tu.loce CAe"N Rcmew fi+c4 `yf PLAN PLANT PLANET

BY TERENCE McKENNA

UR PRESENT GLOBAL CRISIS an understanding not only of is more profound than any previous but also of the emergence of the cultural forms historical crises, hence our solu- unique to sapiens. tions must be equally drastic I The adaptive advantage conferred by using im- propose that we should adopt the mune-stimulating or appetite-suppressing plants plant as the organizational model is not difficult to understand. Less easy to under- for life in the 21st century, just as the computer stand is the way in which plant hallucinogens seems to be the dominant mental/social model might have provided similar yet different adap- of0the late 20th Century, and the steam engine tive advantages to our remote ancestors. These was the guiding image of the 19th Century. compounds do not catalyze the immune system This means reaching back in time to models that into higher states of activity, although this may were successful 15,000 to 20,000 years ago. When be a secondary effect. Rather, they catalyze con- this is done is becomes possible to see plants as sciousness, that peculiar, self-reflecting ability food, shelter, clothing, and sources of education that has reached its greatest apparent expression and religion. in beings. One can hardly doubt that , like the ability to resist disease, The process begins by declaring legitimate what confers an immense adaptive advantage on any we have denied for so long. Let us declare Nature individual who possesses it. to be Legitimate. All plants should be declared legal, and all animals for that matter. The notion There is a hidden factor in the evolution of hu- of illegal plants and animals is obnoxious and man beings which is neither a "missing link" nor ridiculous. a telos imparted from on high. I suggest that this hidden factor in the evolution of human beings, Re-establishing channels of direct communica- the factor which called human consciousness tion with the planetary Ocher, the mind behind forth from a bipedal ape with binocular vision, nature, through the use of hallucinogenic plants involved a feedback loop with plant hallucinogens . is the last best hope for dissolving the steep walls This is not an idea chat has been widely explored, of cultural inflexibility that appear to be chan- though a very conservative form of this notion neling us coward true ruin. We need a new set of appears in R. Gordon Wasson's Soma: Divine lenses to see our way in the world. When the Mushroom of Immortality (Wasson, 1971). Wasson medieval world shifted its world view, secularized does not comment on the emergence of human- European society sought salvation in the revivify- ness out of the , but does suggest hallu- ing of Classic Greek and Roman approaches co cinogenic mushrooms as the causal agent in the law, , esthetics, city planning and agri- appearance of spiritually aware human beings . Our dilemma will cast us further back and the genesis of religion. Wasson feels that into time in a search for models and answers . omnivorous foraging would sooner or The impact of hallucinogenic plants on the evo- later have encountered hallucinogenic mushrooms lution and emergence of human beings has not or other psychoactive plants in their environment. been widely examined, yet it promises to provide The strategy of these early human omnivores

17 GATE FNE IIOAO SAUSAUlQ a 7"161 was to eat everything and to vomit whatever was processes take place with great slowness, but in unpalatable. Plants found to be edible by this the presence of hallucinogens a culture is intro- method were then inculcated into the diet. The duced to ever more novel information, sensory mushrooms would be especially noticeable be- input and behavior, and thus is bootstrapped to cause of their unusual form and color. The state higher and higher states of self-reflection. of consciousness induced by mushrooms or other Hallucinogenic plants may have been the cata- hallucinogens would provide a reason for foraging lysts for everything about us that distinguishes humans to return repeatedly to those plants, in us from other primates order except perhaps the loss of to re-experience their bewitching novelty. body hair. All of the mental functions which we This process would create what GH- Waddington associate with humanness, including recall, pro- (1961) called a "creode~' a pathway of develop- jective imagination, , naming, magical mental activity (in other words, a habit). speech, dance, and a sense of mligio may have Habituation to the experience was insured simply emerged out of interaction with hallucinogenic because it was ecstatic. "Ecstatic" is a word un- plants. Our society more than others will find necessary to define except operationally: An ec- this theory difficult to accept because we have static experience is one that one wishes to have made pharmacologically obtained eatasy a taboo. over and over again. Sexuality is a taboo for the same reason: such If hallucinogens are operating as exo-pheromones, things are consciously or unconsciously sensed that is inter- chemical messengers, then to be entwined with the mysteries ofwhere we the dynamic symbiotic relationship between pri- came from and how we got to be the way we are. mate and hallucinogenic plant is actually a trans- HE SOLUTION to much of fer of information from one species to another. modern mal- aise, including chemical dependencies and The primate gains increased visual acuity and Trepressed psychoses and neurosis, is direct expo- access to the transcendent Other. The benefits to sure to the authentic dimensions of risk repre- the mushroom arose out of the primate domesti- sented by the experience of psychedelic plants. cation of previously wild cattle, hence the expan- The pro-psychedelic plant position is dearly an anti- sion of the niche occupied by the mushroom. drug position. Drug dependencies are the result of Where plant hallucinogens do not occur, such habitual, unexamined and obsessive behavior; these

Use of drugs by human societies is Why People Take Drugs and new seem to mean as old as humanity inelL.What is it new drugs and new habits The Age in the nature of human beings that ofExploration innodwed morn than allows them to form nearly symbiotic spices into Europe, so great was the relationships with plants and chemir European obsession with addiction to als in the natural, and now techno- white sugar that slavery, no more logical, world around them? Our out. than a curiosity in the Wet since the nivorous dietary habits have made us fall of Rome, was brought back with the vector of myriad mutagenic influ- a vengeaace in the 15th century in encesthat togetherhaveshapedhuman order to provide labor for the killing evolution in strange and unique ways, work of sugar production. When the The emergence ofself-awareness and English overseas tea trade collapsed, of cultural forms is a reflection of in. the British use of military force w ternal states of awareness that are pro. cured the right to sellopium in China. foundly mediated by our relationships This policy provides the bridge to to psychoactive and physiologically modern developments: the scourge of active plants, foods, drugs, and spices. refined narcotics, heroin, cocaine and Detailed discussion of the previously sack. The modernsynthetic drugs The Greek herbalistDiascorides uneomined relationships ofdrags to receives a have created financial rogue empires cultural self-expression mandrake plant hvm Heutesis, the goddess provides a of dise~ Since ancient time, mandrake in many cases morn: powerful thawthe new way of thinking about human has been credited with nanserous moped nations that sanctioned their creation. history, as a series of arrangements, and healins powers, in part because of the The message is that history is to be made and broken, between human toot's rewmbiatsoe to a human firne. It seen as a series of evolving and trans- beings and plants. Paleolithic shaman- is sdll used in the treatment of asthma, forming relationships to plants, from couslu, ism provides the archaic paradigm. and hay leren corn to , a process that we The provide the need now to understand as modern Classical example, and modern use of pharmacology and h6tyks put into coffee, alcohol, sugar and tobacco il- our hands ever more powerful ways to lustrate the way in which exploration satisfy and explore the habit habit.

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The Masacecs say that the mushrooms The Plant That Speaks : .~. , after another, ofthemselves without speak. If you ask a shaman when his _ _ . . - . _ ... ; having. to be stitchedfor: a phenom, imagery comes from, he is likely to `' enonsimilar to the automatic dictation replyt "I didn't my it, the mushrooms of the surrealists aamPt that here the did." No mushroom speaks, that is a :.How ofconsciousness, rather than _ primitive ' ' ofthe ._ being disconnected ;,tendsto beco. - natural. onlymesa speaks, but he who " hesent; a rational enunmtion of eats these mushrooms, ifbs is a main - 0 i=mtioiiag. Messagefieldaofcommani- of with gcadon with thewosid;othen and an inspiredcapacity to-fpgk.The ,"ovals selfare disclosed by the mush" . shamans who titthem, their function .,,room, The spontaneity they liberaw . isto speak, they are the speakers who is not only perceptual but linguistic, chant and sing the truth, they are the the spontaneity of speech,.of fervent,. oral poem of their people, the doctors lucid discourse, of the in acti. of the word, they who tell whatis vity; for the shaman, it is as ifExit' wrong and how to remedy it, the seem Pailocybe meacana. tease were uttering itselfthrough and oracles, theones possessed by the him . . . words are materializations of voice. "It is not I who speak," said such that one is astounded by the consciousness, language is a privileged Hermlitus, "itis the Logos." Language words that issue forth from the con- vehicle of our relation to reality. is an ecstatic activity of signification. tact ofthe intention of articulation - Henry Munn, "The Mushroom of Intoxicated by the mushrooms, the withthe matterofexperience: At times Language," in Hallucinogens and fluency, the ease, the aptness of ex it is as if one were being told what to , Michael Hamer, ed., pression one becomes capable ofare say, for the words leap to mind, one Oxford Press, 1973, pp 8&89.

are precisely the tendencies in our psychological make. ship style of social organization. The last time up that the psychedelics mitigate. The plant hallu- that the mainstream of Western thought was re- cinogens dissolve habits and hold motivations freshed by the gnosis of the vegetable mind was up to inspection by a wider, less egocentric and at the close of the Hellenistic era, before the more grounded point of view within the indivi- Mystery religions were finally suppressed by duaL It is foolish to suggest that there is no risk, enthusiastic Christian barbarians. but it is equally uninformed to suggest that the risk is not worth taking. What is needed is ex- My conclusion is that taking the next evoiu. periential validation of a new guiding image, an rionary step, the Archaic Revival, the rebirth of the Goddess and the ending of profane overarching metaphor able to serve as the basis history, for a new model of society and the individual. are agendas that implicitly contain within them- selves the notion of our re-involvement with and The plant/human relationship has always been the emergence of the vegetable mind. That same the foundation of our individual and group exis- mind that coaxed us into self-reflecting language tence in the world. What I call the Archaic Revival now offers us the boundless landscapes of the is the process of reawakening awareness of tradi- imagination. Without such a relationship to tional attitudes toward nature, including plants psychedelic exo-pheromones regulating our sym- and our relationship co them. The Archaic Re- biotic relationship with the plant kingdom we vival spells the eventual breakup of the pattern stand outside of an understanding of planetary of male dominance and hierarchy based on animal purpose. And understanding of planetary pur- organization, something that cannot be changed pose may be the major contribution that we can overnight by a sudden shift in collective aware. make to the evolutionary process. Returning to ness. Rather is will follow naturally upon the the bosom of the planetary partnership means gradual recognition that the overarching theme trading the point of view of the history-creased that directs the Archaic Revival is the idea/ideal ego for a more maternal and intuitional style. of a vegetation Goddess, the herself as the much ballyhooed - a concept well docu- The widely felt of the presence of the mented by 19th-century anthropologists, most Other as a female companion to the human na- notably Fraser, but recently given a new re- vigation of history can, I believe, be traced back spectability by Riane Eisler, Marija Gimbutas to the immersion in the vegetable mind which and others. provided the context in which human con- The closer a human group is to the gnosis of the sciousness emerged into the light of self-awareness, vegetable mind - the Gaian collectivity of or. self-reflection, and self-articulation; the light ganic life - the closer their connection co the of the Great Goddess. archetype of the Goddess, hence co the partner. What does it mean to accept the solutions of

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vegetable forms of life as metaphors for the con- duct of the affairs of the human world? Two im. portant changes would follow from adopting this assumption: The ferninizing of culture on a level chat has yet to be fully explored; Green Consciousness means recognizing that the real division between the masculine and the feminine is not a division be. tween men and women, but rather is a division between ourselves as conscious animals - omni- vorous, land-clearing war-makers, supreme ex- pression of the yang - and the circum-global mantle of vegetation - the ancient meta-stable yin element that constitutes by far the major portion of the biomass of the living earth. An inward search for values. Inwardness is the characteristic feature of the vegetable, rather than the animal, approach to existence. The animals move, migrate and swarm while plants hold fast. Plants live in a dimension characterized by the The solid state, the fixed and shrub Datura stramonium can act litre a toxin sponge, the enduring. If there is leaching heavy-metal elements movement in the from polluted soils. The toxins consciousness of plants then is are concentrated in its tissue, which can then be removed. must be the movement of spirit and attention in the domain of the vegetal imagination. Perhaps this is what the reconnection to the vegetal God- dess through psychedelic plants, what the Archaic long way toward building a political consensus Revival actually points toward, that the life of to actively participate in saving that same life. the spirit is the life that gains access to the vi- Connectedness and . Like sionary realms plants, we resident in magical plant teachers. need to maximize these qualities. Plant-based This is the truth that shamans have always known approaches to modeling the and world include aware- practiced Awareness of the green side of .:; ness of the and branching nature mind was of com- called Vriditas by the 12th-century munity action. A tree-like network ofsymbiotic visionary Hildegard von Bingen. relationships can now replace the model of evo- lution that we inherited from the NEW 19th Century. PARADIGM capable ofoffering hope The earlier model, that of the tooth-and-claw of a path out of the cultural quicksand struggle for existence, with the survivor taking hasAto provide a teal-world agenda addressed to all, is a model based on naive observation of the escalating problems that the planet faces. animal behavior. Yet it was cheerfully extended There are several domains in which the rise into the realm of plants to explain of the evolution- awareness of Veriditas might help stave off ary interactions thought to cause speciation Armageddon: in the botanical world. Later, more sophisticated Demzification of the natural environment. This observers (C. H. Waddington and Erich Jantsch) is a process that is naturally carried out by the found not the War in Nature that Darwinists combined action of the atmosphere, the biological reported but rather a situation in which it was matrix and the oceans. This planet-wide process not competitive ability but ability to maximize was able to take care of even urban industrial cooperation with other species that most directly waste, until modern industrial became contributed to an 's being able to func- a truly global phenomenon. Planting species of tion and endure as a member of a biome. Plants Datura, the plants once a part of the religious interact with each other through the tangled mat rites of the Indians of Southern , and of roots that connects them all to the source other plants that leach heavy metals from the of their nutrition and to each other. earth and sequester them in their cellular tissue, The matted floor of a tropical is an rain forest is an example of a natural process that could environment of great chemical diversity; the to- help clean up our environment. Recognizing the pology approaches that of brain tissue in its com- many ways in which the biological matrix of the plexity. Within the network of earth interconnected functions to avert toxification, recognizing roots complex chemical signals are constantly that nature is working to sustain life, might go a being transmitted and received. Co-adaptive evo-

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lution and symbiotic relationships regulate this sine qua non for planetary survival. All capitalistic entire system with a ubiquitousness that argues models presuppose unlimited exploitable resources for the evolutionary primacy of these cooperative and labor pools, yet neither should now be as- strategies. For example, mycorrhizal fungi live in sumed. I do not know the methods but I suggest symbiosis on the outside of plant roots and gently that we start turning to the plant world to balance and buffer the mineral-laden water that discover the right questions to ask. is moving through them to the roots of their host. Photovoltaic power is part of the shift toward an Whole system fine-tuning is needed. If the phe- appreciation of the elegance of the solid state that nomena associated with biological harmony and plants possess. Plants practice photosynthetic resonance could be understood, then such large- solutions to the problems of power acquisition. scale systems as global banking or global food Compared to the water- or animal-turned wheel, production and distribution could be more prop- which are the Ur-metaphors for power production erly managed. The Gaian , Lovelock, in the human world, the solid-state quantum- Margulis and others have argued persuasively molecular miracle which involves dropping a that the entire planet has been self-organized by photon of sunlight into a molecular device that microbial and planktonic life into a meta-stable will kick out an electron capable of energetically regime favorable to biology and maintained there participating in the life of a cell seems like ex- for in excess of two billion years. Plant-based travagant science fiction. Yet this is, in fact, the Gaia has kept a balance throughout time and principle upon which photosynthesis operates. space. And this in spice of the repeated bombard- While the first solid-state devices arrived on the ment of the earth by asteroidal material sufficient human cultural frontier in the late 1940s, solid- to severely disrupt the planetary equilibrium. We state engineering had been the preferred design can only admire - and we should seek to imi- approach of plants for some two thousand million tate - such a Tao-like sense of the planet's multi- years. High-efficiency photovoltaics could today dimensional homeostatic balance. But how? I meet the daily needs of most people for electri- suggest we look at plants - look more deeply, city. It is the running of basic industries on solar more closely, and with a more open mind than energy that has proved difficult . Perhaps this is we have done before. nature's way of telling us that we aspire to too Recycling. Like plants we need to recycle. On a much manufacturing. cosmic scale we are no more mobile than plants. A global atmosphere-based energy economy. The ap- Until this point in history we have modeled our proach of vegetational life to energy production more successful economic systems on animal is called photosynthesis. This process could be predation . Animals can potentially move on to modeled by the creation of a global economy another resource when they exhaust the one at based on using solar energy to obtain hydrogen hand. Since they can move to new food sources, from seawater. Solar electricity could supply most they potentially have unlimited resources. Plants electricity needs, but the smelting of aluminum are fixed. They cannot easily move to richer nu- and steel and other energy-intensive industrial trients, or leave an area if they foul or deplete it. processes make demands that photovoltaic, elec- They must recycle well. The fostering of a plant- tricity is unlikely to be able to meet. However based ethic that emulates the way in which the there is a solution: plants split atmospheric car- botanical world uses and replaces resources is a dioxide to release energy and oxygen as by-

The factors that ordinarily limit Matter and Energy inelL The nutrients contained in growth in the temperate region - dead wood and leaves and in the ex low temperatures, lack of water and a in the Rainforest cretions and dead bodies of animals short growing season - are oflittle are quickly released by the activities importance in the humid tropics. Ex- of the decomposer . Once cept on alluvial land and in camas the dead material has been broken where the soil is frequently enriched down the minerals do not sin in by volcanic dust, howevo, the stock the soil but are almost immediately of available mineral nutrients is quite taken up by the roots of the ecees and small. The rain forest is able to other plants. Thus, although the total flourish under these conditions stock of nutrients is not large, recycl- because a large fraction of the ing is rapid. It is also efficient very available nitrogen, calcium, little is lost from the system. phosphorus, potassium and other -Scientific American, minerals is held in the vegetation Dec. 1973, p. 63.

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products. A similar but different process could soons; local, non-toxic and use solar without release of electricity to split water, to obtain hy- radioactivity. Like plant life itself, the drogen. This hydrogen hydrogen could be collected and economy would be non-polluting and self-sus- concentrated for later distribution Plants have taining; burned hydrogen been very recombines with oxy- successful at finding elegant solutions gen to again become water. based on material present at hand; a hydrogen An international economy would emulate this same reliance on effort of extraordinary scope inexhaustible and recyclable materials. would be necessary to begin to move toward a proof-of-concept demonstration of the The notion is a feasibility simple one really; it has long of a hydrogen economy. Granted that there are been realized by planners that hydrogen is the many possible problems with ideal such a scheme. But resource to fuel a global economy. Hydrogen no plan for the production of energy is clean; when sufficient to burned it recombines with the meet the needs of the 21st Century is going to water it was chemically derived from. Hydrogen is be without difficulties. plentiful; one third of all water is hydrogen And all existing technologies - internal-combustion Nanotechnology. The era of Molecular engines, Mecha- coal-, oil- and nuclear-fired generators nism (WER 154, p. 9) promises the most could be retro-fitted radical to run on hydrogen Thus of the green visions since it proposes that human- we are not talking about having to scrap the cur- engineered quasi-biological cells rent and organelles standing crop of existing power production take over the manufacturing of products and distribution and cul- systems. Hydrogen could be ture. Nanotechnology takes seriously the notion "cracked" from seawater at a remote island lo. that manufacturing techniques cation and methods of and then moved by the already existing manipulating matter on the technology that micro-physical scale is used for the ocean transport can affect the design process of the human-scale of liquid natural gas from its production points world. In the nanotech to world, dwellings and market. The objection that hydrogen is highly machines can be "grown" and everything explosive and char is that proven technologies for hand. manufactured is closer to flesh than to stone. ling it do not exist has largely been met by the The distinction between living and non-living, liquid-natural-gas industry and its excellent safety and organic and artificial, record. is blurred in the elec- Hydrogen accidents could be extremely tronic coral reef of human/machine destructive, but they symbiosis would be ordinary explo- contemplated by the savants of nanotechnology.

From Vegeta LS~lO These powers are acquired mainly through the (To be accompanied bythemusical memorization of magic notation for icam to melodies. orsongs, called iaros The mcreaee the number and effects ofayahuasca lmm Lang 198 quality of their icarvs is the best gauge of the knowledge and These plants ftobacco and ayahttasaJ power ofa shaman. Allmy informants belong to a series ofspecies called claim to know dozens ofthem. . . . "doctores" by local practitioners, Each plant has its icares, so that the because if ingested under certain con- ditions, repertoire of the shaman apprentice they are bekieved m be able to etpands as he keeps adding other "teach" the shamans During the ini. plants to the basic ayahuasa pmpara" nation period, which may last fiom tion(Banisteriopsis caapi + P*hotria some months up to several years, virMis), or when he ingests other these plants are ingested periodically plant-teachers that are taken by them. and successively, while a very strict selves. The acquisition ofmagic chants diet and sexual continence are ob. or melodies and the memorization of served. The informants I worked with myths during shaman initiation affirm that the spirits ofmothers of seem to be a widely reported phenom. the plants present themselves to the enon. I have not yet made a systematic initiated, either during the visions they bibliographic survey, but it is possible elicit, or during the dreams, and teach that the association ofthe learning of Tai+ young man it holdtag the marpo. them how to diagnose and cure cer- magic chants or melodies with the ab- tent of the South American hancinogena, tain illneasa, how to dominate evil sorption of the psychotropic plants is known among the Kaman Indisor as cub bra borrachera spirits who live in the earth, in the quite common. It is found among the He water or in the air, how to travel will drink a tee of this plant, material rich Hukhol, who ingest peyote (Lopho. in scopolamine through time and space, and how and otherintoxicating ai. to phon williamsit) and other psycho. kakiids, to induce visions and to establish perform a series of shamanic tasks tropic plants, among the Mazatec, 'learning spirit" with his teaches

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Preservation of biological diversity. The life on this that dynamic and evolving balance. It is a plant- planet and the chemical diversity that it repre- based view. This return to a perspective on self sents are likely to be the only sources of biolog- and ego that places them within the larger con- ically evolved compounds until the day that we text of planetary life and evolution is the essence discover another planet as teeming with life as of the Archaic Revival . McLuhan was correct our own. Yet we are destroying the living diversity to see that planetary human culture, the global of our world at an appalling race. This must be village, would be tribal in character. The next stopped, not only through the preservation of great step toward a planetary holism is the par- ecosystems but also through the preservation tial merging of the technologically transformed of information about those ecosystems that has human world with the archaic matrix ofvegetable been accumulated over thousands of years by the intelligence that is the Overmind of the planet. people who live adjacent to them. It is impos. I hesitate to call this dawning awareness religious, sible to underestimate the importance for human yet that is what it surely is. And it will involve a health of preservation of folk knowledge con. full exploration of the dimensions revealed by cerning healing plants. All the major healing plant hallucinogens, especially those structurally drugs that have changed history have come from related to neurotransmitters already present and living plants and fungi. Quinine made conquest functioning in the human brain. Careful explora- of the tropics possible, penicillin and birth con- tion of the plant hallucinogens will probe the trol pills remade the social fabric of the twentieth most archaic and sensitive level of the drama of century. All three of these are plant-derived phar- the emergence of consciousness; it was in the maceuricals. My partner Kat and I work in this plant/human symbiotic relationships which char- area by managing a botanical garden in Hawaii acterized archaic society and religion that the (see p. 54) that seeks to preserve the plants uti- numinous mystery was originally experienced. lized in Amazonian shamanism, one of many such And this experience is no less mysterious for us systems of knowledge that are fast disappearing. today, in spice of the general assumption that we have replaced the simple awe of our ancestors The measures outlined above would tend to with philosophical and episremic tools of the promote what might be called a sense of Gaian utmost sophistication and analytical power. Our Holism, that is a sense of the unity and balance choice as a planetary culture is a simple one: of nature and of our own human position within go Green or die. s

recto to iaanaae the ave"Aam .ids... practice sorcery] affirm that their powers am embodied in their icaros. ima Don Alejandro, another of my infor- mants, put it in these words "A man II Mft is like a tree. Under the appropriate conditions he grows branches. These

A " ~_ I ~T 1 I ' I I~ branches are the icaros." . . . . The shaman is often at the same time a scientist an artist, a hunter ind a farmer, and a doctor of the body and the . . . . The work to be done is enormous and fascinating, and should be carried out with ur. T 7 T- gency, before our old wise men are carried away by time. who takemushrooms of the genus Madm de Dios in Pern. In the state Dr. Luna's recordings ofAmazonian shs" Pkdoeyb4 amongmestizo practitioners of Acre, in Brazil, there are communi. maw smpngmoped incantations are using San. Pedro (Trichoeerus pacha. ties who ingest the preparation of available from Los Natura, 2140 Shattuck na), among the Yanomamo of south- Banistenopsts caapt + Psychotrla Avenue n196-W, Berkeley, . CA 94704: ern Venezuela and northern Brazil, vindis under the name Santo Daunt. catalog ime. Thesesongs was recorded who use epena (Vdnols theidor4 All these communities possess hint during Peruvian and Colombian aphuascs I have found the idea that certain narios, collections of songs inspired sessions during the last ten years . plants teach magic melodies intimately by Santo Daime to certain privileged Veptalismo, by Louis Eduardo Lana, is linked with the use of members Some of these communities available from the author ($Z0 postpaid). amongIndianandmestizo populations have memorized up to 3,000 himnos. Write him clo Swedish School ofEconomy; of Caqueta, in , and in the Arkodiankata 22, 00100 Helsinki 10, _ provinces of Loreto, Ucayali and [Both healing shamans and those who Finland. _

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