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CHAPTER

Modern CHAPTER 2. 4. 3. 1. 5. 6. 7. 9. 8. 10. 11. 12. 13. positively; Rutherford’s very particles the Electromagnetic The resulting The of See The The pass tiny circumstances, energy more The electron exactly The emitted A The energy wave-like photon speed also frequency different types speed small particles a ground energy appears given in per equal called Figure by amount were structures structure, of ANSWERS of a negatively compared

11 having of

Atomic in regular an photon. light. of experiments electromagnetic behavior state point forms electromagnetic of salts to to in of a such 11.3 radiation energy. have the photon of electromagnetic represents an per emit so interact manner of energy in in atom as to energy each and both electromagnetic second. an and the the when light is determined is excited are or given text. overall atom carried neutral wave with as

Theory radiant corresponding the what radiation of it propagated radiation would These is characteristic lowest-energy the emits by and interacting state radiation they per size particles energy E applied two be that particle photon. differ light = radiation when of were represents expected concepts hc the through the that to represents differently called energy. / doing. in with it atom 2 properties. atom. the wavelengths returns state their travels are and energy for space , how . are had He similar Each of frequency therefore wavelike how not to through the from fast a was at It difference nucleus its Copyright however, element’s the the atom. travels because many a in not ground He all given same. that same short behavior. space (and able other established © containing complete Houghton through they wave of it between state. atoms speed wavelength wavelength) to with atoms. behaves the determine all Under moves Mifflin way wavelike (the have space exhibit cycles that positively the Company. as their speed other a the two through light and if and where diftBrent of the it nucleus internal behavior states the carries is of carries in same All charged a light). the rights the wave space. stream Is type was reserved. more at of

20.

Copyrigtit 25. 22.

26. 24 23. 21.

16. 15.

18.

14.

19. 17.

electron.

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other electron The

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235

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27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34. 35.

36.

37.

the Schrodinger’s

the atom to

The density. is the analogy

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39.

40.

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42. 43.

44. 45.

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47.

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241

at 242 Chapter 11:ModernAtomicTheory

83. Blue light has a shorter wavelength than red light. Therefore, when transferring energy, more waves reach a given point per second. 84. speed of light 85. visible 86 photons 87. ground 88. quantized 89. orbits 90. orbital 91. valence 92. transition metal 93. frequency 94. spins 95.

a. e] 3s(fl) 3p(t )(t )(t ) P is expected to be paramagnetic; three unpaired 3p electrons

b. [Kr] 5s(U) 4d(t.L)(fl)(t.L)(tL)(tL) 5p(t)(fl)(t ) I is expected to be paramagnetic; one unpaired 5p electron

c. [Ar]4s(fl) 3d(fl)(t.L)(t.L)(fl)(fl) 4p(t )(t )( ) Ge is expected to be paramagnetic; two unpaired 4p electrons 96. a. 2is 22s 62p 23s 63p 4s’ [Ar] 4s’ is(tL) 2s(fl) 2p(t.L)(tL)(t.L) 3s(t.L) 3p(tL)(tL)(fl) 4s(t ) b. 2[Ar]4s 23d 2p3p3d 2s(t.L) 2p(tJ.)(fl)(fl) 3p(t)(fl)(fl) 4s(fl) 1s2s3s4sls(fl) 35(fl) 3d(t26 )(t )( )( )( ) c. 2is 22s 62p 23s 23p [Ne] 23s 23p

ls(tL) 2s(t1-) 2p(fl)(t.L)(tL) 3s(fl) 3p(t )(t )( ) d. 2is 22s 62p 23s 63p 24s 63d [Ar] 24s 3d6 15(tI-) 2s(fl) 2p(tL)(tL)(t.L) 3s(t’L) 3p(fl)(tL)(t’.I-) 45(U) 3d(fl)(t )( t )(t )(t ) 32 e. 2is 22s 62p 63p 24s 3d’° [Ar] 24s 3d’° is(t) 2s(t.L) 2p(fl)(t..L)(tL) 3s(fl) 3p(t.L)(fl)(tL) 4s(t.L) 3d(U U U ti- U )

Copyright© HoughtonMifflinCompany. Allrightsreserved.

L.. Chapter 11:ModernAtomicTheory 243

97. a. 2is 22s 62p 23s 63p 24s 3d 4 ls(fl) 25(fl) 2p(tL)(t.L)(tL) 3s(t4.) 3p(t4.)(t’i.)(tL) 4s(t.L) 3d(t )( )( )( )( ) [Ar] 24s 3d 1s2 b. 22s 62p 23s 33p .

1s(fl) 2s(fl) 2p(tL)(fl)(fl) 3s(fl) 3p(t )(t )(t ) [Ne] 23s 33p c. 3d’°4p 1s2s3s4s2p3pls(fl) 2s(fl) 2p(tL)(tL)(tL) 3s(fl) 3p(fl)(t..L)(t.L) 45(fl) 3d(fl)(fl)(fl)(fl)(t1.) 4p(fl)(fl)(fl) [Kr]26 is itself a d. 2is 22s 62p 23s 63p 24s 3d’°64p 25s 1s(tL) 2s(fl) 2p(fl)(fl)(tsL) 35(fl) 3p(tL)(t..L)(fl) 4s(tI) 3d(tL)(fl)(fl)(fl)(t.L) 4p(fl)(fl)(fl) 5s(fl) [Kr] 52 e. 2is 22s 62p 23s 63p 24s 3d’° is(t.L) 2s(t.L) 2p(fl)(tL)(t-L) 3s(t..L-)3p(fl)(tI-)(tL) 4s(fl) 3d(t.L)(fl)(fl)(fl)(t.L) [Ar] 24s 3d’° 98. a. b. 25nsnp c. 24 d. tns e. 2 4 99. a. four (two if the d electrons are not counted.) b. seven

c. two d. seven (two if the d electrons are not counted.)

Copyright© HoughtonMifflinCompany. Allrightsreserved. 244

100.

101. 102.

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117.

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