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Antropoceno, Capitaloceno, Chthuluceno, Viviendo Con El Problema En Fukushima

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Antropoceno, Capitaloceno, Chthuluceno, Viviendo Con El Problema En Fukushima 0 Antropoceno, Capitaloceno, Chthuluceno, viviendo con el problema en Fukushima Pablo DeSoto 1 PABLO DE SOTO ANTROPOCENO, CAPITALOCENO, CHTHULUCENO, VIVIENDO CON EL PROBLEMA EN FUKUSHIMA Rio de Janeiro 2016 2 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE RIO DE JANEIRO PABLO DE SOTO ANTROPOCENO, CAPITALOCENO, CHTHULUCENO, VIVIENDO CON EL PROBLEMA EN FUKUSHIMA Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação e Cultura da Escola de Comunicação, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Doutor em Comunicação e Cultura. Orientadora: Dra. Ivana Bentes Co-orientador: Dr. Antonio Lafuente Rio de Janeiro 2016 3 DeSoto, Pablo. Antropoceno, Capitaloceno, Chthuluceno, D441a viviendo con el problema en Fukushima / Pablo DeSoto — Rio de Janeiro, 2016. 220 f. Orientadora: Ivana Bentes. Co-orientador: Antonio Lafuente. Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Escola de Comunicação, Programa de Pós Graduação em Comunicação, 2016. 1. humanidades ambientais. 2. antropologia. 3. estudos da ciência. 4. epistemologia. 5. arte. I I. Bentes, orient. II. Lafuente, Antonio, coorient. III. Título. 4 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE RIO DE JANEIRO PABLO DE SOTO ANTROPOCENO, CAPITALOCENO, CHTHULUCENO, VIVIENDO CON EL PROBLEMA EN FUKUSHIMA Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Comunicação e Cultura da Escola de Comunicação, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Doutor em Comunicação e Cultura. Aprovada em Rio de Janeiro, 14/07/2016 ____________________________________ Ivana Bentes, ECO UFRJ ____________________________________ Renzo Taddei, UNIFESP ____________________________________ Deborah Danowski, PUC-Rio ____________________________________ Rodrigo Nunes, PUC-Rio ____________________________________ Mauricio Lissovsky, ECO UFRJ 5 Resumen DESOTO, Pablo. Antropoceno, Capitaloceno, Chthuluceno, viviendo con el problema en Fukushima. Tese (Doutorado em Comunicação e Cultura) - Escola de Comunicação, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2016. En el espacio-tiempo de devastación ambiental anunciado por el Antropoceno, la catástrofe nuclear es un problema de límites difusos que desafía nuestra capacidad de comprensión. Está caracterizada por una invisibilidad doble, la propia de la radiación ionizante y la institucional, la afirmación por parte de las autoridades de que el problema “está bajo control”. Como antes Chernóbil, el desastre de la central de Fukushima Daiichi alcanzó el nivel máximo en la escala de accidentes, cuando tres reactores se fundieron a 200 kilómetros del área metropolitana más poblada del planeta. Tomando como marco teórico la discusión interdisciplinar del Antropoceno, y formulaciones críticas como el Capitaloceno de Jason W. Moore y el Chthuluceno de Donna Haraway, esta investigación indaga como humanos y otras criaturas están viviendo con el problema de una naturaleza-cultura alterada por la radioactividad en Fukushima. Con sus diferentes figuras y metáforas, Capitaloceno y Chthuluceno son propuestas alternativas al hegemónico Antropoceno para nominar nuestra época, que traen consigo otras ontologías y epistemologías posibles desde la crítica Marxista contemporánea, el eco-tecno-feminismo y la etnografía multiespecies. Convirtiendo Antropoceno, Capitaloceno y Chthuluceno en aparatos analíticos y maneras de conocer la catástrofe nuclear, esta tesis propone una onto-epistemología procesual que construye una narrativa experimental sobre el significado de Fukushima en el contexto de la discusión sobre los desafíos ambientales en curso. Esta onto-epistemología fue posible mediante la creación de un espacio warburgiano de pensamiento donde trabajar al mismo tiempo con lo real y lo imaginario, las fuentes primarias y los estudios científicos, las obras de arte y la cultura popular. Este método de investigación, que denomino como Atlas SF, agrupa contenidos de medios heterogéneos, establece líneas de conexión entre diferentes disciplinas de conocimiento y ensambla relaciones conceptuales entre los distintos dramatis personae, objetos, lugares e historias. Palabras clave: humanidades ambientales, estudios de la ciencia, arte, antropología, epistemología 6 Abstract DESOTO, Pablo. Anthropocene, Capitalocene, Chthulucene, staying with the trouble in Fukushima. Thesis (Doctorate in Communication and Culture) - School of Communication, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2016. In the space-time of environmental devastation announced by the Anthropocene, nuclear catastrophe is one of the troubles with fuzzy boundaries that challenges our capacity for comprehension. It is characterized by a twofold invisibility, with both ionizing radiation and institutional invisibility - the claim by the authorities that the problem is "under control". As in the case of Chernobyl, the Fukushima Daiichi disaster is a maximal 7 on the AEIA scale of accidents. It was unprecedented in that several reactors went into meltdown, and in that it occurred 200 kilometers from the most populous metropolitan area on the planet. Taking as a theoretical framework the interdisciplinary discussion of the Anthropocene, and critical formulations such as Jason W. Moore’s Capitalocene and Donna Haraway’s Chthulucene, this dissertation investigates how humans and other creatures are staying with trouble of a nature-culture altered by radioactivity in Fukushima. With their different figures and metaphors, Capitalocene and Chthulucene are alternative epochal names to the hegemonic Anthropocene, bringing other ontologies and epistemologies from the fields of contemporary Marxist theory, eco-techno-feminism and multispecies ethnography. Repurposing Anthropocene, Capitalocene and Chthulucene as analytical apparatuses and ways of knowing nuclear catastrophe, this dissertation proposes an onto- epistemology with which to construct an experimental narrative about the meaning of Fukushima in current discourse regarding environmental challenges on a planetary scale. This onto-epistemology is made possible through creating a Warburgian space of thought that combines real and imaginary, primary sources and scientific studies, artworks and pop culture. This research method, that I call Atlas SF, groups together heterogeneous media, bridges various disciplines of knowledge and establishes relations between different dramatis personae, objects, places and stories. Keywords environmental humanities, science studies, art, anthropology, epistemology 7 Es el final de la tarde. El sol se pone en un mundo devastado. Al final de la calle un enorme dosímetro. Es un aparato que mide la radioactividad que de aquí en adelante forma parte del paisaje, imponiendo a todos su rayo pesado, obtuso e indiferente. Kenichi Watanabe. El mundo después de Fukushima. 8 Lista de Figuras Portada Instalación artística Bajo la amenaza nuclear. Figura 1 Explosión de unidad 3 de Fukushima Daiichi. Figura 2 Protesta antinuclear frente al parlamento de Japón. Figura 3 Rio Abukuma a su paso por la ciudad de Fukushima. Figura 4 Intervención artivista I hate ☢ rain. Figura 5 Corto de animación Puntos rojos. Figura 6 Instalación artística Bajo la amenaza nuclear. Figura 7 Dosímetro de medición de la radioactividad en Tomioka. Figura 8 Proyecto fotográfico Malos sueños. Figura 9 Vehículos abandonados en Namie, zona de exclusión de Fukushima. Figura 10 Calle desierta en Namie, zona de exclusión de Fukushima. Figura 11 Refugiados de la radiación en Aizu-Wakamatsu, Fukushima. Figura 12 Memorial en Chernóbil. Figura 13 Proyecto fotográfico Volviendo a andar sobre nuestros pasos. Figura 14 Proyecto fotográfico Un cuerpo en Fukushima. Figura 15 Largometraje de ficción Sayonara. Figura 16 Mapa de hot spots de contaminación por cesio radioactivo en Koriyama. Figura 17 Áreas evacuadas de Fukushima. Figura 18 “Tropas” de descontaminación en los bosques de Fukushima. Figura 19 Trabajadores en almacén temporal de residuos radioactivos en Tomioka. Figura 20 Dosímetro de medición de radioactividad en autopista en Fukushima. Figura 21 Documental We are all radioactive. 9 Figura 22 Corto de ficción Blind. Figura 23 Acción artística Trabajador apuntando con el dedo. Figura 24 Sitio de construcción de Fukushima Daiichi a finales de los años 60. Figura 25 Sección constructiva de la unidad 1 de Fukushima Daiichi. Figura 26 Ilustración Fukushhh. Figura 27 Intervención artivista La tercera bomba, esta nunca morirá. Figura 28 Pieza de plomo para ocultar las mediciones de radiación en Fukushima Daiichi. Figura 29 Pintura Sh*t, he's dead. Figura 30 Protesta antinuclear en Occupy Wall Street. Figura 31 Manga The Darkness of Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant. Figura 32 Intervención artística Tarjeta Roja. Figura 33 Simulación de la dispersión de Cesio-137 en el Océano Pacífico. Figura 34 Área portuaria de Tomioka convertida en depósito de tierra radiactiva. Figura 35 Pintura Oblivion in Fukushima. Figura 36 Pintura mural Fukushima. Figura 37 Parodia del discurso de Shinzo Abe en la ceremonia del COI en Buenos Aires. Figura 38 Robot serpiente diseñado ad hoc para filmación dentro de Fukushima Daiichi. Figura 39 Película documental La Promesa de Pandora. Figura 40 Cartel en Futaba Abolición nuclear: la Energía para un Futuro Mejor. Figura 41 Protesta antinuclear en las calles de Shibuya, Tokio. Figura 42 Proyecto fotográfico Naturaleza. Figura 43 Ilustración Godzilla & Fukushima remixed. Figura 44 Anime Astroboy, El átomo va a la jungla. Figura 45 Zorro filmado por cámara de vigilancia en la
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