CHAPTER
Modern CHAPTER 2. 4. 3. 1. 5. 6. 7. 9. 8. 10. 11. 12. 13. positively; Rutherford’s very electrons particles the Electromagnetic The resulting The of See The The pass Light tiny circumstances, energy more electron The electron exactly The emitted A The energy wave-like photon speed also frequency different types speed small particles atoms a ground energy appears given in per equal called Figure by amount were structures structure, of ANSWERS of a negatively compared
11 having of
Atomic in regular an photon. light. of experiments electromagnetic behavior state point forms electromagnetic of salts to to in atom of protons a such 11.3 radiation energy. have the photon of electromagnetic represents an per emit so interact manner of energy in in atom as to energy each and both electromagnetic second. an and the the when light is determined is excited are or given text. overall atom carried neutral wave with as
Theory radiant corresponding the what radiation of it propagated radiation would These is characteristic lowest-energy the emits by and interacting state radiation they per size particles energy E applied two be that particle photon. differ light = radiation when of were represents expected concepts hc the through the that to represents differently called energy. / doing. in with it atom 2 properties. atom. the wavelengths returns state their travels are and energy for space matter, how neutrons. are had He similar Each of frequency therefore wavelike how not to through the from fast a was at It difference nucleus its Copyright however, element’s the the atom. travels because many a in not ground He all given same. that same short behavior. space (and able other established © containing complete Houghton through they wave of it between state. atoms speed wavelength wavelength) to with atoms. behaves the determine all Under moves Mifflin way wavelike (the have space exhibit cycles that positively the Company. as their speed other a the two through light and if and where diftBrent of the it nucleus internal behavior states the carries is of carries in same All charged a light). the rights the wave space. stream Is type was reserved. more at of
20.
Copyrigtit 25. 22.
26. 24 23. 21.
16. 15.
18.
14.
19. 17.
electron.
be behaves characteristics the The higher;
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other electron The hydrogen
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235
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27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34. 35.
36.
37.
the Schrodinger’s
the atom to
The density. is the analogy
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The elements
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Na S N side F the electrons approach are (The have strongly (The size (The (The size elements, increase from from the energies atoms have effective MlfflIn 2 charge Nuclear of increases less increases little less element. electronic less less electrons. left left elements a in Company smaller since in given of the reactive in reactive Group reactive reactive tendency to to the decrease increases Ra these going at charge, electronic right right they in chemical are in pulling period All configuration nuclear are 2, going going elements metals within nonmetals from rights in within elements metals can to clustered in however, a from (horizontal lose higher reserved electrons going get configuration from from left activity charges are a a are left horizontal would closer tend electrons horizontal to are top further top are from further energy at right of to increases at to is the and to from at to the right to row) be the reflected be top bottom the bottom within upper up the noble hold themselves expected up orbital of small period. bottom metallic period. within to bottom have in nucleus, in the across bottom onto a right a a within gases within group.) in in following and group) horizontal valence a of size, to the of elements their a period, side a Chapter farther (they within period Finally, have is a a group) a ease group.) desirable which vertical vertical valence of electrons noble the have pulling period. with the from a going for 11: if vertical largest means periodic these group; high Modern several group; which electrons gas for the from in progressively elements other nucleus the atoms that atoms group atomic the iltomic Atomic reasons. table. left same electrons less atoms element to gain because ionization than These (See size right. principal tightly. size Theory energies). First, - electrons, more to in decreases Chapter decreases gains can attain.). Atoms the any these tightly be or 241 at 242 Chapter 11:ModernAtomicTheory 83. Blue light has a shorter wavelength than red light. Therefore, when transferring energy, more waves reach a given point per second. 84. speed of light 85. visible 86 photons 87. ground 88. quantized 89. orbits 90. orbital 91. valence 92. transition metal 93. frequency 94. spins 95. a. e] 3s(fl) 3p(t )(t )(t ) P is expected to be paramagnetic; three unpaired 3p electrons b. [Kr] 5s(U) 4d(t.L)(fl)(t.L)(tL)(tL) 5p(t)(fl)(t ) I is expected to be paramagnetic; one unpaired 5p electron c. [Ar]4s(fl) 3d(fl)(t.L)(t.L)(fl)(fl) 4p(t )(t )( ) Ge is expected to be paramagnetic; two unpaired 4p electrons 96. a. 2is 22s 62p 23s 63p 4s’ [Ar] 4s’ is(tL) 2s(fl) 2p(t.L)(tL)(t.L) 3s(t.L) 3p(tL)(tL)(fl) 4s(t ) b. 2[Ar]4s 23d 2p3p3d 2s(t.L) 2p(tJ.)(fl)(fl) 3p(t)(fl)(fl) 4s(fl) 1s2s3s4sls(fl) 35(fl) 3d(t26 )(t )( )( )( ) c. 2is 22s 62p 23s 23p [Ne] 23s 23p ls(tL) 2s(t1-) 2p(fl)(t.L)(tL) 3s(fl) 3p(t )(t )( ) d. 2is 22s 62p 23s 63p 24s 63d [Ar] 24s 3d6 15(tI-) 2s(fl) 2p(tL)(tL)(t.L) 3s(t’L) 3p(fl)(tL)(t’.I-) 45(U) 3d(fl)(t )( t )(t )(t ) 32 e. 2is 22s 62p 63p 24s 3d’° [Ar] 24s 3d’° is(t) 2s(t.L) 2p(fl)(t..L)(tL) 3s(fl) 3p(t.L)(fl)(tL) 4s(t.L) 3d(U U U ti- U ) Copyright© HoughtonMifflinCompany. Allrightsreserved. L.. Chapter 11:ModernAtomicTheory 243 97. a. 2is 22s 62p 23s 63p 24s 3d 4 ls(fl) 25(fl) 2p(tL)(t.L)(tL) 3s(t4.) 3p(t4.)(t’i.)(tL) 4s(t.L) 3d(t )( )( )( )( ) [Ar] 24s 3d 1s2 b. 22s 62p 23s 33p . 1s(fl) 2s(fl) 2p(tL)(fl)(fl) 3s(fl) 3p(t )(t )(t ) [Ne] 23s 33p c. 3d’°4p 1s2s3s4s2p3pls(fl) 2s(fl) 2p(tL)(tL)(tL) 3s(fl) 3p(fl)(t..L)(t.L) 45(fl) 3d(fl)(fl)(fl)(fl)(t1.) 4p(fl)(fl)(fl) [Kr]26 is itself a noble gas d. 2is 22s 62p 23s 63p 24s 3d’°64p 25s 1s(tL) 2s(fl) 2p(fl)(fl)(tsL) 35(fl) 3p(tL)(t..L)(fl) 4s(tI) 3d(tL)(fl)(fl)(fl)(t.L) 4p(fl)(fl)(fl) 5s(fl) [Kr] 52 e. 2is 22s 62p 23s 63p 24s 3d’° is(t.L) 2s(t.L) 2p(fl)(tL)(t-L) 3s(t..L-)3p(fl)(tI-)(tL) 4s(fl) 3d(t.L)(fl)(fl)(fl)(t.L) [Ar] 24s 3d’° 98. a. b. 25nsnp c. 24 d. tns e. 2 4 99. a. four (two if the d electrons are not counted.) b. seven c. two d. seven (two if the d electrons are not counted.) Copyright© HoughtonMifflinCompany. Allrightsreserved. 244 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. a. b. c. 3.OOx Light hydrogen As from nucleus. The is Orbitals 11.24—11.28 a. Chapter b. c. d. e. f. Electrons minimized. separate not b. a. c. a d. an single 2=2.7 2=— third 4.4 2x1035m 2 The for the discussed is electron incorrect; correct incorrect; correct 108m/sec correct correct 1s emitted 1s2 1s2 my 1s2 (9.1 the x 11: nucleus 11 in wavelengths were principal 2p 1O 3s 2s 2s2 are 2s2 the 2s2 Modern electron x for x orbitals The orbital; l0 moves 2p 2p(1 2,1’ continuous, negatively 2p’ ls at m 1031kg)[0.90x(3.OOxl from the the the increases, 6 electrons and length 3s 32 3s2 3s2 energy Atomic m n ii shapes is ‘ 6.63x1034Js there the (oriented = to = 2s (0.0027 for 3p i’ 3p6 3jt nearly 3 I a 6 in hydrogen subshells shell the shell charged higher-number 4s 42 Theory 4s2 4s2 level is a the thereby also of ‘ hydrogen a ball the 3d 3d1° 3d’° 3d° these nm) set text. at has has can of TI) 90° same and of 4ji particles 41,6 4p( can 4J)4 hydrogen only atom only decreasing orbitals. have S three to the 5ç2 O 52 contain atom order the each 3s, only ms1)] principal the person 4d1° 4j))) 3p that 3p, Is would is of same other at orbitals; subshell i’ only the 5,6 divided and magnitude repel certain are attractive 6s2 spin in energy emit 3d two infinitesimally space), each there subshells into fixed if electrons. energy they level, other. as Copyright three is force the wavelengths. the a are at set the repulsion diameter sublevels By between © all in small of Houghton electron’s separate placing possible five whereas 3d of among the If Mitlin (3s, the the a orbitals, orbitals. wavelengths. mean electron typical 3p, Company. three energy the the and distance electrons wavelength but electrons See atom. and 3d); Al levels rights this Figures the there reserved. is of is in 109. lb. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. Copyright 116. a. b. C. d. b. a. c. d. transition a. b. c. d. b. a. c. d. a. b. c. d. a. b. c. d. metals, © Houghton 3d(t ls(fl) five ls(1) ls( seven three one ls(N.) [Kr] [Kr) [Ar] [Xe] [Ar]4s2 [Ar] [Kr] [Kr] V Se Se Rb [Ar] [Kr] [Xe] [Xe] ti-) low; (3s) (2s, metals 5s2 4s2 5s2 4s2 5s2 5s2 6s1 (3s, )(t 4s2 5s2 (3s, 6s2 6s2 Muffin 2s(fl) 2s(fl) 2s( nonmetals, 2p) 2s(tL) 4d2 4d1° 3d° 3d2 4d’° 3d’° 4d3 3d2 3p) 4/4 4/4 )(t 3p) Company. tL) 4p2 5p5 (actually 4p4 5p3 sd° 5d2 )(t 2p(t)(fl)(fl) 2p(t)(t)(fl) 2p( 2p(t 6p5 All )(t) high t.L rights [Kr] )(1’ )( reserved. t.L 5s’ )(t )( 4d2 N.) ) for 3s(fl) 3s(fl) 3s( reasons N.) 3p(fl)(fl)(fl) 3p(fl)(t 3p( beyond ‘N Chapter )( text) N. )(t) )( 11: N.) Modern 4s(t) 4s( 1’ Atomic ) Theory 9..,.’”, 245 246 117. 118. a. b. Atomic c. in b. a. c. Chapter going B Na F Ca P K and size from 11: Al increases Modern left are to both right Atomic in very going within Theory reactive from a horizontal top to bottom period. within a Copyright vertical 1 group; Houghton atomic Mifflin Company. size decreases All rights reserved.