Anti-DefamatioInL League 15

Audit of Anti-Semitic Incidents

Anti-Defamation League 823 United Nations Plaza New York, NY 10017 David H. Strassler, National Chairman Abraham H. Foxman, National Director Howard P. Berkowitz, Chair, National Executive Committee Peter T. Willner, Chief Operating Officer Kenneth Jacobson, Assistant National Director Robert G. Sugarman, Chair, Civil Rights Committee Jeffrey P. Sinensky, Director, Civil Rights Division

This publication was funded in part by a bequest from the estate of Sidney Weisner.

Prepared by Rebecca Kaufman, Research Analyst Research and Evaluation Dept. Edited by Alan M. Schwartz, Director, Research and Evaluation Dept. Additional research and writing: Gail L. Gans, Associate Director, and Gerald Baumgarten, Assistant to the Director, Research and Evaluation Dept.

Copies of this report are in the Rita and Leo Greenland Human Relations Library and Resource Center

© 1995 Anti-Defamation League 823 United Nations Plaza, New York, NY 10017 CONTENTS

Findings 1 The Rise of Anti-Semitic Violence 3 An Anti-Semitic Murder 3 Harassment, Threats and Assaults 4 Examples of Harassment, Threats and Assaults 5 Vandalism Incidents —Vandalism: Most Active States 8 —Vandalism: Geographic Breakdown 8 —Vandalism: Most Serious Crimes 9 Campus Incidents 11 Arrests 13 A Look at Some Noteworthy Incidents 13 Skinhead Incidents 14 Justice in Colorado 15 Afterword 16 לEvaluating Anti-Semitic Incidents 1 Appendix A-D 19

Cover photo: Cemetery Desecration, Chevra Kadisha Cemetery, Norwalk, California. t

The Findings

In 1994, the total number of anti-Semitic or 18%. However, the 1994 figure of 869 rep- incidents reported to the Anti-Defamation resents a rise of 81 episodes, or 10%, over League - including acts against both proper- 1993. ty and persons - was 2,066, the first time the • Another revealing finding is the number Audit total has gone over 2,000. This total, of arrests made in connection with anti- comprising reports from 46 states, the Semitic crimes. The 141 arrests reported in District of Columbia and Puerto Rico, repre- 1994 are more than double the 1993 total of sents an increase of 199 incidents, or more 60. This may be attributable to a number of than 10%, ovei ihe 1993 total of 1,867. The factors: a rise in violent and more destructive 1994 total is the highest in the Audit's incidents that often produce evidence lead- 16-year history. ing to the arrests of the suspected perpetra- The five states reporting the highest tors; the growing impact of state and Federal totals of anti-Semitic incidents of all kinds in hate crime legislation; improved hate crime 1994 were: New York (440), New Jersey training programs for law enforcement offi- (237), California (232), Florida (158), and rials; better focused law enforcement atten- Massachusetts (134). These five states tion to the problem of hate crimes, and the account for 1,201 (or 58%) of the 2,066 inci- increasing willingness of victims of such dents reported. crimes to report them to the appropriate The 1994 Audit reveals the following new authorities. developments: In addition to the aforementioned find- • The most troubling finding of 1994 was ings, the 1994 figures maintain three impor- the increase in violent, destructive and, in tant trends noted in the the ADL 1993 study: one case, deadly incidents. Shootings, arson, (1) For the fourth straight year, acts of and firebombings were far more prevalent anti-Semitic harassment against individuals than in previous years. In comparison to — i.e., the more personalized type of inci- 1993, when one arson and two arson dent, such as threats, assaults, etc. — (in attempts against Jewish institutions and 1994, a total of 1,197 or 58% of all incidents) Jewish property were reported, the 1994 fig- far outnumber incidents of vandalism ure was 25 arsons and 10 arson attempts. In against institutions and other property, the five previous years (1989-1993) com- which totaled 869 (42% of the overall 1994 bined, the arson total was 41. It should be total). The number of harassments and noted that of the arsons reported in 1994, 20 assaults in 1994 rose by 118, or almost 11%, took place within the New York areas of from 1993. These anti-Semitic acts of per- Queens and Long Island (see p. 9 for more sonal harassment, "in-your-face" acts of vio- details). lence, and assault have risen steadily from The most violent incident occurred in 1986 through 1994; in the 9-year span, such , where, on March 1, a lone incidents have increased by 283%. gunman opened fire on a van filled with (2) The disturbing upward trend in campus Hasidic students crossing the Brooklyn anti-Semitic incidents continued. In 1994, Bridge. Aaron Halberstam, 16, died in the anti-Semitic incidents reported at United attack and three other students were wound- States college campuses rose 17% (143 in ed (see p. 3 for more details). 1994 compared to 122 in 1993). In the past • For the first time since 1991, anti-Semitic seven years, campus incidents are up almost vandalism incidents increased. In the period 165% from the 54 incidents reported in 1988 1991-1993, such incidents decreased by 141, (see p. 11 for additional information).

1 ,Anti-Defamation Leaf^te^

1994 ANTI-SEMITIC INCIDENTS OVERALL TOTAL: 2066

7 9וו HARASSMENT THREATS ASSAULT

869 VANDALISM

Incidents on campus involved many cases in 1994 was more than twice those committed of anti-Semitic vandalism; however, there against synagogues and other Jewish institu- has been a continuing proliferation of verbal tional targets (186). The remaining 274 van- anti-Semitism at colleges throughout the dalism incidents were perpetrated against country (about 3 harassments for every 2 privately owned Jewish property. This pat- vandalisms). Although it might be expected tern continues a trend seen over the previous that colleges would serve as bastions of tol- four years. Although there was an increase of erance, the numbers indicate a disturbing 25 acts of vandalism against Jewish institu- level of intolerance. For example, numerous tions in 1994, vandals are still opting for the vehemently anti-Semitic presentations were more numerous and harder-to-protect pub- made at colleges across the country by the lie locations rather than the generally bet- 's Khalid Abdul Muhammad ter-secured and increasingly more aware and like-minded individuals. Jewish institutions. In recent years, such (3) Finally, like last year, the number of institutions have also become better protect- vandalism incidents committed against pub- ed by more intensive law enforcement lie property locations (409) — i.e., public action. school buildings, bridges, and sign posts —

2 The Rise of Anti-Semitic Violence

The most disconcerting aspect of this about the trend towards incivility, intimida- year's Audit is the rise of violent activity. In tion, and inflammatory rhetoric across the 1994, there was a far higher number of per- country.1 As Linda Lichter, co-director of nicious anti-Semitic incidents reported (i.e., the Center for Media and Public Affairs in arson and shootings) than in the past. Not Washington, D.C., commented in a Wall only has vandalism increased 10% in 1994 Street Journal op-ed piece (Jan. 3, 1994): from 1993, but the most destructive forms of Criminologists frequently attribute vandalism incidents were also more prevalent the escalating violence of our than before. Also, acts of harassment and nation's youth to a decreasing personal assault have risen 291 % in a 10-year respect for life. ...The decline of span — possibly presaging the violence to civility and the rise in crime might come. The reason for the rise in violence be more than a curious coinci- remains unclear, but it may bear out the con- dence. cerns raised in several previous Audit reports

An Anti-Semitic Murder

In 1994, violent incidents in the harass- Semitic incident to occur in the United ment and personal assault category included States since the 1991 murder of Yankel murder and attempted murder. The March Rosenbaum in Crown Heights. Not only did 1 shooting attack of a group of Hasidic stu- the incidents take place within a few miles of dents on the Brooklyn Bridge proved to be one another, but both resulted in the deaths the most vicious incident this year. In addi- of innocent Lubavitch Hasidic young men tion to Aaron Halberstam, who was killed, targeted only because they were Jewish. three other students were wounded, includ- In another serious, though non-fatal, ing Nachum Sosonkin, 18. Sosonkin, who assault, in Memphis, Tennessee, two was expected to die after being shot in the 13-year-old Jewish boys were attacked by two head, emerged from a coma three weeks older teenagers who beat them with a sword later. Rashid Baz, a 28-year-old Lebanese while yelling anti-Semitic epithets. The boys immigrant, admitted firing two automatic were walking about a block and a half from a weapons at the van. Prosecution witnesses at synagogue when a jeep passed by and then the trial testified that Baz vowed to "kill all circled them several times. The two attackers the Jews" to avenge the Hebron killings, got out of the vehicle, and one of them used referring to the February shooting attack at a a sheathed sword to hit one of the victims on mosque in the West Bank by a Jewish settler the forearm. The attacker said, "What did who killed 29 Moslem worshippers. Baz was you say, Jew boy?" The young man respond- convicted of one count of second-degree ed, "I said nothing." The attacker then murder and 14 counts of attempted murder, turned the sword on the other victim. One and on January 18, 1995 was sentenced to victim got away before the attack ended, but 141 years in prison. The Brooklyn Bridge the other was hospitalized for a punctured shooting marked the most serious anti- kidney and broken ribs. The two teenage

' In a separate but similar area of concern to a civil society, four people were murdered in abortion clinic violence in 1994. Some observers have linked the recent murders of doctors and clinic workers to the atmosphere created by the dehumanizing and violent language employed by anti-abortion extremists. By demonizing their perceived ene- mies, extremists may legitimize violent actions in the minds of some of their followers.

3 attackers were arrested. — In February, in Corpus Christi, Texas, Seriously destructive acts of vandalism two Molotov cocktails were thrown into the this year included arson, arson attempts, and annex of the main building of the Jewish cemetery desecrations. As noted earlier, Community Council; one exploded and there were 25 arsons this year compared to caused between $50,000 and $60,000 in dam- one in 1993. age. The following brief examples illustrate — In April, in nearby , Molotov the serious nature of the vandalism episodes cocktails were hurled twice at Congregation of 1994. (For more detailed examples, see "A Emanu El within a one-week period. p. 13) — In October, two firebombs were ״ ,Look at Some Noteworthy Incidents — In the New York areas of Long Island thrown at Temple Beth David in Snellville, and Queens, between the months of April . Fortunately, the Molotov cocktails and September, there were 20 unsolved failed to explode and caused minimal dam- arsons at various Jewish institutions. It age. should be noted that the fires reflect a simi- — In February, in Eureka, California, a lar fact pattern (they were all started in bedroom of a Jewish family's home was set garbage next to the buildings) and strongly afire and a message was left: "I got a Jew." suggest the work of the same perpetrator(s).

Harassment, Threats and Assaults

In 1994 the number of incidents of The category of harassment, threats harassment, threats and assaults directed and assaults leapt dramatically in the last at Jewish individuals and their institutions seven years. From 1987 to 1988, a 41% totaled 1,197, up almost 11% from the increase was reported, followed by a 28% 1,079 such incidents in 1993. It is the increase in 1989, and then a 29% increase fourth consecutive year that the total in in 1990. The 1991 increase was 25%. this category surpasses that of the vandal- Thus, in those 5 years such incidents near- ism incidents, and marks the highest total ly tripled (193%). After an 8% decline in of reported incidents of harassment in the 1992, the dramatic rate of increase (23%) Audit's 16-year history. resumed in 1993. This category of incidents covers a The 11% increase in 1994 demon- variety of intimidating and hostile acts, strates that the continuing rise in harass- including: slanderous anti-Semitic and ment incidents is still a matter of growing neo-Nazi hate literature mailed or dis- concern. Consistently high numbers of seminated in public places; slurs directed these acts seem to indicate that such at Jewish individuals walking to synagogue behavior is becoming widely accepted and services or campus gatherings; speeches that the longstanding taboo against overt given on campus that contain expressions of anti-Semitism is fading. In anti-Semitic language; Holocaust-denial the worlds of politics, culture and educa- advertisements in newspapers; a threaten- tion, anti-Jewish scapegoating and con- ing phone call to a synagogue or Jewish ' spiracy accusations are not only more school, as well as direct physical violence common, but more casually tolerated and against Jewish persons. Although many rationalized — a trend some observers harassment incidents are not crimes, they have called the "mainstreaming" of anti- nevertheless constitute overt and painful Semitism. expressions of anti-Semitic hatred.

4 Examples of Harassment, Threat and Assault Incidents

The following is a representative sampling of 1994 incidents of anti-Semitic harassment, threat and assault in the 20 states reporting the highest totals of such acts.

1. New York (221 total harassments and assaults) March - A Hasidic student was assaulted by two teens yelling anti-Semitic epithets. The victim was hit in the head with a wooden club by a 14-year-old and a 15-year-old, who were later arrested. (New York City) 2. California (158) July - A self-proclaimed Skinhead attacked a yeshiva student with a three-foot pipe and screwdriver, while shouting, "I hate Jews! I'll kill you!" The victim and others chased the attacker, tackled him in an alley, and then sat on him until the police arrived to arrest him. (Los Angeles) 3. Florida (114) January - At a showing of "Schindler's List," neo-Nazis handed out hate fly- ers to people leaving the movie theater. The flyers read, "Hitler should have killed another 6 million because Jews were so evil at that time." (West Palm Beach) 4. New Jersey (88) October - In New Jersey, five youths entered a video store, identified them- selves as Skinheads, and assaulted the manager on the assumption that he was Jewish. The five attackers, ranging in ages 14 through 17, were arrested. (Matawan) 5. Ohio (70) August - Two teenagers shouted to a congregant leaving synagogue, "Kill the G-d damned Jews - Hitler will get you!" (Dayton) 6. Massachusetts (61) May - A Jewish family received an unsigned letter threatening them ׳unless they moved out of the neighborhood. The letter read, "It's Jews like you that justify HitleA You are not welcome in this neighborhood. Go back to your other obnoxious kikes in the south side. You and your family are not liked or wanted here. You are major assholes. Don't make us be bad to you or your kids. Fuck off!" [swastikas included] (Newton) 7. Illinois (61) September - "Die you fucking Jew kikes!" was shouted to two men wearing yarmulkes as they walked down the street. (Wilmette) 8. Connecticut (60) September - An anti-Semitic Letter to the Editor was published by The Bristol Press. Classic anti-Semitic statements included, "Each year, millions of Christians are paying millions of dollars to rabbis to bless their food while watching their churches slide into bankruptcy," and "What do you want to have done to the anti-Semitics [sic] who don't want to be forced to pay huge interest fees at your banks?" (Bristol)

9. Pennsylvania (41) March - A member of the Nation of Islam gave a speech at the YMCA which denied the Holocaust. (Harrisburg) 10. Minnesota (41) March - A Jewish couple was bowling on a Saturday night when they were approached by a man who said, "...you mother fucking Jew what are you doing here? I can tell by looking at you..." (St. Louis Park)

11. Maryland (33) May - A man waved a stick while running in the direction of his neighbor, shouting, "I will get you Jew boy," "Don't turn your back," and "It's a shame Hitler didn't kill both your parents." (Ellicott City) 12. Georgia (27) August - A Jewish Community Center received four threatening phone calls in one day. The language of the calls included the following statements: "Heil Hitler. You're Dead!" ()

5 13. Missouri (22) November - A woman was fired from her job after the owners found out she was Jewish. Her supervisor confirmed for her that her religion was the cause for her dis- missal. (St. Louis)

14. Texas (18) June - The tenth threatening message left on a Jewish person's answering machine stated, "For a Jew you sound kind of white. I'm still going to kill you because you are a kike. Your home will blow up at 5 P.M. tomorrow. Die Jew." (Dallas)

15. Colorado (17) February - A synagogue received a threatening phone call stating, 'You fuck- ing Jews will die. I'm Hitler's second man - close your church or you will die."

16. Oregon (16) October - A Jewish man was beaten by five Skinheads yelling "why don't you go back to the Northeast where the niggers, Jews, and spies live?" (Portland) 17. Michigan (15) November - A Jewish couple received a package in the mail containing a sev- ered dog's head wrapped in a plastic bag, on which was written "Dirty Jew" and swastikas. (Bloomfield Township)

18. New Mexico (15) May - A message was left at the Messianic Jewish Congregation threaten- ing to kill a U.S. Congressman: "Going to blow brains out because he's a Jew pig on September 19, 1994..." (Albuquerque) 19. Washington (13) January - A local Holocaust survivor received a postcard with a death threat. (Issaquah) 20. Arizona (10) February - A synagogue received a bomb threat. (Tucson)

6 Desecration and Vandalism, Temple B'nai Jeshurun. Des Moines, Iowa

Swastika on new home construction site. Omaha, Nebraska. Vandalism Incidents

VANDALISM: MOST ACTIVE STATES (see Appendix A and Appendix B for com- New York was first in the nation with 219 plete figures): vandalism incidents, an increase of 74 (or In 1994, New York led all states with 219 51%) from the previous year.2 It may be (up 74 from 1993) reported vandalism inci- noted that the New York incidents were rela- dents; followed by New Jersey with 149 (up tively evenly divided; 78 took place at public 3); and California with 74 (down 1). locations, 78 took place against private prop- Next were Massachusetts with 73 (up 2); erty targets, and 63 took place against specif- Florida, 44 (down 12); Maryland, 38 (up 20); ically Jewish institutional targets. New Pennsylvania, 29 (down 10); Ohio, 24 (up 7); Jersey's total was second highest in the and Maine, 20 (up 18). nation but closely approximated 1993's total. Other states reporting vandalism incidents New Jersey's 149 vandalism incidents was an in double figures were: Connecticut with 19 increase of three (or 2%) from the previous (down 35); Texas, 17 (up 8); Colorado, 13 year. New York and New Jersey were the only (down 2); Michigan, 11 (down 7); Virginia, 11 two states to exceed 100 incidents each. (down 4); and Arizona, 10 (up 1). Connecticut experienced the most dra- Closing out the vandalism figures, 21 matic decline for the year. Connecticut saw other states plus the District of Columbia and an almost 65% decline in vandalism inci- Puerto Rico reported between 1 and 9 inci- dents, dropping to 19 from 54 in 1993, a dents. decline of 35. Other states with large Jewish populations experiencing welcome declines VANDALISM: GEOGRAPHIC BREAKDOWN in vandalism incidents included Florida, Twelve Northeastern states plus the Pennsylvania, and Michigan. District of Columbia combined for a total of On the other hand, Maryland, Illinois 560 incidents — 64 percent of the national and Maine reported double-digit increases in total. In 1993 there were 492 incidents vandalism episodes. Maryland rose to 38 reported in the region, 62 percent of the from 18 in 1993, an increase of 20, or 111%. national total. New York in 1994 had 219, Illinois rose to 35 from 17 in 1993, an followed by New Jersey, 149; Massachusetts, increase of 18, or 106%. Maine saw an even 73; Maryland, 38; Pennsylvania, 29; Maine, more dramatic percentage rise, to 20 inci- 20; Connecticut, 19; District of Columbia, 7; dents from 2 in 1993, an increase of 18, rep- New Hampshire, 3; Delaware, 2; Rhode resenting a 900% rise. Others experiencing Island, 1. The Northeast, with the largest seg- increases included Texas, Ohio and ment of the U.S. Jewish population, has (although their overall totals were relatively always reflected the lion's share of the van- small) New Hampshire, Iowa and . dalism totals in each Audit, consistently over The most active states were as follows 50 percent. This pattern has been main-

sIt should be noted that the significant rise of reported incidents in New York is likely attributable to two major fac- tors: (1) the effect of a number of extremely violent anti-Semitic acts in New York City (i.e., the fatal Brooklyn Bridge shooting and a serious spate of arsons) in creating an atmosphere conducive to imitation by like-minded individu- als, and (2) improved methodology — in the 1994 Audit, ADL was able to take advantage of a later publishing dead- line to include the full year's total of anti-Semitic crimes verified and officially classified as such by the New York Police Department Bias Incident Investigating Unit, many of which had not been reported by the victims to ADL.

Clearly, refining data collection — an ongoing effort with the preparation of each year's Audit — will generally lead to the recognition that a certain number of incidents went unreported and uncounted in prior surveys.

8 tained in 1994. VANDALISM: MOST SERIOUS CRIMES In the West, 16 states reported a total of In 1994 there were 25 incidents of arson, 121 incidents. This total, and the percentage 10 of attempted arson, no bombings or of the national total reflected by it — 14 per- attempted bombings, and 18 cemetery dese- cent — is one percentage point less than that crations — a combined total of 53 particular- reflected for the region in 1993, when a total ly serious acts of vandalism. In 1993 this total of 122 incidents was reported. For 1994, was 31. California reported 74 vandalism incidents The shocking rise in arsons (there was (down 1); Colorado, 13 (down 2); Arizona, one in 1993) was focused in New York, where 10 (up 1); New Mexico, 9 (unchanged); 20 of the 25 arsons, or 80%, occurred. New Washington, 7 (unchanged); Oregon, 5 (up York did not witness any anti-Jewish arsons 2); South Dakota, 2 (up 2); Hawaii, 1 (up 1); in 1993. The arsons took place at syna- Montana, 0 (down 3); Utah, 0 (down 1). gogues, yeshivas and other centers of Jewish Nevada, Wyoming, Oklahoma, Idaho, North activities in the New York City and nearby Dakota and Alaska reported no vandalism Nassau County (Long Island) area, and were incidents in 1994, unchanged from 1993. clustered. An article in The New York Times In the South, 12 states plus Puerto Rico during the course of the incidents, for reported a total of 93 vandalism incidents, 11 instance, was headlined "Inquiry Focusing percent of the national total. This compares on String of 14 Blazes at Jewish Sites." There with a total of 99 incidents for this region in was no apprehension of the perpetrator (or 1993, 13 percent of the national total that perpetrators). In addition to New York, the year. Vandalism incidents declined in Florida, other arsons occurred in Texas, with 2; and Virginia and Georgia, but increases were Illinois, Arizona, and California, with one recorded in Texas, Louisiana and Alabama, each. among others. The totals for this region in With respect to attempted arsons — 10 1994 were: Florida, 44 (down 12); Texas, 17 — which compared to two in 1993 (both in (up 8); Virginia, 11 (down 4); Georgia, 9 New York), they took place in the following (down 5); Tennessee, 3 (down 1); Alabama, 3 states: Illinois, with 4; and New York, Florida, (up 2); Louisiana, 3 (up 3); North Carolina, 1 Georgia, Texas, Arizona, and Kansas, with (up 1); Mississippi, 1 (up 1); Puerto Rico, 1 one each. (up 1). South Carolina, Arkansas and The one type of Jewish institution target Kentucky reported no vandalism incidents in that has been "hit" most frequently is the 1994, unchanged from a year ago. Jewish cemetery — generally covering a vast Ten Mid-Western states accounted for 95 physical area and therefore the hardest facil- incidents — 11 percent of the national total. ity to secure. However, the 18 cemetery des- This compares with 75 incidents, 10 percent ecrations during 1994 were a 28% decline of the national total, in 1993. In this region, from 1993. The incidents took place in the the state totals were: Illinois, 35 (up 18); following states: New York, with 7; New Ohio, 24 (up 7); Michigan, 11 (down 7); Jersey, 3; Massachusetts and Ohio, 2 each; Missouri, 7 (up 2); Minnesota, 5 (down 1); and California, Colorado, New Mexico, and Kansas, 4 (up 2); Wisconsin, 3 (down 1); Washington, one each. Iowa, 3 (up 3); Nebraska, 2 (down 3); and Indiana, 1 (unchanged).

9 AUDIT OF ANTI-SEMITIC EPISODES VANDALISM HARASSMENTS, THREATS AND ASSAULTS YEAR-BY-YEAR, NATIONAL TOTALS

1200

j 1• 1000 V / jL ן K^j Kfl

800 j /

1• f• •J E MT j / ה Ut 600

j »y

400 1 L w - M t/ ג L J 1 ״ S1 s

200

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

",Anti-Semitic Incidents״ KEY: Ht VANDALISMS NOTE: 1979 report recorded only A without separate category of threats, harassments, etc. • HAPA^MFNK THPFATC AND ASSAULTS The 1979 total was 129. Campus Incidents

For the seventh straight year, anti-Semitic ulty member and others protested the acts committed on American campuses anti-Semitism and asked that only the specif- increased. The 1994 total was 143 at 79 insti- ic section with the Jewish stars be repainted. tutions — up 17% over the 1993 total of 122 The artist refused. Instead he asserted that at 81 campus sites. Since 1988, reported cam- they represented Malcolm's anti-Zionism. pus anti-Semitic incidents have shot up Supporters of the mural broadcast tapes of 165%. The Audit's findings showed many Malcolm's speeches on the campus plaza and more campus incidents of personal harass- also chanted "Zionism is racism." In the face ment, threat and assault than those involving of the artist's intransigence, the school's pres- vandalism in 1994. The campus ratio of per- ident, Robert Corrigan, ordered the mural to sonal to property related episodes is now be painted over. However, some students about 3 to 2. washed off the gray paint and the mural was The following is a selection of campus subsequently sandblasted away. However, the developments which reflect the continuing tense atmosphere on campus for Jewish stu- seriousness of the problem: dents persisted. — In 1994, as in several previous years, there — Howard University in Washington, D.C. were renewed and intense efforts by Holo- was the site in April of an aggressively caust-denial propagandists to spread their anti-Jewish event featuring Farrakhan sup- imaginatively camouflaged message of hate porter Khalid Abdul Muhammad. A law stu- by means of paid advertisements in campus dent at the university, Malik Shabazz, led the newspapers. This year, Bradley Smith, a cen- audience in a vicious anti-Semitic ques- tral figure in previous ad campaigns, was tion-and-answer and protestors at the joined by Ernst Zundel, another anti-Semitic speech were surrounded by Muhammad's activist based in Canada, in efforts to spread supporters who yelled — among other Holocaust-denial propaganda on U.S. cam- anti-Semitic epithets — "One bullet - one puses. Over the past year, the Smith ad was dead Zionist..." published by student editors on at least 7 — In November, Khalid Muhammad gave campuses and the Zundel ad on at least 4. speeches at New York University and York — At the University of Miami three anti- College (City University of New York), both Semitic incidents were perpetrated last spring of which included anti-Semitic statements. in the wake of the school paper's publishing — From February through April, nearly 300 one of Bradley Smith's Holocaust-denial ads. books in the library of Cleveland State Anti-Jewish graffiti appeared in the Science University in Ohio were defaced with hate Center; the campus Hillel received an stickers incorporating Nazi themes. anti-Semitic phone call; and the president of — In January, Sigma Alpha Mu Fraternity at the Jewish Student Union received an Ohio State University in Columbus found a anti-Semitic postcard. swastika spray-painted on the front lawn. — In May, a mural at San Francisco State — Bates, Colby and Bowdoin Colleges in University honoring , commis- Maine were the sites of 21 anti-Semitic van- sioned by the Student Union, angered Jewish dalism incidents between February and students because of its anti-Semitism. While September. The events occurred over the the portrait of Malcolm was unobjectionable, entire campuses and included a swastika the artist had introduced a U.S. flag, Stars of inside a Jewish star on the office door of a David, dollar signs, a skull and crossbones professor at Colby College. and the words "African blood" into the left (A complete listing of 1994 Campus side of the mural. Jewish students, a black fac- Incidents follows on page 23.)

11 CAMPUS ANTI-SEMITIC INCIDENTS 1988-1994

140

130 rf

120 Jm

110 Y

100

90

80 // J 70

60 y

50 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

12 Arrests

During 1994 there were 141 individuals groups. arrested in connection with anti-Semitic bias The prior downward trend in reported crimes in 20 states - more than double the 60 arrests came at a time of dramatic increase in arrests recorded in 1993. incidents of personal harassment and intimi- It is hoped that the latest arrest totals may dation, many of which are not criminal acts point to a reversal of the downward trend of and involve no arrest procedure. It would recent years. Arrests had gone from a high of seem reasonable to suggest that the substan- 144 in 1989 to 110 in 1990, then to 52 in 1991. tial rise in arrests recorded in the 1994 Audit There was an increase to 86 arrests in 1992 is likely related in part to the increase in vio- followed by another decline to 60 in 1993. lent criminal acts reported during the year. Law enforcement agencies have been At the same time, the arrest total is also a wel- making intensive efforts to refine their proce- come sign of the greater sensitivity and effec- dures for identifying and investigating hate tiveness of law enforcement in responding to crimes - often with assistance from ADL and the hate crime problem. other community and human relations A Look at Some Noteworthy Incidents

PHOENIX, ARIZONA attend a night-long event dedicated to There were four incidents of cross-burn- "Documenting the Black Holocaust." The ings directed at two Jewish institutions and crowd cheered wildly as speakers renowned two perceived Jewish-owned businesses with- for their past anti-Semitic rhetoric took the in one month. On June 21 and June 25, two stage. The speakers included Khalid six-foot wooden crosses wrapped in rags and Muhammad, Steve Cokely, Professor Leonard soaked in gasoline were propped against the Jeffries and Professor Tony Martin. Each buildings of two businesses and burned. The implicated Jews and Jewish organizations in first incident occurred at Chompie's, a an assortment of alleged plots to destroy the kosher-style deli and bagel restaurant in black community, and repeatedly brought the Scottsdale, and the second at the Native New audience to its feet with anti-white remarks. Yorker, a non-Jewish owned bar located next Equally disturbing was the insistence by all to a second Chompie's restaurant in Phoenix. of these men that the Nazi murder of six mil- A third burning occurred on July 21 at Beth lion Jews was trivial in comparison to the suf- Joshua Congregation in Scottsdale. Two men in fering imposed by whites on the African peo- a passing car saw a burning cross propped pie. Muhammad said, in a speech reminis- against the front of the building. They pulled cent of his infamous appearance at Kean the cross away but the fire had already penetrat- College in 1993, "You make me sick — always ed the rafters and the attic. Extensive damage to got some old crinkly wrinkled cracker that the ceiling and the roof totaled $40,000. Two you bring up, talking about, 'this is one of the brothers, ages 14 and 17, were arrested on arson Holocaust victims.' God damn it! I'm look- charges and found guilty. A fourth burning ing at a whole audience full of Holocaust vie- caused minor damage at the Jewish Family and tims!" He continued, "Holocaust lasted 10 Children's Service in Mesa on Sept. 6. years; ours lasted 500. How can you compare, buddy? You are so arrogant."' WASHINGTON, D.C. NORWALK, CALIFORNIA At Howard University, on April 19, 1994, more than 2,000 individuals gathered to Los Angeles County Sheriffs Deputies

13 responded to a call on December 21 at the to the Chicago Community Kollel Institute Chevra Kadish Cemetery. The officers sur- for Advanced Torah Studies. The incident, rounded the Jewish cemetery and shined a which damaged sacred books and classrooms, flashlight on what turned out to be a 16- was one of five attacks against Jewish sites dur- year-old white male in the process of pushing ing the early morning hours of January 28 in over a headstone. The youth ran but was the West Rogers Park section of Chicago's caught by officers surrounding the perimeter. north side. The other reported incidents Another person, age 18, was subsequently included arson attempts against three other arrested, and both suspects confessed to dese- synagogues and a tire iron thrown through a crating 40 of the cemetery's 200 tombstones. stained glass window of another synagogue. The 18-year-old claimed to be the EUGENE, OREGON founder of the Norwalk Skins and the On March 20, two Skinheads fired ten 16-year-old claimed to be affiliated with the rounds of armor-piercing bullets at Temple group. The younger perpetrator also Beth Israel. The bullets went through two claimed to have been raised to be racist by his stained glass windows. One bullet passed parents and considers Tom Metzger, the through the gift shop, penetrated an interior notorious white supremacist and anti- door, went through the sanctuary and out Semite, his idol. Furthermore, he stated that another window into the central court yard. he personally does not hate Jews, but is being Two males, 19 and 20, were arrested and taught "to know the enemy." charged with first-degree intimidation, un- CHICAGO, ILLINOIS lawful use of a weapon and first-degree crim- Three teenagers pleaded guilty to arson inal mischief. and committing a hate crime for setting fire

Skinhead Incidents

In recent years, the Anti-Defamation In 1994, Skinheads were associated with League has monitored the violent, hate- 23 criminal acts committed against Jews, inspired activities of neo-Nazi Skinheads Jewish institutions and Jewish property — around the . In 1993, ADL pub- nearly twice the number reported in 1993. At lished its seventh and most extensive the same time, far more Skinhead hate fact-finding report4 on this worrisome phe- crimes were committed against black, His- nomenon, noting that there were about 160 panic and gay targets. gangs of these young thugs, comprising Anti-Semitic incidents traceable to between 3,300 and 3,500 members in 40 neo-Nazi Skinheads in 1994 included: (1) A states. The ADL document reported that drive-by shooting at a synagogue in Oregon neo-Nazi Skinheads have been implicated in (see above); (2) also in Oregon, the beating 28 homicides (Skinheads have been implicat- of a Jewish man by five Skinheads, one of ed in an additional 5 killings since that publi- whom was yelling, "Why don't you go back to cation was issued) — as well as many other the Northeast where the niggers, Jews, and destructive, anti-social acts — during the past spies live?"; and (3) a cemetery desecration in seven years. southern California (see above).

3 See ADL report "Uncommon Ground: The Black African Holocaust Council and Other Links Between Black and White Extremists", 1994.

4 "Young Nazi Killers: The Rising Skinhead Danger," ADL Special Report, 1993 14 The increase in 1994 in neo-Nazi The higher 1994 figure would seem con- Skinhead acts of anti-Semitic violence revers- sistent with the Audit's general finding that es a pattern of decline in the prior five years. the worst acts of anti-Semitic violence Since 1989, when the high mark of 116 of increased during the year. A total of 13 neo- such episodes was reported, the number has Nazi Skinheads were arrested for crimes re- dropped steadily to 87 in 1990, 62 in 1991,19 ported to ADL in 1994, including at least two in 1992, and 12 in 1993. That decline was arrested and/or indicted by law enforcement likely due to at least three factors: officials in Colorado in connection with a —growing law enforcement awareness and number of serious hate crimes allegedly com- attention to the Skinhead problem around mitted by members of several white suprema- the country; cist groups (see below for details). —a steadily improving program of preventive Experience demonstrates that tough law security measures by Jewish institutions, and enforcement deters Skinhead crime. All —as noted, the fact that Skinheads can and Americans concerned about this problem do more readily identify other minorities who should urge that appropriate resources be are targets of their viciousness. applied to the effort to combat it.

Justice in Colorado A Case Study of Effective Law Enforcement Action Colorado law enforcement agencies month investigation led to the seizure of recently brought charges against 21 young five assault rifles, two pistols, a supply of adults, ages ranging from 19 to 26, who ammunition, several knives, a short-han- were members of white supremacist and died ax, hate literature, Nazi compact discs, Skinhead organizations. As of January 6, Nazi flags and banners, a device described 1995, 13 people had been arrested and by police as a grenade launcher, and snap- police were seeking the whereabouts of the shots of men and women, some dressed in remaining eight. paramilitary garb as they delivered Nazi The charges resulted from an eight— salutes. month investigation into Denver-area hate The arrested are current and former groups. The investigation began after 4 members of the Knights of the Ru Klux people were arrested for vandalizing vari- Klan, the Federation of the Knights of the ous Jewish sites on or around Yom Hashoah, Ku Klux Klan, the White Knights of the Ru the day designated to commemorate the Klux Klan, die White Order, the Nationalist victims of the Holocaust. In April 1994, Movement, the Colorado Skinheads, the two Denver-area synagogues and a Jewish Confederate Hammerskins and unafilliat- cemetery In Golden (where 25 headstones ed Skinhead groups. The charges brought were overturned) were spray-painted with against the suspects include ethnic intimi- anti-Semitic slurs and threats, including, dation, criminal mischief, aggravated rob- -and bery, aggravated assault, weapons viola ״,Die Jews White Power," "Go Home״ -The vandals finished tions, forgery, theft, receiving stolen prop ״.Hitler is Reborn" their destructive spree by spray-painting erty and conspiracy. epithets on a supermarket in Wheat Ridge The ADL Denver office praised the law that they wrongly perceived to be Jewish- enforcement agencies involved for their owned. The vandals were caught that night determined and ongoing efforts in identi- by a local police patrol and their arrests led fying the perpetrators and attempting to to a state grand jury investigation. bring to a halt the activities of the white According to The Denver Post, the eight- supremacists.

15 Afterword

Hate crimes are nothing new. The Anti- ber of anti-Semitic incidents in its history as Defamation League's Audit of Anti-Semitic well as a dramatic increase in violent bias Incidents has been reporting annually and crimes, unfortunately proves the point. Hate systematically since 1979 on this type of crime language is violent. It provides the climate in committed against the Jewish community. which acts of violence can flourish, it Other agencies and minority group advocates degrades its victims and makes them have also reported on crimes against their non-human. When persons have been own communities. What is new is how aware stripped of their humanity, any act against we have become of hate crimes as a society — them becomes permissible. even including the Hate Crime Sentencing Acts of bias are not merely statistics. Enhancement Act as a part of the 1994 Behind each of the numbers lies a communi- Omnibus Crime bill which is now the law of ty outraged by the desecration of its holy the land. places, a family intimidated by hostility in This new awareness has come at a time their neighborhood, an individual humiliat- when a fog of violence has crept onto our ed and demoralized by an open affront to his national consciousness — particularly as it or her religious identity and personal dignity. involves and affects young people. Some The continued nationwide increase in aspects of popular culture have become anti-Semitic acts demands an ever more toxic, with anti-Semitism, racism, homopho- forceful response through all means available bia and violence toward women in rap and to law enforcement, government at every heavy metal music and on talk radio. Other level and by our community leaders. Firm growing violence includes gang shootings enforcement of appropriate laws, regular and and the murder of children, and people mur- creative programming against prejudice, dered simply because they worked at abor- enhanced public awareness of the nature and tion clinics. In the last instance, we can see dimension of the hate crime phenomenon how hatred and vilification spewed at those and the building of a national consensus to who support the right to abortion by some reject the rhetoric of violence and incivility few in the anti-abortion movement can lead are crucial if we are to change the climate for to ugly acts of violence. the better. ADL's active monitoring efforts, We saw how easily the mouthing of the its A WORLD OF DIFFERENCE Institute hateful words, "Kill the Jews," became action education programs and its other counterac- in the murder of Yankel Rosenbaum, a Jewish tion and educational programs — including student, during the riots in Crown Heights in the publication of this Audit report — are 1991. As Abraham Foxman, ADL National geared toward this goal. Director, noted at the time, "Words can kill." Despite the year's troubling statistics, the Just in the past year, another Jewish student overall picture retains some positive features. was murdered and some of his schoolmates There are now 47 states and the District of wounded because they were identifiably Columbia which have statutes dealing with Jewish. Certainly, the Jewish community in hate crimes, many patterned after ADL New York, as they examine an upsurge of model legislation. Numerous states and local- anti-Semitic incidents in the metropolitan ities are working to improve communication area, understand from their very recent expe- between community groups and law enforce- rience that "words can kill." ment authorities, while such officials, increas- In today's United States, we see evidence ingly sensitized, are developing better report- every day — if not of killings — of van- ing and investigative procedures on bias dalisms, harassments, desecrations directed crimes. The Federal Hate Crime Statistics Act at Jews amid this atmosphere. This year's is in operation and the Hate Crime Sentenc- Audit, recording as it does the highest num- ing Enhancement Act has become law.

16 Today, public officials, educational ad- national determination to reject and over- ministrators and community leaders recog- come the affront to decency and threat to plu- nize that they cannot condone, deny or ralism presented by acts of gross or violent ignore acts of hate. They respond more fre- prejudice. But much work remains to be quently to hate-motivated incidents with sym- done. pathy and solidarity toward victims. There is a

Note On Evaluating Anti-Semitic Incidents

The ADL Audit is an account of overt acts such as Torah scrolls, prayer shawls, Bibles, or expressions of anti-Jewish bigotry or hos- etc. are thrown about or destroyed or dam- tility. It accurately reflects the number of inci- aged, this should be considered evidence of dents reported to ADL and to law enforce- anti-Semitic animus. ment agencies, where such figures are made In addition, deliberate, gratuitous available. It is not, and does not claim to be, destructiveness, such as broken windows, a scientific measurements of anti-Semitism in chairs, display cases or any other willful all its forms. destruction of property that has no apparent It should be noted that many incidents are relation to a robbery, should also bring the not crimes — for example, distributing incident within the consideration of the neo-Nazi pamphlets or directing slurs at Audit. Therefore, a stone thrown through a Jewish individuals. Thus, there are bound to synagogue window, even without any mark- be some discrepancies between the totals of ings or other verbal expression of anti- anti-Semitic incidents reported in the ADL Semitism, would seem clear enough evidence Audit and those contained in official police of hostility being directed toward a Jewish reports of bias crimes. institution. It may not be conclusive evi- The more overt and obvious the expres- dence; it may have been the result of a stone sion of anti-Jewish animus, the easier to cate- thrown by one kid at another that missed, but gorize an incident as anti-Semitic: swastikas we must make judgments based on likelihood painted on a synagogue door, or epithets like and probability. Therefore, deliberate, gratu- "dirty Jews" aimed at those wearing identifi- itous destruction of synagogue property ably Jewish garb. A more difficult question should be considered an incident for purpos- that often arises, however, is the case of a es of the Audit. e have generally׳Jewish institution which is vandalized without On another point, w any specific evidence of anti-Semitism (sym- counted as anti-Semitic harassment the dis- bols, graffiti, hate messages, etc.). Is this an tribution of neo-Nazi and anti-Semitic mate- anti-Semitic incident? The answer is maybe. rials to individual Jews, or the placing of such Let us analyze the two basic alternatives: items on their property (house, car, etc.), If a synagogue is broken into, and office because of the nature of the act and the mate- equipment and other materials are stolen — rial. This would also be true if the flyer or even religious objects — this would not in poster were placed upon a public building, itself constitute an anti-Semitic incident for not the property of a Jew at all. We have purposes of the Audit. That is, if thievery is always considered acts such as the painting of the crime and motive, it will not be consid- a swastika or anti-Semitic hostility worthy of ered for the Audit — unless, of course, there inclusion in the ADL Audit. In addition, a is also evidence of deliberate destruction of series of such "placements" on cars in a lot or religious objects or anti-Semitic graffiti, along a street, or the same graffiti on many obscenities, etc. Also, clearly, if ritual objects, doors in the same dormitory or apartment

17 building at about the same time, would be count as an incident. A discrimination claim considered one anti-Semitic incident. in itself, based upon inferences of anti- Another related question involves expres- Semitism because of alleged unequal treat- sions or manifestations of anti-Semitism ment in work assignments, denial of time off directed at non-Jews. In our view, anti- for religious holidays, etc., would not be con- Semitic slurs, threats or vandalism "mistaken- sidered an incident for purposes of the Audit. ly" carried out against targets thought by the Such a claim involves a very different kind of perpetrators to be Jewish, or purposely direct- anti-Semitic problem — no less serious to the ed at non-Jews perceived as sympathetic to alleged victim, to be sure, but simply distinct Jewish causes, are clearly reflections of anti- from the openly anti-Jewish acts of hostility Semitic hatred. Such acts deserve to be in- under consideration here. eluded in the Audit; the ethnic identity or On a more technical matter, the Audit religion of the victim is irrelevant. refers to certain acts of institutional vandal- Anonymously reported incidents repre- ism as "Most Serious Crimes" — namely, sent another "gray" area. ADL seeks to cor- bombings, arson and cemetery desecretions roborate reports of anti-Semitic activity for (the latter because of the profoundly trau- purposes of accuracy and effective response matic effect such incidents have on the com- and counteraction. Complainants who refuse munity and family members most directly to identify themselves pose a problem in this affected). For acts of harassment, threat and regard. Of course, it is easy enough to verify assault, no such subcategory has been used; the existence of anti-Semitic graffiti or other serious "personal" crimes such as murder, vandalism at a synagogue or Jewish home, and kidnapping and aggravated assaults involving so such episodes generally can be counted in anti-Jewish motivation have been relatively the Audit and investigated by law enforce- rare in the U.S. — although unfortunately, as ment, even if reported anonymously. demonstrated by the events in 1991 in Incidents of personal harassment or verbal Brooklyn's Crown Heights, and in 1994 on slurs, on the other hand, are more problem- the Brooklyn Bridge, such ugly and explosive atic; absent additional follow-up information, hate crimes still do occur and must be seri- unidentified complainants of this nature may ously addressed. be impossible to include in the ADL survey. To sum up: The paramount purpose of Another frequent point of inquiry: If an the ADL Audit has always been to provide the anti-Semitic remark is made to or about a community and its elected and law enforce- Jewish employee in the workplace, in the ment officials with an accurate and reliable presence of the Jewish employee, this would measurement of overt anti-Semitic activity, be considered an anti-Semitic incident — and thus a basis for response, evaluation and just like an anti-Semitic slur or other remark counteraction regarding a troubling and dan- that might be expressed to a Jew by someone gerous problem. In developing criteria for on the street. The fact that the anti-Semitism evaluating these incidents, ADL has tried to was expressed within the work environment be professional but not coldly bureaucratic, should make no difference. dispassionate without being aloof from the At the same time, we do not include cases painful realities and emotional trauma of alleged employment discrimination in hir- behind the statistics. Like the doctor taking a ing, firing, promotion, etc., in the Audit. In patient's pulse, we know that the numbers tell other words, if someone is alleging employ- an important part of the story, and will help ment discrimination and provides evidence determine the proper remedy to a cancer — of overt expressions of anti-Jewish hostility, anti-Semitism — which, unchecked, will the direct anti-Semitic expression would spread.

18 Appendix A 1994 AUDIT OF ANTI-SEMITIC EVENTS

VANDALISM • HARASSMENTS, THREATS and ASSAULTS

1994 LOCATIONS SERIOUS CRIMES TOTAL 1994 93 94 CEM 1994 93 94 TARGETS TOTAL TOTAL STATE INCIDENTS TOTAL CHANGE INST PVT. PUB ARS ATT BMB ATT DES TOTAL CHANGE INST/IND CAMPUS ARRESTS

NY 440 219 145 74 63 78 78 20 1 0 0 7 221 128 93 24 197 9 28 NJ 237 149 146 3 15 48 86 0 0 0 0 3 88 88 0 10 78 4 38 CA 232 74 75 -1 13 30 31 1 0 0 0 1 158 116 42 28 130 12 5 FL 158 44 56 -12 17 11 16 0 1 0 0 0 114 139 -25 19 95 8 1 MA 134 73 71 2 6 19 48 0 0 0 0 2 61 118 -57 3 58 5 1 IL 96 35 17 18 9 7 19 1 4 0 0 0 61 66 -5 22 39 14 9 OH 94 24 17 7 10 7 7 0 0 0 0 2 70 64 6 20 50 16 8 CT 79 19 54 -35 2 1 16 0 0 0 0 0 60 30 30 7 53 6 0 MD 71 38 18 20 3 20 15 0 0 0 0 0 33 22 11 1 32 0 5 PA 70 29 39 -10 3 13 13 0 0 0 0 0 41 39 2 11 30 8 4 MN 46 5 6 -1 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 41 28 13 13 28 0 0 ME 39 20 2 18 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 19 1 18 15 4 21 1 GA 36 9 14 -5 4 2 3 0 1 0 0 0 27 21 6 5 22 4 0 TX 35 17 9 8 5 7 5 2 1 0 0 0 18 20 -2 5 13 2 0 CO 30 13 15 -2 6 4 3 0 0 0 0 1 17 10 7 4 13 1 13 MO 29 7 5 2 3 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 22 26 -4 7 15 2 2 Ml 26 11 18 -7 4 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 15 25 -10 7 8 5 1 NM 24 9 9 0 1 1 7 0 0 0 0 1 15 11 4 3 12 7 0 OR 21 5 3 2 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 16 11 5 5 11 3 2 WA 20 7 7 0 4 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 13 12 1 3 10 2 3 AZ 20 10 9 1 4 3 3 1 1 0 0 0 10 5 5 4 6 0 3 VA 19 11 15 -4 5 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 8 19 -11 1 7 0 0 DC 12 7 11 -4 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 5 18 -13 0 5 4 0 0 5 6 1 1 6 ׳ל WI 10 3 4 -1 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 NE 7 2 5 -3 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 5 9 -4 0 5 0 0 ND 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 7 1 6 0 0 TN 7 3 4 -1 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 1 0 4 0 2 KS 6 4 2 2 2 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 1 0 3 LA 6 3 0 3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 7 -4 1 2 1 1 MT 6 0 3 -3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 4 2 0 6 1 0 IA 6 3 0 3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 2 0 3 0 11 UT 6 0 1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 1 5 1 5 0 0 Rl 5 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 3 0 4 0 0 AL 4 3 1 2 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 -5 0 1 1 0 IN 4 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 9 -6 0 3 1 0 NH 4 3 0 3 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 -2 0 1 0 0 ID 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 0 KY 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 6 -3 0 3 0 0 DE 2 2 3 -1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 -1 0 0 1 0 NC 2 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 SD 2 2 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 VT 2 0 1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 2 0 0 AK 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 HI 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MS 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 -1 0 0 0 0 NV 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 SC 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 PR 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 AR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WV 0 0 1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WY 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 -1 0 0 0 0 1994 TOTALS 2066 869 788 81 186 274 409 25 10 0 0 18 1197 1079 118 222 975 143 141 Appendix B

STATE HATE CRIMES STATUTORY PROVISIONS

AL AK AZ AR CA CO CT DC DE R. GA HI ID I IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA Ml MN MS MO

Bias-Motivated Violence and Intimidation si si si si si si si si si si si si si si si si

Civil Action si si si J si si si si si si si si si

Criminal Penalty si si si si si si si si si si si si si si si

Race, Religion, Ethnicity si si si si si si si si si si si si si si si si

Sexual Orientation sj si si si J J

Gender si si si si si si si si J

Other' si si si si si /י si

Institutional Vandalism si si si si si si si si si si si si si si si si sJ si si si si sj

4 Data Collection5 si si si si si si si si si si si

Training for Law 3 Enforcement Personnel si si si si

1. "Other" includes mental or physical disability or handicap (AK, CA, CT, DC, IL, IA, MN, NY, OK, VT, WA, Wl), political affiliation (DC, IA, WV) and age {DC, IA, VT).

2. States with data collection statutes including sexual orientation are A2, CA, CT, DC, FL, IL, IA, MD, MN, OR and WA.

3. Some other states have regulations mandating such training.

4. Not in force because it has not been funded.

20 TX UT VT VA WA WV Wl WY וזז MT NE NV NH NJ IN NY NC ND OH OK OR PA Rl SC SD

Bias-Motivated Violence and Intimidation si J sj sj si si si J si si si J si J j si sj si si J si

Civil Action sj J J J sj si si si sj si

Criminal Penalty J J si V si si J J / V si si si / si si V si J

Race, Religion, Etfinicity si si V si si J si si si J si si J si si J si si si si

Sexual Orientation si si si J si si si si

Gender si si si si si

Other1 si si si si si J

Institutional Vandalism J si si si si si J si si si si si /י si sj

Data Collection2 si si J si si si si

Training for Law Enforcement Personnel3 si si

5. The Texas Statute refers to victims selected "because of the defendant's bias or prejudice against a person or group."

* The following states criminalize interference with religious worship: CA, CXI, FL, ID, MD, MA, Ml, MN, MS, MO, NV, NM, NY, NC, OK, Rl, SC, SD, TN, VA, WV.

21 Appendix C

Rhode Islanc

Delaware *District of Columbia

STATES WITH PENALTY ENHANCEMEN HATE CRIMES LAWS

*The District of Columbia has a penalty enhance hate crimes law.

22 CAMPUS INCIDENTS Appendix D (Total: 143) Campus Incidents (Total: 143)

AL 5/2/94 South Alabama University A Jewish faculty member found a note in his campus mailbox reading, "Death to Jews - That means you..."

CA 3/1/94 San Francisco State University Hillel received a phoned threat. 3/15/94 Cabrillo Community College A racist flyer was found on campus. 3/22/94 San Jose State University An anti-Semitic note was left on the dorm room door of a Jewish student. 3/24/94 San Diego State University Anti-Semitic flyers were placed on cars parked on campus. 4/7/94 Chapman University A swastika was drawn on the dorm room door of two Jewish students. 4/14/94 San Diego State University Anti-Semitic flyers were placed in books. 5/18/94 San Francisco State University A mural depicting Malcolm X, com- missioned by the school, included two Stars of David; one with skull and cross- bones and the other with a "$" sign in the middle. 5/18/94 Univ. of Calif., Irvine A professor made an anti-Semitic com- — ment before his biochemistry class. 7/4/94 College of Alameda A professor of U.S. History repeatedly stated that Israel commits "genocide" against Palestinians and Israel was compa- rable to the "Nazi Third Reich." 7/15/94 Canada Community College A professor made an anti-Semitic com ment to a student. 9/9/94 Irvine Valley College A professor received an anti-Semitic mailing. 10/27/94 San Dieg* o State University Anti-Semitic flyers were found on campus.

CO 3/94 Metropolitan State College A poster was found in a classroom with anti-Semitic language, including "well done" and a swastika.

CT 2/94 Univ. of Conn., Storrs Anti-Semitic and anti-black graffiti was found in three locations in a dorm, including "Fuck the Jews" and swastikas. 2/26/94 Yale University The Yale Daily News received an anti-Semitic mailing. 3/94 Yale University The Yale Political Monthly published a Holocaust-denial advertisement. 5/19/94 Southern Conn. State Univ. An anti-Semitic flyer was posted on campus.

23 11/94 Central Conn. State Univ. Leonard Jeffries spoke on campus and made anti-Semitic comments. 11/21/94 Western Conn. State Univ. A student, returning to her dorm after viewing a television show on anti- Semitism, found a swastika on a drawing of hers.

DE 2/18/94 University of Delaware A swastika was painted on the door of a student's apartment.

DC 3/24/94 Georgetown University Four Jewish female freshman complained that several male freshmen harassed them because they are Jewish. 4/19/94 Howard University Khalid Abdul Muhammad and law stu- dent Malik Shabazz vilified Jews and others in speeches on campus. 4/19/94 Howard University Protestors at Howard University during Khalid Abdul Muhammad's speech were surrounded by people who were yelling anti-Semitic epithets, including, "One bullet - one dead Zionist..." 11/94 Univ. of the District of Columbia A student was verbally harassed in class by a faculty member.

FL 2/94 University of Florida Khalid Abdul Muhammad made anti- Semitic statements in a speech on campus. 4/12/94 University of Miami A school-sponsored newspaper published a Holocaust-denial advertisement. 4/13/94 Univ. of Central Florida The student-run newspaper published a Holocaust-denial advertisement 4/94 University of Miami Three incidents occurred in the wake of a Holocaust-denial advertisement: 1) "Fuck the Jews" graffiti in the Science Center. 2) Hillel received an anti-Semitic phone call. 3) the President of the Jewish Student Union received an anti-Semitic postcard. 7/7/94 Florida Atlantic University Holocaust-denial leaflets were found on cars in parking lot on campus, near an exhibit on the Holocaust. 10/24/94 Florida International Univ. Anti-Semitic graffiti, including swastikas and "Six million satisfied," was found in a classroom.

24 GA 3/1/94 University of Georgia A Holocaust-denial advertisement was published in the campus newspaper. 4/19/94 Emory University During a controversy over the school's invitation to Khalid Muhammad, a student received a death threat over the phone. 4/22/94 Georgia State University Someone scrawled an anti-Semitic mes- sage on an ADL Holocaust poster. 6/27/94 Kennesaw State College An anti-Semitic tract was placed under the door of many Jewish professors.

IL 1/17/94 Northern Illinois University Hillel/Congregation Beth Shalom received an anti-Semitic phone call. 1/22/94 Northern Illinois University Hillel/Congregation Beth Shalom found firecrackers in a mailbox. 1/23/94 Northern Illinois University Hillel/Congregation Beth Shalom received two anti-Semitic phone calls. 1/23/94 De Paul University "KKK" was painted on a hallway in a residence hall. 1/30/94 De Paul University A swastika and "Kill the Jew Bitch" was written on the door of a residence hall advisor. 2/94 Northwestern University A swastika and "Nazis live" were written on the door of a Jewish student. 2/94 Northwestern University "Kill all the Jews" was written on a resi- dence hall advisor's memo board in response to the question, "What do you think of race relations at NU?" 3/94 Northwestern University A swastika was drawn on an election poster of a Jewish student candidate running for hall government president. 3/1/94 Northwestern University A Jewish professor received a threatening call in her office. 3/28/94 Illinois State University A Holocaust-denial advertisement was placed in the campus paper. 4/18/94 Columbia College A Holocaust-denial advertisement was placed in the campus newspaper. 10/13/94 University of Illinois, Champaign A student was assaulted by a group of non-students who called him a "dirty long-nosed Jew." 11/4/94 De Paul University A Star of David was attached to a bulletin board in a dorm, on which was drawn a cross and later a swastika. 11/5/94 Southern Illinois University Khalid Abdul Muhammad spoke on campus and made anti-Semitic remarks.

25 IN 3/30/94 Purdue University A Holocaust-denial advertisement was published in the campus newspaper.

LA 10/19/94 Tulane University A swastika was painted on the sidewalk of the Hillel house.

ME 2/94 Bates College Between February and April, there were five reports of anti-Semitic graffiti sprawled throughout the campus. 4/94 Colby College Eleven reported incidents of anti-Semitic graffiti appeared on the campus in a three week period, including a swastika inside a Jewish star on the office door of a Jewish professor. 4/94 Bowdoin College Within four days, there were four report- ed incidents of anti-Semitic graffiti sprawled throughout the campus. 9/11/94 Colby College A swastika was scratched on the stall of the men's bathroom in the student center.

MA 3/10/94 Clark University The president of Hillel received a note with a swastika drawn on it under the door of her dorm room. 3/29/94 Clark University An anti-Semitic note was left on the Hillel door. 5/17/94 Clark University A campus security officer received in the mail a picture of herself that appeared in the paper with the handwritten words, "You lesbian - kike -Jew yid." 11/16/94 Simmons College A fraternity poster was defaced with anti-Semitic language. 11 /26/94 U. Mass. - Lowell A swastika was found in the library.

MI 2/25/94 Wayne State University A swastika was drawn on the door of the Hillel house. 3/4/94 Wayne State University A swastika was painted outside the Hillel house. 3/8/94 Wayne State University A caller warned the Detroit Police Department that, "In ten minutes the Jewish Student Union at WSU will be bombed. No, I mean the Jewish Meeting Room." 8/10/94 Univ. of Michigan, Dearborn Flyers announcing the Jewish Student Organization were torn down or had swastikas drawTi on them.

26 8/29/94 Michigan State Univ., E. Lansing A rock with a swastika and a note, 'Jews will die for the Fatherland," was thrown into an administration building.

MO 1/20/94 Washington University Graffiti on campus consisted of swastikas and "Kill the Jews." 12/1/94 Southwest Missouri State Univ. In a Jewish history class taught by a rabbi, a students said the Jews control the media and Zionism is racism.

MT 11/16/94 University of Montana After giving a speech on the Holocaust, a student was assaulted three times and harassed repeatedly.

NJ 2/28/94 Trenton State University Khalid Abdul Muhammad made anti- Semitic statements in a speech on campus. 8/8/94 Brookdale College Anti-Semitic graffiti was written in a closet on campus. Fall/94 Kean College Nine incidents of anti-Semitic graffiti occurred in the Holocaust Resource Center. 9/7/94 Rutgers University A mezuzah was ripped off a dorm room door.

of New Mexico A sticker with a swastika and the words ׳NM 1/21/94 University "White power" was found in the Humanities building. 2/10/94 TV-I (Tech./Voca. Junior College) Copies of the University of New Mexico's The Daily Lobo paper were replaced with copies of The Truth at Last paper. 3/2/94 University of New Mexico Graffiti on campus read "Racism, Pride and Loyalty" with a swastika. 6/94 University of New Mexico A racist and anti-Semitic flyer was distributed throughout campus. 9/94 University of New Mexico The campus paper, The Daily Lobo, was replaced by The Truth at Last. 11/8/94 University of New Mexico A swastika was painted on a mural in the student union building. 11/20/94 University of New Mexico Gay and women's studies books were stolen from the library and replaced with books on Nazism and Hider; other vol- umes were defaced with swastikas.

Anti-Semitic vandalism was found on ׳NY 1/94 New York University campus.

27 2/94 Queens College The campus newspaper ran a Holocaust-denial advertisement. 2/94 Queens College A rabbi was harassed on campus. 4/21/94 Hofstra University The campus newspaper ran a Holocaust-denial advertisement. 5/94 New York University A student was harassed in the dorms. 10/94 Hofstra University Leonard Jeffries and Steven Cokely made anti-Semitic statements in a speech on campus. 11/94 Westchester County Community College Leonard Jeffries made anti-Semitic comments in a speech on campus. 11/7/94 New York University Khalid Abdul Muhammad made anti- Semitic statements in a speech on campus. 11/7/94 CCNY, York College Khalid Abdul Muhammad made anti- Semitic statements in a speech on campus.

OH 1/29/94 Ohio State University A swastika was spray-painted on the front lawn of the Sigma Alpha Mu Fraternity house. 2/94 Cleveland State University From February through April, nearly 300 books in the library were defaced with hate stickers incorporating Nazi themes. 4/1/94 University of Akron Graffiti was found on the business school building, including "Sieg Heil" and two swastikas. 4/22/94 University of Toledo On two occasions, a Jewish student found a swastika drawn on his regular seat in math class. 4/23/94 Ohio University, Athens Hillel received an anti-Semitic phone call; statements by the caller included, "I sure could go for ajewnie roast." 4/29/94 Kent State University Hillel received an anti-Semitic phone call. Spring/94 Kent State University A blatantly anti-Semitic article, "The Paradox of European Jewry," appeared in the student publication Uhuru. 5/6/94 Kent State University Hillel received an anti-Semitic phone call. 6/2/94 Ohio University, Athens Hillel received four anti-Semitic phone calls; the caller made several threats, blamed the Jews for various problems and claimed the existence of Jewish conspiracies. 7/21/94 University of Toledo Swastikas and other graffiti were spray-painted on the dome of the Ritter Observatory on campus.

28 7/21/94 Ohio University, Athens Hillel received three harassing and threatening phone calls; the caller was arrested. 10/6/94 Ohio University, Athens Hillel received harassing phone calls from the same person arrested for previously calling there. 10/28/94 Ohio University, Athens During a dispute in a dormitory, a woman told her roommate, "We're glad you're leaving, you hairy Jew bitch." 11/94 Case Western Reserve School of Law The school received an anti-Semitic mailing. 11/1/94 Kent State University Two swastikas were painted on the porch area of the Hillel house and a swastika was painted on the car of a tenant who lives in an apartment attached to Hillel building. 12/6/94 University of Akron A Holocaust-denial advertisement appeared in the student-run newspaper.

OR 1/10/94 Lewis and Clark College An anti-Semitic flyer was posted on a bulletin board at the law school. 1/25/94 Lewis and Clark College A non-Jewish professor who teaches a course on the Holocaust had a copy of the "Ugly Truth About ADL" deposited on his front porch. 2/1/94 Lewis and Clark College Holocaust-denial material was posted outside the law school, the next day it was found on a bulletin board inside the building.

PA 1/26/94 Temple Law School A student was harassed by a member of the Western Heritage Society who said, "I heard you discussing cross burnings and I'd like to arrange one for you." 2/2/94 Pennsylvania State University A Holocaust-denial advertisement was placed in the campus newspaper. 4/7/94 University of Pennsylvania A Jewish student found a cut-out swastika with an anti-Semitic message, 'The Jewish God eats human shit" near his door. 4/20/94 University of Pennsylvania Hillel received a bomb threat, followed by 10 harassing phone calls. 10/24/94 University of Pennsylvania The Graduate Towers were defaced with swastikas on four occasions within two weeks.

29 TX 9/94 San Jacinto Community College After telling his coach that he would be absent from class because of the Jewish holidays, a student was subjected to anti-Semitic comments by the coach. 10/94 Southwest Texas State Univ. A student resident advisor in a dorm found anti-Semitic messages on his bulletin board.

WA 3/17/94 The Evergreen State College An anti-Semitic flyer was found on campus. 9/30/94 University of Washington Several students were verbally harassed by a local fraternity after leaving Hillel; one rock was thrown but no one was hit.

WI 2/94 Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison A banner was hung by a Palestinian student organization which shows a swastika evolving into a Star of David. 2/13/94 Univ. of Wisconsin, Milwaukee An anti-Semitic sign on a door was removed by the student union. 2/24/94 Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison Abdul Alim Muhammad gave a speech on campus that included anti-Semitic statements. 3/24/94 Univ. of Wisconsin, Milwaukee Khalid Abdul Muhammad delivered a speech on campus with many anti- Semitic statements. 11/3/94 Univ. of Wisconsin, Milwaukee Leonard Jeffries spoke on campus and his remarks included racist and anti-Semitic comments.

30 Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith

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