Translating Chinese Traditional Semiotics Signs into English [PP: 119-125] Weny University of Sumatera Utara Medan, Prof. Syahron Lubis Prof. T. Silvana Sinar Dr. Muhizar Muchtar Department of English Letters, Faculty of Culture Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan, Indonesia ABSTRACT Chinese traditional wedding is a established with a pre-arrangement between involving a . In this respect, this study deals with the semiotics translation of Chinese traditional wedding signs in the ritual located in Medan.The aims of this research are: to analyse the types of semiotics displayed in the Chinese Traditional Wedding signs, to translate the semiotics of each sign Chinese traditional wedding in Medan realized in English, and to discuss the cultural value in the semiotics translation of Hokkien Chinese Traditional Wedding in Medan. The research focuses on the semiotics meanings of Chinese traditional wedding signs in Medan, North Sumatra, by the community of Hokkien. The study employed a qualitative research design. Interview and documentations were used as the data collection methods. The research results showed that: there are thirty signs of Hokkien Chinese Traditional discussed in this research consisting of semiotics meanings which influenced and gave an effect to the and groom in their wedding, the tradition that has been practiced consisted of the cultural category of ecology culture, material culture, social culture, organization culture, gesture, and habit culture in which the most dominant one was the social culture. Based on these, it was concluded that all of the signs used in Chinese traditional wedding for the pre-wedding and wedding ritual were in hereditary from generation to generation, though some modifications had been made. Keywords: Semiotics, Translation, Semiotics Sign, Cultural Category, Chinese Traditional Wedding ARTICLE The paper received on Reviewed on Accepted after revisions on INFO 06/02/2018 02/03/2018 25/04/2018 Suggested citation: Weny, Lubis, S, Sinar, T. S. & Muchtar, M. (2018). Translating Chinese Traditional Wedding Semiotics Signs into English. International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies. 6(1). 119-125.

1. Introduction Traditional Wedding Signs. The research of Chinese traditional wedding is a this study is an original scientific research ceremonial ritual within Chinese societies and has rarely been researched before. The that involve a marriage established by pre- research focuses on the semiotics meanings arrangement between families. Within the of Chinese traditional wedding signs which traditional , romantic was held in Medan, North Sumatra, by the was allowed. A band of musicians with community of Hokkien and the theories gongs and double-reed instruments used“Semiotics Translation’s Theory” by accompanies the bridal parade to the Roman Jacobson (1959) and Semiotics groom’s home. Similar music is also played Theory by C.S Peirce (1931). The term sign at the wedding . Depending on the that used in this research refer to what Peirce region from which the bride hails, Chinese defined about signs take the form of weddings have different traditions such as words, images, sounds, odours, flavours, the Tea Ceremony or the use of a wedding acts or objects, but such things have no emcee. Also, in modern times, Chinese intrinsic meaning and become signs only couples often go to photo studios to take when we invest them with meaning. glamour shots posing in multiple gowns and The reason why this title was chosen is various backgrounds. because it is original and has never been The study deals with the semiotics researched in Indonesia before. The translation of Hokkien Ethnic of Chinese importance of this study is conducted into

International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies (www.eltsjournal.org) ISSN:2308-5460 Volume: 06 Issue: 01 January-March, 2018 some reasons which are discussed as conducted on the translation of a cultural following: text based on the meaning-based translation First, the history of traditional method had been done by Lubis (2009). It is Chinese’s wedding was over 2,400 years of different from the translation of the ideology tradition and culture, and this have to be meaning from the ST into the TT, preserved and conserved, so the researcher meanwhile the writer research is dare to research it interms to find what is concentrated on the signs meaning of the different between the culture of wedding in Chinese traditional wedding. traditional wedding in and Indonesia. Fifth, the translation of the signs of In here it is worth to describe about the the Chinese traditional wedding into English Hokkien Chinese’s traditional wedding is interesting and could enrich the systemization of apparently pre-existing knowledge of the in knowing more elements of traditional Hokkien Chinese’s about semiotics, culture, meaning and sign. wedding ceremony because Hokkien Therefore, this research was conducted Chinese is the most dominant in Medan entitled “Translating of Chinese Semiotics City, Indonesia. Traditional Wedding Signs into English”. Second, the explanation about the This research is about the signs of ceremony and the wedding in Chinese’s Chinese Traditional Wedding in Medan. The tradition that remained constant were study focused on the semiotics signs used in the chief objectives are to joining and the prewedding and wedding day and the enhancing the two families and ensuring research applied the theory of an Semiotics succession with numerous descendants. Translation by Roman Jacobson (1959) and Reverence to and ancestors, omens the semiotics theory by Charles Sanders to encourage fertility and wealth, financial Peirce (1931). and social obligations contracted by both Based on the background of the study families at the betrothal, extensive above, the problems are formulated as the giving etiquette, and the bride’s following: incorporation into her ’s are 1. What semiotics sign are displayed in recurring elements. The interesting part is Chinese traditional wedding in Medan? the wedding signs that they used in this 2. How is the semiotics of sign Chinese wedding to be representing or be standing traditional wedding sign in Medan for another to enhance the meaning of this realized in English? wedding culture especially in their . 3. How is the cultural value of each sign Third, the findings of this research Chinese traditional wedding in Medan? have gave significant contribution to the In accordance with the problems of the society especially the Chinese in Indonesia study, the objectives of this research are: which had mixed the culture and made a) to identify the types of semiotics sign change in the global society. displayed in the Chinese Traditional Fourth, the findings of this research Wedding, have given contribution to the society in b) to describe the semiotics of Chinese order that they can maintain the culture traditional wedding sign in Medan documentation that describes the context realized in English, and situation which contained of the social c) to describe the cultural value in the relationship among the tenors such as the semiotics translation of Chinese relation between the speaker and the listener Traditional Wedding in Medan. in accordance with the field being involved The findings of the study are expected to determine the mode which is selected theoretically and practically to give more based on the paradigmatic relation of contributions in translation research for semiotics theory features. It also describes students. that culture context variables such as 1. Theoretically, findings of the study can purpose out-goal and out-come, belief, hope add up new horizon to theories of and the context of ideology seen as a set of cultural studies. In addition, the findings instutional frames which govern the social can become references for further behavior of the society in their researches. communicative interaction. 2. Practically, findings of the study become The research was based on signs as some sort of guidelines for the teachers, Sources Text (ST) and the Target Text (TT) lecturers, readers who are directly in to the meaning in English and it is charge in this area, in order to able to categorized as an uncovered area in field of guide their students and for the society to translation studies. A research that know more about the meaning of

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Translating Chinese Traditional Wedding Semiotics … Weny, Syahron Lubis, T. Silvana Sinar & Muhizar Muchtar

Chinese Traditional Wedding Semiotics signs on their vocabulary learning, signs. participants were required to answer three This study is focused on signs of levels of questions. The obtained results Hokkien Ethnic of Chinese Traditional were analysed using paired sample t-test. Wedding in Medan. The data is limited to The results revealed a better performance of the 30 signs that used on the wedding in the group who received subtitles. Chinese traditional wedding. For the ease of students’ vocabulary 2. Literature Review learning, the gateway into language Western culture attracts Chinese acquisition, modality is the most common people’s attention unprecedentedly for attended strategy in the rapid changing China is becoming more open. For the rapid culture. The effect of various types of development of economy, Chinese people modality on vocabulary learning has been need to cooperate with westerners more investigated by different scholars. Although frequently. It becomes particularly important all of their gained results agreed with using for Chinese people to learn more about subtitles in favour of vocabulary learning, western countries’ culture in their outcome of the present study did not support communication. In this respect a research it. The result indicated that the VA was done by Guo and Wang (2016). It participants performed better in comparison mainly focused on Chinese traditional with the VAS group. As mentioned in the marriage customs and western countries’ discussion part, factors such as low reading marriage customs especially that of the speed, level of language proficiency, and the United States. Though the research, different distracting effects of subtitles might be marriage customs were demonstrated and effective in the related results of the research. helped people to learn more about them. The The study had its own limitations especially paper attempted to show marriage customs in collecting relevant data from language of China and the US and analyzed the institutes which embraced a few number of reasons of their marriage forms through students and had their particular managing contrasting their differences through rules. Therefore, the result of the study comparative analysis between Chinese needed to be generalized with more traditional marriage customs and participants. American’s marriage customs. From that, it 3. Methodology was concluded that traditional culture played 3.1 The Research Design a leading role in them like in marriage This study employed a qualitative values and religion. research design. According to Bogdan and In another study by Hassanabaidi and Biklen (1992:52), the design used in the Heidari (2014) titled “The Effect of research refers to the researchers’ plan of Semiotics Translation on Vocabulary how to proceed. Design decisions are made Learning”, it was asserted that culture is throughout the study – at the end as well as changing towards modality and mixture of the beginning. Further, a qualitative research media is invented and used in favour of has five features, namely having natural daily needs. Visual advertisements setting and making the researcher as the key accompanied by words, texts mixed with instrument, using descriptive words, visual means of communication in children’s concerning with process rather than simply picture books, motion pictures mixed with with products, analyzing data inductively audio or even with written means of and having meaning as the essential concern. communication in cartoons or movies, are So, based on this definition, the way in the least examples of the mixture of media which this study conducted followed these or multimodality. To study the significance signs quoted. of the recent convictions in the application 3.2 The Corpus of the Study of multimodal tools in teaching In this study, the subject of research is vocabularies, the present study set out to the signs of Chinese traditional wedding in investigate the extent of vocabulary learning Medan. The data of the ST in this research within two different environments: audio- were 30 signs which are take part in Chinese visual signs accompanied by semiotics traditional wedding. The 30 signs were translation (subtitles) versus audio-visual described then its meanings were found into signs (no subtitles). Elementary level English by interviewing several informants. Participants watched the two different There were two ladies aged 53 years old and versions of The Lorax, a famous cartoon in 76 years old respectively and are known as Iran. To evaluate the effect of each set of the experts in this field. The questions were

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International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies (www.eltsjournal.org) ISSN:2308-5460 Volume: 06 Issue: 01 January-March, 2018 written and the interviews were recorded for the traditional wedding. the further analysis. The wedding were randomly selected from 2012 to 2017. 3.3 The Data Collection Methods Ghony and Almanshur (2012:164) explained that data collection in qualitative research can be done by using natural condition technique, primary data source, and more on participation observation, deep interview, and documentation technique. For collecting sufficient data, interview and documentation study were Source: Miles, Huberman, and Saldana (2014) used as the data collection method. Type of 4. Data Analysis & Findings 4.1 The Analysis of the Data the interview method used is semi-structured The data description and analysis is interview. Sugiyono (2010) has explained the process of systematically searching and that there are some types of interviews: arranging the observation transcripts, and a) Structured interview: structured translation of the signs and items. In this interview is used as a data collection activity, field notes and other materials technique if a data collector knows well accumulated from the interview transcript what information that will be gained. were used for own understanding and then b) Semi structured interview: this interview were translated into English. The type is categorized as in-depth interview, information about Chinese traditional because it is more flexible than wedding ceremony which involved the structured interview. families were described and analyzed to find c) Unstructured interview: it is an interview the essential meanings of the semiotics, the where the data collector does not use any inter semiotics, and the culture category. systematic interview guides. In The analysis consisted of concurrent flows unstructured interview, it is not sure of activity namely data condensation, data about what data which will be gained. display and conclusion drawing/verifying. The research used structured interview The data was collected directly from the method. According to Moleong (2010:190), field and from the information gained from “structured interview is an interview where the informants. the interviewer determines itself the The 30 signs discussed in this research problems and the questions that will be are: sangjit (Chinese wedding ceremony), asked.” praying to god and ancestors, tea ceremony Faisal (in Sugiyono, 2010) explained on wedding day, eating egg on wedding day, that samples as data sources or as informants cutting the , the wedding are better to fulfil the following criteria: basket, dragon and phoenix, the character of a) Those who master or understand shuāng xǐ (double happiness), wedding something through the enculturation invitation card, angpau (red pocket or red process so it does not only about know; ), style frock (), tea set but it is also about carrying out. for tea ceremony, wedding oranges, wedding b) Those who are still involved in the eggs, misua (floor ) wedding wine, research activity. Chinese wedding lamp, Chinese wedding c) Those who have adequate time to be comb, Chinese wedding , Chinese asked information. wedding pineapples, wedding sandals, d) Those who do not tend to give wedding flowers/bouquet of flowers, information from their own “package”. wedding dates and longan (dragon) wedding e) Those who are strange in the first so that jewellery, wedding cake, Buddha maitreya the researcher feels more enthusiasm to statue, bride and groom prostated infront of take them as informants. , matrimony invocation and wedding 3.4 The Data Collection ring exchange. In collecting the data, this study used 4.2 Findings naturalistic method by observing, recording, After analyzing the data, the findings taking notes and interviewing. While data were obtained which are listed below- collection, pictures and wedding related 1. It was found that the 30 signs of Chinese books were utilised. This is because of the traditional weddings discussed in this fact that the subject of this research is the research consisted of semiotics meanings signs in Chinese with focus on the dowry in

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Translating Chinese Traditional Wedding Semiotics … Weny, Syahron Lubis, T. Silvana Sinar & Muhizar Muchtar

which influenced and gave an effect to community as it is still used today as a the bride and groom in their wedding. feature of Chinese mandarin ethnicity. The The bride and groom were expected to moral values in this marriage tradition are follow the signs on the wedding as it has illustrated by the sincerity of the two pairs of been tradition for many years. who each receive their marital ties 2. The 30 signs of the Chinese traditional honestly. As its realization in the next life, wedding showed the relation in they should not hurt each other. They must semiotics translation theory by improve the quality of their love in order to discovering the signs’ meanings into survive in the face of obstacles and semiotics meanings. challenges. To begin with the , after The cultural values of Hokkien an unmarried boy’s parents found a potential marriage tradition also need to be daughter-in-law, they located a matchmaker maintained because the and cultural whose job was to assuage the conflict of traditions are the ancestral heritage of the interests and general embarrassments when Chinese people. The reddish ornaments of discussing the possibility of marriage on the the garments, the tradition of drinking tea, part of two families largely unknown to each are all made to signify that both brides are other. The groom’s family would then send back and forth and the various events in the an elaborate array of food, cakes, and world that guide their lives. Aesthetic value religious items to the bride’s family. is closely related to cultural values, because Before the wedding ceremony, two the varieties of cultural ornaments become families would arrange a wedding day the whole set in the cultural context of the according to Chinese tung sing. Selecting an text of marriage. auspicious day to assure a good future for The marriage tradition of Hokkien the couple is as important as avoiding what society contains local wisdom that depicts is believed to be an unlucky day. In some the sacred ties of male and female couples cases there may be no auspicious dates and who maintain the honor and sacred the couple will have to review their potential relationship between the bride and groom. date range. The final ritual would be the Besides local wisdom in unifying two big actual wedding ceremony where bride and families harmoniously between , groom become a married couple. , aunt, uncle, grandmother grandfather, 5. Discussion nieces, nephew and from two sides The visual text is related to the of the family. Revitalization in the Hokkien analysis of narrative structures of an image. marriage tradition continues to occur every This involved the use of elements in an decade, since the Buddhist tradition is image to tell a story or illustrate or explain a inherited from the older generation to the causal process that take place over time. The new. This cultural heritage shifts due to first thing we need to do when looking for other cultural influences. What happens to narrative values in an image is to identify the Hokkien community in Medan is the participants and the processes. different from the Chinese mainland. In Marriage in Hokkien, linked two Medan, Hokkien marriage traditions already people who had been appointed by God as behave with the nuances of the process of their soul mate. Their declaration as husband tradition in the field are no longer exactly and is done in front of Buddhist priest the same with the tradition in mainland traditionally at a religious ritual. This means China. This tradition needs to be a a marriage is a worship of God throughout customary preservation that also needs to be life that must be kept pure because they studied academically in universities and must continue their generation by giving developed by local governments as a birth to children. The marriage tradition of tourism industry. Hokkien society is very semiotic. Icons, This tradition remains relevant to the indexes and symbols give a harmonious present and becomes a lifestyle of the meaning between the cultural values that the present community of Hokkiens in Medan. Hokkien society has agreed upon with the As a cultural heritage, the Hokkien young moral values derived from human mind. people also need to understand their own Icons, indexes and symbols provide an culture tradition and the understanding of abstract aesthetic cultural mark through Hokkien culture will expand their various ornaments, clothing, motion, and knowledge of their traditions. background. Therefore, the values To sum up, it is hoped that this mentioned above must remain alive with the research will lead to the compilation of a

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International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies (www.eltsjournal.org) ISSN:2308-5460 Volume: 06 Issue: 01 January-March, 2018 book of marriage tradition that combines Chinese wedding pineapples, wedding ritual, social, values, norms, aesthetics and sandals, wedding flowers, wedding dates local wisdom of Hokkien society in Medan and longan.Material culture can be seen related to the semiotic visual analysis of text inSangjit, Chinese wedding combing and the descriptions of the ceremony as well ceremony, praying to God and ancestors, tea as the revitalization of the sign of items and ceremony, eating egg on wedding day, the change of its values. cutting wedding cake,cheongsam, wedding 6. Conclusions oranges, wedding eggs, misua, wedding After analyzing the data of signs in wine, Chinese wedding pineapples, wedding Chinese Traditional Wedding, the sandals, wedding dates and longan, wedding conclusions of this research are: cake.Social culture can be seen inSangjit, Semiosis signs that are displayed in Chinese wedding combing ceremony, Chinese Traditional Wedding in Medan praying to God and ancestors,tea ceremony symbolized asa ritual that represents the on wedding day, eating egg on wedding day, couple’s transition into adulthood which cutting the wedding cake, the wedding showed respect to the God and Ancestors. It basket, dragon and phoenix, the character of is also a sign of respect, for a family Shuāng Xǐ, card, angpau, gathering, to apologize, to express thanks to cheongsam, tea set for tea ceremony, your elders on one’s wedding day in order to wedding oranges, wedding eggs, misua, connect large families on the wedding days wedding wine, Chinese wedding lamp, and the rest of their lives as a blissful union. Chinese wedding comb, Chinese wedding It also shows a respect and gratitude, wealth, incense, Chinese wedding pineapples, and the Cheongsam reflecting an upper class wedding sandals, wedding flowers/bouquet traditional wedding for woman in of flowers, wedding dates and longan, and China. The signs are also symbolized as wedding jewelry, and wedding cake. good luck, fertility, longevity in Chinese Organization culture can be seen in praying culture, and cleanliness. The Chinese’s to God and ancestors, dragon and phoenix. wedding lamp is symbolized as the burning Gesture and habit culture can be seen in tea love of the wedding couple and addition of ceremony on wedding day, wedding sons to the family. Then, the wedding cake invitation card, and wedding jewelry. is symbolized as the beginning of life as husband and wife. References The semiotics of Chinese traditional Bell, A. (1991). The Language of News Media. wedding signs in Medan are realized in Oxford: Blackwell. English in various ways. For example, Bogdan, R and , K. B. (1992). Qualitative Sangjit has meaning of engagement, Research for Education. Boston: Allyn wedding basket symbolizes a home to fill and Bacon. Bogdan, R and Taylor, S. (1990). Looking at the furniture and goods, dragon and phoenix bright side: A positive approach to symbolizes a blissful union, the Character of qualitative policy and evaluation Shuāng Xǐ: double happiness for bride and research. Qualitative Sociology. 13 (2): groom, wedding invitation card symbolizes 183–192. a respect, angpao symbolizes wealth, Catford, J.C. (1965). A Linguistic Theory of oranges symbolizes good luck, wedding Translation. Oxford: Oxford University. eggs symbolizes fertility, misua symbolizes Chandler, D. (1995). Semiotics for Beginners. longevity in Chinese culture, incense Aberystwyth: Aberystwyth University. symbolizes respect to God and ancestors, Cluver, C. (1992). On Semiotics Transposition. pineapples as the symbol to accumulate the J-Stor: Poetics Today. wealth in business and homes, etc. Cowie, M. (1997). Dictionary of Translation Studies Michigan: Michigan University. The cultural category in the semiotics Cresswell, J. W. (1997). Research Design: translation of Chinese Traditional Wedding Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed in Medan consists of: ecology culture, Methods Approaches. California: Sage material culture, social culture, organization Publications, Inc. culture, gesture and habit culture. Ecology Culler, J. (1985). Literary Theory. Abingdon: culture can be seen in Sangjit, Chinese Routledge. wedding combing ceremony, praying to God Eco, U. (1976). A Theory of Semiotics. and ancestors, tea ceremony, eating egg on Bloomington: Indiana University Press. wedding day, wedding basket, wedding Emzir. (2011). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif invitation card, red pocket, cheongsam, Analisis Data. Jakarta: PT. RajaGrafindo wedding oranges, wedding eggs, Chinese Persada. Ghony, M. D. and Almanshur, F. (2012). wedding comb, Chinese wedding incense,

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