mellinghoff – In addition, they prevent civil or criminal such as the proportionality of coronavirus former President of the German Supreme prosecution for an offence unknown to the law measures, the interaction of law and politics, and Finance Court and former Justice on when committed, and prohibit people to be opportunities and limits of rule of law states. the German Constitutional Court, the adversely subjected to a retrospective change of More precisely, we aim to connect Germany and discussion evolved from his presentation the law. the European Union with Australia, New Zealand on tax equalisation and fiscal controls and the South Pacific so as to increase mutual in Germany’s Federation. Following understanding, and to foster idea and knowledge comments by Laureate Prof Emeritus sharing between policy makers, legal experts, Cheryl Saunders AO (MLS), the event and other stakeholders. concluded with insights from Prof John Freebairn AO on the NSW Review of Federal Financial Relations.

“The importance of the rule of law  A short video of the event is available on the has become particularly obvious Periscope website during the ongoing coronavirus periscopekasaustralia.com.au/reforming-tax-sharing  A full recording may be found on the MLS’ websites pandemic. Governments do not alumni.online.unimelb.edu.au/s/1182/match/wide. always ‘get it right’.” aspx?sid=1182&gid=1&pgid=19158&content_id=14102

42 43 Activities of the Regional Programme Australia and the Pacific 2020 Development Policy

Development Policy

Eva U Wagner Programme Coordinator for Rule of Law, Energy and Development Policy

The South Pacific Island states have rather diverse political systems and populations. Their developmental stages vary greatly. Nonetheless, they face similar challenges, including human and state security, natural disasters and resource scarcity.

The Boe Declaration on Regional Security issued An exchange of government and non- by the Pacific Islands Forum leaders’ meeting government actors in the region may help to in 2018 reaffirms that climate change remains understand the complex dynamics, however, it the single greatest threat to the region. There is cannot substitute the sustainable dialogue with also rising strategic competition for supremacy the Pacific Island states themselves. Sustainable by major powers. China’s growing influence has development and security is impossible triggered the United States and its regional allies without stable democracies, which, in turn, are Australia, New Zealand and Japan to develop impossible without the rule of law. Accordingly, closer ties with the region. KAS Australia seeks to address a range of development policy issues with a focus on the The German Government has also decided United Nations’ sustainable development goals to strengthen its engagement with the Indo- (Agenda 2030), in particular, peace, justice and Pacific (including Australia, New Zealand and International Dispute Resolution 2020 strong institutions (SDG 16). More precisely, we the South Pacific). Under the recently released seek to promote good governance, institution Guidelines for this region, Germany inter alia Our changing climate will disproportionally in the fight against climate change? What and capacity building and regional integration seeks to intensify its cooperation with regional affect the economy, environment and way is a disaster? What is the science of climate as well as the development of inclusive political institutions. To this end, the German Government of life of small states, in particular the many change? These are all questions explored in parties and the rule of law throughout the region. commits to send high-level representatives to small islands states. We are uncertain about the two introductory modules which lay the summit meetings and to promote additional the pace and scale of future change. What foundations to explore and to discuss what projects as a dialogue partner of the Pacific we do know, however, is that planning for is the available dispute resolution climate Islands Forum (PIF). the future is the best tool we have to combat change framework. climate change. One piece of the puzzle The basic concepts of negotiation, mediation, to climate change resilience is the need commercial and investment arbitration, and to have access to appropriate, especially litigation in domestic courts as well as on international, dispute resolution mechanisms the international plain will be explored and to react quickly, fairly, and expertly. further illuminated by strategic decision Leading experts, many of whom are from making advice. A specific look at maritime small states, will introduce you in 12 modules boundary disputes and the use of WTO and “KAS Australia seeks to address a to the cornerstones of international dispute human rights dispute resolution mechanisms range of development policy issues resolution as it relates to climate change. and an inquiry how to draft effective with a focus on the United Nations’ environmental laws complete the study of When is a state small? What are the dispute resolution as one of the means to sustainable development goals particular challenges small states face and help to combat the climate change challenge. (Agenda 2030).” what are the advantages small states have

44 45 Activities of the Regional Programme Australia and the Pacific 2020 Understanding Contemporary Challenges Through the PERISCOPE Vision

New Initiative Understanding Contemporary Challenges Through the PERISCOPE Vision

There is a myriad of facets to the socio-economic, political and security challenges we are facing across the world. In a hyper-connected and interdependent world, economic well-being, political stability and security are interlinked across continents.

In order to capture the many aspects of the “To capture today’s challenges challenges we face from a wider arc of vision, we have developed PERISCOPE in 2020 as from a wider arc of vision, we a platform for publications and analysis on bring you PERISCOPE – a platform See the world from a contemporary issues in the area of foreign and for publications and analysis on security policy, cybersecurity, terrorism/counter- contemporary issues. Just like the terrorism, energy policy, the rule of law, as real-world sighting instrument, different viewpoint well as development policy and economic and social matters. PERISCOPE is meant to broaden our insights - taking in views from Despite the geographical distance, Australia and Germany have a longstanding partnership based different angles.” on shared values and trust. Both countries are committed to their international responsibilities Just like the real-world sighting instrument, and exercise them wisely. This is especially PERISCOPE is meant to broaden our insights Foreign and Security Policy important in the face of existing and emerging - taking in views from different angles. It is systemic challenges which also threaten reflective of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation’s multilateral cooperation and international commitment to enhance understanding of the Cyber Security institutions. key drivers of global developments and promote In order to capture the many aspects of the knowledge-sharing and dialogue among key Terrorism / Counter-Terrorism challenge we face from a wider arc of vision, stakeholders in the political process. This way, we bring you PERISCOPE – a platform for it seeks to bring together perspectives from publications and analysis on contemporary Germany, Europe, the Australia, New Zealand and Energy Policy issues in the area of foreign and security the Pacific region to help address the pressing policy, cybersecurity, terrorism/counter- problems of our time. terrorism, energy policy, the rule of law, as Rule of Law well as development policy and economic and social matters. Our PERISCOPE web platform Development Policy consolidates our analysis and thematic output into one accessible medium: periscopekasaustralia.com.au

periscopekasaustralia.com.au

46 47 Activities of the Regional Programme Australia and the Pacific 2020 Understanding Contemporary Challenges Through the PERISCOPE Vision

PERISCOPE Analysis Volume 3 / 2020 Volume 4 / 2020 Volume 5 / 2020 Papers 2020 The Convergence Puzzle: Energy Matters in Australia, In the matter of State v Liberty: Australia, Germany and Germany, New Zealand Reflections on the 2020 Coronavirus Emerging Cybersecurity Trends and the South Pacific: Pandemic A collaborative Approach Our Analysis Papers are substantive This edition, a collection of contributions 2020 will be remembered for disruptions publications in the form of single-author (and from Australia and Germany, is concerned Energy matters – to all of us – whether both of national and global scale, from the co-authored) contributions or edited volumes with emerging trends, challenges and we are living in an industrialised country Australian bushfires to the coronavirus with multiple authors. Their thematic focus patterns in cybersecurity relevant for or a developing nation. We all depend pandemic. Given KAS Australia’s mandate ranges from in-depth analysis of a single topic both countries. on clean, reliable and affordable energy. to foster public debate and to promote Energy and climate matters affect the to examining an issue or broader phenomenon Titled the “Convergence Puzzle”, theme-focused dialogues, publishing private, public and economic sectors alike. from different angles. the edited volume is framed by a a Periscope edition on the coronavirus They also have a wider impact on foreign conceptualization of cyberspace as measures from a rule of law perspective and security policy, and give rise to socio- a realm of converging and diverging was an obvious choice. This edition cultural issues. Accordingly, they must forces and interests: technological, includes reflections on the approach taken be mastered by political decision makers social, political, economic, institutional, by various countries to protect public and business representatives as well as cultural, ideational/ideological and health. Our contributors from Australia, society as a whole. This Periscope edition strategic. These co-exist, compete and Germany, New Zealand, Fiji and Samoa seeks to make the findings of the 2nd KAS- act upon each other - forming a complex provide an overview of their respective EUCERS Energy Policy Dialogue “Energy ecosystem of dynamic, interlinked threat country’s response to the pandemic to Strategies: Germany, New Zealand & and opportunity vectors. As such, this date and analyse the specific measures as Australia - A Comparative Perspective” and overarching theme is premised on the to their proportionality and compliance related issues available to a wider audience, recognition that viewing cybersecurity with the rule of law. so that they may be used to the greatest as a mainly technological matter would possible extent in the public debate, policy be reductionist and fail to capture the making process and implementation of complexity of a space created and shaped possible solutions. by humans.

The Convergence Puzzle: Australia, Germany and Germany, New Zealand and In the Matter of State v Liberty Reflections on the 2020 Coronavirus Pandemic

Edited by Anne McNaughton & Eva U Wagner VOLUME 5 / 2020 Edited by Katja Theodorakis

THE PERISCOPE SERIES VOLUME 3 / 2020 THE PERISCOPE SERIES VOLUME 4 / NO.2 2020 / PAGE I

48 49 Activities of the Regional Programme Australia and the Pacific 2020 Digital Snapshot

Country Reports Volume 2 Digital Snapshot New Zealand before the Parliamentary elections: Campaigning in pandemic times

The Regional Programme KAS Australia A potpourri of current affairs topics from The articles are selected to present an overview

and the Pacific regularly publishes Juli 2020 Australia, New Zealand and the South Pacific of the various topics and perspectives which have

so-called Country-Reports (mainly written Regionalprogramm Australien und Pazifik - brought to you by KAS Australia and the been dominating the public and political debate in German language). These are reports Pacific. The weekly digital snapshot showcases in the Australia-Pacific region.

and analyses on current political issues selected media and think tank articles to provide In 2020, we published 35 editions, in Australia, New Zealand and the South a panorama view and analysis of the debate in covering topics from our portfolio areas. Pacific with international policy relevance, these countries. Here are some highlights: in order to bring major developments in

the region closer to Europe. In 2020 three

reports were published online - one with a (Quelle: Novikov Aleksey via Shutterstock)

focus on how Australia and New Zealand Neuseeland vor den Parlamentswahlen coped with the Corona pandemic and

Wahlkampf in Zeiten der Pandemie two reports covering the New Zealand Dr. Beatrice Gorawantschy / Eva Wagner

elections. „It is all about saving lives“ – mit dieser klaren Ansage führte die neuseeländische Premierministerin Jacinda Ardern die Bevölkerung am 25. #9/20 März in einen der weltweit härtesten „lockdowns“ zur Eindämmung der Covid #6/20 19-Pandemie, mit dem Ergebnis, dass man aktuell nahezu von einer Eliminierung des Virus auf der anderen Seite der Welt sprechen kann. Die Premierministerin und die von ihr geführte Labour Party erfreuen sich großer Popularität, während die Umfragewerte der oppositionellen National Party alarmierende Tiefen annahmen, woraufhin diese ihren Spitzenkandidaten im The Covid-19 Pandemic, Cybersecurity Mai austauschte. Niemand konnte ahnen, dass der neue Vorsitzende der Fiji and the South Pacific - Coping with National Party bereits nach 53 Tagen im Amt zurücktreten würde und damit die Krise der Partei offenbarte. Judith Collins, Politikveteranin der National Party, wurde am 14. Juli zur neuen Vorsitzenden gewählt; sie wird alles Covid-19 and Digital Futures daransetzen, ihrem Spitznamen „Crusher Collins“ gerecht zu werden und Krisenmanagerin Jacinda Ardern bei den Parlamentswahlen am 19. September zu entthronen.

April 2020 / by Eva U Wagner April 2020 / by Katja Theodorakis

This edition includes an update on Fiji’s Governments around the world are faced Volume 1 with the challenge of lifting restrictions Volume 3 response to the Coronavirus pandemic, Australia and New Zealand: with references to the situation in other and increasing economic activity while at Historic election victory for the New like‑minded partners on the other South Pacific island countries, and looks the same time keeping the spread of the Zealand Labour Party at the General side of the world – Different ways of at the aid provided by selected donors. virus contained. This is triggering debates Elections - Jacinta Ardern makes history managing the Corona crisis Find out how the Pacific island country’s about privacy and the trustworthiness health system compares to that of of governments in how they use the Australia, Germany and New Zealand, and data collected through contact tracing

April 2020 Oktober 2020 under what legal framework measures apps. Here, it is important to note that

Regionalprogramm Australien und Pazifik Regionalprogramm Australien und Pazifik were implemented. privacy and public health should not be

seen as exclusive binaries. The Australian

government has announced legislation to

protect against any additional use of the

data beyond tracking the spread of the

virus, such as by eg law enforcement or

intelligence agencies.

(Quelle: Michael Bradley/ Getty Images)

(Quelle: Balazh Anton via Shutterstock)

Australien und Neuseeland – Historischer Wahlsieg für die gleichgesinnte Partner am anderen Labour Party bei den Ende der Welt - unterschiedliche Parlamentswahlen in Neuseeland -

Wege im Umgang mit der Corona- Jacinda Ardern schreibt Geschichte Krise Dr. Beatrice Gorawantschy / Eva U Wagner

Dr. Beatrice Gorawantschy „and the winner is ... Jacinda Ardern“- jede Oscar-Preisverleihung wäre überraschender gewesen als der Ausgang der neuseeländischen Parlamentswahlen am 17. Oktober. Die Umfragen, welche die Labour Party „We need to prepare for a new normal“ so die Aussage des australischen über Monate vorne gesehen hatten, sollten sich verwirklichen. Das Ergebnis Premierministers Scott Morrison über den Umgang mit den dramatischen 1 hat die Vorhersagen sogar noch übertroffen: die amtierende Labour-Regierung Ausmaßen der Buschbrände zu Beginn des Jahres. Im Januar war man in unter Führung von Jacinda Ardern ist nach dem vorläufigen Wahlergebnis mit Australien der Auffassung, dass es eigentlich nicht mehr schlimmer kommen 49,1 Prozent nicht nur stärkste Kraft, sondern gewinnt mit 64 Sitzen auch die könnte. absolute Mehrheit im Parlament. Es ging am Wahltag weniger um die Frage, ob die Partei gewinnen würde, sondern vielmehr darum, ob das Wahlergebnis und die Mehrheitsverhältnisse im Parlament eine Koalition zur Regierungsbildung erfordern würde oder nicht. Die oppositionelle National Party unter Judith Collins musste ihre desaströse Niederlage eingestehen. 1 www.pm.gov.au/media/interview-david-speers-abc-insiders Photo Credit: Martin Sanchez (via unsplash) Photo Credit: ev (via unsplash)

50 51 Activities of the Regional Programme Australia and the Pacific 2020 Digital Snapshot (Continued)

Digital Snapshot (Continued)

#10/20 #13/20 #32/20 #33/20

New Zealand - Current Affairs and Economic Engagement and Diplomacy Papua New Guinea - Parliament in Concentric Circles of Extremism: Australia – Aboriginal Non-Citizens in the Era of the Wolf Warrior: Turmoil A Lens on the Far Right May be Non-Alien Australia-China Relations December 2020 / by Eva U Wagner December 2020 / by Katja Theodorakis May 2020 / by Eva U Wagner May 2020 / by Katja Theodorakis

This edition covers recent developments In Germany as well as Australia, better This edition covers three topics. The The relationship with China has again in Papua New Guinea’s Parliament that synchronization and cooperation contribution on current affairs in New been at the forefront of political debates led to the adjournment of parliament until between governmental and civil society Zealand includes an update on the in Australia, over the past fortnight - April 2021 (noting that the Supreme Court institutions/initiatives is needed - latest polls in the run up to the general interestingly, with some possible pointers of Papua New Guinea has since declared based on a more nuanced and rigorous elections, explains the Epidemic Response for other Western countries as to what the adjournment invalid). Find out what evaluations as well as further evidence- Committee that was set up to ensure measures Beijing is willing to take against happened, the background for the turmoil based approaches. One insight in scrutiny during the country’s hard Western governments’ recalcitrance and learn a little bit of Pidgin English. particular seems useful in understanding lockdown and refers the committee’s towards Chinese ‘authority’. This is a the extent to which right-wing extremism, plans for a Trans-Tasman travel bubble. salient and timely issue for the EU and its as a phenomenon gaining traction, The edition also covers a landmark member states as European leaders are impacts on our societies and polities, decision by the High Court of Australia increasingly forced to carve out a more especially how it can move from the on the status of Indigenous people in decisive stance against an increasingly fringes to the mainstream and vice versa: Australia, and introduces the Pacific’s assertive China. conceptualizing it as a dynamic spectrum first counsel to the International of concentric circles of people, ideas Criminal Court. and groups - in the form of constantly changing alliances between the bourgeois and radical elements of society.

Photo Credit: Paul Schellekens (via unsplash) Photo Credit: Brian Miller (via unsplash) Photo Credit: Adli Wahid (via unsplash) Photo Credit: Todd Quackenbush (via unsplash)

52 53 Activities of the Regional Programme Australia and the Pacific 2020 2020 Digital Snapshot Index

2020 Digital Snapshot Index

https://wakelet.com/@KASAustralia

#1/20 Special Edition: Bushfires #19/20 Australia’s 2020 Defence Strategic Update: Navigating the ‘Grey Zone’ Into the Future?

#2/20 Australia’s Summer Of Crisis: Morrison Government Under Fire from Various Sides #20/20 New Zealand - National Party Leadership Crisis

#3/20 Coming to terms with the ‘Black Summer’: Australian Politics and the Bushfires #21/20 Australia’s Defence Strategic Update And EU Defence: Finding a New Power at the Pointy End of Foreign Policy and Diplomacy? #4/20 Covid-19 Special Edition #22/20 ‘Tending That Garden’ - Australia’s New #5/20 Australia And The Global Ramifications Of Covid-19: Geopolitics, Internationalism And Cybersecurity Strategy Amidst a Changing International Society Anti-Globalism #23/20 South Pacific – Update #6/20 Fiji and the South Pacific – Coping with Covid-19 #24/20 Declaration of Independence? Germany’s New Indo-Pacific Policy Guidelines #7/20 Big Picture Dynamics of the Covid-19 Crisis: Australia, New Zealand and Beyond #25/20 Pacific Islands Forum - Candidates for Secretary General #8/20 Vanuatu – General Elections #26/20 Australia, Germany and Europe as Shapers of the Global Order? #9/20 The Covid-19 Pandemic, Cybersecurity and Digital Futures Multilateralism, ‘Pragmatic Internationalism’ and the Future Of International Cooperation What is at Stake with Contact-Tracing Technology: Beyond a Simple‘Privacy Versus Public Health’ Paradigm #27/20 New Zealand: Run-Up to the Elections (Volume 2)

#10/20 Pacific Edition #28/20 The Quad and Beyond: Constellations, Partnerships And Alliances Across The Indo-Pacific and Atlantic #11/20 #Multilateralismmatters: Covid-19, Middle Powers and New Alliances? #29/20 Special Edition: New Zealand - General Elections #12/20 Special Edition: New Zealand #30/20 The Indo-Pacific: Geostrategic Challenges and Opportunities For Australia and Germany #13/20 Economic Engagement and Diplomacy in the Era of the Wolf Warrior: Australia-China Relations #31/20 New Zealand - Official Election Results #14/20 Samoa - Constitutional Crisis #32/20 Papua New Guinea - Parliament in Turmoil #15/20 Going Further Than ‘Middle Power Diplomacy’: A New Axis of Cooperation, Alignment and Alliances? #33/20 Concentric Circles Of Extremism: A Lens on the Far Right

#16/20 Kiribati - General Elections #34/20 Pacer Plus

#17/20 Dynamics of Extremism in Australia and New Zealand: A Post-Covid-19 Acceleration? #35/20 Foreign And Security Policy: 2020 Highlights And Looking Ahead

#18/20 New Zealand - Run Up to the Election (Volume 1)

54 55 Activities of the Regional Programme Australia and the Pacific 2020 Meet the team

Meet the team

Dr Beatrice Gorawantschy Eva U Wagner Director Regional Programme Australia Programme Coordinator and the Pacific Rule of Law, Energy and Development Policy “Having been posted to various offices of the international network of KAS – in “Having a background in law, KAS Ankara, Manila, Bangkok, Paris, New Delhi Australia provides me with the and Singapore – it is an exciting challenge opportunity to see the world from and great privilege to head a new Regional a broader viewpoint. I am excited to

Programme on a new continent!” support the Foundation’s work towards The KAS Australia and The Pacific Team freedom, liberty, peace and justice with (from left to right): Katja Theodorakis, Katharina Lilly, Dr Beatrice Gorawantschy, Juliane Strache, Anne Angelo, Eva U Wagner (Photo Credit: Rohan Thomson, Pew Pew Studio) a focus on the rule of law, energy and development policy.”

Katja Theodorakis Anne Angelo Katharina Lilly Juliane Strache Senior Programme Coordinator Financial and Administration Manager Administration Officer Events and Office Manager Research and Analysis Foreign and Security Policy “It is great to be a part of KAS’ amazing “Having joined KAS in September 2020, I “With extensive experience in hospitality contributions to Australia and the Pacific support the team on the administrative and events management my focus is on “My background is in research, in the region. Having worked in accounting side. I have a background in hospitality delivering successful events through field of terrorism, Middle East politics, firms and corporate groups in accounting and travel, having worked in different the planning and execution of various ideology and national security issues. It’s and financial analysis, I provide financial countries in Europe, Africa and now programmes. Having been with KAS exciting for me to apply this knowledge to guidance and support to the KAS Australia. I enjoy the international factor Australia for over a year, I enjoy being part my work at KAS because I’m passionate activities.” in my work here at KAS and being part of of such a versatile and proactive team and about furthering knowledge and the amazing KAS network. I am delighted thoroughly enjoy the various projects I overcoming boundaries – geographical to be able to contribute to the variety of can be part of.“ and otherwise.” KAS projects.”

56 57 ForeignActivities of and the Regional Liaison Programme Australia Offices and the Pacific 2020 Meet the team Nur-Sultan

Liaison Office

4

48 2

4

10

4 1 Tirana CP 0 21 2 erevan LP 22 4 21 russels CP 10 russels Multinational Development 2 22 1 Policy Dialogue 2 41 23 Saraevo CP 42 49 8 24 Sofia CP 2 Sofia RP 4 0 44 Media Programme South East Europe 4 2 2 Tallinn LO 24 2 Paris CP 9 2 1 28 11 9 2 Tbilisi RP 19 40 92 Political Dialogue South Caucasus 2 20 104 100 2 Athens CP 91 101 8 3 London CP 29 31 Rome 32 Ottawa CP 80 8 89 33 Pristina LO 84 9 90 8 34 agreb CP 8 88 the Pacific 3 Riga CP altic States 8 8 3 ilnius LO 9 81 82 3 ilnius CP elarus 9 3 Kabul CP 3 Chisinau LO 4 Australia/Pacific Canberra CP 3 Podgorica LO eiing CP 4 Sope CP 98 Shanghai CP 41 ienna CP RP Energy Security 42 ienna RP Multilateral Dialogue and Climate Change Asia-Pacific 43 arsaw CP 9 New Delhi CP 44 ucharest CP aarta CP 4 ucharest RP 1 Toyo CP 114 Rule of Law Programme South East Europe 11 Toyo RP Social and Economic 4 Moscow CP Governance Programme Asia 11 4 Saint Petersburg LO 12 Phnom Penh CP 4 Stocholm RP Nordic Countries 10 13 NurSultan CP 4 Geneva RP Multilateral Dialogue 14 Seoul CP

elgrade CP 0 108 1 Kuala Lumpur CP 8 1 ratislava LO 1 112 1 Ulaanbaatar CP 2 Madrid CP 1 angon CP 3 Prague CP 102 1 Manila CP 4 Kiev CP 1 RP Media Programme Asia 12 18 Khariv CP 11 RP 9 9 1 udapest CP Rule of Law Programme Asia New or 111 RP Regional Policy Dialogue 0 2 1 Programme Asia 9 Multinational Development Dialogue 10 ashington CP 112 ango CP 10 113 Tashent RP Central Asia 114 Hanoi CP

1 1 09 0 1 111

4 Algiers LO erusalem CP Erbil LO 1 Amman CP Addis Ababa CP 2 Amman RP Gulf States 1 uenos Aires CP Abidan RP 3 eirut CP 99 2 La Pa CP Political Dialogue est Africa 4 eirut CP SyriaIra 3 La Pa RP Political Participation 1 Abidan RP eirut RP Rule of Law of Indigenous Peoples in Latin America Security Policy Dialogue SubSaharan Africa Programme Middle East and North Africa 4 Rio de aneiro CP 14 2 Accra CP Rabat CP Santiago de Chile CP 1 3 aound RP Energy Security Rabat RP San os CP and Climate Change SubSaharan Africa Energy Security and Climate Change Guatemala City CP 4 Nairobi CP Ramallah CP Tegucigalpa LO 2 Nairobi RP Rule of Law Programme Tunis CP ogot CP SubSaharan Africa (Englishspeaing countries) 2 Tunis RP Political Dialogue 1 ogot RP Kinshasa CP Southern Mediterranean Rule of Law Programme Latin America amao RP Sahel 1 Anara CP 11 Mexico City CP indhoe CP 2 Istanbul LO 12 Panama City CP 4 Abua CP 13 Panama City RP Alliances for Democracy Daar CP 8 and Development with Latin America 1 Daar RP Rule of Law Programme 14 Lima CP SubSaharan Africa (renchspeaing countries) 1 Lima RP Energy Security and 4 2 Harare CP Climate Change Latin America 3 ohannesburg CP 1 Montevideo CP 4 ohannesburg RP 1 Montevideo RP Promotion of Political Media Programme SubSaharan Africa Parties and Democracy in Latin America Cape Town LO 1 Caracas CP Dar Es Salaam CP Kampala CP 1 1 1

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58 59 Copyright © Konrad Adenauer Stiftung (Australia) Limited, February 2021

Publisher Konrad Adenauer Stiftung (Australia) Limited Regional Programme Australia and the Pacific 11/3 Sydney Avenue Barton ACT 2600 Australia Tel: +61 2 6154 9322 www.kas.de/australia

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