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Traces Et Identité Au Maghreb » « Traces et identité au Maghreb » Von der Philosophisch-Historischen Fakultät der Universität Stuttgart zur Erlangung der Würde eines Doktors der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) ge- nehmigte Abhandlung vorgelegt von Mohamed LAZHAR aus Marokko Hauptberichter: Prof. Dr. Reinhard Krüger Mitberichter: Prof. Dr. Franz Quarthal Tag der mündlichen Prüfung : 22.04.2015 Institut für Literaturwissenschaft der Universität Stuttgart 2015 2 3 4 Table des Matières Zusammenfassung der Doktorarbeit .................................................................... 9 Tableau de translittération arabe ....................................................................... 13 Lexique arabe-français ........................................................................................ 14 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 19 Partie I : Terminologie et définitions .................................................................. 25 1. De la trace au patrimoine .............................................................................. 25 1.1 Trace, matière, objet, chose, patrimoine ................................................... 25 1.2 Moyens et techniques de production des traces ........................................ 32 1.3 Dimensions des traces .............................................................................. 33 2. De l’identité et de la multi-appartenance ..................................................... 35 Identité et modernité .................................................................................. 36 Identité administrative ............................................................................... 37 Identité narrative ........................................................................................ 38 Identité objective et subjective .................................................................. 38 Identité individuelle et collective ............................................................... 39 Identité professionnelle .............................................................................. 41 Dimensions plurielles de l’identité ............................................................ 42 Identité et multi-appartenance ................................................................... 43 Uniformisation et identité culturelle .......................................................... 43 Tensions identitaires .................................................................................. 44 3. Rapports entre « traces » et « identité » ....................................................... 45 4. Le Maghreb, l’Afrique du Nord ................................................................... 48 Qu’est-ce que le Maghreb ? ....................................................................... 49 Dimensions du Maghreb ............................................................................ 51 5. Présentation générale des pays maghrébins : Maroc, Algérie et Tunisie . 52 5.1 Présentation générale du Maroc ............................................................... 53 5.2 Présentation générale de l’Algérie ............................................................ 55 5.3 Présentation générale de la Tunisie .......................................................... 56 Partie II : Le Maghreb dans l’histoire ................................................................ 59 1. L’Afrique du Nord préhistorique ................................................................. 59 1.1 Le Paléolithique inférieur ......................................................................... 60 1.1.1 De la Pebble Culture et de l’Acheuléen .............................................. 60 1.1.2 L’Acheuléen ........................................................................................ 62 1.2 Le Paléolithique Moyen ............................................................................ 62 1.2.1 Le Moustérien ..................................................................................... 62 1.2.2 L’Atérien ............................................................................................. 63 1.3 L’Ibéromaurusien (l’Epipaléolithique, le Paléolithique supérieur) .......... 65 1.4 De l’Ibéromaurusien au Capsien ............................................................... 66 1.5 Le Néolithique .......................................................................................... 68 5 1.5.1 Les innovations néolithiques ............................................................ 69 1.5.2 Les courants néolithiques ................................................................. 70 1.6 La Protohistoire ........................................................................................ 71 2. L’Afrique du Nord historique .......................................................................... 74 2.1 L’Afrique du Nord préislamique .............................................................. 77 2.1.1 Le Maroc préislamique ........................................................................ 77 2.1.2 L’Algérie préislamique ....................................................................... 87 2.1.3 La Tunisie préislamique ...................................................................... 88 2.2 Le Maghreb : De l’islamisation à nos jours .............................................. 92 2.2.1 Le Maroc : De l’islamisation à nos jours ............................................ 98 2.2.2 L’Algérie. De l’islamisation à nos jours ........................................... 113 2.2.3 La Tunisie. De l’islamisation à nos jours .......................................... 119 Partie III : Traces culturelles du Maghreb ...................................................... 125 1. Sites archéologiques du Maghreb ............................................................... 127 1.1 Sites préhistoriques ................................................................................. 128 1.1.1 Sites préhistoriques du Maroc ........................................................... 128 1.1.2 Sites préhistoriques de l’Algérie ....................................................... 130 1.1.3 Sites préhistoriques de la Tunisie ...................................................... 131 1.2 Les Gravures rupestres ........................................................................... 131 1.3 Sites antiques de l’Afrique du Nord ....................................................... 135 1.3.1 Sites antiques du Maroc .................................................................... 136 1.3.2 Sites antiques de l’Algérie ................................................................. 147 1.3.3 Sites antiques de la Tunisie ............................................................... 151 1.4 Sites islamiques ...................................................................................... 154 1.4.1 Sites islamiques du Maroc ................................................................. 154 1.4.2 Sites islamique de l’Algérie : l’exemple de la Kalâa des Béni Hammad .................................................. 158 1.4.3 Sites islamique de la Tunisie : l’exemple de Sabra Mansuriya ......... 159 2. Médinas et villes patrimoniales ................................................................... 160 2.1 Médina arabo‐islamique : substrat de la ville maghrébine ..................... 161 2.2 Médinas du Maroc .................................................................................. 164 2.3 Médinas de l’Algérie : l’exemple de la Kasbah d’Alger ........................ 182 2.4 Médinas de la Tunisie ............................................................................. 185 3. Architecture vernaculaire et milieux ruraux ............................................. 187 Greniers collectifs .................................................................................... 188 Kasbah d’Ait Ben-Haddou ...................................................................... 189 Ksours de la vallée du Mzab .................................................................... 189 4. Paysages urbains contemporains ................................................................ 191 4.1 Genèse des villes contemporaines .......................................................... 191 4.2 La politique urbaine coloniale au Maroc ................................................ 193 4.3 Dualisme médina/ ville coloniale ........................................................... 196 4.4 Expansion des villes postcoloniales ....................................................... 198 6 4.5 Rabat, histoire de l’extension post-coloniale .......................................... 199 5. Objets et institutions muséales au Maghreb .............................................. 201 5.1 Objets et matériaux constitutifs des collections ...................................... 204 5.2 Musées du Maghreb................................................................................ 214 5.2.1 Musées du Maroc .............................................................................. 214 5.2.2 Musées de la Tunisie ......................................................................... 226 5.2.3 Musées de l’Algérie .......................................................................... 235 6. Expressions culturelles immatérielles ........................................................ 237 Patrimoine immatériel associé au costume nuptial de Tlemcen : Rites et savoir-faire
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