INDEX

A C constructive waves 44 E Adelaide, SA Cape Woolamai 47 continental drift 95–6 Early Cretaceous period 123 beach management car travel 208 continental plates 95 earthquakes 101–3 strategy 50 catchments 57 contour lines 64 Earth’s core 95 Christie Walk 195 central lowlands 21 conurbations 154–6 eastern highlands 21 movement of sand on change, as geographical convection currents 95 ecological footprint 152, 200 beaches 12–13, 49, 50 concept 6–7 convergent plates 95–6 ecosystems aerial photographs, China cross-sections, drawing 111 definition 60 interpreting 114 air pollution 179 cultural values 93 rainforests 120–1 Africa, growth of cities 176–7 rural–urban migration ecotourism 137 agriculture 165–7 D environment, as geographical deforestation and 130 choropleth maps 204 Daintree Rainforest 124 concept 8 fresh food supply 205 Christchurch, 2011 Darling River 58 erosion 20, 26–7 air pollution earthquake 103 deforestation 7 escarpments 35 in 155 Christie Walk, Adelaide 195 causes 130–1 estuaries 58 in California 155 cinder cone 113 impacts 132–4 ethnic minorities 92 in China 179 cities in Indonesia 133 European Union (EU) 212 in Jakarta 186 in Africa 176–7 deltas 58, 61, 62 evapotranspiration 133 Alps, Europe 91 distribution 171 deposition 20, 27 altitude 91 gateway cities 176 depositional coastal F Amazon Basin 125 location 170–1 landforms 44–5 family households 211 Amazon rainforest 125–8, 130 measuring landforms fault-block mountains 98 Amazon River 126 sustainability 193–4 depositional landforms 75–7 faults (Earth’s surface) 96 Andes 91 megacities 181–3 erosional landforms 74–5 favelas 5 Antarctic Treaty 85 regional differences 177 process shaping 74–7 field sketches 52, 53 in South America 187 types 75 fieldwork inquiries mining 84–5 sustainability in in catchment area 138–9 precipitation 82 Australia 193–5 in Australia 77–9 data collection and protection 85 sustainability solutions climate 73–4 recording 139 scientific bases 86 190–2 coastal deserts 72 data and information temperature 83 in United States 187–9 cold deserts 18, 68 analysis 139 tourism 85–6 wealth of 178 definition 68 process 138–9 winds 83 clearfelling 130 formation 70–3 reflection on 139 aquatic landscapes 19 climatic zones, Australia 148 global distribution 4, 69 reporting and presentation of archaeological records 32 coastal deserts 72 hot deserts 18, 68 findings 139 Artesian Range 35–6 coastal erosion 42–3 inland deserts 72–3 floodplains 57 72 coastal fieldwork 51–2 polar deserts 73 floods, Mississippi River 60 atmosphere 119 coastal landforms rain-shadow deserts 71–2 fly-in, fly-out (FIFO) Auroville 212 climatic and geomorphic rainfall 73 workers 164 Australia, processes shaping 20–1 differences 48 subtropical deserts 70–1 focus (earthquakes) 101 Australian Wildlife Conservancy created by deposition 44–5 temperature 73 fold mountains 97–8 (AWC) 35–6 createdCOPYRIGHTED by erosion 42–3 uses 82MATERIAL food miles 190 coastal landscapes destructive waves 42 food webs, in Australian B degradation 47 development corridors 205 rainforest 121 backwash 42 features 51 Diamantina River 63 Forest Stewardship Council Bakun Dam Project, human features 51 disease (FSC) 136 Malaysia 134 uses 46 deforestation and 135 fresh food supply 205 barges 59 coastal lowlands 21 population density and 155 beekeeping, in urban areas 191 coastal management distance, calculating using G bi-articulated buses 206 need for 47 scale 79 gateway cities 176 biosphere 119 strategies 49–50 divergent plates 96 geographical concepts blizzards 83 coastal urbanisation 150 dome mountains 98–9 application of 12–13 Blue Mountains 92–3 100 dome volcanoes 113 change 6–7 breakwaters 49 Columbia, deforestation 134–5 downstream 55 environment 8 build landscapes 19 complex overlay maps 122 drainage basins 21, 23, 57 interconnection 5–6 buildings, green roofs and composite volcanoes 113 Dreaming Stories, linked to place 5 walls 194–5, 211–12 compost 120 mountain landscapes scale 10–11 buses 206–7 compound bar graphs 172 92–3 space 4

220 Index SPICESS 4 Indian Ocean, 2004 L sacred and special places sustainability 9 tsunami 105 Lake Mungo 80–1 93–4 geographical factors 144 Indigenous Australian peoples lakes 24 survival skills 94 geographical inquiries country 147 land features, recognising 25 types 97–100 Asian megacities 216–17 Dreaming Stories linked landforms use by people 92–4 communicating findings 217 to mountain in the Pacific 25 volcanic mountains 106–8 data collection and landscapes 92–3 regions in Australia 21–2 Murray River recording 216 as first peoples 32 landscape protection 35–6 mouth 45 data and information perspective on the landscapes tributaries 58 analysis 216–17 landscape 33 different cultural perspectives Murray–Darling Basin 23 process 216 population distribution on 32–4 N reflection 217 and density formed by ice 61 geography in 1788 146–7 formed by water 40–1 Nambiquara people, Brazil 134 careers 3 population distribution and processes shaping 25–7 national parks 136 skills and knowledge 2 density today 147 types 18–19 Nepal, 2015 earthquake 102 78 regional distribution 147 landslides 134–5 New York City 188–9 Gippsland Lakes 48 indigenous peoples Late Cretaceous period 123 North American Plate 96, 107 glaciers 19 impacts of rainforest lateral plate slippage 96 28 Glasshouse Mountains 93 deforestation 134 latitude 70 living in rainforests 124, O Gondwanaland 122, 123 leaching 120 127–8 ocean trenches 96 gorges 122 limestone stack 40, 48 Grand Canyon 26, 100 in mountainous areas 92 ocean waves lithosphere 97, 119 grasslands 18 Indonesia and coastal erosion 42–3 Little Sandy Desert 78 Great Artesian Basin 22 air pollution 186 constructive waves 44 Loading Dock, Baltimore 192 Great Rift Valley, Africa 107–8 deforestation 133 destructive waves 42 logging 130 78 urbanisation 184–6 Okavango River 62 longitude 70 77–8 infrastructure 200, 206–7 orangutans, deforestation longshore drift 44, 45, 49 Great Western Plateau 21 inland deserts 72–3 and 133 low-density housing 194 green roofs and walls 194–5, interconnection, as geographical Ota, Japan 191 lowland tropical rainforests 119 211–12 concept 5–6 P green wedges 205 intermittent streams 55 M greenhouse gas emissions 206 internal migration Pacific Ring of Fire 96 mantle (Earth) 26 groundwater 55 in Australia 162–4 Pangaea 99 Mariana Trench 96 groynes 49 in China 165–7 Pearl River delta 182–3 meanders 57, 58 international migration to Pedirka Desert 79 medium-density housing 194 H Australia per capita income 178 megacities 181–3 habitats 46 economic effects 161 perennial streams 55 habitat loss 132 environmental effects 161 megaregions 182–3 permafrost 19 Haiti, deforestation 134, 135 future of 162 microclimate 120 Perth, WA 10, 11 hardwood alternatives 136–7 origin of migrants 158–9 Mid-Atlantic Ridge 107 photographs, describing 172 high-density housing 194 places of settlement of migration see internal migration; physical processes, definition 49 high-density living 207, 211, 212 migrants 159–60, 162 international migration to pictographs 157 Himalayas 90–1, 99 reasons for 158 Australia place, as geographical concept 5 homelessness 155 social effects 160–1 mining plateau mountains 100 Hong Kong–Shenzhen– investment, in public in Antarctica 84–5 plateaus 18 Guangzhou 182–3 transport 207 deforestation and 131 playas 76–7 hosts (disease) 135 islands 19 Mirrar people 34 polar deserts 73 hotspots 20, 96, 108 Mississippi drainage basin 60 polar regions 19 household types 211 J Mississippi River 59–61 pollution housing Jakarta, Indonesia 185–6 Mississippi River and Tributaries air pollution 155, 179 affordability 202 Japan Project 60–1 transport and 179 dwelling types 211 2011 tsunami 104–5 Modified Mercalli scale 102 population density sustainability 211–12 ACROS Fukuoka Mount Taranaki 109–10 Australia 144–7 humidity 71 building 194–5, 212 mountains 18 average for each hunter-gatherers 32 solar power 191 climate and weather 91 continent 145 Hurricane Jean 134 dome mountains 98–9 definition 144 hydrosphere 119 K in Dreaming Stories 92–3 disease and 155 Kakadu National Park 32, fault-block mountains 98 population distribution I 33–4 fold mountains 97–8 Australia 6, 144, 146–7, 151 ice, landscapes formed by 61 karst landscapes 19, 28–9 formation 95–100 definition 144 ice ages 122 katabatic winds 83 global distribution 90–1 population growth, incentives 207 Kati Thanda–Lake Eyre 22, 23, highest 90 Australia 161 India, rural–urban 24, 63 plateau mountains 100 population profiles 157 migration 175 Kuku Yalanji people 124 population density 92 positional language 31

Index 221 prevailing winds 44 pull factors 165, 174 sustainability recycling in Baltimore 192 public transport push factors 166, 173 as geographical concept 9 urbanisation 153–5 benefits 209–10 possibility of 202–3 upper courses (rivers) 57 investment in 207 S sustainable cities uranium mining 8, 34 pull factors, rural–urban sacred places, in mountain in Australia 193–5 urban areas migration 165, 174 landscapes 93–4 common purpose 200–1 denser settlements 207 push factors, rural–urban desert 71 community action 213 migration to 173–4 migration 166, 173 saltpans 22, 76–7 government action 213 slums 5, 178–9, 180 San Andreas Fault 96 green roofs and walls 194–5, suburbs 204–5 Q sand dunes 44, 75–6 211–12 transport and pollution 179 quality of life 200 sanitation 170, 179 high-density living 207, water and sanitation 179 sastrugi 83 211–12 ways of life 178–80 R savanna 18 individual action 214 see also cities rain shadows 71 scale location 210 urban population 149, 202, 203 rain-shadow deserts 71–2 as geographical concept measuring urban sprawl 151, 152, 204 rainfall, annual average in 10–11 sustainability 193–4 urbanisation Australia 6 using to calculate projects 190–2 in Australia 151–2, 153–5 rainforests distance 79 sustainable development 136 causes 154 Amazon rainforest 125–6 sea change population swash 42 coastal urbanisation 150 in Australia 122–4 movement 164 Sydney, change over time 6 consequences 154–6 benefits of 127–8 sea walls 49 conurbations 154–6 causes of deforestation 130–1 seasonal agricultural T definition 149 conservation 136–7 workers 164 78 growth of 149 definition 18, 118 sediment 21 tectonic forces 20, 26 in Indonesia 184–6 deforestation 130–6 seismic waves 101 tectonic plates 20 megaregions 182–3 ecosystems 120–1 selective logging 130 temperate rainforests 119 uneven urbanisation 150 impacts of shell middens 46 temperate zone 119 in United States 153–5 deforestation 132–4 shield volcanoes 113 thematic maps 153 see also cities indigenous people and 124, Sierra Nevada Range 100 Three Sisters legend 92–3 utilities 170 127–8 78 Tirari Desert 78 location 118 sketch maps 181 traffic congestion 209 V physical processes 119 slums 5, 178–9, 180 transport Vatican City, solar power 9, 191 tropical rainforests 118–19 soil air pollution and 155, 179, Vatnajökull glacier 48 types 118 formation 30 186 Vienna, waste incineration Ranger uranium mine 34 importance 29–30 car travel 208 191–2 Regional Sponsored Migration profile 31 public transport system 207, volcanoes 109 Scheme (RSMS) 162 solar power 9, 191 209–10 eruptions 111–12, 114 resources 46 solubility 28 sustainable choices 207–8 formation 106–7 Richter scale 102 South America, cities 187 traffic congestion 209 hotspots 20, 96, 108 rift zones 107 South American Plate 96 transport infrastructure 206–7 shapes 113 rip currents 53–4 space, as geographical transportation (eroded materials) stratovolcanoes 109 river landscapes, formation concept 4 26, 27 55–8 spatial sciences 3 tree change population W river management 59–61 species, diversity 118 movement 164 water availability 179 river systems, features 55–8 SPICESS 4 Triassic period 123 water cycle 41, 55 rivers 24 Sri Lanka, urban greening tributaries 57, 58 water flows flow 62–3 program 190 triple bottom line 209 in Australia 24 formation 56 stalactites 28 tropical rainforests 118–19 impact on landscape 40–1 long profile 56 stalagmites 28 tsunamis 104–5 waterfalls 57 longest 55 stratovolcanoes 109 Twelve Apostles 40, 48 watersheds 56, 57 river mouths 45, 58 78 weathering 20, 27 Rocky Mountains 91 Sturt Stony Desert 78 U Willandra Lakes Region World rural lifestyle 202 subduction 96, 109 undertow 53 Heritage area 80 rural–urban fringe, housing 205 subduction zones 107 United States World Heritage areas 35–6, rural–urban migration subsidence 186 characteristics of cities 80–1, 122 in China 165–7 subtropical deserts 70–1 187–9 World Heritage in India 175 suburbs 204–5 New York City 188–9 Convention 35–6

222 Index