The Foundations and Future of Australian Exploration

GEOSCIENCE AUSTRALIA

New Perspectives: The foundations and future of Australian exploration.

Abstracts for the June 2008 pmd*CRC Conference

R.J. Korsch & A.C. Barnicoat (editors) Record 2008/09

APPLYING GEOSCIENCE TO AUSTRALIA’S MOST IMPORTANT CHALLENGES pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

New perspectives: The foundations and future of Australian exploration

Abstracts for the June 2008 pmd*CRC Conference

GEOSCIENCE AUSTRALIA RECORD 2008/09

EDITED BY R. J. KORSCHAND A. C. BARNICOAT pmd*CRC, Geoscience Australia, GPO Box 378, Canberra, ACT 2601

i pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism Minister for Resources and Energy: The Hon. Martin Ferguson, AM MP Secretary: Dr Peter Boxall

Geoscience Australia 'LMIJ)\IGYXMZI3J½GIV(V2IMP;MPPMEQW471

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ISSN 1448-2177 ISBN 978-1-921236-88-4

GeoCat No. 65830

Bibliographic reference: Korsch, R.J. and Barnicoat, A. C., editors, 2008. New perspectives: The foundations and future of Australian exploration. Abstracts for the June 2008 pmd*CRC Conference. Geoscience Australia, Record 2008/09. Abstracts were solicited by the Organising Committee of the 2008 pmd*CRC Conference and were TIIVVIZMI[IHJSVXLMWZSPYQI2IZIVXLIPIWWER]EREP]WIWSVWGMIRXM½GSTMRMSRWI\TVIWWIHMRXLMW volume are the sole responsibility of the authors.

Geoscience Australia has tried to make the information in this product as accurate as possible. However, it does not guarantee that the information in this product is totally accurate or complete. Therefore, you should not solely rely on this information when making a commercial decision.

ii pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

CONTENTS

R. J. HAYDON v Foreword

A.C. BARNICOAT 1 The pmd*CRC ‘s Mineral Systems approach

D.C. CHAMPION AND K.F. CASSIDY 7 Geodynamics: Sm-Nd isotopes and the evolution of the Yilgarn and similar terrains

R. CHOPPING 17 Architecture: Mapping the distribution of alteration: what different techniques can reveal

R. CHOPPING AND J.S. CLEVERLEY 23 Flowpaths & drivers: Creating forward geophysical models from reactive transport simulations

J. S. CLEVERLEY 29 Deposition: Reactive transport modelling

0*-7,)6*)01)6.'0):)60)=47',%9&7%2(;4381% Deposition: Modelling Uranium deposition

4%,)273267&0);)88.1'01-00)6-+63==>,%2+%2(417',%9&7 Architecture: Regional 3D models and how to use them

1%/)2(6-'/.0;%07,)+1%6//4)8)67)28&%/)6(4,-00-471,32(% 2,730-:)60*-7,)6(+-00)24.;-00-%17%2(&*9 Noble gases as tools for constraining a mantle connection during orogenic-gold and IOCG mineralisation

R.J. KORSCH 55 Architecture: New knowledge from seismic surveys

.1'01-00)6';-0732%2((4,-00-47 Geodynamics: linking geochronology & structural evolution at Stawell Gold Mine

J. MCL. MILLER, 67 Architecture: Using Leapfrog to link structure and spatial data

F.C. MURPHY 73 Architecture: Worms and what they can show

;4381% Deposition: Tarmoola Au numerical modelling: from deposit reverse engineering to multi-scale predictive targeting

iii pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

Foreword

Seven years ago the predictive mineral discovery*Cooperative Research Centre (pmd*CRC) was created XSETTP]XLIGSPPIGXMZIORS[PIHKIERHI\TIVXMWIJVSQKSZIVRQIRXEKIRGMIWIHYGEXMSRMRWXMXYXMSRWERH MRHYWXV]XSXLITVSFPIQWWYVVSYRHMRKQMRIVEPI\TPSVEXMSRMR%YWXVEPME

8LIWIWIZIR]IEVWLEZIQEVOIHEWMKRM½GERXFVIEOXLVSYKLMRXLIWGMIRGIWYVVSYRHMRKQMRIVEPI\TPSVEXMSR 8LMWXLIpmd*CRC’W½REPGSRJIVIRGI[MPPWLS[GEWIXLIGYPQMREXMSRSJXLIVIWIEVGLHIZIPSTIHHYVMRK XLIPMJISJXLI'6'XSXLI[MHIVI\TPSVEXMSRMRHYWXV]8LIGSRJIVIRGITVIWIRXWERIRIVKIXMGTVSKVEQ with emphasis on the enabling technologies and unique work practices developed through the unique ETTVSEGLSJXLI'6'´W-RXIKVEXIH6IWIEVGL4VSKVEQW8IVVEMRWERH%VGLMXIGXYVI,MWXSV]*PYMHW1SHIPPMRK ERH-8ERH(IPMZIV]8LIWIHIZIPSTQIRXWMRXIGLRSPSK]ERHTVEGXMGILEZIFIIREGLMIZIHXLVSYKLEPMROMRK of science with industry by developing a clear understanding of the relationships between fundamental TL]WMGEPERHGLIQMGEPTVSGIWWIWSFWIVZEFPIJIEXYVIWERHI\TPSVEXMSRETTPMGEXMSRWERHIQFIHHMRKXLI VIPEXMSRWLMTFIX[IIRMRHYWXV]ERHWGMIRGI8LMWLEWFIIREGLMIZIHF]TPEGMRKVIWIEVGLIVWMRXSMRHYWXV] situations to feed data and observations into the research programs and help industry apply the newly HIZIPSTIHGSRGITXWXSXLII\TPSVEXMSRTVSGIWW

8LIJSGYWSJXLITVIWIRXEXMSRWEXXLMWGSRJIVIRGIJEPPMRXSX[SQEMREVIEW[MXLMRXLIJVEQI[SVOSJXLI '6'´W³*MZI5YIWXMSRW´ETTVSEGLXSQMRIVEPW]WXIQW8LIQEMREVIEWEVI%VGLMXIGXYVIERH(ITSWMXMSR with a common thread of explaining how the technologies and techniques developed by the CRC JEGMPMXEXIXLII\TPSVEXMSRTVSGIWW'EWIWXYHMIWEVITVIWIRXIHMRIEGLMRWXERGILMKLPMKLXMRKXLITSWMXMZI MQTEGXXLIXIGLRSPSK]LEWLEHSRMRHYWXV]TVEGXMGI8LITVIWIRXEXMSRWEPWSHIQSRWXVEXIXLIQIXLSHW YWIHXSIRQIWLXLIXIGLRSPSKMIWXIGLRMUYIWERHTVEGXMGIW[MXLW]WXIQFEWIHGSRGITXWERHWTIGM½G research areas by integrating across disciplines and scales to produce a multilayered understanding of OI]XIVVEMRW The science presented at this conference presents a new way of looking at and of thinking about the MWWYIWWYVVSYRHMRKI\TPSVEXMSR-XEPWSTVIWIRXWEGLERKIXSXLI[SVOTVEGXMGIWERHVIPEXMSRWLMTFIX[IIR WGMIRGIERHXLII\TPSVEXMSRMRHYWXV]MR%YWXVEPMEXSIRWYVIJYXYVIWYGGIWWERHIGSRSQMGHIZIPSTQIRX

Dr Bob Haydon CEO predictive mineral discovery* Cooperative Research Centre

v pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

The Mineral Systems approach of the pmd*CRC

ANDY BARNICOAT

pmd*CRC+ISWGMIRGI%YWXVEPME+43&S\'ERFIVVE%'8%RHVI[&EVRMGSEX$KEKSZEY

Introduction Ore deposits are economic accumulations of metals one to three or more orders of magnitude more GSRGIRXVEXIHXLEREZIVEKIGVYWXEPPIZIPW8LIWIEGGYQYPEXMSRWHIZIPSTIMXLIVEWEVIWYPXSJXLIXVERWTSVX SJ SVIJSVQMRK IPIQIRXWJSPPS[IH F] XLIMV TVIJIVIRXMEP HITSWMXMSR MR E VIWXVMGXIH ZSPYQISV F] XLI WIPIGXMZIHMWWSPYXMSRSJRSRSVIJSVQMRKIPIQIRXWERHXLIMVXVERWTSVXE[E]JVSQXLIWMXISJHMWWSPYXMSR %VERKISJTVSGIWWIWGSRXVSPXLIHIZIPSTQIRXSJXLIWIGSRGIRXVEXMSRWERHXLII\TVIWWMSRSJXLIWI TVSGIWWIWLEWFIIRGSHM½IHMRXSXLIGSRGITXSJMineral SystemsF];]FSVRIXEP 8LIWIEYXLSVW HI½RIHEQMRIVEPW]WXIQEW³EPPKISPSKMGEPJEGXSVWXLEXGSRXVSPXLIKIRIVEXMSRERHTVIWIVZEXMSRSJQMRIVEP HITSWMXW´ERHFEWIHXLIGSRGITXSRXLEXSJ4IXVSPIYQ7]WXIQWEWJSVQEPMWIHF]1EKSSRERH(S[ 8LIW]WXIQTIVWTIGXMZIWSJ;]FSVRIXEP ERH1EKSSRERH(S[ EVIFSXLFEWIH EVSYRHEXLVIIJSPHJSGYWSRWSYVGIWXVERWTSVXERHXVETW

8LIGSRGITXYEPJVEQI[SVOSJWSYVGIXVERWTSVXXVETMWQMWPIEHMRKEXPIEWXMRMXWWMQTPMWXMGETTPMGEXMSR2S QEXXIV[LEXXLISVMKMREPGSQTSWMXMSRSJE¾YMHMWMX[MPPVETMHP]MRXIVEGXFSXLTL]WMGEPP]ERHGLIQMGEPP] [MXLXLIVSGOWMXTEWWIWXLVSYKLERHGSQTSRIRXWHMWWSPZIHMRXLI¾YMHVI¾IGXHMJJIVMRKTEVXWSJXLI¾S[ TEXLHITIRHMRKSRXLIMVGSRGIRXVEXMSRWMRGSYRXV]VSGOWERHWSPMH¾YMHTEVXMXMSRGSIJ½GMIRXW 6MHPI] (MEQSRH -XMWRSVQEPXLEXXLI¾YMHSVMKMREXIWJVSQSRIWSYVGIERHQIXEPWERHGSQTPI\MRKERMSRW EVIWSYVGIHJVSQWIZIVEPSXLIVWSYVGIW8LIGSRGITXSJEXVETTEVEPPIPMRKXLIYWEKIMRTIXVSPIYQW]WXIQW MWEPWSYRLIPTJYPEWMXMQTPMIWXLEX¾YMH¾S[GIEWIWEXXLIHITSWMXMSREPWMXI-QTSVXERXEWTIGXWSJXLI JSVQEXMSRSJSVIFSHMIWRSXI\TPMGMXP]HIWGVMFIHF]EWSYVGIXVERWTSVXXVETJVEQI[SVOMRGPYHIXIGXSRMG WIXXMRK[LMGLGSRXVSPWXLIWSYVGIXIVQERHXLIEVGLMXIGXYVI[LMGLGSRXVSPWXLIXVERWTSVXTEXLW-XLEW FIIRVIGSKRMWIHMRGVIEWMRKP]XLEXWYGLJEGXSVWEVIGVMXMGEPXSYRHIVWXERHMRKXLIWMXMRKSJSVIFSHMIW Mineral Systems and the Five Questions

1SVIVIGIRXP]XLIQMRIVEPW]WXIQWJVEQI[SVOLEWHIZIPSTIHXSI\TPMGMXP]GSRWMHIVXLIGVMXMGEPKISPSKMGEP JIEXYVIWRIGIWWEV]JSVXLIHIZIPSTQIRXSJGSRGIRXVEXMSRWSJQEXIVMEP%RETTVSEGLORS[REWXLI³*MZI 5YIWXMSRW´[EWHIZIPSTIHMRXLI%YWXVEPMER+ISH]REQMGW'SSTIVEXMZI6IWIEVGL'IRXVI %+'6' ERH WYQQEVMWIHMR;EPWLIIXEP 8LI½ZIUYIWXMSRWEVI

;LEXEVIXLIKISH]REQMGERH48LMWXSVMIWSJXLIW]WXIQ# ;LEXMWXLIEVGLMXIGXYVISJXLIW]WXIQ# ;LEXEVIXLI¾YMHVIWIVZSMVW# ;LEXEVIXLI¾YMH¾S[HVMZIVWERHTEXL[E]W# ;LEXEVIXLIQIXEPERHWYPTLYVXVERWTSVXERHHITSWMXMSREPTVSGIWWIW#

1 pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

&]ERW[IVMRKXLIWIUYIWXMSRWEEFSYXEQMRIVEPW]WXIQXLIHI½RMXMSRSJ;]FSVRIXEP MWJYP½PPIH ERHXLIW]WXIQERHMXWGSRXI\XGERFIJYPP]HIWGVMFIH8LIJYPPGSRXI\XMWI\XVIQIP]MQTSVXERXEWMX TVSZMHIWMRJSVQEXMSRSRXLIHVMZIVWSJXLITVSGIWWIWXLEXPIEHXSXLIHIZIPSTQIRXSJQMRIVEPHITSWMXW %RI\EQTPISJXLMWETTVSEGLXSYRHIVWXERHMRKSVIJSVQEXMSRMWKMZIMR3VHIXEP [LSMRZIWXMKEXIH XLISVMKMRWSJXLI'IRXYV]>R4FSVIFSH]MRRSVXLIVR5YIIRWPERH8LI½ZIUYIWXMSRWQEOII\TPMGMX XLI VERKI SJ JIEXYVIW XLER WLSYPH FI GSRWMHIVIH XS YRHIVWXERH XLI HIZIPSTQIRX SJ QMRIVEPMWEXMSR and they reveal the necessity to think across scales from that of the geodynamic setting to that of the HITSWMXMSREPIRZMVSRQIRX8LMWMWRSXMRXIRHIHXSWYKKIWXXLEXGSRWMHIVEXMSRSJXLIKISH]REQMGWIXXMRK of mineralisation is new: links between nature of mineral systems and their global setting have been HMWGYWWIHWMRGIWSSREJXIVXLIXMQIXLEXTPEXIXIGXSRMGWFIGEQIIWXEFPMWLIH IK7MPPMXSIEF 7TSSRIV *]JI WIIEPWS7E[OMRW 6YWWIPP ERH[SVOGSRXMRYIWSRXLMWXSTMG +VSZIW &MIVPIMR -REHHMXMSRXLI½ZIUYIWXMSRWPIEHXSGSRWMHIVEXMSRSJXLIchemical architecture, covered MRUYIWXMSRWERHGSRGIVRMRK¾YMHVIWIVZSMVW¾YMH¾S[TEXL[E]WERHXVERWTSVXERHHITSWMXMSREP TVSGIWWIWEXWGEPIWVERKMRKJVSQHITSWMXMSREPWMXIWYT[EVHW

)\TIVMIRGILEWVIZIEPIHXLEXYWMRKXLI½ZIUYIWXMSRWHSIWIRWYVIXLEXEPPEWTIGXWSJXLIGSRXI\XSJE QMRIVEPW]WXIQEVIGSRWMHIVIH&YXEVIXLIUYIWXMSRWWYJ½GMIRXXSJYPP]IZEPYEXIXLITVSGIWWIWVIWTSRWMFPI JSVSVIJSVQEXMSR#-RXLIRI\XWIGXMSRXLIGSRXVSPWSRXLIHIZIPSTQIRXSJGSRGIRXVEXMSRWSJSVIIPIQIRXW EVIEREP]WIH Fundamental controls on ore formation

%WRSXIHMRXLI-RXVSHYGXMSRXLIGSRGIRXVEXMSRSJSVIIPIQIRXWMREHITSWMXEVMWIWIMXLIVF]XVERWTSVXMRK XLIETTVSTVMEXIQEXIVMEPMRXSEWMXISVF]VIQSZMRKHMPYIRXW%WMQTPII\TVIWWMSRGERFI[VMXXIRXLEX considers the rate of deposition:

VEXISJHITSWMXMSR!QEWW¾Y\SJXVERWTSVXQIHMYQðKVEHMIRXMRGEVV]MRKGETEGMX]

EWMXMWGLERKIWMRXLIGEVV]MRKGETEGMX]SJXLIXVERWTSVXQIHMYQXLEXPIEHXSHITSWMXMSR ;EPWLIXEP 6MQWXMHX ;MXLSYXEHIGVIEWIMRGEVV]MRKGETEGMX]EPPSJXLIIPIQIRXMRUYIWXMSR[MPPGSRXMRYI XSFIGEVVMIHF]XLI¾YMH-RGEWIW[LIVIQEXIVMEPVIQSZEPMWXLIGVMXMGEPTVSGIWWXLIHITSWMXMSRVEXI [MPPFIRIKEXMZI3ZIVXMQIXLIUYERXMX]SJHITSWMXIHQEXIVMEPFYMPHWYT[MXLXLIEQSYRXSJQEXIVMEP HITSWMXIHKMZIRF]XLIMRXIKVEPSJXLIHITSWMXMSRVEXI[MXLVIWTIGXXSXMQI*SVI\EQTPI

8LIVEXISJLIEZ]QMRIVEPHITSWMXMSRMWKMZIRF]XLI[EXIV¾S[VEXIQYPXMTPMIHF]XLIGLERKI KVEHMIRX MR IRXVEMRQIRX GETEGMX] )RXVEMRQIRX GETEGMX] MW TVSTSVXMSREP XS ZIPSGMX]2 &EKRSPH %PPIR 8LIVEXISJSVIJSVQEXMSRMRQEKQEXMGW]WXIQWMWWTIGM½IHF]XLIVEXISJQEKQEWYTTP]ERH GLERKIWMRXLIWSPYFMPMX]SJXLIIPIQIRXWSJMRXIVIWXHYIXSGLERKMRKXIQTIVEXYVIGSQTSWMXMSR IXG -RL]HVSXLIVQEPW]WXIQWXLI¾YMH¾S[VEXIERHGLERKIWMRWSPYFMPMX]HYIXSGLERKIWMR48ERH GLIQMWXV]EVIVIWTSRWMFPIJSVHITSWMXMSR % WTIGM½G I\TVIWWMSR JSV XLMW VIPEXMSRWLMT MR L]HVSXLIVQEP W]WXIQW GER FI GVIEXIH F] GSQFMRMRK ER IUYEXMSRKMZIRF]4LMPPMTW WIIEPWS'EXLPIW %HEQW XSKIXLIV[MXL(EVG]´W0E[JSV ¾YMH¾S[MRETSVSYWQIHMYQ8LMWEPPS[WXLIJYRHEQIRXEPGSRXVSPWSRL]HVSXLIVQEPSVIJSVQEXMSRXS FIGPIEVP]MHIRXM½IH8LIFEWMGVIPEXMSRWLMTMW £ ¥ glg ,ce ,ce ,ce 0 <\ ¢P %² ¢T ¢p - ¢cr ´.dt Equation1 + ¤,T ,p r ,cr ¦ where\MWXLITSVSWMX]gMWXLITIVQIEFMPMX]SJXLIQIHMYQlXLI¾YMHHIRWMX]g the acceleration due

XSKVEZMX]µXLI¾YMH´WZMWGSWMX]4XLITVIWWYVIMR4Ece XLIIUYMPMFVMYQGSRGIRXVEXMSRMRXLI¾YMHSJXLI

2 pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

-3 element of interest in mol m 8XLIXIQTIVEXYVIMR/cr the concentration of other elements (species) -3 XLEXMR¾YIRGIce in mol m ERHtXLIHYVEXMSRSJXLI¾YMH¾S[IZIRX¢is the gradient operator such that ¢8!8\8]8^ERHXLIFIX[IIRXLI¾YMH¾S[ZIPSGMX]ERHXLIFVEGOIXIHXIVQW WMKRM½IWXLIWGEPEVTVSHYGXSJZIGXSVUYERXMXMIWXLIZIPSGMX]ERHXLIKVEHMIRXW8LMWMWGVMXMGEPEWXLIVEXI SJHITSWMXMSRMWQE\MQMWIH[LIRXLI¾S[MWTIVTIRHMGYPEVXSXLIKVEHMIRX W )UYEXMSR MWQIVIP] XLIQEXLIQEXMGEPI\TVIWWMSRSJXLIVIPEXMSRWLMTRSXIHEXXLIFIKMRRMRKSJXLMWWIGXMSRERHWXEXIWXLEX HITSWMXMSRVEXIMWKMZIRF]XLI¾YMH¾S[VEXIERHWYQSJXLITVSHYGXWSJWSPYFMPMX]WIRWMXMZMXMIW[MXL VIWTIGXXS84ERHXLIGSRGIRXVEXMSRSJSXLIVWTIGMIWQYPXMTPMIHF]XLIWTEXMEPKVEHMIRXWMR48ERH GSRGIRXVEXMSRVIWTIGXMZIP]8LIQMRYWWMKRMWVIUYMVIHEWXLIVEXISJWSPMHTVSHYGXMSRMWXLISTTSWMXISJ XLIGLERKIMR¾YMHGSQTSWMXMSR]MIPHIHF]XLIWSPYFMPMX]WIRWMXMZMX]XIVQW)UYEXMSR LEWFIIRYWIH F],ERSV ERH,SFFWERH3VH XSI\TPSVITVSGIWWIWMRWIHMQIRXEV]FEWMRWERHQMRIVEP W]WXIQWVIWTIGXMZIP]

%GIRXVEPEWWYQTXMSRMRXLMWEREP]WMWMWXLEXPSGEPIUYMPMFVMYQMWEXXEMRIH3FWIVZEXMSRWJVSQWIHMQIRXEV] FEWMRW[LIVI¾YMHWMRKIRIVEPEVIVSGOFYJJIVIH IK,ERSV WYTTSVXXLIKIRIVEPETTPMGEFMPMX] SJXLMWEWWYQTXMSR EREP]WMWSJ[EXIVWTVSHYGIHJVSQE2SVXL7IESMP½IPHEXb'LEZIFIIRWLS[RXS IUYMPMFVEXISRXMQIWGEPIWSJ ]IEVW ,SYWXSRIXEP 1ENSVIPIQIRXGSQTSWMXMSRMRKISXLIVQEP [EXIVWMWEPWSGSRXVSPPIHF]QMRIVEPIUYMPMFVMEEXXIQTIVEXYVIWKVIEXIVXLEREFSYX' %VRorsson IXEP YRPIWWFSMPMRKERHTLEWIWWITEVEXMSRMRXIVZIRI 7MQQSRW &VS[R ERHIZIRXLIR PSGEPIUYMPMFVMYQMWEXXEMRIH8LIEWWYQTXMSRSJPSGEPIUYMPMFVMYQMWXLYWUYMXIEHIUYEXIXSFIYWIJYPMR MHIRXMJ]MRKGVMXMGEPTEVEQIXIVWGSRXVSPPMRKSVIHITSWMXMSR

)UYEXMSR WLS[WXLEXXLIVIMWEWYMXISJJEGXSVWXLEXGSRXVSPXLIEQSYRXSJQEXIVMEPHITSWMXIH7IZIVEP SJXLIWIEVIMRXVMRWMGJIEXYVIWSJXLIW]WXIQERHXLI¾YMHMRZSPZIH¯¾YMHHIRWMX]ERHZMWGSWMX]ERHXLI EGGIPIVEXMSRHYIXSKVEZMX]3XLIVJEGXSVWEVIGSRXVSPPIHF]XLIREXYVISJXLIW]WXIQMXWIPJERHLIRGIEVI independent controls on the amount of material (ore) formed:

4IVQIEFMPMX] 4SVSWMX] +VEHMIRXMRL]HVEYPMGTSXIRXMEP

7SPYFMPMX]WIRWMXMZMX]SJXLIIPIQIRXSJMRXIVIWX[MXLVIWTIGXXSP, T and cr

7TEXMEPKVEHMIRXWSJP, T and cr 8MQI HYVEXMSRSJXLIW]WXIQ Translation into the real world

-RSVHIVXSYXMPMWIXLII\TVIWWMSRERHJEGXSVWHIWGVMFIHEFSZIMXMWRIGIWWEV]XSXVERWPEXIXLIXIVQWMRXS WSQIXLMRKQSVIXERKMFPI%PSSOEXXLIJEGXSVWVIZIEPWXLEXXLI]GERFIIZEPYEXIHMJXLI*MZI5YIWXMSRW EVIERW[IVIHMRERETTVSTVMEXIQERRIV WIIXLIPIJXLERHX[SGSPYQRWMR*MKYVI

*SVI\EQTPIXLITIVQIEFMPMX]JEGXSV[MPPFII\TPSVIHMJXLIUYIWXMSREFSYXEVGLMXIGXYVIMWERW[IVIH[MXL

EZMI[XSSYXPMRMRK[LIVITIVQIEFPIWXVYGXYVIWERHPMXLSPSKMIWEVIHMWXVMFYXIH+VEHMIRXWMR48ERHGr will FII\EQMRIHMRERW[IVMRKXLIUYIWXMSRSRQIXEPXVERWTSVXERHHITSWMXMSR

8LYWMXMWTSWWMFPIXSPMROXLIYRHIVP]MRKJEGXSVWVIWTSRWMFPIJSVSVIJSVQEXMSRERHXLIQMRIVEPW]WXIQ ZMEXLI*MZI5YIWXMSRW-XMWJYVXLIVTSWWMFPIXSPMROXLIERW[IVWXSXLI½ZIUYIWXMSRWXSXLII\TPSVEXMSR TVSGIWW[MXLXLIMRJSVQEXMSRHVE[RJVSQXLI*MZI5YIWXMSRWEREP]WMWHITIRHMRKSRXLIREXYVISJXLI I\TPSVEXMSRMWWYIEXLERH *MKYVI ;LIRWIIOMRKXSQEOIPEVKIWGEPII\TPSVEXMSRHIGMWMSRW XIVVEMR TVSZMRGIWIPIGXMSR MRJSVQEXMSRGSRGIVRMRKXLIKISH]REQMGWIXXMRKMWQSWXETTVSTVMEXI[LIVIEW[LIR IZEPYEXMRKHVMPPXEVKIXWMRJSVQEXMSREFSYXGSRXVSPWSRSVIHITSWMXMSRMWVIPIZERX-RSXLIV[SVHWXLI information taken from a mineral systems analysis depends on the scale at which exploration decisions EVIVIUYMVIH

3 pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

Some of these parameters translate readily to mappable features that have concerned exploration KISPSKMWXW JSV QER] ]IEVW4IVQIEFMPMX] MW VIPEXIH XS XLI HMWXVMFYXMSR SJ WXVYGXYVIW ERH SJ TIVQIEFPI WIHMQIRXEV]JEGMIWJSVI\EQTPI%TVIPMQMREV]I\EQMREXMSRSJXLITEVEQIXIVWERH[LEXGSRXVSPWXLIQ yields the following three sets of geological inputs:

Key Parameter Geology Exploration

is refle cted in scaledepend - ent transl ation

A) Gradient in hydraulic 5 Questions potential Terrain B) Porosity " Geodynamics electionS C) Permeability " Architecture D) Solubility Area " Fluid sensitivity electionS to P, T, C reservoirs E) Spatial " Flow drivers rillD gradient of & pathways P, T, C Targeting F) Time " Deposition (duration)

Why? What? Where? ‘Practical Proxies’

Figure 1. Linkages within a Mineral Systems framework between the key factors (derived from the basic VIPEXMSRWLMTHIWGVMFIHMRXLIXI\X XLI*MZI5YIWXMSRWERHI\TPSVEXMSR

Palaeogeography feeds into most of the critical factors:

(IWGVMFIW HMWXVMFYXMSR SJ IQIVKIRX XSTSKVETL] ERH L]HVSGEVFSR KIRIVEXMSR TSXIRXMEP FSXL TSXIRXMEPWSYVGIWSJL]HVEYPMGKVEHMIRX JEGXSV%MR*MKYVI 'SRXVSPWHMWXVMFYXMSRSJJEGMIWERHHMEKIRIWMWXLEXGSRXVSPTSVSWMX]ERHTIVQIEFMPMX]HMWXVMFYXMSRMR WIHMQIRXEV]WIUYIRGIW JEGXSVW&ERH' (IWGVMFIWTSXIRXMEPWSYVGIVIKMSRWJSVQIXISVMG¾YMHW IQIVKIRGIEKEMR ERHFVMRIWMRQEVKMREP QEVMRIEVIEWOI]GSRXVSPWSRWSPYFMPMX]WIRWMXMZMX] JEGXSV( %PPS[WMHIRXM½GEXMSRSJWXEFPIEVIEW[LIVI4ERH8KVEHMIRXWGSYPHLEZIFIIRWXEFPIJSVPSRK TIVMSHW JEGXSVW)ERH* Magmatism EPWSTPE]WEQENSVVSPIMRQER]GVMXMGEPJEGXSVW

7SYVGISJ¾YMHWERHXIQTIVEXYVIHMWXVMFYXMSRWXLEXQE]GVIEXIL]HVEYPMGKVEHMIRXW JEGXSV% (VMZIVJSVJVEGXYVIKIRIVEXMSRERHLIRGIEGSRXVSPSRTIVQIEFMPMX] JEGXSV' %GXEWE¾YMHWSYVGIXLIREXYVISJ[LMGL[MPPHITIRHSRXLISVMKMRSJXLIQEKQEOI]GSRXVSPSR WSPYFMPMX]WIRWMXMZMX] JEGXSV(

pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

'VIEXIWWTEXMEPKVEHMIRXWMRXIQTIVEXYVIERHTSXIRXMEPP]GLIQMWXV] JEGXSV) 6ITIXMXMZIQEKQEXMWQ[MPPPIEHXSPSRKPMZIHL]HVSXLIVQEPW]WXIQW JEGXSV* 7XVYGXYVEP %VGLMXIGXYVIdominates several of the critical factors:

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3RIKVSYTSJTEVEQIXIVWXLIWSPYFMPMX]WIRWMXMZMXMIW Ge8Ge4ERHGeGr) explicitly have not been GSRWMHIVIHMRXLITEWX8LIWI[MPPEPPZERMWLXS^IVSMJXLIL]HVSXLIVQEP¾YMHMWYRWEXYVEXIHMRXLIIPIQIRX SJMRXIVIWXEPXLSYKLXLMWMWGSQTPMGEXIHMRGEWIW[LIVI¾YMHQM\MRKSGGYVW-RWYGLWMXIWPEVKIKVEHMIRXWMR WSPYFMPMX][MPPSGGYV[LMGLMW[L]QM\MRKMWWYGLERIJJIGXMZITVSGIWWSJSVIJSVQEXMSR8LI]EVIGSRXVSPPIH

EXXLIQSWXJYRHEQIRXEPPIZIPF]XLIKISH]REQMGWIXXMRK[LMGLGSRXVSPWGe Conclusions It is possible to link between fundamental physical and chemical parameters and the exploration process by means of the geological expression of the fundamental processes and the application of a scale- HITIRHIRXQETTMRKSJXLIWIMRXSI\TPSVEXMSRHIGMWMSRQEOMRK8LIQSWXMQTSVXERXWXITMRXLITVSGIWW is translating the understanding of process and the key parameters controlling process into factors that GERFIHIXIVQMRIHWTEXMEPP]-XMWXLMWXLEXEPPS[WXLIGSRGITXYEPJVEQI[SVOSJ1MRIVEP7]WXIQWXSFI TSVXIHTVEGXMGEPP]MRXSXLIHSQEMRSJXLIQMRIVEPI\TPSVEXMSRMWX3RISJXLIPIKEGMIWSJXLIpmd*CRC is that it has not only made progress in facilitating the understanding of the exploration industry of critical WGMIRXM½GTVSKVIWWFYXEPWSXLEXMXLEWPIEHXSVIWIEVGLIVWHIZIPSTMRKEQYGL½VQIVYRHIVWXERHMRKSJXLI I\TPSVEXMSRTVSGIWWERHLS[RI[MHIEWEVIETTPMIHXSXLITVSGIWWSJXEVKIXMRKMRI\TPSVEXMSR Acknowledgements

I am grateful to many people in the pmd*CRCJSVHMWGYWWMSRWERHWLEVMRKMHIEW-RTEVXMGYPEVGSRZIVWEXMSRW [MXL&VYGI,SFFW.SLR;EPWLI,IEXLIV7LIPHSR.SR,VSRWO]+VIK,EPPERH'EQ1G'YEMKLEZIFIIR SJKVIEXLIPTXSQI References

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pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

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pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

Geodynamics: Using geochemistry and isotopic signatures of granites to aid mineral systems studies: an example from the Yilgarn Craton

D.C. CHAMPION AND K.F. CASSIDY

PMD*CRC, +)37'-)2')%9786%0-%+43&3<'%2&)66%%'8 (EZMH'LEQTMSR$KEKSZEY

Introduction

The mineral systems approach adopted by the pmd*CRC VIGSKRMWIW XLEX QMRIVEP HITSWMXWEPXLSYKL KISKVETLMGEPP]WQEPPMRI\XIRXEVIXLIVIWYPXSJKISH]REQMGTVSGIWWIWXLEXSGGYVERHGERFIQETTIHEX EZEVMIX]SJWGEPIWYTXSGVEXSRWGEPI%GGSVHMRKP]YRHIVWXERHMRKXLIJSYVHMQIRWMSREPIZSPYXMSRSJER] KISPSKMGEPXIVVERIMWMQTSVXERX&IXXIVYRHIVWXERHMRKSJXLIWTEGIXMQIIZSPYXMSRSJKISPSKMGEPXIVVERIW ERHXLIMVGSQTSRIRXWTVSZMHIWMQTSVXERXGSRWXVEMRXWSRXLIKISH]REQMGWERHEVGLMXIGXYVISJQMRIVEP W]WXIQW-XEPWSLEWXLITSXIRXMEPXSI\TPEMRXLISJXIRLIXIVSKIRISYWHMWXVMFYXMSRSJQMRIVEPMWEXMSR[MXLMR XLIWIVIKMSRW

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½GYPXXLSYKL XLMWGERFIEQIPMSVEXIHF]XLIWXYH]SJWIPIGXIHKVERMXIKVSYTWXLEXMWHSQMRERXP]GVYWXEPSVHSQMRERXP]

pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

QERXPIHIVMZIHX]TIW-REHHMXMSRXLI%VGLIERMWWSQI[LEXWMQTPIVEWKVERMXIWSJXLMWEKIEVIHSQMREXIH F]X[SQENSVKVERMXIKVSYTW88+WERHTSXEWWMGKVERMXIW[MXLKIRIVEPP]WMQTPIVQIGLERMWQWSJJSVQEXMSR basaltA TTG ATSXEWWMGKVERMXIW IK'LEQTMSR 7QMXLMIW 4IXVSKIRIXMGGSQTPI\MX]GERFI JYVXLIVEQIPMSVEXIHF]XLIYWISJXVEGIVWWYGLEWVEHMSKIRMGMWSXSTIW8LIWILEZIPSRKFIIRYWIHMR geological studies to provide constraints on geological processes and source components for a wide ZEVMIX]SJKISPSKMGEPWMXYEXMSRW IKQEKQEXMWQQMRIVEPHITSWMXW -RHMZMHYEPMWSXSTIW]WXIQW IK94F 7Q2H6F7V TVSZMHIHMJJIVIRXGSRWXVEMRXWPEVKIP]EJYRGXMSRSJXLITL]WMSGLIQMGEPFILEZMSYVSJXLI TEVIRXHEYKLXIVMWSXSTIWMRUYIWXMSRXLIMVLEPJPMJIERHXLIKISPSKMGEPIRZMVSRQIRXXLI]EVIMR3RI MQTSVXERXMWSXSTMGXVEGIVJVIUYIRXP]YWIHMRKVERMXIWXYHMIWMW7Q2H¯Sm breaks down to Nd by EPTLEHIGE][MXLELEPJPMJISJbFMPPMSR]IEVW7QERH2HEVIFSXLPERXLERMHIWXLEXMWQIQFIVWSJ XLIVEVIIEVXLWIVMIWSJIPIQIRXW 6)) ERHEWWYGLLEZIZIV]WMQMPEVFILEZMSYVMRJIPWMGW]WXIQWWYGLEW KVERMXIW%WHSGYQIRXIHF]HI4ESPS 7Q2HGERXLIVIJSVIFIYWIHXSIJJIGXMZIP]³WII´XLVSYKL GVYWXEPTVSGIWWIWXLEXMWTVSZMHIER³EZIVEKI´ QSHIPHITIRHERX GVYWXEPEKIJSVXLIWSYVGISJXLIVSGOW MRUYIWXMSR*SVZSPYQMRSYWVSGOWWYGLEWKVERMXIW[LMGLSJXIRLEZIEWMKRM½GERXGVYWXEPGSQTSRIRX XLMW provides a potentially powerful proxy into determining the bulk age of the crustal block the granites XLEXSGGYV[MXLMRXLEXMWMRIJJIGXFVSEHP]QETTMRKGVYWXEPKVS[XLEW[IPPHIQSRWXVEXIHF]&IRRIXXERH (I4ESPS 8LMWETTVSEGLMWIZIRQSVITS[IVJYP[LIRGSQFMRIH[MXLKVERMXIKISGLIQMWXV]ERH KISGLVSRSPSK] MRGPYHMRKXLEXJSVMRLIVMXIHGSQTSRIRXW

'SRZIVWIP]VEHMSKIRMGMWSXSTIWXYHMIWSJKVERMXIWEPWSTVSZMHIGSRWXVEMRXWSRXLIVSPISJERHGSRXVMFYXMSR JVSQXLIQERXPI-RTEVXMGYPEVIRVMGLIH IPIZEXIH0-0)06)) KISGLIQMGEPWMKREXYVIW[MXLYRWYTTSVXIH MWSXSTMGWMKREXYVIWIWTIGMEPP]MRQE½GERHMRXIVQIHMEXIMKRISYWVSGOWSJXIRMRHMGEXIXLIVSPISJVIGIRX QERXPIIRVMGLQIRXTVSGIWWIW WYGLEWMRWYFHYGXMSR^SRIW ERHTVSZMHIWXVSRKIZMHIRGIJSVQERXPI GSRRIGXMZMX]8LI7Q2HW]WXIQ[MXLXLIPSRKLEPJPMJISJ7QMWMHIEPJSVWYGLWXYHMIWEPXLSYKLSXLIV MWSXSTIW]WXIQW IK6F7V94F0Y,J EVISJXIRYWIH Yilgarn Craton The Archean Yilgarn Craton of Western Australia is not only one of the largest extant fragments of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information on the four-dimensional evolution of the craton and the relative roles of crust and mantle MRGVYWXEPKVS[XL8LMWTETIVTVIWIRXWXLIVIWYPXWSJKVERMXIWXYHMIWYRHIVXEOIR[MXLMRXLI=MPKEVR'VEXSR F]+ISWGMIRGI%YWXVEPMEERHGSPPEFSVEXMRKTEVXRIVWSZIVXLIPEWXXIR]IEVW-RTEVXMGYPEVMXHVE[WSRXLI VIWYPXWSJX[S%1-6%TVSNIGXW4 'EWWMH]IXEP ERH4 &EVPI]IXEP 8LIHEXEEVI YWIHXSWLS[XLEXXLI=MPKEVR'VEXSRGSRWMWXWSJHMWXMRGXGVYWXEPXIVVERIW[MXLHMJJIVMRKGVYWXEPLMWXSVMIW 1SVIMQTSVXERXP]TVII\MWXMRKGSRXMRIRXEPGVYWXLEWTPE]IHEQENSVVSPIMR]SYRKIVSVSKIRMGIZIRXW ERHETTIEVWXSLEZII\IVXIHEWMKRM½GERXFYXTSSVP]YRHIVWXSSHWTEXMEPGSRXVSPSRXLIHMWXVMFYXMSRSJ QMRIVEPW]WXIQWWYGLEWKSPHOSQEXMMXIEWWSGMEXIHRMGOIPWYPTLMHIERHZSPGERMGLSWXIHQEWWMZIWYPTLMHI :,17 FEWIQIXEPW]WXIQW8LIKVERMXIWEPWSVIGSVHWXVSRKIZMHIRGIJSVWYFHYGXMSRPMOITVSGIWWIWXLEX QE]LEZITPE]IHEWMKRM½GERXVSPIMRKSPHQMRIVEPMWEXMSR Yilgarn Craton geology - new subdivisions The Yilgarn Craton dominantly consists of typical Archean granite-greenstone terranes that formed FIX[IIRGEERH+E *MK 1MRSVSPHIVVSGOW FEGOXS+E SGGYV[MXLMRXLI2EVV]IV 8IVVERI+VIIRWXSRIWYGGIWWMSRWX]TMGEPP]HSQMREXIHF]QE½G ERHYPXVEQE½G ZSPGERMWQFYXMRGPYHMRK

8 pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

*MKYVI(MWXVMFYXMSRSJKVERMXIKVSYTW[MXLMRXLI=SYERQM8IVVERIERH)EWXIVR+SPH½IPHW7YTIVXIVVERISJXLI =MPKEVR'VEXSR JVSQ'EWWMH]IXEP +VERMXIKVSYTWEVIEWSYXPMRIHMR8EFPI-RWIXWLS[WXLIVIPEXMZI age distributions of greenstone rocks and granites.

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4VIZMSYWWYFHMZMWMSRWSJXLI=MPKEVR'VEXSR[IVIFEWIHSRKVIIRWXSRIQSVTLSPSK] +IIIXEP JEYPXFSYRHIHXIGXSRSWXVEXMKVETL] 1]IVW SVFSXL IK7[EKIV &EVPI]IXEP [LMGL HMH RSX XEOI MRXS EGGSYRX XLI JIPWMG QEKQEXMG VSGOW XLEX JSVQ XLI FYPO SJ XLI GVEXSR +ISGLIQMWXV]KISGLVSRSPSK]ERH7Q2HMWSXSTMGHEXEJVSQXLI=MPKEVRKVERMXIW *MKYVIW 'EWWMH] IXEP 'LEQTMSRIXEP MRGSRNYRGXMSR[MXLHIXEMPIHKVIIRWXSRIWXYHMIWMRXLIIEWXIVR=MPKEVR &EVPI]IXEP MRHMGEXIXLEXXLIFYPOSJXLIGVEXSRGERFIWYFHMZMHIHMRXSX[SQENSVTVSZMRGIW WII'EWWMH]IXEP ¯ERSPHIVGVEXSRRYGPIYWXLI=SYERQM8IVVERI =8 JSVQIVP]7SYXLIVR'VSWW ERH1YVGLMWSR4VSZMRGIW ERHEGSPPEKISJXIVVERIWMRXLIIEWX¯XLI)EWXIVR+SPH½IPHW7YTIVXIVVERI )+78 JSVQIVP])EWXIVR+SPH½IPHW4VSZMRGI Granite groups

8LIFYPOSJKVERMXIWSJXLI=MPKEVR'VEXSREVIQMRIVEPSKMGEPP]ZIV]WMQMPEV[MXL" FIMRKFMSXMXIFIEVMRK QSR^SKVERMXIWSVKVERSHMSVMXIW 8EFPI %GGSVHMRKP]KISGLIQMWXV]ERHKISGLVSRSPSK]MWVIUYMVIHXS LIPTGLEVEGXIVMWIERHHMWGVMQMREXIWTIGM½GKVERMXIKVSYTW

pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008 EWWSGMEXMSR[MXL W]WXIQW EWWSGMEXMSR[MXL KSPHQMRIVEPMWEXMSR WSQIWTEXMEP 0-0)IRVMGLIHQIQFIVW KSPHQMRIVEPMWEXMSR geographically restricted XS/YVREPTM8IVVERI RSVXLIEWX/EPKSSVPMI8IVVERI +E GE+EERH Kalgoorlie SuperterraneKalgoorlie Comments +E=SYRKIWX QIQFIVWETTIEVXS occur within /EPKSSVPMI8IVVERI Ga Youanmi Terrane Youanmi SJ RSRIVIGSVHIH Nd ¡ SJXS XS+E#GE "+EXS+E GSQQSRWTEXMEP Nd ZEVMIWFIX[IIR "+E#+EGE GE+E QMRSV ZEVMIWFIX[IIR +E QSWXP] XS+E ZEVMIWFIX[IIR XS+E#GE "+EXS+E WTEXMEPEWWSGMEXMSR Nd Nd Nd geochemistry and isotopic WTIGM½G[LIVIQIEWYVIH ]SYRKIV# EPWS GSQQSR1SWXP] [MXLMRIVVSVSJIEGLSXLIVXS ¡ Isotopic signature WTIGM½G *MK ERH0MOIXLI,MKL'EKVERMXIWXLIMWSXSTMG XS+E4SWWMFP]EPWS WMKREXYVIMWXIVVERIWTIGM½G +E ¡ ¡ XSQSWXP]EPP 2 3 EPPZIV]WMQMPEV 2 3/ 2 3PS[8L06)) 2 3LMKL6F8L06)) 2 3/ 2 =>V[MXLPS[6F4F7V ERH7XVSRKP]XIVVERI +E+EXS XS+EQSWX [MXL:,17QMRIVEP 2 QSHIVEXIXSLMKL¡ 1SWXP] 32E 2 2 3PS[2E 2 3 O 2 PS[7M3 Geochemistry >V QSHIVEXIP]JVEGXMSREXIH W]IRMXIUYEVX^ LMKLXSXEPEPOEPMW 2E KVIIRWXSRIFIPXW HMSVMXI or marginal to W]IRMXIQSR^SRMXI GSQQSRP]PS[1K3*I38M3 KVERSHMSVMXI LMKL2E [MXLMRERHI\XIVREP IRVMGLIHGSQTSWMXSRW KVERSHMSVMXIKVERMXI XSKVIIRWXSRI LMKL/ belts KVERMXIQMRSVKVERSHMSVMXI HMWXMRGXMZIGSQFMREXMSRSJLMKL*I3 1K38M3 to greenstone belts KVERSHMSVMXI XVSRHLNIQMXI Syenitic 2M:1K36ERKISJ0-0)06)) PS[0-0) :EPYIWSJERH +E+EXS+E TSWWMFP]]SYRKIV# [IWXIVR=SYERQM8IVVERI 2SGSVVIPEXMSRFIX[IIR WMKREXYVI XIRHXSFIGE+E IWTIGMEPP]LMKL0-0) ERH]SYRKIV QIQFIVW YTXS KVERMXIXSREPMXI ERH8L WYFHMZMHIHMRXSLMKLERH JSVWEQTPIWMRXLI 1E½G YTXS 1SWXP]MRXIVREP %P UYEVX^QSR^SRMXI8EFPI'LEVEGXIVMWXMGWSJXLI½ZIKVERMXIKVSYTWMRXLI=MPKEVR'VEXSR Group Lithologies Area % Area High-Ca " XVSRHLNIQMXI KVERMXI (MWXVMFYXIHFSXL 6ERKISJ0-0)06))ERH8LGSRXIRXW Low-Ca ]SYRKIVVSGOWI\XIRHXSQSVI0-0) ERH-WSXSTMG" >V QSWXP]=HITPIXIH7VYRHITPIXIH WMKREXYVIWXVSRKP]XIVVERI ERHQSWXP]FIX[IIR QSWXP]+E 1SWXP]I\XIVREP +EGEXS+E High-HFSE IRHQIQFIVW +E QENSVMX]XS VIQRERXW

10 pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

*MKYVI2HHITPIXIHQERXPIQSHIPEKIQETSJXLI=MPKEVR'VEXSR-QEKITVSHYGIHF]KVMHHMRK2HHITPIXIH QERXPIQSHIPEKIWGEPGYPEXIHJVSQ7Q2HTSMRXHEXE JVSQ'LEQTMSR 'EWWMH]MRTVIT

'LEQTMSRERH7LIVEXSR VIGSKRM^IH½ZIQEMRKVERMXIKVSYTWPEVKIP]SRXLIFEWMWSJTIXVSPSKMGEP ERHKISGLIQMGEPGLEVEGXIVMWXMGW1SVIVIGIRX[SVOLEWGSR½VQIHERHI\XIRHIHXLMWKIRIVEPWYFHMZMWMSR JSVKVERMXIWEGVSWWXLI=MPKEVR'VEXSR 8EFPI 8LIKVERMXIWGERFIHMZMHIHMRXSX[SQENSVKISGLIQMGEP KVSYTW,MKL'E 88+W ERH0S['E TSXEWWMGKVERMXIW GSRWMWXMRKSJSZIV ERH VIWTIGXMZIP]SJ XLIXSXEPKVERMXIWERHXLVIIQMRSV ,MKL,*7)7]IRMXMGERH1E½G KISGLIQMGEPKVSYTW 8EFPI *MKYVI %PPKVSYTWI\GITXXLIW]IRMXIWSGGYV[MXLMRFSXLXLI=8ERH)+78 XLIW]IRMXIWEVIPSGEPMWIH[MXLMR XLIPEXXIV8LIXLVIIQMRSVKVSYTWETTIEVXSFIWXVSRKP]PSGEPMWIH[MXLMRSVQEVKMREPXSKVIIRWXSRI FIPXW

8LI,MKL'EKVERMXIW +E EVIJIPWMG 7M32 HSQMRERXP]WSHMGVSGOW 8EFPI XLEXJSVQ E0-0)VMGLIRHQIQFIVXSXLIYFMUYMXSYW88+KVSYTSJKVERMXIWXLEXSGGYVMREPP%VGLIERGVEXSRW0MOI 88+WIPWI[LIVIXLI,MKL'EKVERMXIWEVI QSWXP] GLEVEGXIVM^IHF]7VYRHITPIXIH=HITPIXIHWMKREXYVIW MRHMGEXMRKXLI][IVIPEVKIP]TVSHYGIHEXLMKLTVIWWYVIWF]TEVXMEPQIPXMRKSJHSQMRERXP]FEWEPXMGWSYVGI VSGOWIMXLIV[MXLMRXLMGOIRIHQE½GGVYWXSVF]QIPXMRKSJWYFHYGXMRKSGIERMGGVYWX9RPMOIQER]88+W LS[IZIVXLI,MKL'EKVERMXIWLEZIGLIQMGEPMWSXSTMGERHMRLIVMXIH^MVGSRGSQTSWMXMSRWGSRWMWXIRX[MXL EWMKRM½GERXGVYWXEPGSQTSRIRXVIUYMVMRKIMXLIVE[LSPP]GVYWXEPTVSXSPMXLSVWMKRM½GERXGVYWXEPMRXIVEGXMSR MJHIVMZIHZMEQIPXMRKSJWYFHYGXMRKWPEFW

8LI]SYRKIV0S['EKVSYTMWGLIQMGEPP]HMWXMRGXJVSQXLI,MKL'EKVERMXIW8LIJSVQIVEVIGLEVEGXIVMWIH F]LMKL0-0)WXVSRKIRVMGLQIRXWMR06))ERHWSQISJXLI,*7)ERHLEZIGSQTSWMXMSRWGSRWMWXIRX[MXL GV]WXEPJVEGXMSREXMSR8LI][IVIHIVMZIHF]TEVXMEPQIPXMRKSJGVYWXSJFVSEHP]XSREPMXMGGSQTSWMXMSRXLEX MWXLI]VITVIWIRXVI[SVOMRKSJSPHIV ,MKL'E JIPWMGGVYWX

3XLIVKVERMXIX]TIWMRXLI)+78EVIZSPYQIXVMGEPP]QMRSVFYXMRGPYHIFSXLGVYWXEPERHQERXPIHIVMZIH VSGOW-QTSVXERXP]XLIPEXXIVLEZIKISGLIQMGEPERHMWSXSTMGWMKREXYVIWWYKKIWXMRKQERXPIQIXEWSQEXMWQ

ERHTVSZMHIXLIFIWXIZMHIRGIJSVEWYFHYGXMSRIRZMVSRQIRX1MRSVKVERMXIKVSYTWMRGPYHIE XLILMKL7M32

11 pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

" 7M32 GVYWXEPHIVMZIH,MKL,*7)KVSYT +E [MXLHMWXMRGXMZI%X]TIGLEVEGXIVMWXMGW FYXPS[0-0)GSRXIRXWIWTIGMEPP]6FERH4F F EKISGLIQMGEPP]HMZIVWIFYXMWSXSTMGEPP]WMQMPEVKVSYT

SJ QSWXP] QERXPIHIVMZIHGSQQSRP] QSVI QE½G XS " 7M32 KVERMXIW +E XLEX I\LMFMXPEVKIFIX[IIRWYMXIZEVMEXMSRWMR0-0)ERH06)) MIZEVMEFP]IRVMGLIH ERHG MWSXSTMGEPP]WMQMPEV TIVEPOEPMRIVSGOWWYGLEWW]IRMXIW ERHQSR^SRMXIW +E Age distribution

94F ^MVGSR KISGLVSRSPSK] SJ XLI KVERMXIW 2IPWSR *PIXGLIV IX EP 'EWWMH] IX EP (YRTL] IX EP +ISPSKMGEP 7YVZI] SJ;IWXIVR%YWXVEPME 7MVGSQFI IX EP MRHMGEXIW XLEX KVERMXI QEKQEXMWQ WTERW JVSQ GE XS +E [MXL ER ETTEVIRX GSRXMRYYQ MR QEKQEXMWQ FIX[IIRERH+EEGVSWWXLIGVEXSR3PHIWXVSGOWFIPSRKXSXLI,MKL'E,MKL,*7)ERH1E½G KVSYTW-QTSVXERXP]XLIKISGLVSRSPSKMGEPHEXEFEWIGPIEVP]GSR½VQWHMWXMRGXITMWSHIWSJWTIGM½GKVERMXI QEKQEXMWQ *MKYVI 8LMWMWFIWXMPPYWXVEXIHF]XLI,MKL'EKVERMXIW[LMGLHMWTPE]ETIEOFIX[IIR ERH+EMRXLI=8ERHE]SYRKIVTVSRSYRGIHTIEOFIX[IIRERH+EMRXLI)+782SXEFP] [LMPIZSPYQMRSYW,MKL'EQEKQEXMWQ[EWSGGYVVMRKMRXLI)+78 +E EXXLMWXMQIXLI=8 [EWXLIWMXISJQMRMQEPQEKQEXMWQSJER]X]TI8LITIVMSHGE+EMWMQTSVXERXXLIVIJSVIEWMXRSX SRP]QEVOWXLIGIWWEXMSRSJWMKRM½GERXTPYXSRMWQMRXLI=8FYXEPWSXLIW[MXGLJVSQPSGEPMWIH1E½GERH ,MKL,*7)KVERMXIWMRXLI)+78XS[MHIWTVIEH,MKL'EKVERMXIW8LISXLIVWMKRM½GERXJIEXYVIGSR½VQIH F]XLIKISGLVSRSPSK]MWXLIW[MXGLJVSQ,MKL'EXS0S['EQEKQEXMWQEXGE+E *MK 0S['E KVERMXIWEVIPEXIMRXLIQEKQEXMGWIUYIRGI[MXLEKIWFIX[IIRERH+E8LIWIEKIWEVIJSYRH EGVSWWXLI=MPKEVR'VEXSRERHVIGSVH[LEXQYWXLEZIFIIREZSPYQMRSYWGVEXSR[MHIIZIRXSJWSQI WMKRM½GERGI

Sm-Nd isotopes and crustal development

8[SHMZIVKMRKTEXXIVRWEVIIZMHIRXMRXLI7Q2HMWSXSTMGHEXEJSV=MPKEVRKVERMXIW*MVWXP]XLSWIKVERMXIW [LMGL WLS[ KISGLIQMGEPMWSXSTMG ERH ^MVGSR MRLIVMXERGI IZMHIRGI JSV E WMKRM½GERX SV [LSPP] GVYWXEP

GSQTSRIRX 0S['E,MKL'E,MKL,*7) VIGSVHEVERKISJ¡NdERHQSHIPEKIWMKREXYVIW 8EFPI +MZIRXLIGVYWXEPGSQTSRIRXMRXLIWIVSGOWXLIWIMWSXSTMGHEXEGERFIYWIHXSGSRWXVEMRXLIGVYWXEP TVILMWXSV]SJXLI=MPKEVR'VEXSR'LEQTMSRERH'EWWMH] MRTVIT YWIHWXEKI2HHITPIXIHQERXPI model ages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½GERXP]]SYRKIVQSVIIGSRSQMGEPP]MQTSVXERX)+78 The isotopic data also delineate two isotopically ‘younger’ domains that broadly correspond to geological HSQEMRW SRIMRXLIGIRXVEPTEVXSJXLI=8GSMRGMHIRX[MXLPE]IVIHQE½GMRXVYWMZIWERHSRI[MXLMRXLI )+78 *MKYVI 8LIVERKIMREKIWERHX]TIWSJKVERMXIW[MXLMRXLIWIX[S³]SYRKIV´HSQEMRWWYKKIWXXLEX XLIPEXXIVWMQTP]VI¾IGX^SRIWSJ]SYRKIVGVYWXXLSYKLXLI]GSYPHEPWSMRTEVXVI¾IGXTEPEISGVYWXEP XLMGORIWWXLEXMWWMQTP]PIWWGVYWXEPMRXIVEGXMSR8LMWQE]FITEVXMGYPEVP]WSJSVXLI,MKL'EKVERMXIW[LMGL HSQMREXIXLIWI³]SYRK´^SRIW-QTSVXERXP]XLIWIHSQEMRWEVIIMXLIVGLEVEGXIVMWIHF]MWSXSTMGWMKREXYVIW

[MXL]SYRKVIWMHIRGIXMQIW MI2H82DMEKIWGPSWIXSGV]WXEPPMWEXMSREKIW ERHSVGSRXEMRIZMHIRGIJSV EVGVIPEXIHNYZIRMPIQEKQEXMWQ IKGEPGEPOEPMRIERHIWMXIW

8LIWIGSRHMWSXSTMGTEXXIVRMWFIWXMPPYWXVEXIHF]XLI1E½GKVSYTKVERMXIW8LIWIVSGOWWLS[EVERKI SJKISGLIQMGEPGSQTSWMXMSRWMRHITIRHIRXSJXLIMVMWSXSTMGWMKREXYVIMIZEVMEFPIHIKVIIWSJ0-0)ERH 06))IRVMGLQIRX XLEX MW RSX QEXGLIH F] GLERKMRK 7Q2H MWSXSTMG WMKREXYVI8LMW WYKKIWXW XLEX XLI geochemical enrichment recorded in these granites was either introduced by crustal interaction after

12 pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

TEVXMEPQIPXMRKSVXLEXIRVMGLQIRXSGGYVVIHMRXLIWSYVGIRSXPSRKFIJSVITEVXMEPQIPXMRK8LIJSVQIVMW GSRWMHIVIHYRPMOIP]FIGEYWI XLIIRVMGLIHKISGLIQMGEPWMKREXYVIMWQSWXIZMHIRXMRXLIQSVIQE½G IRHQIQFIVW ERH XLIMWSXSTMGZEVMEXMSRMRXLIGVYWXQETTIHF]XLI,MKL'EERH0S['EKVERMXIW MRRSXIZMHIRXMRXLI1E½GKVERMXIW8LIWMQTPIWX[E]XSI\TPEMRXLIMWSXSTMGERHKISGLIQMGEPWMKREXYVIW MWZMEQERXPIIRVMGLQIRXTVSGIWWIW QIXEWSQEXMWQ WMQMPEVXSXLSWISFWIVZIHMRQSHIVRWYFHYGXMSR IRZMVSRQIRXWF]MRXVSHYGXMSRSJE HIL]HVEXIHSVTEVXMEPQIPX WPEFGSQTSRIRXXSXLIQERXPI[IHKI IK8EXWYQM )KKMRW 7YGLEWYFHYGXMSRIRZMVSRQIRXMWEPWSJEZSYVIHF]XLITVIWIRGISJW]IRMXIW [MXLEGEPGEPOEPMRIWMKREXYVI IK7QMXLMIW 'LEQTMSR F]GEPGEPOEPMRIPEQTVSTL]VMGVSGOWERH F]XLIGEPGEPOEPMRIZSPGERMGWXLEXHSQMREXIXLI/YVREPTM8IVVERI &EVPI]IXEP Constraints from felsic magmatism on tectonic models for the EGST

'LEQTMSR ERH 'EWWMH] MR &EVPI] IX EP TVSTSWIH TVIJIVVIH XIGXSRMG IRZMVSRQIRXW JSV XLI JSVQEXMSRSJIEGLKVERMXIKVSYT%PXLSYKLXIGXSRMGQSHIPWFEWIHSRKVERMXIHEXEEPSRIEVIIUYMZSGEP XLI] GER FI YWIH MR GSRNYRGXMSR [MXL XLI TSMRXW VEMWIH EFSZI XS TVSZMHI MQTSVXERX GSRWXVEMRXW JSV XIGXSRMGQSHIPWSJXLI=MPKEVR'VEXSRTEVXMGYPEVP]XLI)+78*EZSYVIHXIGXSRMGQSHIPWMRHMGEXIEZEVMIX] of arc environments (largely pre-existing continental crust - not island arc-like) with or without various VMJXMRKVIKMQIWTVIGE+E

+VERMXI QEKQEXMWQ TVI +E ETTIEVW XS FI PEVKIP] W]RZSPGERMG [MXL GPIEV QEXGLYTW FIX[IIR MRXVYWMZIERHI\XVYWMZIYRMXW-XMWRSXWYVTVMWMRKXLIVIJSVIXLEXXIGXSRMGQSHIPWMRXIVTVIXIHJVSQXLIWI KVERMXIW IK 'EWWMH] IX EP GPSWIP] QEXGL XLSWI WYKKIWXIH JSV XLI ZSPGERMG ERH WIHMQIRXEV] WYGGIWWMSRWSJXLMWEKI &EVPI]IXEP 3ZIVEPPXLIVIMWEHSQMRERGISJGSRXMRIRXEPQEVKMR WMKREXYVIWEW[IPPEWIZMHIRGISJQEKQEXMGVIG]GPMRKSJSPHIVEVGVIPEXIHGVYWX

8LIX[SQSWXWMKRM½GERXGLERKIWMRQEKQEXMGWX]PIMRXLI)+78SGGYVEXGEERH+E8LI earlier changes in style of magmatism are interpreted to represent variations within an overall subduction- VIPEXIHIRZMVSRQIRX8LIGLERKIEX+EJVSQPSGEPMWIH1E½GERH,MKL,*7)KVERMXIWXS[MHIWTVIEH HSQMRERXP],MKL'EKVERMXIW [MXLMREPPXIVVERIWSJXLI)+78 GSYTPIH[MXLXLI½VWXWMKRM½GERXETTIEVERGI SJ0-0)IRVMGLIHQEKQEXMWQEVSYRHXLMWXMQI LMKL0-0)WYFKVSYTWSJXLI,MKL'EERH1E½GKVSYTW WYKKIWXWXLEXWMKRM½GERXVIG]GPMRKSJGVYWXEPQEXIVMEPGSQQIRGIHHYVMRKXLMWTIVMSH8LMW[EWTSWWMFP] IMXLIVEWEGSRWIUYIRGISJEWYFHYGXIHGVYWXEPGSQTSRIRXERHSVQSVIPMOIP]GVYWXEPXLMGOIRMRK IK ,MPHVIXLERH1SSVFEXL ERHSVWTIGYPEXMZIP]TIVLETWEWMKRM½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½GKVERMXIW[MXL WERYOMXSMHEJ½RMXMIWWLSVXP]EJXIVXLI[MHIWTVIEHETTIEVERGISJXLI,MKL'EKVERMXIWMWGSRWMWXIRX[MXL TIXVSKIRIXMGQSHIPWJSVWERYOMXSMHQEKQEWXLEXMWQIPXMRKSJEWPEFQIPXQIXEWSQEXMWIHQERXPI[IHKI IK7QMXLMIW 'LEQTMSR

8LI+EGLERKIJVSQ,MKL'EHSQMREXIHXS0S['EHSQMREXIHQEKQEXMWQVI¾IGXWEWMKRM½GERX GLERKIMRW[MXGLMRQEKQEXMGWX]PIERHTVIWYQEFP]VITVIWIRXWWSQIJYRHEQIRXEPVISVHIVMRKSJXLI XIGXSRMGIRZMVSRQIRXEXXLEXXMQIMRXIVTVIXIHF]'LEQTMSRERH'EWWMH] MR&EVPI]IXEP XSFIXLI GIWWEXMSRSJWYFHYGXMSR1E½GKVERMXIIQTPEGIQIRXGSRXMRYIHJSVEWLSVXTIVMSHEJXIVXLMWW[MXGLFIWX HSGYQIRXIHMRXLI/EPKSSVPMI8IVVERIERHQE]LEZIMRGPYHIH]SYRKIVPEQTVSTL]VMGQEKQEXMWQ8LI GSRXMRYEXMSRSJWYGLQEKQEXMWQHSIWRSXRIGIWWEVMP]VI¾IGXWYFHYGXMSRFYXQE]FIHYIXSVI[SVOMRK SJ WYFHYGXMSRQSHM½IH QERXPI IK 7QMXLMIW 'LEQTMSR ERHSV WPEF FVIEOSJJ TVSGIWWIW

13 pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

IK&IEOLSYWI *VSQEVSYRHTSWX+EXLIVIMWRSTVIWIVZIH SVVIGSKRMWIH VIGSVHSJ WYFHYGXMSRVIPEXIH%VGLIERQEKQEXMWQ[MXLMRXLI=MPKEVR'VEXSR-RXLMWVIKEVHXLIGIWWEXMSRSJ0S[ 'EQEKQEXMWQ GE+E QEVOWXLIXMQMRKSJIJJIGXMZIGVEXSRMWEXMSRSJXLI=MPKEVR'VEXSREWE [LSPI Crustal isotopic domains and mineral systems Consideration of the relationship between crustal age (based on Sm-Nd model ages) and the distribution of mineral deposits shows that there is a close spatial association between komatiite-associated nickel WYPTLMHI:,17FEWIQIXEPERHKSPHQMRIVEPMWEXMSR[MXLWTIGM½GGVYWXEPHSQEMRW[MXLXLMWFIWXI\TVIWWIH MRXLI)+788LIWIEWWSGMEXMSRWEVI

OSQEXMMXIEWWSGMEXIHRMGOIPWYPTLMHIHITSWMXWEVIGSRGIRXVEXIHMRXIVVERIW[MXLTVII\MWXMRKGVYWX XLEXMW=SYERQM/EPKSSVPMIERHER³SPH´HSQEMRSJXLI/YVREPTM8IVVERI :,17 FEWIQIXEP W]WXIQW ETTIEV WTEXMEPP] EWWSGMEXIH [MXL XIVVERIW [MXL NYZIRMPI GVYWX JSV I\EQTPIXLI³]SYRK´HSQEMRWMRXLIGIRXVEP=SYERQMERH/YVREPTM8IVVERIW *MKYVI 8LI+SPHIR +VSZIHITSWMXWMRXLIGIRXVEP=8ERHXLI8IYXSRMG&SVIERH.EKYEVHITSWMXWMRXLI/YVREPTM8IVVERI EVIEPPEWWSGMEXIH[MXLNYZIRMPIGVYWX EPXLSYKLKSPHQMRIVEPMWEXMSRSGGYVWMREPPXIVVERIWEGVSWWXLI=MPKEVR'VEXSRXLIQENSVMX]SJXLI

gold endowment is spatially restricted to areas underlain by crust of intermediate age (Nd T2DM EKIWSJ+EMR*MK WTIGM½GEPP]XLI/EPKSSVPMI8IVVERIERHER³SPH´HSQEMRSJXLI/YVREPTM 8IVVERI-RXLI)+78EXPIEWXXLIVIMWPMXXPIWMKRM½GERXKSPHQMRIVEPMWEXMSRMRHSQEMRW[MXLQSVI NYZIRMPIWMKREXYVIW ,YWXSRIXEP WYKKIWXIHXLEXXLILMKLLIEX¾S[ERHI\XIRWMSREPWXVYGXYVIWXLEXEVIGLEVEGXIVMWXMGWSJ NYZIRMPIGVYWXEPHSQEMRWIRGSYVEKIJSVQEXMSRSJ:,17HITSWMXWMRWYGLERIRZMVSRQIRX8LMWVIPEXMSRWLMT SJQIXEPIRHS[QIRXERHWTIGM½GGVYWXEPHSQEMRWIJJIGXMZIP]I\TPEMRW[L]XLI%FMXMFM7YFTVSZMRGIMR 'EREHEMWQSVIIRHS[IHMR:,17QMRIVEPMWEXMSRXLERXLI=MPKEVR'VEXSR XLEXMWXLIGVYWXMWRSXNYZIRMPI IRSYKLMRXLI=MPKEVR Why these apparent relationships hold for komatiite-associated nickel-sulphide and gold mineral systems MW RSX IRXMVIP] GPIEV ERH MX MW RSXIH XLEX XLI VIPEXMSRWLMT JSV KSPH HSIW RSX ETTIEV XS LSPH JSV XLI I\XVIQIP] [IPP KSPH IRHS[IH%FMXMFM 7YFTVSZMRGI 9WMRK IQTMVMGEP VIPEXMSRWLMTW MX MW TSWWMFPI XLEX YRPMOI:,17W]WXIQWKSPHIRHS[QIRXMRWTIGM½GXIVVERIWMWRSXVIPEXIHXSXLIREXYVISJXLIYRHIVP]MRK PMXLSWTLIVIFYXTIVLETWXSXLIJEZSYVEFPIWIUYIRGIWSJKISPSKMGEPIZIRXWJSVI\EQTPIXLIWYTIVTSWMXMSR of plume-related and subsequent subduction-derived ‘enriched’ magmatism on a pre-existing lithospheric EVGLMXIGXYVI8LIHIZIPSTQIRXSJWTIGM½GQMRIVEPW]WXIQWXLIVIJSVITSWWMFP]VI¾IGXWXLIMRXIVEGXMSRSJ WTIGM½GKISXIGXSRMGTVSGIWWIWWYGLEWPEXIVPMXLSWTLIVMGWGEPISVSKIR][MXLTVII\MWXMRKGVYWXEPERHQERXPI VIWIVZSMVW+SPHTSXIRXMEPMWPMOIP]IRLERGIH[LIVIEGGVIXMSREV]¾YMHIZIRXWWYGLEWMRXVSHYGXMSRSJXLI 1E½GKVERMXIWYWMRKPMXLSWTLIVMGWGEPITPYQFMRKW]WXIQWEVIEFPIXSMRXIVEGX[MXLKSPHVMGLPMXLSWTLIVMG WSYVGIVSGOWERHSVSXLIV KSPHGEVV]MRK ¾YMHW8LMWEWWSGMEXMSRMWFIWXHIZIPSTIHMRXLI/EPKSSVPMIERH IEWXIVR/YVREPTMXIVVERIWMRXLI)+78ERHXLI]SYRKGVYWXEPHSQEMRMRXLI=8[LIVIXLIVIMWIZMHIRGI JSVFSXLTPYQIVIPEXIHERHWYFHYGXMSRHIVMZIHQEKQEXMWQ-XMWTSWWMFPIXLEXXLIEFWIRGISJEGVMXMGEP JIEXYVI WYGLEWTPYQIVIPEXIHOSQEXMMXIWMRXLI³]SYRK´GVYWXEPFIPXSVWMKRM½GERXQERXPIHIVMZIH1E½G KVERMXIW TSXIRXMEPP]HIGVIEWIWXLIQIXEPMRZIRXSV]ERHSVXLIEFMPMX]XSI\XVEGXJIVXMPIQEXIVMEPHYVMRK SVSKIR]QEOMRKXLIWIGVYWXEPHSQEMRWPIWWTVSWTIGXMZI Acknowledgements The authors wish to acknowledge that many of the results presented here were made possible through ERYQFIVSJMRHYWXV]JYRHIH%1-6%TVSNIGXWIWTIGMEPP]4ERH48LIEYXLSVW[SYPHEPWSPMOI XSEGORS[PIHKIGS[SVOIVWJVSQXLI9RMZIVWMX]SJ;IWXIVR%YWXVEPME1EVO&EVPI]7XYEVX&VS[R-ER

pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

*PIXGLIV 7XITLIR +EVHSPP (EZMH +VSZIW &V]ER /VETI^ 2IEP 1G2EYKLXSR .ER (YRTL] +ISWGMIRGI %YWXVEPME6MGLEVH&PI[IXX%RXLSR]&YHH/EVSP'^EVRSXE4EYP,IRWSR8ER]E*SQMR2EXEPMI/SWMXGMR %PER;LMXEOIV ERH XLI +ISPSKMGEP 7YVZI] SJ;IWXIVR%YWXVEPME &VYGI +VSIRI[EPH ,YKL 7QMXLMIW 1EVXMR:ER/VERIRHSRO7XIZI;]GLI References

&EVPI]1)/VETIç&&VS[R7.%,ERH. 'EW6%*1MRIVEPMWIHZSPGERMGERHWIHMQIRXEV] WYGGIWWMSRW MR XLI )EWXIVR +SPH½IPHW 4VSZMRGI;IWXIVR%YWXVEPME%YWXVEPMER 1MRIVEP -RHYWXV] 6IWIEVGL%WWSGMEXMSR4VSNIGX4*MREP6ITSVXTT

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&EVPI]1)&VS[R7.%'EW6%*'EWWMH]/*'LEQTMSR('+EVHSPP7. /VETIç&%R integrated geological and metallogenic framework for the eastern Yilgarn Craton: developing KISH]REQMG QSHIPW SJ LMKLP] QMRIVEPMWIH %VGLEIER KVERMXIKVIIRWXSRI XIVVERIW %YWXVEPMER 1MRIVEP-RHYWXV]6IWIEVGL%WWSGMEXMSR4VSNIGX4*MREP6ITSVXTT

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pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

*PIXGLIV-6(YRTL].1'EWWMH]/* 'LEQTMSR(''SQTMPEXMSRSJ7,6-1494FKISGLVSRSPSK] HEXE=MPKEVR'VEXSR;IWXIVR%YWXVEPME+ISWGMIRGI%YWXVEPME6IGSVHTT

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pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

Architecture: Mapping the distribution of alteration: what different geophysical techniques can reveal

R. CHOPPING pmd*CRC+ISWGMIRGI%YWXVEPME+43&S\'ERFIVVE%'8 6MGLEVH'LSTTMRK$KEKSZEY

Introduction

8SYRHIVWXERHXLITSXIRXMEPSJKISTL]WMGEPXIGLRMUYIWXSQETXLIHMWXVMFYXMSRSJGLIQMGEPEPXIVEXMSR [IQYWX½VWXPSSOEXXLI½VWXTVMRGMTPIWSJKISTL]WMGEPVIWTSRWIW+ISTL]WMGEPVIWTSRWIWSFWIVZIHF] KVEZMX]QEKRIXMGSVWIMWQMGVI¾IGXMSRWYVZI]WEVMWIJVSQEGSRXVEWXMRTL]WMGEPTVSTIVXMIWWYGLEWHIRWMX] QEKRIXMGWYWGITXMFMPMX]SVEGSYWXMGMQTIHERGI XLITVSHYGXSJHIRWMX]ERHWIMWQMGZIPSGMX]

4L]WMGEPTVSTIVXMIWWYGLEWHIRWMX]QEKRIXMGWYWGITXMFMPMX]SVWIMWQMGZIPSGMX]MRGV]WXEPPMRIFEWIQIRXMR [LMGLXLIQENSVMX]SJSVIHITSWMXWSGGYVEVIGSRXVSPPIHTVIHSQMRERXP]F]XLIQMRIVEPSK]SJXLIVSGOW +YqKYIR 4EPGMEYWOEW -XMWJSVXLMWVIEWSRXLEXJSVI\EQTPI[IMQEKIKVERMXIFSHMIWEWPS[IV KVEZMX]VIWTSRWIWERHFEWEPXWEWLMKLIVKVEZMX]VIWTSRWIW 8IPJSVHIXEP 2SXIXLEXXLIQMRIVEPSK] SJEVSGOHSIWRSXHITIRHNYWXSRXLITVMQEV]VSGOX]TI GLIQMGEPEPXIVEXMSR[MPPEPWSMR¾YIRGIXLI QMRIVEPSK]SJEVSGO9RHIVWXERHMRKXLIGLERKIWMRTL]WMGEPTVSTIVXMIWTVSHYGIHF]GLIQMGEPEPXIVEXMSR MWTEVEQSYRXXSYRHIVWXERHMRKLS[KISTL]WMGWGERQETEPXIVEXMSRHMWXVMFYXMSR The physical property changes that can be attributed to alteration have been examined at the St Ives Gold 1MRIERH7YRVMWI(EQ1MRIMRXLI)EWXIVR+SPH½IPHW=MPKEVR'VEXSR;IWXIVR%YWXVEPME%WYQQEV]SJ XLIWI½RHMRKWMWTVIWIRXIHLIVI EQSVIGSQTVILIRWMZIHMWGYWWMSRMWMR'LSTTMRK F %GSQTEVMWSR FIX[IIRRYQIVMGEPQSHIPPMRKVIWYPXW QIXLSHSPSK]EJXIV'LSTTMRK 'PIZIVPI]XLMWZSPYQI ERHER L]TSXLIWMWVIKEVHMRKXLIWMKREXYVISJ¾YMH¾S[ERHWIMWQMGVI¾IGXMSRTVS½PIWMR0EZIVXSR 'LSTTMRK E [MPPEPWSFIHMWGYWWIHFIPS[ Physical properties at the St Ives Gold Mine A study of the physical properties of a 1km deep drillhole at the St Ives Gold Mine shows that anomalous TL]WMGEPTVSTIVX]GLERKIWGERFIEXXVMFYXIHXSGLIQMGEPEPXIVEXMSR%QIXLSHLEWFIIRHIZIPSTIH ³XLI EPXIVEXMSRGSRI´ XSMHIRXMJ]XLIWI^SRIWJVSQTL]WMGEPTVSTIVXMIW8LIEPXIVEXMSRGSRIVITVIWIRXWEPMQMXIH ½IPHSREWGEXXIVTPSXSJX[STL]WMGEPTVSTIVXMIW[MXLMR[LMGLXLIEPXIVIHWEQTPIW[MPPTPSX%XXLIETI\ SJXLIGSRIEVIXLITL]WMGEPTVSTIVXMIWGSVVIWTSRHMRKXSXLIEPXIVEXMSREWWIQFPEKI XLISTIRIRHSJXLI GSRIGSZIVWEPMQMXIH½IPH[LMGLGSRXEMRWXLITVSTIVXMIWSJYREPXIVIHWEQTPIWSVWEQTPIW[MXLEZIV] PS[TVSTSVXMSRSJEPXIVEXMSR8LIGSRGITXSJXLIEPXIVEXMSRGSRIMWHIWGVMFIHMR'LSTTMRK F

3JTEVXMGYPEVRSXIEQXLMGO^SRIJVSQXLMWHVMPPLSPI[LMGLGSRXEMRWEWMKRM½GERXTVSTSVXMSRSJQYWGSZMXI EWMHIRXM½IHMRE,]0SKKIVWXYH]F]=ERK WLS[WTL]WMGEPTVSTIVXMIW[LMGLEVIGSRWMWXIRX[MXL

pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

EPXIVEXMSRXSEQYWGSZMXIT]VVLSXMXIEWWIQFPEKI7EQTPIWPSKKIHF]GSQTER]KISPSKMWXWJSVEPXIVEXMSR to either pyrite or pyrrhotite also consistently follow the trends suggested by the alteration cone QIXLSHSPSK] *MKYVI %PWSX[SREVVS[^SRIW[MXLMRXLI(IZSR'SRWSPW&EWEPXMRXIVWIGXIHF]XLMW LSPIWLS[TL]WMGEPTVSTIVXMIW[LMGLEVIGSRWMWXIRX[MXLEPXIVEXMSRXSWMKRM½GERXTSVXMSRWSJT]VVLSXMXI *MKYVI

Figure 1: Seismic velocity-density and magnetic Figure 2: Seismic velocity-density and magnetic- susceptibility-density plots for samples logged as an susceptibility-density plots for samples logged as YRGPEWWM½IH MRXIVQIHMEXI VSGO MR E HIIT HVMPPLSPI Devon Consols basalt, in a deep drillhole at the St EX XLI 7X -ZIW +SPH 1MRI8LMW MRXIVWIGXMSR MW QSWX -ZIW +SPH 1MRI8[S W]QFSPW PMKLX ERH HEVO KVI] likely a basal volcaniclastic rock in the Black Flag diamonds, represent two intervals which show very beds. Two different symbols, light and dark grey ERSQEPSYWTL]WMGEPTVSTIVXMIW¯XLI]TPSXWMKRM½GERXP] diamonds, represent intervals logged to contain pyrite E[E] JVSQ XLI VIWXVMGXIH ½IPH SJ SXLIV WEQTPIW ERHT]VVLSXMXIF]+SPH*MIPHWI\TPSVEXMSRKISPSKMWXW (dashed oval, inferred to represent the properties of 8LIWIWEQTPIWJSPPS[XLIXVIRHWI\TIGXIHJSVT]VMXI YREPXIVIHSVPIEWXEPXIVIH(IZSR'SRWSPWFEWEPX ERH and pyrrhotite alteration, denoted by light and grey can be inferred, by the alteration cone methodology, dashed lines representing alteration cones for this to represent samples altered to pyrrhotite. This type unit. Black diamonds represent samples inferred of alteration can be inferred to be distal alteration JVSQ E ,]0SKKIV WXYH] =ERK XS GSRXEMR E XSEQMRIVEPMWMRKW]WXIQ 2IYQE]VIXEP 8LI WMKRM½GERX TVSTSVXMSR SJ QYWGSZMXI XLIWI EVI QSWX :MGXSV](I½ERGIKSPHGEQT[LMGLGSRXEMRWEVSYRH WMQTP] I\TPEMRIH F] EPXIVEXMSR XS ER EWWIQFPEKI million ounces of gold, is located some 3 km west of containing both pyrrhotite and muscovite. this drillhole.

18 pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

8LIWI VIWYPXW TVSZMHI GSR½HIRGI XLEX GLIQMGEP EPXIVEXMSR GER ERH HSIW TVSHYGI WMKRM½GERX TL]WMGEP TVSTIVX]GSRXVEWXW8LITL]WMGEPTVSTIVX]GSRXVEWXWEVIWYGLXLEXWLSYPHXLIEPXIVEXMSRFIZSPYQIXVMGEPP] WMKRM½GERXXLIWI^SRIWSJEPXIVEXMSRGERFIHIXIGXIHMRKISTL]WMGEPWYVZI]W2IYQE]VIXEP WYKKIWX XLEXXLIVIQE]FIFIX[IIRERH WYPTLMHI T]VMXISVT]VVLSXMXI EPXIVEXMSRHMWXEPXSKSPHW]WXIQW SJXLI=MPKEVR'VEXSR8LMWHMWXEPEPXIVEXMSR[SYPHWIVZIXSWPMKLXP]MRGVIEWIXLIKVEZMX]VIWTSRWI[MXL VIWTIGXXSXLIFEGOKVSYRH YREPXIVIH VIWTSRWI8LMWGSVVIPEXIW[MXLXLIMRGVIEWIWMRKVEZMX]VIWTSRWI [MXLVIWTIGXXSXLIYREPXIVIHVIWTSRWIEWSFWIVZIHJVSQRYQIVMGEPQSHIPW 'LSTTMRKERH'PIZIVPI] XLMWZSPYQI The physical property results for St Ives also indicate that density-magnetic susceptibility relationships EVIZIV]HMJJIVIRXJSVXLIJSPPS[MRKEPXIVEXMSRQMRIVEPWQEKRIXMXIQSRSGPMRMG QEKRIXMG T]VVLSXMXIERH T]VMXISVLI\EKSREP RSRQEKRIXMG T]VVLSXMXI3XLIVQMRIVEPW[LMGLQE]FIMHIRXM½IHF]XLIMVYRMUYI physical property signatures include hematite (very dense and approximately as magnetic as pyrite) ERHMPQIRMXI WMQMPEVHIRWMX]XSQEKRIXMGT]VVLSXMXIERHWPMKLXP]QSVIQEKRIXMG 2SXIXLEXHIRWMX]ERH QEKRIXMGWYWGITXMFMPMX]QSHIPWGERFITVSHYGIHJSVKVEZMX]ERHQEKRIXMGMRZIVWMSRWVIWTIGXMZIP] LIRGI TSXIRXMEP½IPHMRZIVWMSRWGSYPHFIYWIHXSXEVKIXXLIVIPIZERXEPXIVEXMSRQMRIVEPW %PXIVEXMSRIJJIGXWZMWMFPIMRVIKMSREPWIMWQMGVI¾IGXMSRTVS½PIW 7SQIVI¾IGXMSRWMRVIKMSREPWIMWQMGTVS½PIWEVIQSWXPMOIP]HYIXSGLIQMGEPEPXIVEXMSREPSRK¾YMH¾S[ TEXL[E]W (VYQQSRHIXEP 'LSTTMRKE %RMRXIVTVIXEXMSRSJETSVXMSRSJXLI%+72= WIMWQMGPMRI +SPIF]IXEP [LMGLTEWWIWXLVSYKLXLI0EZIVXSRXS[RWLMTWYKKIWXWXLEXXLIWI¾YMH ¾S[VI¾IGXMSRWEVIMQEKIHEWLMKLIVETTEVIRXJVIUYIRG] *MKYVI¯EJXIV'LSTTMRKE

*MKYVI-RXIVTVIXEXMSRSJXLI%+72=WIMWQMGPMRI*EYPXWERHPMXLSPSKMGEPGSRXEGXW [LMXIPMRIW EVIEJXIV ,IRWSRIXEP ERHEVIEFFVIZMEXIHEWJSPPS[W;&¯FEWISJ;EPPEF]&EWMR ',¯'LMPHI,EVSPH*EYPX *)¯*EV)EWX*EYPX &;¯&EVRMGSEX ;IWX *EYPX &)¯&EVRMGSEX )EWX *EYPX %7¯%TSPPS7LIEV8LI0EZIVXSR XS[RWLMTMWPSGEXIHHMVIGXP]EFSZIXLIKETMRVI¾IGXMZMX]RIEVXLIWYVJEGINYWXXSXLIWSYXL[IWXSJ[LIVIXLI 'LMPHI,EVSPH*EYPXQIIXWXLIWYVJEGI XSTSJ½KYVI &PEGOPMRIWEVIMRXIVTVIXIH³LMKL´JVIUYIRG]ERHVIPEXMZIP] PMRIEVKISQIXV]VI¾IGXMSRW[LMGL'LSTTMRK E MRXIVTVIXIHXSFIQSWXPMOIP]HYIXS¾YMH¾S[MRXLI region.

8LITVSFEFPIWIMWQMGVIWTSRWISJERYQIVMGEPQSHIPSJKSPHJSVQEXMSR 'PIZIVPI]IXEP YWMRKXLI QIXLSHSPSK]SJ'LSTTMRKERH'PIZIVPI] XLMWZSPYQI WYTTSVXWXLIL]TSXLIWMWXLEXXLIWIVI¾IGXMSRW EVIHYIXSGLIQMGEPEPXIVEXMSR8LIEGSYWXMGMQTIHERGIWIGXMSREJXIVXLIWMQYPEXMSRSJGLIQMGEPEPXIVEXMSR WLS[WXLEXXLIVIEVIHMWXMRGXVI¾IGXSVWMRXLIJEYPX[LMGLLEZIEGXIHEW¾YMHGSRHYMXW8LIWIVI¾IGXSVWHS RSXETTIEVJSVXLIYREPXIVIHQSHIPERHXLYWEVIHYIXSGLIQMGEPEPXIVEXMSR8LIVI¾IGXSVWEVIXLMRERH [SYPHWIVZIXSGLERKIXLIWIMWQMGGLEVEGXIVEVSYRHXLIJEYPXTVSHYGMRKWMQMPEVVI¾IGXMSRWEWXSXLSWI WIIRMRXLI0EZIVXSRVIKMSR

pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

Preliminary seismic velocity measurements on samples from Sunrise Dam indicate that the Sunrise Shear EREPXIVIHWXVYGXYVI[LMGLLEWWIIRGSRWMHIVEFPI¾YMH¾S[ LEWXLITSXIRXMEPXSFIMQEKIHYWMRKWIMWQMG QIXLSHW *MKYVI 8LIWIMWQMGGLEVEGXIVSJXLI7YRVMWI7LIEVHITIRHWLIEZMP]SRMXWETTEVIRXXLMGORIWW -RKIRIVEPVI¾IGXMSRW[MPPSGGYVJVSQXLIXSTERHFSXXSQSJEXLMGO^SRIEWWYQMRKXLIXLMGORIWWMW KVIEXIVXLERöSJXLIWIMWQMG[EZIPIRKXL-RXLIGEWISJVIKMSREPWIMWQMGVI¾IGXMSRTVS½PIWXLIEZIVEKI GVYWXEPZIPSGMX]MWOQWERHXLIQEMRJVIUYIRG]MWb,^]MIPHMRKE[EZIPIRKXLSJQ8LYWMJ XLI7YRVMWI7LIEVMWGLIQMGEPP]EPXIVIHSZIVEXLMGORIWWSJPIWWXLERQMX[SYPHETTIEVEWEWMRKPI VI¾IGXMSR[LMGLTVSHYGIWERETTEVIRXLMKLJVIUYIRG]VI¾IGXMSRPMOIXLSWISFWIVZIHMRXLIVIKMSREP 0EZIVXSRWIMWQMGPMRIW

Sunrise Dam, V p versus Density April2006 sampling trip 6.75 vv 1 p 2 p R 1 2 Isoimpedence contours vv Altered ore 1 p 2 p 1 2 Andesite (isotropic) 6.5

) Iron formation -1 D o le rite (is o tro p ic ) = Porphyry 6.25 = = S am p le pa rallel to fa b ric Sample perpendicular = to fab ric

6 @200 MPa (km_s

p V 5.75

Reflection coefficient 5.5

5.25 If R ≥ 0 .06 , the tw o

samples willproduce a -3 Density(tm ) strong reflection. 5 2 .0 2 .2 2 .4 2 .6 2 .8 3 .0 3 .2 3 .4 3 .6 3 .8 4 .0

Figure 4: Preliminary seismic velocity-density results from the samples from Sunrise Dam, collected in April 7EQTPIWTPSXXMRKSREHNEGIRXMWSMQTIHERGIGSRXSYVWLEZIEVI¾IGXMSRGSIJ½GMIRXSJERH[MPP TVSHYGIEWXVSRKVI¾IGXMSRMRWIMWQMGHEXE 7EPMWFYV]IXEP XLIJSVQYPEJSVGEPGYPEXMRKXLIVI¾IGXMSR GSIJ½GMIRX 6 SJX[SWEQTPIWMWEPWSWLS[R8LIVIETTIEVWXSFIEQSHIVEXIEGSYWXMGMQTIHERGIGSRXVEWX FIX[IIRYREPXIVIHVSGOW GMVGPIWWUYEVIW ERHWEQTPIWJVSQ[MXLMRXLI7YRVMWI7LIEV HMEQSRHW WYKKIWXMRK WXVYGXYVIWWYGLEWXLI7YRVMWI7LIEVGSYPHFIMQEKIHMRWIMWQMGHEXEEWQSHIVEXIXSWXVSRKVI¾IGXMSRW1SWX samples are moderately anisotropic, that is, the velocity changes with orientation, and the samples from the Sunrise Shear are the most anisotropic of these samples. The anisotropy of the samples from the Sunrise 7LIEVQIERWXLEXXLIVI¾IGXMZMX]SJXLI7YRVMWI7LIEV[MPPZEV][MXLXLIERKPISJXLIWXVYGXYVIXSXLIMRGSQMRK seismic energy.

20 pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

Implications for alteration mapping using geophysics

4L]WMGEPTVSTIVX]WXYHMIWTIVJSVQIHMRXLI)EWXIVR+SPH½IPHWSJXLI=MPKEVR'VEXSR;IWXIVR%YWXVEPME MRHMGEXIXLEXGLIQMGEPEPXIVEXMSRGERTVSHYGITL]WMGEPTVSTIVX]GSRXVEWXW[LMGLEVIWMKRM½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here are several ways in which chemical alteration can be detected using geophysics:

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¾IGXMSR WYVZI]W GER GSRXEMR VI¾IGXMSRW [LMGL EVI PMOIP] XS FI XLI VIWYPX of chemical alteration (supported by both numerical chemical models and hand-specimen QIEWYVIQIRXW ERH 8LIGSQFMREXMSRSJQEKRIXMGERHKVEZMX]MRZIVWMSRVIWYPXWXSTVSHYGIEGSRWMWXIRXWYFWYVJEGI HIRWMX]QEKRIXMGWYWGITXMFMPMX]GSYPHFIYWIHXSMRXIVTVIXWSQIEPXIVEXMSRQMRIVEPWEWXLIVIWYPXW of these inversions are physical properties and thus can be interpreted as per other physical TVSTIVX]WXYHMIW

Acknowledgements

8LI[SVOGSRXEMRIHMRXLMWEFWXVEGXVI¾IGXWEHMWXMPPEXMSRSJMHIEWJVSQpmd*CRC4VSNIGX%[MXLWSQI GLIQMGEPQSHIPPMRKJVSQ4VSNIGX14VSNIGX%[SYPHRSXLEZIFIIRTSWWMFPI[MXLSYXWXVSRKMRHYWXV] support from the pmd*CRCWTSRWSVW8LVIIWTSRWSVWMRTEVXMGYPEVWXVSRKP]WYTTSVXIHXLITVSNIGXREQIP] %RKPS+SPH%WLERXM&EVVMGO+SPHERH+SPH*MIPHW-RXIVREXMSREP2/SWMXGMR6./SVWGLERH%7GLS½IPH TVSZMHIHGSRWXVYGXMZIVIZMI[W References

'LSTTMRK 6 E 7IMWQMG³QETTMRK´ SJ ¾YMH TEXL[E]W JSV XLI [SVPHGPEWW KSPH QMRIVEP W]WXIQ EX 0EZIVXSR-R&EVRMGSEX%' /SVWGL6.IHW4VIHMGXMZI1MRIVEP(MWGSZIV]'SSTIVEXMZI6IWIEVGL 'IRXVI ¯ )\XIRHIH%FWXVEGXW JVSQ XLI%TVMP 'SRJIVIRGI+ISWGMIRGI%YWXVEPME6IGSVH

'LSTTMRK6F4VSNIGX%6ITSVX8LIVIPEXMSRWLMTFIX[IIREPXIVEXMSRERHTL]WMGEPTVSTIVXMIWEX XLI7X-ZIW+SPH1MRI;IWXIVR%YWXVEPME4VIHMGXMZI1MRIVEP(MWGSZIV]'SSTIVEXMZI6IWIEVGL Centre (pmd*CRC 1IPFSYVRI%YWXVEPMETT

'PIZIVPI].7,SVRF]4 4SYPIX8 4QH68'SQFMRIH¾YMHLIEXERHGLIQMGEPQSHIPPMRKERHMXW ETTPMGEXMSRXS=MPKEVRKISPSK]-R&EVRMGSEX%' /SVWGL6.IHW4VIHMGXMZI1MRIVEP(MWGSZIV] 'SSTIVEXMZI6IWIEVGL'IRXVI¯)\XIRHIH%FWXVEGXWJVSQXLI%TVMP'SRJIVIRGI+ISWGMIRGI %YWXVEPME6IGSVH

21 pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

'SKKSR.1EKRIXMWQ¯XLIOI]XSXLI;EPPEF]HITSWMX)\TPSVEXMSR+ISTL]WMGW

(VYQQSRH&.,SFFW&) +SPIF]&68LIVSPISJGVYWXEP¾YMHWMRXLIXIGXSRMGIZSPYXMSRSJ XLI)EWXIVR+SPH½IPHW4VSZMRGISJXLI%VGLEIER=MPKEVR'VEXSR;IWXIVR%YWXVEPME)EVXL4PERIXW 7TEGI

+SPIF] &6 &PI[IXX 67 +VSIRI[EPH 4& 'EWWMH] /* 'LEQTMSR (' .SRIW 0)% /SVWGL 6. 7LIZGLIROS 7 %TEO 7 2 8LI 2SVXLIEWXIVR=MPKEVR (IIT 7IMWQMG 6I¾IGXMSR 7YVZI]+ISWGMIRGI%YWXVEPME6IGSVHTT

+YqKYIR= 4EPGMEYWOEW: -RXVSHYGXMSR XS XLI 4L]WMGW SJ 6SGOW 4VMRGIXSR 9RMZIVWMX] 4VIWW TT

,IRWSR4&PI[IXX67'LEQTMSR('+SPIF]&6 '^EVRSXE/8S[EVHWEYRM½IHEVGLMXIGXYVI SJXLI0EZIVXSR6IKMSR;%-R&EVRMGSEX%' /SVWGL6.IHW4VIHMGXMZI1MRIVEP(MWGSZIV] 'SSTIVEXMZI6IWIEVGL'IRXVII\XIRHIHEFWXVEGXWJVSQXLI%TVMP'SRJIVIRGI+ISWGMIRGI %YWXVEPME6IGSVH

2IYQE]V4;EPWLI.0 ,EKIQERR7'EQTXS(ITSWMX7GEPI%PXIVEXMSR*SSXTVMRXWMRXLI /EPKSSVPMI/EQFEPHE%VIEpmd*CRC4VSNIGX=*MREP6ITSVXLXXT[[[TQHGVGGSQEY½REPC VITSVXWCTVSNIGX=LXQP

7EPMWFYV]1,1MPOIVIMX&%WGSYKL+%HEMV61EXXLI[W07GLQMXX(61[IRMJYQFS.)EXSR(; ;Y.4L]WMGEP TVSTIVXMIW ERH WIMWQMG MQEKMRK SJ QEWWMZI WYP½HIW+ISTL]WMGW

8IPJSVH;1+IPHEVX04 7LIVMJJ6)%TTPMIH+ISTL]WMGW 7IGSRH)HMXMSR 'EQFVMHKI9RMZIVWMX] 4VIWW'EQFVMHKIT

=ERK/1MRIVEPSKMGEP-RXIVTVIXEXMSRSJ,]0SKKMRK(EXEJSV(VMPPLSPIWJVSQXLI'SRUYIVSV(ITSWMX SJXLI7X-ZIW+SPH½IPH;%'7-63)\TPSVEXMSRERH1MRMRK6ITSVX4

22 pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

Flowpaths and Drivers: Creating forward geophysical models from reactive transport simulations

R. CHOPPING1 AND J.S. CLEVERLEY2

1pmd*CRC+ISWGMIRGI%YWXVEPME+43&S\'ERFIVVE%'8 2pmd*CRC'SQTYXEXMSREP+ISWGMIRGI+VSYT'7-63)\TPSVEXMSR 1MRMRK43&S\&IRXPI] ;% 6MGLEVH'LSTTMRK$KEKSZEY

Introduction

+ISTL]WMGEP VIWTSRWIW WYGL EW KVEZMX] XSXEP QEKRIXMG MRXIRWMX] SV WIMWQMG VI¾IGXMSRW VIWYPX JVSQ WTEXMEPZEVMEXMSRWMRTL]WMGEPTVSTIVXMIWWYGLEWHIRWMX]QEKRIXMGWYWGITXMFMPMX]SVEGSYWXMGMQTIHERGI SJ XLI TVIWIRXHE] WYFWYVJEGI8LI TL]WMGEP TVSTIVXMIW SJ XLI WYFWYVJEGI EVI E JYRGXMSR SJ XLI TVMSV KISPSKMGEPLMWXSV]SJXLIVIKMSR-RFEWIQIRXXIVVERIW[LIVIQSWXQMRIVEPHITSWMXWEVIPSGEXIHXLI physical properties are primarily controlled by the mineralogy of the rocks in the subsurface (Guéguen 4EPGMEYWOEW 8LMWQMRIVEPSK]MRXYVRMWGSRXVSPPIHF]TVMQEV]PMXLSPSK]EW[IPPEWER]GLIQMGEP EPXIVEXMSRSZIVTVMRX

8LITQH68VIEGXMZIXVERWTSVX 68 QSHIPPMRKGSHIXLVSYKLMXWWMQYPEXMSRWSJLIEXERH¾YMH¾S[ERH GLIQMGEPVIEGXMSRWTVSHYGIWQSHIPWSJQMRIVEPSK]XLEXZEV]FSXLWTEXMEPP]ERHXIQTSVEPP] ,SVRF] 4SYPIX 8LIWIQSHIPWSJQMRIVEPSK]GERFIYWIHXSTVSHYGITL]WMGEPTVSTIVX]QSHIPWERHLIRGI predict the geophysical response of the alteration system which has been simulated by the chosen VIEGXMZIXVERWTSVXQSHIP This abstract describes a method which calculates potential geophysical responses of a reactive transport QSHIPERHTVSZMHIWEWMQTPII\EQTPISJETTP]MRKXLMWQIXLSHXSEQSHIPWMQYPEXMRKKSPHHITSWMXMSR 'PIZIVPI]IXEP 1SVIHIXEMPIHEREP]WMWSJXLITSWWMFPIKISTL]WMGEPWMKREXYVIWSJXLMWQSHIPEVI KMZIRF]'LSTTMRK %GSQTEVMWSRSJXLIWIWMKREXYVIW[MXLEORS[RQMRIVEPMWIHVIKMSRMWHMWGYWWIH F]'LSTTMRKIXEP Creating physical property models from an RT model

%RYQFIVSJQIXLSHWXSGEPGYPEXITL]WMGEPTVSTIVXMIWJVSQQMRIVEPSK]EVIMRXLITYFPMWLIHPMXIVEXYVI ;I[MPPHMWGYWWWSQISJXLIWIQIXLSHWJSVXLVIIOI]TL]WMGEPTVSTIVXMIWHIRWMX]QEKRIXMGWYWGITXMFMPMX] ERHWIMWQMGZIPSGMX]*YVXLIVHMWGYWWMSRERHMQTPIQIRXEXMSRWSJWSQISJXLIWIQIXLSHWEVITVSZMHIHMR 'LSTTMRK Density

(IRWMX]HI½RIHEWXLIQEWWTIVYRMXZSPYQISJQEXIVMEPMWXLIWMQTPIWXTL]WMGEPTVSTIVX]XSGEPGYPEXI ERHXLYWMWRSXHMWGYWWIHMRXLIPMXIVEXYVI%WWYQMRKXLIQEXIVMEPHSIWRSXGSRXEMRER]TSVSWMX]XLIR XLIGEPGYPEXIHHIRWMX]MWXLIFYPOSVQEXIVMEPHIRWMX] )QIVWSR *SVXLITYVTSWIWSJYWMRKKVEZMX] WYVZI]WMRXLII\TPSVEXMSRSJQMRIVEPHITSWMXWXLIFYPOHIRWMX]MWXLITVSTIVX]VIUYMVIHJSVGEPGYPEXMRK XLIKVEZMX]VIWTSRWI

23 pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

Reactive transport models specify the mineralogy of the solid phases as the number of moles of each QMRIVEPTIVRSHI(I½RIHMRXLIGLIQMGEPW]WXIQWTIGM½GEXMSRSJXLIQSHIPEVIXLIQSPEVZSPYQI ERHQSPEVQEWWJSVIEGLQMRIVEP[LMGLGERFIYWIHXSGEPGYPEXIXLIQEWWERHZSPYQISJIEGLQMRIVEP GSQTSRIRXSJXLIQMRIVEPSK]JSVIEGLRSHI8LIHIRWMX]SJIEGLRSHIMWWMQTP]WTIGM½IHF]XLIXSXEP QEWWHMZMHIHF]XLIXSXEPZSPYQISJWSPMHQEXIVMEPEXIEGLRSHI

8LIKVEZMX]VIWTSRWIHITIRHWEPWSSRXLIHIRWMX]GSRXVEWX[MXLVIWTIGXXSXLIIRXMVIGVYWX1SWXKVEZMX] QETWEVIFEWIHSRXLI&SYKYIVGSVVIGXIHKVEZMX][LMGLEWWYQIWEGSRWXERXGVYWXEPHIRWMX]SJ OKQ 8IPJSVHIXEP 8STVSHYGIETL]WMGEPTVSTIVX]QSHIP[LMGL[SYPHWMQYPEXIXLI&SYKYIV VIWTSRWIXLIFYPOHIRWMX]RIIHWXSFIGSVVIGXIHXSXLI&SYKYIVHIRWMX]

&SYKYIVHIRWMX]GSRXVEWX!FYPOHIRWMX]¯2670 kgm-3 Magnetic susceptibility

1EKRIXMGWYWGITXMFMPMX]MWEHMQIRWMSRPIWWGSRWXERXXLEXVIPEXIWXLIMRHYGMRKQEKRIXMG½IPHXSXLIQEKRIXMG ½IPHTVSHYGIHF]EQEKRIXMGQEXIVMEP1EKRIXMGWYWGITXMFMPMXMIW KIRIVEPP]HIRSXIHF]XLIW]QFSPO EVI TVIHSQMRERXP]MR¾YIRGIHF]QEKRIXMXIMPQIRMXIERHSVT]VVLSXMXIGSRXIRX[LMGLEVIXLIXLVIIQSWX JIVVSQEKRIXMGQMRIVEPW7SQITEVEQEKRIXMGQEXIVMEPWWYGLEWUYEVX^LEZIRIKPMKMFPIXSRIKEXMZIQEKRIXMG WYWGITXMFMPMXMIW *SV QSHIPPMRK QEKRIXMG VIWTSRWI XLIWI EVI EWWYQIH XS FI TEVXMGYPEVP] WQEPP XLEX MW kquartzb to 10 MR7-YRMXW 8IPJSVHIXEP The simplest method to calculate the magnetic susceptibility from mineralogy is to assume that it is a PMRIEVEZIVEKI[IMKLXIHF]XLIZSPYQIXVMGTVSTSVXMSRSJXLIQEKRIXMGWYWGITXMFMPMX]SJIEGLQMRIVEP 8LMWMWERETTVSTVMEXIQIXLSHJSVGSRGIRXVEXMSRWSJQEKRIXMXIYTXSb F]ZSPYQI%FSZIXLMWXLI QEKRIXMGHSQEMRWHSRSXGSQFMRIPMRIEVP] 7LERHPI] &EGSR *ERRMRIXEP Other empirically derived formulae exist to calculate magnetic susceptibility based on magnetite content IK;IVRIV 1SSRI] &PIMJYWW +VERX ;IWX 4EVEWRMW 8LIWIQIXLSHWGERFI applied to the proportion of all magnetic minerals by using magnetite-equivalent volumes (Shandley & &EGSR volmagnetite equivalent = volmineral × (kmineral/kmagnetite This magnetite-equivalent volume may then be used in place of the magnetite volume in any method that MWFEWIHSRXLIZSPYQITVSTSVXMSRSJQEKRIXMXI SeismicVelocity

7MQMPEVXSQEKRIXMGWYWGITXMFMPMXMIWXLIWIMWQMGZIPSGMX]SJEREVFMXVEV]QMRIVEPSK]GERFIGEPGYPEXIHYWMRK PMRIEVEZIVEKMRK[IMKLXIHF]XLIZSPYQISJXLIQMRIVEPW%RSXLIVQIXLSHKIRIVEPP]REQIHXLIXMQI EZIVEKIHQIXLSH ;]PPMIIXEP MWXSPMRIEVP]EZIVEKIXLIWPS[RIWW v SJIEGLSJXLIQMRIVEPW

1SVIIPEFSVEXIWGLIQIWI\MWXJSVGEPGYPEXMRKWIMWQMGZIPSGMX]JVSQQMRIVEPSK]WYGLEW:SMKX6IYWW,MPP MR&IVV]QER SV,EWLMR7LXVMOQER MR;EXX XLIWIQIXLSHWYXMPMWIXLIIPEWXMGQSHYPMSJXLI QMRIVEPW*SVQMRIVEPWSJQERXPISVMKMRXLIIPEWXMGQSHYPMEVI[IPPHI½RIHXLI]EVIVIUYMVIHMRTYXWXS YRHIVWXERHGLIQMGEPGSQTSWMXMSRWJVSQVIKMSREPERH[LSPIIEVXLWIMWQMGXSQSKVETL]VIWYPXWFYXXLI] EVIRSX[IPPHI½RIHJSVGVYWXEPQMRIVEPW8LIPMRIEVERHXMQIEZIVEKIHQIXLSHWTVSHYGIWMQMPEVVIWYPXW [MXLWSQIWYFXPIHMJJIVIRGIW3YVTVIJIVVIHGLSMGIMWXSYWIXLIPMRIEVEZIVEKMRKSJWIMWQMGZIPSGMXMIWEW MXMWWPMKLXP]WMQTPIVXLERWPS[RIWWEZIVEKMRKXSGSRGITXYEPMWI Calculating the geophysical responses for the model Calculating the gravity and magnetic response can be performed using the forward-modelling components

pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

SJXLI9RMZIVWMX]SJ&VMXMWL'SPYQFME+ISTL]WMGEP-RZIVWMSR*EGMPMX] 9&'+-* TSXIRXMEP½IPHMRZIVWMSR codes grav3d 0M 3PHIRFYVK ERHmag3d 0M 3PHIRFYVK 8SGEPGYPEXIXLIKVEZMX]SV QEKRIXMGVIWTSRWIXLI68QSHIPQYWXFIWEQTPIHSREVIKYPEVKVMH%WYMXEFPIMRXIVTSPEXMSRQIXLSHXS best preserve the resolution and to limit the introduction of artefacts is the natural neighbour algorithm 3[IR

*SV(68QSHIPWXLIVIKYPEVKVMHQYWXFII\XIRHIHMRXSXLIXLMVHHMQIRWMSRXSEHIUYEXIP]GEPGYPEXI XLIKVEZMX]VIWTSRWI8LIVIQE]EPWSFIIHKIIJJIGXWXLEXVIWYPXJVSQQEWWGLERKIWSJJXSXLIWMHI MRXLMW GEWIMXMWHIWMVEFPIXSQMVVSVXLITL]WMGEPTVSTIVX]QSHIPSRIMXLIVWMHI The seismic response of the RT model is considerably more complex to forward-model than the gravity SVQEKRIXMGVIWTSRWIW3RIWMQTPIQIXLSHXSMQEKI[LIVIVI¾IGXMSRWQE]EVMWIJVSQEREVFMXVEV] EGSYWXMGMQTIHERGIQSHIPMWXSI\EQMRIEZIVXMGEPVI¾IGXMSRTVS½PI8SGEPGYPEXIXLMWXLIVI¾IGXMSR GSIJ½GMIRX 7EPMWFYV]IXEP SJIEGLGIPPMWGEPGYPEXIHJSVEGIPPYWMRKXLIEGSYWXMGMQTIHERGISJXLEX GIPPERHXLIGIPPMQQIHMEXIP]FIPS[MX

8SMRXIVTVIXXLIZIVXMGEPVI¾IGXMSRGSIJ½GMIRXQSHIPVI¾IGXMSRGSIJ½GMIRXWKVIEXIVXLERMRKIRIVEP [MPPVIWYPXMREZIV]WXVSRKTSWMXMZIVI¾IGXMSRERHEVI¾IGXMSRGSIJ½GMIRXWQEPPIVXLER[MPPVIWYPX MREZIV]WXVSRKRIKEXMZIVI¾IGXMSR EWWYQMRKZIVXMGEPMRGMHIRGI7EPMWFYV]IXEP 1SVIGSQTPI\ QIXLSHWXSGEPGYPEXIXLIWIMWQMGVIWTSRWISJER68QSHIPEVIFI]SRHXLIWGSTISJXLMWEFWXVEGX% TSWWMFPIWGLIQIGSYPHFIXLEXSJ,SFFW An example: the gravity response of an RT model

*SVXLMWI\EQTPI[IYWIHXLIPMWXVMGJEYPXQSHIPSJ'PIZIVPI]IXEP GVIEXIHTL]WMGEPTVSTIVX] HMWXVMFYXMSRWERHXLIRGEPGYPEXIHXLIHIRWMX]VIWTSRWIJSVEKSPHHITSWMXTVIWIRXP]WMXXMRKEXXLIFEWISJ 100 m of constant low-density (2000 kgm-3 QEXIVMEPXSWMQYPEXIXLIVIKSPMXL8LIMRMXMEP68QSHIP[EW YWIHXSWMQYPEXIERYREPXIVIHEVGLMXIGXYVIERHXLI68QSHIPEJXIVGLIQMGEPEPXIVEXMSRERH¾YMHXVERWTSVX [EWYWIHXSWMQYPEXIEREVGLMXIGXYVIEJXIVEPXIVEXMSR *MKYVI 8LMWQSHIPEPWSLEWFIIRGSQTEVIHXS XLIORS[RKVEZMX]VIWTSRWISZIVEQMRIVEPMWIHVIKMSR 'LSTTMRKIXEP The general pattern of the gravity response over this model is that alteration has increased the density PEXIVEPP]E[E]JVSQXLIWMXISJKSPHHITSWMXMSRERHLEWVIHYGIHXLIKVEZMX]VIWTSRWIHMVIGXP]EFSZI XLI ^SRI SJ KSPH HITSWMXMSR8LMW HIGVIEWI SJ KVEZMX] VIWTSRWI EFSZI XLI WMXI SJ KSPH HITSWMXMSR MW ETTVS\MQEXIP] SJXLIYREPXIVIHVIWTSRWIJSVXLIWEQIVIKMSR[LMGLLEWXLITSXIRXMEPXSFIHIXIGXIH MREKVEZMX]WYVZI]JSVWXEXMSRWTEGMRKWETTVS\MQEXIP]OQETEVX *MKYVI Conclusions The prediction of geophysical responses for geochemical simulations provides a new tool for mineral I\TPSVEXMSR IWTIGMEPP] MR YRHIVGSZIV VIKMSRW8LI GEPGYPEXMSRW EVI PMOIP] XS FI JEWX IRSYKL XS FI MQTPIQIRXIHHMVIGXP]MRXLI68QSHIPPMRKGSHIEPXLSYKLGYVVIRXP]XLI]EVIYXMPMWIHF]GEPGYPEXMRKSR GSQTPIXIH68QSHIPXMQIWXITW&]YWMRKXLIWIQIXLSHWSREWMQTPIVIEGXMZIXVERWTSVXQSHIPXLIVIMW XLITSXIRXMEPXSMHIRXMJ]XEVKIXWYWMRKKISTL]WMGEPQSHIPW7YGLXEVKIXWGSQTEVIJEZSYVEFP][MXLORS[R QMRIVEPMWEXMSREXXLI:MGXSV](I½ERGIVIKMSRSJXLI7X-ZIW+SPH1MRI 'LSTTMRKIXEP Acknowledgements

8LI[SVOGSRXEMRIHMRXLMWEFWXVEGXVI¾IGXWEHMWXMPPEXMSRSJMHIEWJVSQ4VSNIGX%[MXLWSQIGLIQMGEP QSHIPPMRKJVSQ4VSNIGX14VSNIGX%[SYPHRSXLEZIFIIRTSWWMFPI[MXLSYXWXVSRKMRHYWXV]WYTTSVX from the pmd*CRC WTSRWSVW8LVII WTSRWSVW MR TEVXMGYPEV WXVSRKP] WYTTSVXIH XLI TVSNIGX REQIP] %RKPS+SPH%WLERXM&EVVMGO+SPHERH+SPH*MIPHW-RXIVREXMSREP2/SWMXGMR6./SVWGL%'&EVRMGSEXERH 81IM\RIVTVSZMHIHGSRWXVYGXMZIVIZMI[W

pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

40 35 30 25 Density -3 7.5 (tm ) Greenstone Basem ent gneiss 3.10 (~ felsic) 5.0 3.05

2.5 Granite 3.00 A 0.0 2.95 40 35 2.90 30 25 2.85 7.5 2.80

5.0 2.75

2.5 2.70

B 2.65 0.0

40 35 C 30 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Distance along profile (km)

*MKYVI4L]WMGEPTVSTIVX]QSHIPWEJXIVWMQYPEXMSRSJIVSWMSRERHVIKSPMXLJSVQEXMSRSJERYREPXIVIH % ERH EPXIVIH & KSPHQMRIVEPW]WXIQ8LITVS½PIEFSZIIEGLHIRWMX]QSHIPMWXLIGSVVIWTSRHMRKKVEZMX]VIWTSRWIJSV XLEXQSHIP-RKIRIVEPEPXIVEXMSRLEWMRGVIEWIHXLIHIRWMX]SJXLIKVIIRWXSRITEGOEKIMRXLILERKMRK[EPPSJXLI fault. The density has also been increased, although by a smaller amount, in the footwall basement gneiss. The HIRWMX]LEWFIIRHIGVIEWIHJVSQXLIYREPXIVIHHIRWMX]MRXLIZMGMRMX]SJXLIKSPHHITSWMX SZEP XLMWMRGPYHIW EPXIVEXMSREWWSGMEXIH[MXLXLI³GLMQRI]´HMVIGXP]EFSZIXLIKSPHHITSWMX8LMWHIGVIEWIMRHIRWMX]MWGEYWIHF] ERMRGVIEWIMRGEVFSREXIUYEVX^ERHWSQIJIPHWTEVMRXLMWSYX¾S[^SRI'SVVIWTSRHMRKP]XLIVIEVIMRGVIEWIW in the gravity response, with respect to the unaltered gravity response, on either side of the deposit, and a decrease in gravity response directly above the position of the gold deposit. These differences are apparent [LIRXLIX[SKVEZMX]TVS½PIWEVITPSXXIHSRXLIWEQIKVETL '

pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

39 Unaltered, 1 km spacing Unaltered, 4 km spacing 37 Altered, 1 km spacing

35 Altered, 4 km spacing

27 Distance (km) 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

*MKYVI+VEZMX]TVS½PIWSZIVXLI0MWXVMG*EYPX1SHIP 'PIZIVPI]IXEP JSVFSXLXLIEPXIVIHERHYREPXIVIH WGIREVMSW *MKYVI EXX[SHMJJIVIRXWXEXMSRWTEGMRKW8LITVIHMGXMSRSJKISTL]WMGEPVIWTSRWIWSJVIEGXMZI transport models allow the testing of different survey designs, verifying the minimum data spacing required to VIPMEFP]MRXIVTVIXEPXIVEXMSRJIEXYVIW'PIEVP]XLMW½KYVIMRHMGEXIWXLEXXLIWYFXPIHIGVIEWIMRKVEZMX]VIWTSRWI HMVIGXP]SZIVXLIHITSWMXPSGEXMSR ½PPIHSZEP MWSRP]ETTEVIRXYWMRKOQSVFIXXIVKVEZMX]WXEXMSRWTEGMRKW OQWTEGIHKVEZMX]MXQYWXFIRSXIHMWGIVXEMRP]WYJ½GMIRXJSVHI½RMRKXLIKVSWWEVGLMXIGXYVISJXLMWW]WXIQ

References

&IVV]QER.+1M\XYVIXLISVMIWJSVVSGOTVSTIVXMIW-R%LVIRW8.IH6SGOTL]WMGWERHTLEWI VIPEXMSRW%LERHFSSOSJTL]WMGEPGSRWXERXW%QIVMGER+ISTL]WMGEP9RMSR

'LSTTMRK6+ISTL]WMGEPWMKREXYVIWSJEPXIVEXMSRpmd*CRC4VSNIGX%*MREP6ITSVX4VIHMGXMZI 1MRIVEP(MWGSZIV]'SSTIVEXMZI6IWIEVGL'IRXVI TQH'6' 1IPFSYVRITT

'LSTTMRK6'PIZIVPI].7,IRWSR4% 6S]-+6IEGXMZIXVERWTSVXQSHIPWJVSQKISGLIQMWXV] XS KISTL]WMGW XS XEVKIXW -R &PI[IXX 67 IH 'SRGITXW XS XEVKIXW E WGEPIMRXIKVEXIH QMRIVEP W]WXIQWWXYH]SJXLI)EWXIVR=MPKEVR'VEXSRpmd*CRC4VSNIGX=*MREP6ITSVX4VIHMGXMZI1MRIVEP Discovery Cooperative Research Centre (pmd*CRC 1IPFSYVRI

'PIZIVPI].7,SVRF]4 4SYPIX84QH68'SQFMRIH¾YMHLIEXERHGLIQMGEPQSHIPPMRKERHMXW ETTPMGEXMSRXS=MPKEVRKISPSK]-R&EVRMGSEX%' /SVWGL6.IHW4VIHMGXMZI1MRIVEP(MWGSZIV] 'SSTIVEXMZI6IWIEVGL'IRXVI¯)\XIRHIH%FWXVEGXWJVSQXLI%TVMP'SRJIVIRGI+ISWGMIRGI %YWXVEPME6IGSVH

)QIVWSR(;2SXIWSRQEWWTVSTIVXMIWSJVSGOW¯HIRWMX]TSVSWMX]TIVQIEFMPMX])\TPSVEXMSR +ISTL]WMGW

*ERRMR4'7GEMJI&/4 'LEVPIW7;%RI\TIVMQIRXEPWXYH]SJXLIQEKRIXMGWYWGITXMFMPMX]SJ GSPPSMHEPWYWTIRWMSRWSJQEKRIXMXIEWEJYRGXMSRSJTEVXMGPIZSPYQIJVEGXMSR.SYVREPSJ4L]WMGW( %TTPMIH4L]WMGW

+VERX *7 ;IWX +* -RXIVTVIXEXMSR XLISV] MR ETTPMIH KISTL]WMGW 1G+VE[,MPP 2I[=SVO TT

+YqKYIR= 4EPGMEYWOEW: -RXVSHYGXMSR XS XLI TL]WMGW SJ VSGOW 4VMRGIXSR 9RMZIVWMX] 4VIWW TT

pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

,SFFW 6; ( QSHIPPMRK SJ WIMWQMG [EZI TVSTEKEXMSR YWMRK GSQTPI\ IPEWXMG WGVIIRW [MXL ETTPMGEXMSRXSQMRIVEPI\TPSVEXMSR-R)EXSR(;1MPOIVIMX& 7EPMWFYV]1,IHW,EVHVSGO 7IMWQMG)\TPSVEXMSR7SGMIX]SJ)\TPSVEXMSR+ISTL]WMGMWXW8YPWE3OPELSQETT

,SVRF]4 4SYPIX86IEGXMZIXVERWTSVX-Rpmd*CRC)REFPMRK8IGLRSPSKMIW*MREP6ITSVX4VIHMGXMZI 1MRIVEP(MWGSZIV]'SSTIVEXMZI6IWIEVGL'IRXVI TQH'6' 1IPFSYVRI

0M= 3PHIRFYVK(;(MRZIVWMSRSJQEKRIXMGHEXE+ISTL]WMGW

0M= 3PHIRFYVK(;(MRZIVWMSRSJKVEZMX]HEXE+ISTL]WMGW

1SSRI],1 &PIMJYWW61EKRIXMGWYWGITXMFMPMX]QIEWYVIQIRXWMR1MRRIWSXETEVX--%REP]WMWSJ ½IPHVIWYPXW+ISTL]WMGW

3[IR7.%RMQTPIQIRXEXMSRSJREXYVEPRIMKLFSYV-RXIVTSPEXMSRMRXLVIIHMQIRWMSRW17GXLIWMW &VMKLEQ=SYRK9RMZIVWMX]TT YRTPYFPMWLIH

4EVEWRMW(71MRMRKKISTL]WMGWVIZMWIHIHMXMSR)PWIZMIV%QWXIVHEQTT

7EPMWFYV]1,1MPOIVIMX&%WGSYKL+%HEMV61EXXLI[W07GLQMXX(61[IRMJYQFS.)EXSR(; ;Y.4L]WMGEP TVSTIVXMIW ERH WIMWQMG MQEKMRK SJ QEWWMZI WYP½HIW+ISTL]WMGW

7LERHPI] 4( &EGSR 03 %REP]WMW JSV QEKRIXMXI YXMPMWMRK QEKRIXMG WYWGITXMFMPMX] +ISTL]WMGW

8IPJSVH;1+IPHEVX04 7LIVMJJ6)%TTPMIHKISTL]WMGW WIGSRHIHMXMSR 'EQFVMHKI9RMZIVWMX] 4VIWW'EQFVMHKITT

;EXX.4)PEWXMGTVSTIVXMIWSJTSP]GV]WXEPPMRIQMRIVEPWGSQTEVMWSRSJXLISV]ERHI\TIVMQIRX 4L]WMGWERH'LIQMWXV]SJ1MRIVEPW

;IVRIV7(IXIVQMREXMSRWSJXLIQEKRIXMGWYWGITXMFMPMXMIWSJSVIWERHVSGOWJVSQ7[IHMWLMVSRSVI HITSWMXW7[IHMWL+ISPSKMGEP7YVZI]7IVMIW'TT

;]PPMI16.+VIKSV]%6 +EVHRIV0;)PEWXMG[EZIZIPSGMXMIWMRLIXIVSKIRISYWERHTSVSYW QIHME+ISTL]WMGW

28 pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

Deposition: Reactive transport modelling

JAMES S. CLEVERLEY pmd*CRC'7-63)\TPSVEXMSR 1MRMRK43&S\&IRXPI];% .EQIW'PIZIVPI]$GWMVSEY

Introduction

6IEGXMZI8VERWTSVX 68 1SHIPPMRKMWXLIXIGLRMUYISJXLIGSYTPIHWMQYPEXMSRSJ¾YMH¾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his work describes the reactive transport code being developed within CSIRO as part of the Predictive 1MRIVEP(MWGSZIV]'SSTIVEXMZI6IWIEVGL'IRXVI9WMRKEWMQTPIGEWIWXYH]XLMW[SVOHIQSRWXVEXIWXLI TSXIRXMEPETTPMGEXMSRSJXLMWX]TISJQSHIPPMRKERHXLIMQTPMGEXMSRWJSVTVIHMGXMZII\TPSVEXMSR Software

The pmd*CRC68QSHIPPMRKGSHIMWFEWIHEVSYRHX[S4]XLSRQSHYPIWTQH4]68ERHTQH4]+'ERHE GSQQIVGMEPGLIQMGEPWSPZIV ;MR+MFFW HIVMZIHJVSQXLI,'LQSHIPPMRKTVSKVEQ 7LZEVSZ &EWXVEOSZ 'YVVIRXP]XLI68GSHIMWVYRXLVSYKLEWMRKPIKVETLMGEPYWIVMRXIVJEGIJSVRYQIVMGEPQSHIPPMRKXLI (IWOXST1SHIPPMRK8SSPOMX (18 8IGLRMGEPHIWGVMTXMSRWSJXLIWIGSHIWERHXLIQEXLIQEXMGWFILMRHXLIQ are described in detail in the Enabling Technology Final Report (pmd*CRC4VSNIGXW1ERH*MRTVIWW 8LIGSHIERHMXWETTPMGEXMSRLEWFIIRHMWGYWWIHTVIZMSYWP] 'PIZIVPI]ERH&EWXVEOSZ 'PIZIVPI]IX EP 'PIZIVPI] 8LIKIRIVEPMWIH[SVO¾S[JSVVIEGXMZIXVERWTSVXQSHIPPMRKMRGPYHIW

E (I½RMXMSRSJEKISQIXV]ERHGVIEXMSRSJEQIWL F (I½RMXMSRSJE4(' 4VSFPIQ(IWGVMTXMSR'SRGITXYEP ½PIFEWIHSRXLIQIWLERHKISQIXV] GSRXEMRMRKXLIMRTYXWRIGIWWEV]XSVYRXLIGSRGITXYEPQSHIP G 6YR¾YMH¾S[LIEXERHXVERWTSVXQSHIPW H 6YRVIEGXMZIXVERWTSVXQSHIPW I %REP]WIVIWYPXWYWMRKTSWXTVSGIWWMRKJYRGXMSRWIMXLIVMR(18SVVHTEVX]WSJX[EVI Concept Model

8LI GSRGITX QSHIP HIWGVMFIH MR XLMW [SVO MW FEWIH SR E WMQTPM½IH KVERMXIGSZIV KISQIXV] XLEX MW ERETTVS\MQEXMSRSJWSQI%VGLEIERPSHIKSPHW]WXIQW,S[IZIVXLMWKISQIXV]GSYPHFIYWIHMRE RYQFIVSJKISPSKMGEPWGIREVMSW8LIKISQIXV]MWMPPYWXVEXIHMR*MKYVIEPSRK[MXLXLIQIWLYWIHJSVXLI QSHIPPMRK8LMWWGIREVMSI\TPSVIWXLIMRXIVEGXMSRSJQEKQEXMGHIVMZIH¾YMHJVSQEGSSPMRKKVERMXIERHMXW MQTEGXSREJIPWMGZSPGERMGQE½GVSGOWXVEXMKVETL]8LI[LSPIQSHIPMWOQ[MHIERHOQHIITERH GSRXEMRWbQIWLIPIQIRXW

pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

-RFVSEHXIVQWXLIGSRGITXQSHIPGSRWMHIVWEVIHYGIH,2S-bearing brine with gold released from the KVERMXIXLEXMRXIVEGXW[MXLXLIJIPWMGZSPGERMGERHXLIRQE½GVSGOWIUYIRGI General Physical Properties

8LIXSTSJXLIQSHIPMW½\IHEX14EERH' GSVVIWTSRHMRKXSbQHITXL ERHXLIMRMXMEP48 GSRHMXMSRWEVIFEWIHSRL]HVSWXEXMGTVIWWYVIWERH'COQKISXLIVQEPKVEHMIRX8LIFEWISJXLIQSHIP MWGSRWXVEMRIH[MXLE½\IHLIEX¾Y\ bQ;CQ WII*MKYVIF

8LIKVERMXIMWMRMXMEPMWIHEX' 80 ERHMWEPPS[IHXSGSSPZMELIEXEHZIGXMSRERHGSRHYGXMSR,IEX ¾Y\EXXLIFEWISJXLIKVERMXIMWIPIZEXIH Q;CQ FIRIEXLXLIKVERMXIJSVXLI½VWXQ]QSHIP XMQIEJXIV[LMGLXLIZEPYIMWXLIWEQIEWXLIVIWXSJXLIFEWISJXLIQSHIP

*MKYVI%+ISQIXV]ERHQIWL Z YWIHMRQSHIPPMRKSJXLIPMWXVMGJEYPX¯KVERMXIQSHIPHIWGVMFIHMRXLMW paper. Geological domains are coloured and the unstructured, triangular mesh is also illustrated. B. Physical properties of the rock units and boundary conditions for the initial modelling.

30 pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

8LI MRMXMEP TSVSWMX]TIVQIEFMPMX] WXVYGXYVI SJ XLI QSHIP MW MRMXMEPMWIH EX m-2 MR QE½G YRMXW m-2 MRXLIJIPWMGFEWIQIRXERH m-2 MRXLIKVERMXI8LITSVSWMX]MWH]REQMGGEPGYPEXIH at each time step as a function of the liquid volume of the nodes and changes are a consequence of the TVIGMTMXEXMSRSVHMWWSPYXMSRERHXVERWTSVXSJQEXIVMEP4IVQIEFMPMX]MWGEPGYPEXIHEWEJYRGXMSRSJTSVSWMX] 3 YWMRKXLI'EVQER/S^IR]VIPEXMSRWLMTggq q0) Chemistry

-RMXMEP WSPMH ERH EUYISYW GLIQMWXVMIW [IVI HI½RIH JSV IEGL SJ XLI QSHIP YRMXWERH XLI QMRIVEPSK] broadly consists of:

1E½GYRMXEPFMXIUYEVX^GEPGMXIXVIQSPMXIGLPSVMXIT]VVLSXMXIKVETLMXI *IPWMGZSPGERMGWUYEVX^EPFMXIQYWGSZMXIOJIPHWTEVT]VMXI ERH

+VERMXIUYEVX^EPFMXIERSVXLMXIOJIPHWTEVFMSXMXIQEKRIXMXI[MXL,27MRXLI¾YMH 8LI¾YMHTLEWIMWTSTYPEXIHMRMXMEPP][MXLEQM\IHFVMRI 2E/'E*I EXVEXMSWGPSWIXSIUYMPMFVMYQJSV XLEXVSGO,2773%Y (1e and 1e QSPEPJSVFEGOKVSYRH KVERMXIVIWTIGXMZIP] ERH'328LIYC(aq)

MWQMRSVMRXLIQE½GVSGOW ', HSQMRERXMRXLIJIPWMGZSPGERMGW '32 ERHEFWIRXMRXLIKVERMXI8LI MRMXMEPGLIQMGEPWXIT GEPGYPEXIH[MXLRSXVERWTSVX GEPGYPEXIWXLI¾YMHGSQTSWMXMSRMRJYPPIUYMPMFVMYQ [MXLXLIVSGOEXXLI¾YMHVSGOHI½RIHF]XLIWTIGM½IHTSVSWMX]SJXLEXYRMX%WIEGLFYPOGLIQMGEP GSQTSWMXMSRMWSGGYVWEGVSWWEVERKISJXIQTIVEXYVIWERHTVIWWYVIWXLIIUYMPMFVMYQTLEWIEWWIQFPEKI ERH¾YMHGSQTSWMXMSR[MPPEPWSZEV][MXLMRXLIQSHIPYRMXW

Evolution in Space

8LIQSHIPHMWGYWWIHMRXLMWWIGXMSR[MXLGLIQMWXV]W[MXGLIHSR[EWVYRXSQ]F][LMGLXMQI XLIKVERMXILEHGSSPIH%PXLSYKLXLIQIWL[EWVIPEXMZIP]GSEVWI EPXLSYKL½RIMREVIEWSJMQTSVXERGI WYGLEWEFSZIXLIKVERMXI [MXLGLIQMWXV]XLIQSHIPXEOIWHE]WXSGSQTPIXI'YVVIRXP]XLIVIMWRS TVSZMWMSRXSTEVEPPIPMWISVVYRXLIGLIQMWXV]SRWYTIVGSQTYXMRKKVMHWHYIXSPMQMXEXMSRWXLEXMRGPYHIXLI YWISJE;MRHS[WFEWIHXLMVHTEVX]GLIQMGEPWSPZIV*YXYVIHIZIPSTQIRXW[MPPWIIOXSMQTVSZIQIRXWXS XLMWWMXYEXMSR

Thermal-Flow Evolution

*MKYVIMPPYWXVEXIWEGSQTSWMXISJXLIXLIVQEPERH¾S[½IPHWEJXIVQ] EGXMZIKSPHHITSWMXMSR WLS[MRKXLIE QEKQEXMGXVEGIVERH¾S[ZIGXSVWERHF XLIXIQTIVEXYVI½IPH8LIQSWXWXVMOMRKJIEXYVI SJXLMWQSHIPMWXLIPEVKIWGEPIXLIVQEPERHQEWWTPYQIEFSZIXLIKVERMXIIZIR[LIRXLIKVERMXILEW GSSPIHWMKRM½GERXP] 'FEGOKVSYRHEXQ] 8LMWYT[IPPMRKGEYWIWXLIPSGEPMWEXMSRSJGSRZIGXMSR MRXLISZIVP]MRKFEWMREPXLSYKLGSRZIGXMSRMWPMOIP]EGSRWIUYIRGISJXLISZIVEPPXLIVQEPKVEHMIRXMRXLI QSHIPERHRSXNYWXXLIMRXIVEGXMSR[MXLXLIGSSPMRKKVERMXI0SGEPMWEXMSRMWEPWSEJYRGXMSRSJXLIGLIQMGEP VIEGXMSRMR¾YIRGIHTSVSWMX]TIVQIEFMPMX]GLERKIWHMWGYWWIHFIPS[

8LIVQEPQSHIPPMRK[MXLSYXXLIGLIQMWXV]MWVIPEXMZIP]UYMGOQSHIPWXEOMRKEJI[LSYVWXSGSQTPIXMSR ERHEWWYGLXIWXWGERQEHIYWMRKEVERKISJTEVEQIXIVWMRXLIMRMXMEPQSHIPWIXYT8LI(18 (IWOXST 1SHIPPMRK8SSPOMX GERFIYWIHXSWYFQMXQYPXMTPIQSHIPWXSWYTIVGSQTYXMRKJEGMPMXMIW WYGLEWM:)' 4IVXL MRSVHIVXSUYMGOP]QSHIPPEVKIVERKISJTEVEQIXIVW%RI\XIRWMSRSJXLMW[SVO[MXLE½RIV QIWLVIWSPYXMSRLEWFIIRYWIHXSI\TPSVIXLIMR¾YIRGISJXLIVQEPKVEHMIRX 'COQ [MXLXLI TVIWIRGISJKVERMXIEXHMJJIVIRXXIQTIVEXYVIW 'ERHRSKVERMXI SRXLIQEWWXVERWTSVXERH ¾S[IZSPYXMSRSJXLMWWMQTPIKISQIXVMGEPGSR½KYVEXMSR Gold

*MKYVIWLS[WXLI½REPHMWXVMFYXMSRSJKSPHMRXLIQSHIPEJXIVbQ]8LIVIEVIX[SHMWXMRGXTPEGIW

31 pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

Model Time (m.y.)

*MKYVI8LIVQEPERH¾S[VIWYPXWMPPYWXVEXIHJSVQ]WLS[MRK % XLIXVEGIVJVSQKVERMXIERH¾S[ZIGXSVW ERH & XLIXIQTIVEXYVI½IPH '

XLEXKSPHSGGYVW "KX MRXLIQSHIP MRXLIKVERMXIGEVETEGIERH MRXLIQE½GVSGOWMRETPYQI EFSZIXLIKVERMXI

+SPHSGGYVVMRK[MXLMRXLIKVERMXIGEVETEGIMRXLMWQSHIPMWEJYRGXMSRSJX[SIJJIGXW8LITIVQIEFMPMX] in the overlying rocks is low (10m-2 ERHXLMWTVSLMFMXWQYGLXSXEP¾Y\SJKSPHFIEVMRK¾YMH8LIVI MW EPWS E PEVKI XIQTIVEXYVI KVEHMIRX E[E] JVSQ XLI KVERMXI XIQTIVEXYVIW HIGVIEWI JVSQ ' XS ' [LMGL[MPPMQTEGXSRXLIWSPYFMPMX]SJXLIKSPHFIEVMRK¾YMH8LITIVQIEFMPMX]SJXLILSWXVSGOW MWWIXEXEYRMJSVQQMHPS[ZEPYIMRXLMWQSHIPEPXLSYKLMXMWPMOIP]XLEXEVSYRHKVERMXIGEVETEGIWXLI TIVQIEFMPMX]SJXLILSWXVSGOW[MPPFIIRLERGIHF]JVEGXYVMRKERHKVERMXIIQTPEGIQIRXHIJSVQEXMSR% PEVKIVTIVQIEFMPMX][SYPHEPPS[JSVEKVIEXIV¾Y\SJXSXEP%YE[E]JVSQXLIKVERMXIEW[IPPEWTIVQMXXMRK XLIXIQTIVEXYVIKVEHMIRXXSFIGSQIQSVIYRMJSVQ WSQIXLMRKRSXMGIHMRKVERMXIVIPEXIH¾YMH¾S[ QSHIPPMRKSJ(VIMWRIV +IMKIV

- +SPHSGGYVVMRK[MXLMRXLIQE½GVSGOWMWEGSRWIUYIRGISJXLIMRXIVEGXMSRSJVIHYGIH%Y ,7 2 FIEVMRK KVERMXIHIVMZIH¾YMH[MXLXLI*IFIEVMRKQE½GVSGOW8LIWLETISJXLIKSPHHMWXVMFYXMSRMWGSQTPMGEXIH

32 pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

Model Time: 1.148 m.y. Y (metres) Y

X (metres)

*MKYVI(MWXVMFYXMSRSJKSPH KXGSPSYVW EJXIVQ]SZIVPEMR[MXL¾YMH¾S[ZIGXSVW FPEGOEVVS[W

ERHWLS[WX[STVSRKWRSXEWMRKPITEXL[E]EWQMKLXFII\TIGXIH8LIVIMWEPWSEPEVKIPS[KVEHILEPSSJ KSPHEFSZIXLI^SRI8LILMKLIWX%YKVEHIWSGGYVEXXLIMRXIVJEGIFIX[IIRXLIJIPWMGZSPGERMGWJEYPXERH QE½GVSGOW[LIVIKVEHIWVIEGLKX;LMPIXLMWQE]RSXWIIQPMOIZIV]LMKLMXQYWXFIVIQIQFIVIH XLEXXLMWMWE(QSHIPERHVIEPMX]XLIJSGYWMRKSJ¾YMHWJVSQXLI(MRXSEWMRKPIYTP¾S[HSQEMR MI XLIVI[SYPHFIEKVIEXIVXSXEP%Y¾Y\ MR(-REHHMXMSRXLMWVIWYPXQE]MRHMGEXIXLEXXLITVSGIWWSJ ¾YMHVSGOMRXIVEGXMSRMWRSXWYJ½GMIRXSRMXWS[RXSGVIEXILMKLKVEHIKSPHHITSWMXW Large-scale Alteration Patterns

*MKYVIWLS[WXLIHMWXVMFYXMSRSJE GEPGMXIERHF XLIETTVS\MQEXI

WIGXMSR8LIGEVFSREXI±GLMQRI]²MWEJYRGXMSRSJ'32 derived from the underlying felsic unit reacting [MXLXLIQE½GWIUYIRGI8LIKSPHMWTVIGMTMXEXIHEXXLIMRXIVJEGISJXLMWVIEGXMSR^SRI%^SRISJ1K GLPSVMXIMWJSVQIHEFSZIXLIKVERMXI[LMPIXLIGLPSVMXIGLIQMWXV]GLERKIWJVSQ1KXS*IVMGLYT[EVHW E[E]JVSQXLIJIPWMGQE½GMRXIVJEGI8LIWXVYGXYVISJXLI±EPXIVEXMSRGLMQRI]²EFSZIXLIKSPH^SRIMW QMVVSVIHF]XLIVSYXISJYT[EVHQMKVEXMSRSJXVEGIV EWETVS\]JSVQEKQEXMG¾YMHWII*MKYVI Evolution in Time Magmatic Upwelling

8LITSWMXMSRSJXLIXVEGIVE[E]JVSQXLIKVERMXIMWRSXEWMRKPIWXEXMGYT[IPPMRKFYXIZSPZIWMRWTEGI XLVSYKLXMQI*MKYVIWLS[WX[SXMQIWRETWLSXWSJXLIQEKQEXMGXVEGIVEXXLIMRXIVJEGIFIX[IIRXLI JIPWMGERHQE½GVSGOYRMXW EPSRK[MXLXLIJEYPX -RXLMWI\EQTPIXLIPSGYWSJQEKQEXMGYT[IPPMRKLEW QMKVEXIHPEXIVEPP]bOQFIX[IIRQ]ERHQ]8LMWMWEJYRGXMSRSJXLIGSYTPMRKFIX[IIR GSRZIGXMZI¾S[MRXLIYTTIVKISPSKMGEPYRMXWIJJIGXMZIP]±TYWLMRK²XLITPYQIEVSYRHERHGLERKIWMRXLI TIVQIEFMPMX]SJXLILSWXVSGOHYIXSJIIHFEGOJVSQXLIGLIQMGEPVIEGXMSRW MIEHHMXMSRSJGEVFSREXI *MKYVIWLS[WXLITIVQIEFMPMX]HMWXVMFYXMSRMRXLMWEVIEEXQ]WLS[MRKXLIGLERKISJERSVHIVSJ magnitude (10 to 10m-2 GEYWIHF]TVIGMTMXEXMSRERHHMWWSPYXMSRVIEGXMSRW

33 pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

0.189 m.y.

*MKYVI%(MWXVMFYXMSRSJGEPGMXIEJXIVQ]RSXMGIXLIWXIITGEVFSREXITPYQIMRXLIQE½GVSGOWEFSZI the granite. B. The calculated chlorite chemistry (XMg MRXLIQSHIP

Simulated Paragenesis

*MKYVIEWLS[WE[LMXIHSX[LIVIXLIQEKQEXMG¾YMHMRXIVWIGXWXLIQE½GVSGOYRMXW8LMWTSMRXLEWFIIR used to generate a history of minerals through time and this is presented as a stacked plot (showing QMRIVEP ZSPYQIW MR *MKYVI 8LI MRMXMEP EWWIQFPEKI GSRWMWXMRK SJ UYEVX^ITMHSXIGLPSVMXIEPFMXI [MXL QMRSVGEVFSREXIXVIQSPMXIIZSPZIW[MXLXVIQSPMXIHMWETTIEVMRKUYEVX^GLPSVMXIERHGEVFSREXIMRGVIEWMRK ERHQYWGSZMXIVITPEGMRKITMHSXIHYVMRKXLITLEWISJEGXMZIKSPHHITSWMXMSR WIIFPEGOPMRISR*MKYVI 8LMWTEVEKIRIWMWMWXIWXEFPIEKEMRWXVIEPI\EQTPIW-RPEXIVWXEKIWSJXLIGEPGYPEXIHTEVEKIRIXMGLMWXSV]XLI UYEVX^ERHGEVFSREXIGSRXMRYIXSMRGVIEWIEPFMXIHMWETTIEVWERHQYWGSZMXIMWVIGSRZIVXIHXSITMHSXI

*MKYVI JSPPS[MRKTEKI )ZSPYXMSRSJXLIXVEGIV TVS\]JSVQEKQEXMG¾YMH EXXLIMRXIVJEGIFIX[IIRQE½G JIPWMGYRMXWERHXLIJEYPXEX % Q]ERH & Q]8LITVIGMTMXEXIHKSPHEXXLIXMQIMWMPPYWXVEXIH EWXLIFPEGOGSRXSYVWERHWLS[WXLEXXLI½REPKSPHHMWXVMFYXMSRMWEJYRGXMSRSJXLIMRXIKVEXIHTEWWEKISJ tracer through time.

pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

0.189 m.y Y (metres) Y

0.784 m.y Y (metres) Y

X (metres)

Figure 5 (caption on previous page

pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

+VETLMXIEPWSWXEVXWXSHSQMREXIMRXLIPEXIVWXEKIWEWXLIVIHYGIHQE½GHIVMZIH¾YMHWMRXIVEGX[MXLXLI oxidised CO2FIEVMRKHIITIV¾YMHW8LMWLEWMQTPMGEXMSRWJSVXLIQSHIPPMRKSVGSRWMHIVEXMSRSJMWSXSTMG WMKREPWSJXLIWITVSGIWWIW MIQM\IHGEVFSRWSYVGIWEXHMJJIVIRXVIHS\WXEXIW

8LIKSPHMWEGXMZIP]TVIGMTMXEXIHSZIVXLITIVMSH¯Q]MRXLMWPSGEXMSR8LITVIGMTMXEXMSRSJKSPHEX SXLIVPSGEXMSRW[SYPHLEZISGGYVVIHEXHMJJIVIRXXMQIWFYXEPP[MXLMRQ];LMPIXLIWIXMQIHMJJIVIRGIW [SYPHFIHMJ½GYPXXSVIWSPZI[MXLMR%VGLEIERKSPHHITSWMXWXLMWQE]MQTEGXSRSYVYRHIVWXERHMRKSJ VIGIRXW]WXIQW ]SYRKIVXLER1E [LIVIKISGLVSRSPSK]LEWEFIXXIVVIWSPYXMSR Conclusions

8LI TQH4]68 GSHI GER FI YWIH XS HIZIPST ERH VYR GSQFMREXMSRW SJ XLIVQEP¾S[XVERWTSVX ERH GLIQMGEPVIEGXMSRQSHIPW VIEGXMZIXVERWTSVXGSYTPIWEPPSJXLIWITVSGIWWIW 8LIGSHIMWVYRYWMRKXLI DMT interface and by the end of the pmd*CRC at least the thermal-transport models can be run using XLIWYTIVGSQTYXMRKJEGMPMXMIWEZEMPEFPISRXLIKVMH

8LIQSHIPHMWGYWWIHLIVII\TPSVIWXLIWMQTPIVIPEXMSRWLMTFIX[IIRKVERMXIHIVMZIH%Y,2S-bearing

0.784 m.y. Y (metres) Y

X (metres) *MKYVI4IVQIEFMPMX]ZEPYIWERH¾S[EVVS[WJSVXLIGVMXMGEPMRXIVJEGIVIKMSREXQ]WLS[MRKXLEXXLI QE½GYRMXW[MXLMRMXMEPTIVQIEFMPMX]SJ-15 m2 has evolved through chemical reaction to a range between 10- 14 and 10-15 m28LIMR¾YIRGISJYT[IPPMRK^SRIWSRXLITIVQIEFMPMX]GERFIWIIR[MXLGSQTEVMWSRXS*MKYVI 8LI[LMXIHSXMWXLILMWXSV]TSMRX *MKYVI

pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

Model Time (m.y.)

*MKYVI)ZSPYXMSRSJQMRIVEPEFYRHERGI ZSPYQI SZIVXMQIJSVXLILMWXSV]TSMRXMPPYWXVEXIHMR*MKYVI8LI gold concentration is given as a black line. This is a stacked plot so that variation in totals equates to variation MRXLIFYPOWSPMHZSPYQI TSVSWMX] ZEPYI

¾YMHEWMXMRXIVEGXW[MXLEJIPWMGFEWIQIRXERHQE½GGSQTSWMXMSRYTTIVWIUYIRGI8LIKISQIXV]ERH GLIQMWXV]SJXLIYRMXWMWPSSWIP]ETTPMGEFPIXSQER]=MPKEVRX]TIWGIREVMSW-RXLMWQSHIPXLIKVERMXIGEYWIW JSGYWIHYT¾S[SJQEWWERHLIEXFYXXLIVIMWPMXXPIMR¾YIRGISRXLMWYT[IPPMRKTPYQIF]XLIJEYPX(YVMRK XLITEWWEKISJXLI¾YMHXLVSYKLXLIJIPWMGFEWIQIRXXLI¾YMHQEMRXEMRWXLIVIHYGIH%YFIEVMRKGETEGMX] [LMPIMRXIVEGXMSR[MXLXLIQE½GWIUYIRGIGEYWIWTVSGIWWIWSJVIHYGXMSRS\MHEXMSR F]¾YMHVSGOERH ¾YMH¾YMH MRXIVEGXMSR XS TVIGMTMXEXI KSPH ERH EWWSGMEXIH EWWIQFPEKIW MRGPYHMRK QYWGSZMXIGEVFSREXI Carbonate maps out the upwelling plume and has been used in other work to model the gravity lows EVSYRHWSQI=MPKEVRKSPHW]WXIQW WII'LSTTMRKXLMWZSPYQI References

'PIZIVPI].70EVKIWGEPI½RMXIIPIQIRXVIEGXMZIXVERWTSVXQSHIPPMRKEWEXSSPXSEMHYRHIVWXERHMRK ERHTVIHMGXMSRMRQMRIVEPW]WXIQW-R-R%RHVI['.IXEPIHW(MKKMRK(IITIV4VSGIIHMRKWSJXLI 2MRXL&MIRRMEP1IIXMRKSJXLI7SGMIX]JSV+ISPSK]%TTPMIHXS1MRIVEP(ITSWMXW-VMWL%WWSGMEXMSR JSV)GSRSQMG+ISPSK]ZSP

'PIZIVPI] .7 &EWXVEOSZ )2 /+;& 9XMPMX] JSV KIRIVEXMRK XLIVQSH]REQMG HEXE ½PIW JSV 8LI+ISGLIQMWX´W;SVOFIRGL 6 EXHIKVIIW'ERHFEVJVSQ98/ERHXLI 92-8,)61HEXEFEWI'SQTYXIVWERH+ISWGMIRGIW

'PIZIVPI].7,SVRF]4 4SYPIX86IEGXMZIXVERWTSVXQSHIPPMRKMRL]HVSXLIVQEPW]WXIQWYWMRKXLI +MFFWQMRMQMWEXMSRETTVSEGL+ISGLMQMGEIX'SWQSGLMQMGE%GXE 7YTTPIQIRXT%

(VMIWRIV8 +IMKIV72YQIVMGEPWMQYPEXMSRSJQYPXMTLEWI¾YMH¾S[MRL]HVSXLIVQEPW]WXIQW 6IZMI[WMR1MRIVEPSK]ERH+ISGLIQMWXV]

7LZEVSZ=: &EWXVEOSZ)2,'LEWSJX[EVITEGOEKIJSVKISGLIQMGEPIUYMPMFVMYQQSHIPPMRK 9WIV´W+YMHI%YWXVEPMER+ISPSKMGEP7YVZI]3VKERMWEXMSR6IGSVHTT

pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

Deposition: Modelling uranium deposition

L. FISHER1, F. ELMER1,2, J. CLEVERLEY1, P. SCHAUBS1%2(;4381%1

1pmd*CRC'7-63)\TPSVEXMSRERH1MRMRK43&3<&IRXPI];% 2current address: Woodside Petroleum 0SYMWI*MWLIV$GWMVSEY

Introduction Geochemical and reactive transport modelling of metal transport and deposition within uranium systems allows reverse engineering of ore formation and provides insights into the conditions required to form XLISFWIVZIHHITSWMXW7YFWIUYIRXJSV[EVHQSHIPPMRKGERFIYWIHXSTVIHMGXXLIWTEXMEPHMWXVMFYXMSR SJEWWSGMEXIHEPXIVEXMSREWWIQFPEKIWJVSQ[LMGLZIGXSVWJSVI\TPSVEXMSRGERFIHIZIPSTIH8[SGEWI studies are presented demonstrating this capability: the unconformity-related systems of the Alligator Rivers Uranium Field in the Northern Territory and the palaeochannel-hosted deposits of the Frome )QFE]QIRXMR7SYXL%YWXVEPME Geochemical Modelling HCh

Geochemical modelling of the formation of hydrothermal ore deposits and associated alteration can be YWIHXSIRLERGITVIHMGXMSRSJRI[SVIHITSWMXWERHHIZIPSTZIGXSVWJSVI\TPSVEXMSR8LI,'LWSJX[EVI 7LZEVSZ &EWXVEOSZ 7LZEVSZ MWEKISGLIQMGEPQSHIPPMRKGSHIGETEFPISJHIWGVMFMRKPSGEP IUYMPMFVMYQH]REQMGQSHIPW 7LZEVSZ 1SHIPWGERFIVYRSZIVE[MHIVERKISJ48GSRHMXMSRW JVSQ XS'ERHXSFEVWQEOMRKXLIWSJX[EVIYWIJYPJSVWMQYPEXMRK¾YMH¯VSGOVIEGXMSRTVSGIWWIW EXFSXLWYV½GMEPGSRHMXMSRWERHIPIZEXIHTVIWWYVIWERHXIQTIVEXYVIW 'PIZIVPI] 3PMZIV Reactive transport modelling

6IEGXMZIXVERWTSVX 68 QSHIPPMRKVITVIWIRXWXLIGSYTPMRKFIX[IIR¾YMH¾S[LIEXXVERWTSVXWSPYXI XVERWTSVXERHGLIQMGEPVIEGXMSRW8LMWWXYH]YWIWTQH4]68XLI68GSHIHIZIPSTIHF]XLIpmd*CRC 4 ,SVRF]TIVWGSQQ 'PIZIVPI]IXEP 'PIZIVPI]XLMWZSPYQI [LMGLGSRWMWXWSJE+MFFWQMRMQMWEXMSR WSPZIVJSVGEPGYPEXMRKIUYMPMFVMYQGLIQMWXV] ;MR+MFFW =7LZEVSZTIVWGSQQ GSYTPIH[MXLETEVXMEP HMJJIVIRXMEPIUYEXMSRWSPZIV *EWX¾S +VSWW 8LI68GSHIWSPZIWXLIIUYEXMSRWSJ¾YMH¾S[LIEX ERHQEWWXVERWTSVXERHIUYMPMFVMYQGLIQMWXV]MRE¾YMHWEXYVEXIHTSVSYWQIHMYQSRE(SV(½RMXI IPIQIRXQIWL8LI¾YMHMWEWMRKPITLEWIERHMWEWWYQIHXSFIMRGSQTVIWWMFPI9RWXVYGXYVIHXVMERKYPEV ERHXIXVELIHVEPQIWLIWIREFPIVIEPMWXMGVITVIWIRXEXMSRSJKISPSKMGEPJIEXYVIW[MXLEVFMXVEV]WLETIWWYGL EWMRXVYWMSRWSV[IHKIWSJWIHMQIRXEV]VSGOW8LMWMWEREHZERXEKISZIVSXLIV68GSHIWWYGLEW7LIQEX 'PEYWIV JSV[LMGLXLIQIWLQYWXFIWXVYGXYVIHERHSVXLSKSREP)EGLIPIQIRXSVGIPP[MXLMRXLI QIWLLSPHWMRJSVQEXMSREFSYXXLIXIQTIVEXYVI¾YMHTVIWWYVIGSQTSWMXMSRERHTVSTIVXMIWSJXLIVSGO ERH¾YMHEXXLEXTSMRX8LIMRMXMEPGLIQMWXV]MWHI½RIHMRXIVQWSJXLIZSPYQIJVEGXMSRSJQMRIVEPWERH QSPIWSVQSPEPMX]SJGLIQMGEPWTIGMIWMRXLI¾YMHTLEWI ,SVRF] 4SYPIX

68QSHIPPMRKEPPS[WTVIHMGXMSRWXSFIQEHISRXLIHMWXVMFYXMSRTEXXIVRWSJEPXIVEXMSRERHQMRIVEPMWEXMSR

38 pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

'SQTYXEXMSRXMQIWEVIQYGLJEWXIVXLERPEFSVEXSV]I\TIVMQIRXWERHREXYVI LIRGIMXMWTSWWMFPIXSXIWX QYPXMTPIL]TSXLIWIWJSVXLIJSVQEXMSRSJSVIHITSWMXWWYGLEWHMJJIVIRXWSYVGIWSJQIXEPWXLIMQTSVXERGI SJJEYPXWMRXLIWIW]WXIQWXLI¾YMH¾S[TEXLWIXG JSVJYVXLIVHMWGYWWMSRWII'PIZIVPI]XLMWZSPYQI Modelling uranium deposition

%YWXVEPMEMWXLIWIGSRHPEVKIWXTVSHYGIVSJYVERMYQMRXLI[SVPH[MXL SJMXWVIWSYVGIWGSQMRK JVSQYRGSRJSVQMX]VIPEXIHHITSWMXWERH JVSQVSPPJVSRXTEPEISGLERRIPX]TIHITSWMXW 0EQFIVXIX EP 8LI%PPMKEXSV6MZIVW9VERMYQ*MIPHMRXLI2SVXLIVR8IVVMXSV]LSWXWXLIQENSVMX]SJ%YWXVEPME´W YRGSRJSVQMX]VIPEXIHYVERMYQHITSWMXWMRGPYHMRKXLI6ERKIV2EFEVPIO.EFMPYOEERH/SSRKEVVEHITSWMXW ;IPPORS[R%YWXVEPMERI\EQTPIWSJVSPPJVSRXTEPEISGLERRIPHITSWMXWMRGPYHI&IZIVPI]ERH,SRI]QSSR MRXLI*VSQI)QFE]QIRX½IPH7SYXL%YWXVEPME Unconformity-related uranium in the Alligator Rivers Uranium Field

8LI%PPMKEXSV6MZIVW9VERMYQ*MIPH %69* MWTEVXSJXLI4VSXIVS^SMG4MRI'VIIO3VSKIR%PPORS[R YVERMYQHITSWMXWEVIPSGEXIHMRXLIFEWIQIRXLSWXIHF]XLI'ELMPP*SVQEXMSRWGLMWXWERH1]VE*EPP 1IXEQSVTLMGW 0EPP] &EN[EL 8LI QIXEQSVTLSWIH FEWIQIRX GSRWMWXW SJ GEVFSREXI GEPG WMPMGEXIKVI][EGOIGEVFSREGISYWWGLMWXUYEVX^JIPHWTEVQMGEWGLMWXUYEVX^MXIERHEQTLMFSPMXI[MXL HITSWMXMSREPEKIWSJ1EERHMWYRGSRJSVQEFP]SZIVPEMRF]XLI/EXLIVMRI6MZIV+VSYTEWYGGIWWMSR SJWERHWXSRIGSRKPSQIVEXIWERHQE½GZSPGERMGW9RPMOIXLI%XLEFEWGEVIKMSRSJ'EREHEXS[LMGLXLI %69*MWSJXIRGSQTEVIHRSIGSRSQMGQMRIVEPMWEXMSRLEWFIIRJSYRHEFSZIXLIYRGSRJSVQMX] Geochemical modelling of unconformity-related uranium deposits in the ARUF provides insight into SVIKIRIWMWERHTPEGIWGSRWXVEMRXWSRXLIGSRHMXMSRWVIUYMVIHXSJSVQXLIWIFEWIQIRXLSWXIHHITSWMXW ,'LERH68WMQYPEXMSRW[IVIYWIHXSXIWXEKIRIXMGQSHIPMR[LMGLWEPMRIS\MHMWIH9FIEVMRKFEWMREP ¾YMHWWSYVGIHJVSQXLISZIVP]MRKWERHWXSRIWIUYIRGITIRIXVEXIXLIFEWIQIRXXLVSYKLJEYPXWSV^SRIW SJFVIGGMEXMSR[LIVIXLI]EVIVIHYGIHF]VIEGXMSR[MXLFEWIQIRXVSGOW GLPSVMXIKVETLMXI VIWYPXMRKMR HITSWMXMSRSJYVERMRMXI

*PYMHMR½PXVEXMSRQSHIPWYWMRK,'L 7LZEVSZ &EWXVEOSZ TVIHMGXXLEXEWXLIS\MHMWMRKSVI¾YMH MR½PXVEXIWXLIFEWIQIRXPMXLSPSKMIWYVERMRMXI[MPPFIHITSWMXIHEXXLIVIHS\JVSRX[MXLMRXLIFEWIQIRX%W MR½PXVEXMSRGSRXMRYIWXLIFYJJIVMRKGETEGMX]SJXLILSWXVSGOMWGSRWYQIHERHXLIVIHS\JVSRXQMKVEXIW HS[R[EVHW;MXLMRGVIEWMRKS\MHEXMSRSJXLIFEWIQIRXYRMXWYVERMRMXIMWTVSKVIWWMZIP]WXVMTTIHJVSQXLI VSGOWERHVIHITSWMXIHEXXLIRI[VIHS\JVSRX8LI,'LQSHIPWEPWSTVIHMGXXLIJSVQEXMSRSJGLPSVMXI EPXIVEXMSR^SRIWEHNEGIRXXSQMRIVEPMWEXMSR[LMGLGSVVIPEXIW[MXLSFWIVZIHEPXIVEXMSREXXLIHITSWMXW ;MPHI ;EPP 4SPMXSIXEP

8LI 68 QSHIP VITVIWIRXW E ZIVXMGEP WIGXMSR OQ F] OQ% JEYPXIH FEWIQIRX MW YRGSRJSVQEFP] SZIVPEMRF]X[SWERHWXSRIYRMXW[LMGLEVIKMZIRHMJJIVIRXGLIQMGEPGSQTSWMXMSRW8LI¾YMHTVIWWYVI ERHXIQTIVEXYVIGSRHMXMSRW[IVIHI½RIHXSVITVIWIRXXLIYRGSRJSVQMX]EXOQHITXL4SVSWMX]ERH TIVQIEFMPMX][IVIHI½RIHWSXLEXWERHWXSRIJEYPX"FEWIQIRX8LIGLIQMGEPGSQTSWMXMSRWSJXLILSWX VSGOWERH¾YMHW[IVIFEWIHSRXLSWIYWIHJSV,'LQSHIPPMRK

-RMXMEP68QSHIPPMRKXIWXIHEX[SWXEKIWGIREVMS[MXL]IEVWSJTVISVI¾YMH¾S[JSPPS[IHF] ]IEVWSJW]RSVI¾YMH¾S[8LIQSHIPPIH¾YMH¾S[TEXLTEWWIHJVSQERIZETSVMXMGIRZMVSRQIRX XLVSYKLYVERMRMXIFIEVMRKWERHWXSRIERHMRXSEUYEVX^QMGEWGLMWXFEWIQIRX8LIVIWYPXWTVIHMGXEPXIVEXMSR SJ XLI FEWIQIRX [MXL HIWXVYGXMSR SJ /JIPHWTEV ERH JSVQEXMSR SJ EQTLMFSPI ERH GLPSVMXI EPXIVEXMSR ^SRIW%WXLIQSHIPTVSKVIWWIWHITSWMXMSRSJYVERMRMXIEPSRKXLIYRGSRJSVQMX]MWSFWIVZIH *MKYVI% ,S[IZIVMRXLMWQSHIPXVERWTSVXSJYVERMYQMRXSXLIFEWIQIRXMWPMQMXIHIZIRXLSYKLEXVEGIVWLS[W XLEX¾YMHMWXVERWTSVXIHMRXSXLIJEYPX1SHIPPMRKXLIFEWIQIRX[MXLELIQEXMXIFIEVMRKTEPEISVIKSPMXL ^SRI MQQIHMEXIP] FIPS[ XLI YRGSRJSVQMX] HMH TVSHYGI E WQEPP MRGVIEWI MR XLI ZSPYQI SJ YVERMRMXI HITSWMXIH[MXLMRXLIFEWIQIRXJEYPX^SRIW *MKYVI& -RGVIEWMRKXLITIVQIEFMPMX]SJXLIJEYPX^SRIWS

pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

that it is equal to that of the overlying sandstone greatly increased predicted deposition of uranium within XLIFEWIQIRX *MKYVI'

Figure 1: RT model outputs: A. after 150,000 years all mineralisation is localised along and above the YRGSRJSVQMX] &[MXLFEWIQIRXQSHIPPIHEW³TVIS\MHMWIH´ERHYVERMYQMRSVI¾YMHQMRIVEPMWEXMSRMWJSGYWIH EVSYRH XLI JEYPX ^SRI FYX RS WMKRM½GERX FEWIQIRX QMRIVEPMWEXMSR MW TVIHMGXIH ' [LIR XLI QSHIPPIH permeability of the fault zone is increased to equal that of the sandstone units mineralisation of the basement is predicted.

Palaeochannel-hosted Uranium in South Australia Geochemical and RT numerical modelling of palaeochannel-hosted uranium mineralisation was YRHIVXEOIRYWMRK,'LERH4QH4]688LIEMQSJXLIWXYH][EWXSTVSHYGIRYQIVMGEPQSHIPWXSEMHMR XLIYRHIVWXERHMRKSJLS[TEPEISGLERRIPLSWXIH³VSPPJVSRX´YVERMYQHITSWMXWJSVQ

%KIRIVMGTEPEISGLERRIPQSHIP[EWVYRWMQYPEXMRK¾YMH¾S[JVSQEXSTSKVETLMGLMKLGSRWMWXMRKSJ EYVERMYQVMGLKVERMXIXSEXSTSKVETLMGPS[[MXLMRETEPEISGLERRIP[LMGLGSQTVMWIHVIHYGIHGPE]W S\MHMWIHWERHERHKVEZIPPE]IVW1SHIPPMRKWLS[IHXLEXS\MHMWIH¾YMHWXVMTWYVERMYQJVSQXLIKVERMXI ERHXVERWTSVXWMXEPSRKXLITEPEISGLERRIP%XVIHYGIHIRZMVSRQIRXW[MXLMRXLITEPEISGLERRIPYVERMYQMW HITSWMXIHEWYVERMRMXI8LIVIWYPXMRKHITSWMXMSRERHEWWSGMEXIHEPXIVEXMSREWWIQFPEKIW[MXLMRXLIQSHIP VITVSHYGI[LEXMWSFWIVZIH[MXLMRVSPPJVSRXHITSWMXWWLS[MRKLS[68QSHIPPMRKGERVIWYPXMRMQTVSZIH KIRIXMGGSRGITXWERHPIEHXSQSVITVIHMGXMZIQMRIVEPI\TPSVEXMSR

8SVI½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¾YMHEGVSWWXLIQIWL*MKYVIWLS[WXLIXVEGIVGSRGIRXVEXMSRWEX ERH]IEVW

%JXIV]IEVWXLIXVEGIVMWWTVIEHSYXEGVSWWXLIFEWIQIRXERHMWQSWXP]GSRGIRXVEXIH[MXLMRXLI )]VI*SVQEXMSR%PXLSYKLXLIVIEVILMKL¾YMH¾S[VEXIWEGVSWWXLI2EQFE*SVQEXMSR¾YMHXLEXTEWWIW XLVSYKLXLIKVERMXIVIKMSRHSIWRSXTEWWXLVSYKLXLI2EQFE*SVQEXMSR[LMGLMWLSWXXSXLI&IZIVPI] HITSWMX%WWYQMRKXLEXXLIQSHIPKISQIXV]ERHTIVQIEFMPMX]HMWXVMFYXMSRMWGSVVIGXXLMWWYKKIWXWXLEXXLI MRWMXYKVERMXIMWYRPMOIP]XSFIXLITVMQEV]WSYVGISJER]YVERMYQHITSWMX[MXLMRXLI2EQFE*SVQEXMSR

pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

Figure 2: Tracer distribution in Beverley long-section model at 0 and 68,000 years.

Evaluating Genetic Models using Reactive Transport

8LIGEWIWXYHMIWHIWGVMFIHEFSZIMPPYWXVEXILS[,'LERH68QSHIPPMRKSJYVERMYQW]WXIQWTVSZMHIER STTSVXYRMX]XSGSQTEVIERHIZEPYEXIGSQTIXMRKL]TSXLIWIWJSVSVIKIRIWMW8LIVIGSKRMXMSRSJXLIVSPI SJETVII\MWXMRKS\MHMWIHLSVM^SRYRMXMRXLIFEWIQIRXERHSJLMKLTIVQIEFMPMX]JEYPX^SRIWMRPSGEPMWMRK ore deposition in the basement of unconformity related uranium systems in the Alligator Rivers Uranium *MIPHMWSRISJXLIOI]VIWYPXWSJXLMWWXYH]

pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

Towards Prediction Studies of the palaeochannel systems in South Australia highlight the role RT and geochemical modelling GERTPE]MRHIZIPSTMRKTVIHMGXMZIQSHIPWJSVI\TPSVEXMSR8LIVIWYPXWXSHEXIWLS[LS[KISGLIQMGEP modelling methods can be used to provide a better understanding of the reactions and processes SGGYVVMRK [MXLMR TEPEISGLERRIP LSWXIH YVERMYQ W]WXIQW 6IWYPXW TVIWIRXIH LIVI WLS[ XLEX [LIR GSYTPIH[MXLKISPSKMGEPSFWIVZEXMSRWERHHEXERYQIVMGEPQSHIPPMRKGERPIEHXSEQSVIUYERXMXEXMZI YRHIVWXERHMRKSJXLIWSYVGISJYVERMYQGSRHYMXWJSV¾YMH¾S[[LIVI¾YMH¾S[MWJSGYWWIHERHXLI GLIQMGEPXVETW[LMGLVIWYPXMRYVERMYQHITSWMXMSR-QTSVXERXP]ERMQTVSZIHYRHIVWXERHMRKSJ¾YMH¾S[ and the chemical processes involved in uranium transport and deposition will lead to a more predictive ETTVSEGLXSI\TPSVEXMSR Acknowledgments

8LITVIHMGXMZIQMRIVEPHMWGSZIV]'SSTIVEXMZI6IWIEVGL'IRXVI28+7ERH4-67%EVIXLEROIHJSVXLIMV ½RERGMEPWYTTSVX References

'PEYWIV'2YQIVMGEPWMQYPEXMSRSJVIEGXMZI¾S[MRLSXEUYMJIVW7,)1%8ERH4VSGIWWMRK7,)1%8 7TVMRKIV&IVPMRTT

'PIZIVPI] .7 3PMZIV 2,7 'SQTEVMRK GPSWIH W]WXIQ ¾S[XLVSYKL ERH ¾YMH MR½PXVEXMSR KISGLIQMGEPQSHIPPMRKI\EQTPIWJVSQ/EPXIVEXMSRMRXLI)VRIWX,IRV]*IS\MHI'Y%YW]WXIQ +IS¾YMHW

'PIZIVPI].7,SVRF]4 4SYPIX84QH68GSQFMRIH¾YMHLIEXERHGLIQMGEPQSHIPPMRKERHMXW ETTPMGEXMSRXS=MPKEVRKISPSK]-R&EVRMGSEX%' /SVWGL6.IHW4VIHMGXMZI1MRIVEP(MWGSZIV] '6')\XIRHIH%FWXVEGXW+ISWGMIRGI%YWXVEPME6IGSVH

+VSWW0*EWX¾S'7-631EXLIQEXMGEPERH-RJSVQEXMSR7GMIRGIW7SJX[EVI

,SVRF]4 4SYPIX86IEGXMZI XVERWTSVX-RTQH'6' )REFPMRK8IGLRSPSKMIW*MREP 6ITSVXMR TVITEVEXMSR

0EPP] ., &EN[EL >9 9VERMYQ (ITSWMXW SJ XLI 2SVXLIVR8IVVMXSV] 2SVXLIVR8IVVMXSV] (ITEVXQIRXSJ4VMQEV]-RHYWXV]*MWLIVMIWERH1MRIW6ITSVX TVIPMQMREV]ZIVWMSR

0EQFIVX-.EMVIXL71G/E]% 1MI^MXMW=;L]%YWXVEPMELEWWSQYGLYVERMYQ%YW+IS2I[W -WWYI

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7LZEVSZ=: &EWXVEOSZ)2,'LEWSJX[EVITEGOEKIJSVKISGLIQMGEPIUYMPMFVMYQQSHIPPMRK 9WIV´W+YMHI%YWXVEPMER+ISPSKMGEP7YVZI]3VKERMWEXMSR6IGSVHTT

7LZEVSZ=: %PKSVMXLQMWEXMSR SJ XLI RYQIVMGEP IUYMPMFVMYQ QSHIPPMRK SJ H]REQMG KISGLIQMGEP TVSGIWWIW+ISGLIQMWXV]-RXIVREXMSREP

;MPHI%6 ;EPP:.+ISPSK]SJXLI2EFEVPIOYVERMYQHITSWMX2SVXLIVR8IVVMXSV]%YWXVEPME )GSRSQMG+ISPSK]

pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

Architecture: Regional 3D maps and how to use them

P.A. HENSON167&0);)881, J. McL. MILLER2, I. G. ROY1=>,%2+3 AND P.M. SCHAUBS3

1pmd*CRC+ISWGMIRGI%YWXVEPME+43&S\'ERFIVVE%'8 2pmd*CRC'IRXVIJSV)\TPSVEXMSR8EVKIXMRK7GLSSPSJ)EVXLERH+ISKVETLMGEP7GMIRGIW9RMZIVWMX]SJ ;IWXIVR%YWXVEPME7XMVPMRK,MKL[E]'VE[PI];% 3pmd*CRC'7-63)\TPSVEXMSRERH1MRMRK%YWXVEPMER6IWSYVGIW6IWIEVGL'IRXVI(MGO4IVV]%ZIRYI /IRWMRKXSR;% 4EYP,IRWSR$KEKSZEY

8LIVIPEXMZIP]RI[EZEMPEFMPMX]SJ[MHIWTVIEHXLVIIHMQIRWMSREPWSJX[EVITEGOEKIWHIWMKRIHJSVKISPSKMGEP QETTMRKLEWGLERKIHXLI[E][IZMI[ERHEREP]WIKISPSKMGEPHEXE+ISPSKMGEPHEXEGSPPIGXIHEXXLIWYVJEGI of the can provide insights into the three dimensional extension of the surface outcrop and alteration EWWSGMEXIH[MXLQMRIVEPMWMRKTVSGIWWIW8LVIIHMQIRWMSREPQETW (QETW LEZITVSZMHIHEQIHMYQ [LIVI QYPXMHMWGMTPMREV] HEXE GER FI ZMI[IH ERH QERMTYPEXIH MR KISVIJIVIRGIH WTEGI 6IPEXMSRWLMTW FIX[IIR XLIWI HEXE GER FI GSQTEVIH ERH WYFWYVJEGI MRXIVTVIXEXMSRW SJ WXVEXMKVETL] EPXIVEXMSR ERH QMRIVEPMWEXMSRGERFIGSRWXVYGXIHMRXSTL]WMGEPSFNIGXWERHTVSTIVXMIW The uptake of 3D maps as a mainstream method to conduct geological research and exploration has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¾IGXMSRPMRI[MPPSRP]GSRWXVEMRWYFWYVJEGIMRXIVTVIXEXMSRW PSGEPP]'SRWXVYGXMSRSJE(QETMWXLIVIJSVIEJYRGXMSRSJXLIMRXIKVEXMSRSJXLIWIZEVMEFPIGSRWXVEMRXW ERHLIRGI[MPPZEV]EWEGSRWIUYIRGISJXLIEZEMPEFPIHEXEX]TIWXLIMVHMWXVMFYXMSRERHUYEPMX]

8LIVIEVIEZEVMIX]SJWSJX[EVITEGOEKIWGYVVIRXP]EZEMPEFPIXSGSRWXVYGX(SFNIGXW8LIWITVMQEVMP] GSRWMWXSJGSQTYXIVEMHIHHIWMKR '%( FEWIHTPEXJSVQWMRGPYHMRKK3GEHTM[LMGLMWGYVVIRXP][MHIP] YWIHF]*IHIVEPERH7XEXIKSZIVRQIRXSVKERMWEXMSRWYRMZIVWMXMIWERHMRHYWXV]JSVEZEVMIX]SJETTPMGEXMSRW *MKYVI -REHHMXMSRXLIWIQMEYXSQEXIHWSJX[EVITVSKVEQ+IS1SHIPPIVTM is gaining support due to MXWMRXIVEGXMZITSXIRXMEP½IPHMRZIVWMSRERHYTHEXIGETEFMPMXMIW Regional, camp and mine scale integration Regional 3D maps are often constructed to provide an increased understanding of the 3D architecture ERHEPXIVEXMSREWWSGMEXIH[MXLQMRIVEPMWEXMSR8LMWMWFIWXHSRIEXEVERKISJWGEPIW'EQTERHQMRIWGEPI HEXEMWWMKRM½GERXP]LMKLIVHIRWMX]ERHXLIVIJSVIGERTVSZMHIMRWMKLXWXLEXGERRSXFIKEMRIHJVSQVIKMSREP HEXEEPSRI An example of 3D scale integration was conducted in the Laverton region located in the Eastern +SPH½IPHW 7YTIVXIVVERI;IWXIVR%YWXVEPME(IXEMPIH WXVYGXYVEP EREP]WMW SJ FSXL;EPPEF] ERH 7YRVMWI

pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

Data Company State Survey Geoscience Australia Universities Increased

Sequence understanding stratigraphy Solid geology of mineral systems Structural data Serial cross sections

Seismic data Potential field data

Local and 3D inversion WORMS 2.5D potential regional modelling field modelling architecture

Seismic reflection Gocad DATA INTEGRATIO N Tomography

Electric techniques MT; EM; IP geochem; geochronology; metamorphic data

*MKYVI;SVO¾S[HMEKVEQJSVXLIGSRWXVYGXMSRSJ(QETWYWMRKK3GEHTM.

(EQQMRIWLEWTVSZMHIHRI[MRWMKLXWMRXSKSPHJSVQEXMSR1MRIWGEPIWXVYGXYVEPEREP]WMWF]1MPPIVERH 2YKYW EXXLI7YRVMWI(EQQMRIERHF]1MPPIV EXXLI;EPPEF]QMRITVSZMHIHXLIFEWMW for statistical analysis of 3D fault surfaces to ascertain preferential sites of fault reactivation and dilation HYVMRKERSVXL[IWXWSYXLIEWXGSRXVEGXMSREPKSPHIZIRXEXFSXL;EPPEF]ERH7YRVMWI(EQQMRIW

9WMRK E ( WXVIWW EREP]WMW ETTVSEGL1MPPIV ERH 2YKYW HIXIVQMRIH XLEX XLI QSWX JEZSYVEFPI segment of faults to reactivate during the northwest-southeast contractional event were faults striking RSVXLIEWXWSYXL[IWXERHHMTTMRKEXbXS[EVHW1MRIWGEPI([MVIJVEQIWSJXLIQENSVWLIEV ^SRIW MR XLI 7YRVMWI (EQ HITSWMX GSQFMRIH [MXL XLI EGXYEP SGGYVVIRGI SJ KSPH HIXIVQMRIH JVSQ HVMPPMRK *MKYVI TVSZMHIHEWYMXEFPIXIWXGEWIXSGSQTEVIXLMWWXVIWWZIGXSVEKEMRWX;MVIJVEQIWSJXLI QENSVJEYPXWERHMWSWYVJEGIWSJXLIKSPHSGGYVVIRGIWKIRIVEXIHYWMRKXLIWSJX[EVITEGOEKI0IETJVSKTM were imported into the software package gOcadTMERHEWWMKRIHSVMIRXEXMSRTEVEQIXIVW8LMWTVSGIWW LMKLPMKLXIHEVIEWEPSRKXLIJEYPXWXLEX[IVI[MXLMRXLIVERKIWWTIGM½IHF]1MPPIVERH2YKYW Analysis of these data indicated that there is an almost one-to-one relationship between known gold SGGYVVIRGIWERHJEYPXWIKQIRXW[MXLXLIWISVMIRXEXMSRWEX7YRVMWI(EQQMRI-XEPWSLMKLPMKLXIHHS[R HMTI\XIRWMSRWHMWXEPXSXLIORS[RKSPHSGGYVVIRGIW[LMGLQE]TVSZMHIEHHMXMSREPXEVKIXWHYVMRKJYXYVI RIEVQMRII\TPSVEXMSR

-REREXXIQTXXSXIWXXLIMQTSVXERGISJJEYPXSVMIRXEXMSRVIKMSREPP]XLIWEQITVMRGMTPIW[IVIETTPMIHXS XLIVIKMSREPWGEPI(JEYPXWMRXLI0EZIVXSRVIKMSR *MKYVI 6IKMSREPWGEPIJEYPXW[IVIGSRWXVEMRIHYWMRK FSXLWIMWQMGVI¾IGXMSRHEXEERHXSEPIWWIVI\XIRXTSXIRXMEP½IPHHEXE8LIWIHEXETVSZMHIHEWYMXEFPI JVEQI[SVOXSETTP]XLIWEQIJEYPXTEVEQIXIVWXLEX[IVIETTPMIHXSXLIQMRIWGEPIJEYPXWXSLMKLPMKLX WYMXEFP]SVMIRXEXIHWIKQIRXWSRXLIVIKMSREPWGEPI%TTPMGEXMSRSJXLMWTVSGIWWLMKLPMKLXWEVIEWEVSYRH 7YRVMWI (EQ;EPPEF] ERH 0ERGI½IPH QMRIW EW WYMXEFP] SVMIRXIH JEYPX WIKQIRXW FYX EPWS LMKLPMKLXIH SXLIVTSXIRXMEPVIKMSRW *MKYVI 8LIWIIQTMVMGEPVIPEXMSRWLMTWMRHMGEXIXLEXXLISVMIRXEXMSRSJJEYPXW is fundamental to the mineralisation process at least during northwest-southeast contraction event in XLI0EZIVXSRVIKMSR8LMW[SVOHIQSRWXVEXIHXLEXXLIHMTSJEJEYPXMWEWMQTSVXERXXSXLIVIEGXMZEXMSR

pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

TVSGIWWEWXLIHMTHMVIGXMSR LIRGIMX[SYPHRSXFITSWWMFPIXSETTP]XLMWX]TISJEREP]WMWXS(JEYPXW-R GSRXVEWXE[IPPGSRWXVEMRIH(QETMWXLISRP]TSXIRXMEP[E]SJEREP]WMRKXLIWISVMIRXEXMSRTEVEQIXIVW The integration of mine and camp scale studies highlights the power of scale integration when applied XSE[IPPGSRWXVEMRIH(QET

Suitably orientated 3gAu g( old spheres) fault sectionslueb ( diamonds) – Pit unrealised potential??

SRSZ_u pper

SRSZ

Carey_Shear

*MKYVI(MQEKIJVSQK3GEHTM, looking to the northeast, of wireframes from Sunrise Dam mine. Blue diamonds show regions of suitably oriented fault segments to reactivate/dilate during a Northwest-Southeast contractional event.

3D maps and numerical modelling The integration of 3D maps with numerical modelling has provided techniques for testing geological TVSGIWWIWHIVMZIHJVSQEGSRWXVYGXIH(EVGLMXIGXYVI8LITVSGIWWEPPS[W(GSRGITXYEPKISQIXVMIWSV (SFNIGXW GSRWXVYGXIHMRK3GEHTM or GeomodellerTMIXG XSFII\TSVXIHMRXS(QIWLMRKTEGOEKIW IK4%86%2 YWIHJSVRYQIVMGEPQSHIPPMRK[LIVIEZEVMIX]SJHMJJIVIRXTEVEQIXIVWGERFIETTPMIHXS WMQYPEXIVIEPKISPSKMGEPTVSGIWWIW2YQIVMGEPQSHIPPMRKETTPMIWQEXLIQEXMGEPGSHIXS(SFNIGXWYWMRK HMJJIVIRXTEVEQIXIVWMRSVHIVXSWMQYPEXIEZEVMIX]SJKISPSKMGEPTVSGIWWIW-XEPWSIREFPIWXLIVIWIEVGLIV to test a range of different hypotheses using a variety of techniques including:

6IEGXMZIXVERWTSVX 7XVIWWWXVEMRERHZSPYQIXVMGGLERKIW ,IEX¾S[GSRZIGXMSRERHGSRHYGXMSR These techniques have been applied to both conceptual and actual 3D surfaces and volumes (generated in gOcadTM *MKYVIWERH 8LITVSGIWWLEWHIXIVQMRIHPSGEXMSRSJWLIEVERHZSPYQIXVMGWXVEMRHYVMRK

pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

Suitably orientated fault sections (painted red)

*MKYVI(MQEKIJVSQK3GEHTM, looking to the northeast, of the regional faults in the Laverton region. Red surfaces show regions of suitably oriented fault segments to reactivate or dilate during a northwest-southeast contractional event.

*MKYVI-QEKISJXLIQSHIPSJXLI(QIWLHMWTPE]MRKXLIJEYPXKISQIXVMIWERHPMXLSPSKMGEPHMWXVMFYXMSRWERH the mesh used.

pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

W E N m1

S Wallaby 2.8% shortening (315$-135$,NW-SE) Sunrise

Vol. strain Shearstrain A)

A), B) plan-views at 0.5 and 1.0 km below m1 the top surface of greenstone

Clearly greater shear and dilation localization at Wallaby Vol. strain than at Sunrise Shearstrain

*MKYVI-QEKIWLS[MRKXLI7LIEVERH:SPYQIXVMGWXVEMRSGGYVVMRKHYVMRKERSVXL[IWXWSYXLIEWXGSRXVEGXMSREP event. A and B are plan views at 0.5 and 1.0 km below the top surface of the greenstone, which is the upper WYVJEGISJXLIQSHIPMR*MKYVI'PIEVP]KVIEXIVWLIEVERHHMPEXMSRPSGEPMWEXMSRSGGYVWEX;EPPEF]GSQTEVIH to Sunrise Dam.

EZEVMIX]SJHMJJIVIRXWXVIWWHMVIGXMSRW8LIWIHEXEMRHMGEXIXLIWTEXMEPHMWXVMFYXMSRSJVIKMSRWHMWTPE]MRK TVIJIVIRXMEPHMPEXMSRERHLIRGIVIKMSRWSJLMKLIVTSXIRXMEP¾YMH¾S[ERHQMRIVEPMWEXMSR Summary The power of using 3D software packages to interpret geology is derived from data integration and HMWTPE]9WMRKXLMWQIHMYQ[IGERRSPSRKIVQEOIMRXIVTVIXEXMSRWMRMWSPEXMSRSVMREWMQTPI(WIRWI-X is a powerful way of validating our hypotheses and cross checking geological relationships derived from QYPXMHMWGMTPMREV]HEXEWSYVGIWERHXIGLRMUYIW References

1MPPIV.1 2YKYW18LIWXVYGXYVEPIZSPYXMSRSJXLI7YRVMWI7LIEV>SRIERHXLISZIVP]MRK;EXY ERH;IWXIVR7LIEV>SRIW7YRVMWI(EQKSPHHITSWMX0EZIVXSR;%4VIHMGXMZI1MRIVEP(MWGSZIV] '6'4VSNIGX=6ITSVX2SZIQFIV

1MPPIV.18LIWXVYGXYVEPIZSPYXMSRSJXLI;EPPEF]KSPHHITSWMX0EZIVXSR;%4VIHMGXMZI1MRIVEP (MWGSZIV]'6'4VSNIGX=6ITSVX.YP]

pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

Sources and Reservoirs: Noble gases as tools for constraining a mantle connection during orogenic-gold and IOCG mineralisation

M.A. KENDRICK1.0;%07,)2, G. MARK3, K. PETERSEN4, T. BAKER5, D. PHILLIPS1, M. HONDA6, N.H.S OLIVER5, L. FISHER5, D. GILLEN5, P.J. ;-00-%175 AND B. FU5,1

1pmd*CRC7GLSSPSJ)EVXL7GMIRGIW8LI9RMZIVWMX]SJ1IPFSYVRI:-' 2pmd*CRC'7-631MRMRKERH)\TPSVEXMSR&IRXPI]43&S\&IRXPI];% 3pmd*CRC7GLSSPSJ+ISWGMIRGI1SREWL9RMZIVWMX]:-' pmd*CRC7GLSSPSJ)EVXLERH+ISKVETLMGEP7GMIRGIW9RMZIVWMX]SJ;IWXIVR%YWXVEPME;% pmd*CRC7GLSSPSJ)EVXLERH)RZMVSRQIRXEP7GMIRGI.EQIW'SSO9RMZIVWMX]50( 6IWIEVGL7GLSSPSJ)EVXL7GMIRGIW%YWXVEPMER2EXMSREP9RMZIVWMX]%'8 1EVO/IRHVMGO$YRMQIPFIHYEY

Introduction

1MRIVEPMWMRK¾YMHWLEZIHMZIVWIGSQTSWMXMSRWERHGERLEZIGSQTPI\SVMKMRW[MXLQYPXMTPIGSQTSRIRXW EGUYMVIH JVSQ HMJJIVIRX VIWIVZSMVW 'LPSVMRI MW ER IWWIRXMEP PMKERH JSV GSQTPI\MRK QIXEPW MR EUYISYW WSPYXMSRERHJEGMPMXEXIWQIXEPXVERWTSVXXLVSYKLXLI)EVXL´WGVYWX+MERXL]HVSXLIVQEPSVIHITSWMXWVIWYPX [LIREGLERKIMR¾YMHTL]WMGSGLIQMWXV]PIEHWXSLMKLP]IJ½GMIRXQIXEPTVIGMTMXEXMSR8LMWGERFIXVMKKIVIH F]EVERKISJTVSGIWWIWMRGPYHMRK¾YMHVSGOMRXIVEGXMSR¾YMHQM\MRKSVXLIPSWWSJZSPEXMPIW%RMQTVSZIH YRHIVWXERHMRKSJXLIWITVSGIWWIWGSYPHMQTVSZISYVEFMPMX]XSTVIHMGXKMERXL]HVSXLIVQEPSVIHITSWMXW

8LIRSFPIKEWIW ,I2I%V/VERH

XLIMVXVERWTSVXMWGSYTPIHXSXLEXSJXLIQENSVZSPEXMPITLEWIWMQTSVXERXJSVQIXEPXVERWTSVX IK,23

CO2ERH', ERHXLI]RIZIVJSVQETYVITLEWI8LIMVMRIVXFILEZMSYVQIERWXLI]EVIPIWWIEWMP] VIWIXHYVMRK¾YMHVSGOMRXIVEGXMSRWXLERWXEFPIMWSXSTIWERHXLIMVLYKIZEVMEXMSRMRMWSXSTIGSQTSWMXMSR IREFPIWQM\MRKFIX[IIRZIV]QMRSV¾YMHGSQTSRIRXWXSFIVIGSKRMWIH8LIWIGLEVEGXIVMWXMGWQIERXLI RSFPIKEWIWGERLIPTGSRWXVEMRERHMRWSQIGEWIWTVSZMHIHI½RMXMZIIZMHIRGIJSVQERXPIMRZSPZIQIRXMR SVIQMRIVEPMWEXMSR 7MQQSRWIXEP

7MQYPXERISYWQIEWYVIQIRXSJXLIRSFPIKEWERHLEPSKIR 'P&VERH- GSQTSWMXMSRSJ¾YMHMRGPYWMSRW IREFPIWXLIGSRGIRXVEXMSRSJRSFPIKEWIWXSFIHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ¾YMHWEPMRMX] /IRHVMGOIXEPF 8LIRSFPIKEWGSRGIRXVEXMSRMRXLI¾YMHMWQSVIIEWMP]QSHM½IHHYVMRK¾YMHVSGOMRXIVEGXMSRXLERMXW MWSXSTMGGSQTSWMXMSRERHRSFPIKEWIWGERFI³PSWX´JVSQXLI¾YMHHYVMRKTLEWIWITEVEXMSR%WEVIWYPX XLIGSRGIRXVEXMSRSJRSFPIKEWIWGERTVSZMHIMRJSVQEXMSRSRXLIXIQTIVEXYVISJXLI¾YMHW[EPPVSGO

 pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

Table 1. Noble gas parameters for key reservoirs in the Earth.

1ERXPI 0S[IV'VYWX 9TTIV'VYWX ,]HVSWTLIVI

%V%V b#XS" 

202I222I XS# XSb 

212I222I b XS# "XSb 

3,I,I 6E " 

Ra = the atmospheric 3He/4,IZEPYISJð-66IJIVIRGIWMR3^MQEERH4SHSWIO ERH&EPPIRXMRI IXEP &EWIHSRX]TMGEPWIHMQIRXEV]JSVQEXMSR[EXIVW

MRXIVEGXMSRLMWXSV]ERHTVSGIWWIWWYGLEW¾YMHFSMPMRK /IRHVMGOIXEP /IRHVMGOIXEPE 8LI LEPSKIRWTVSZMHIGSQTPIQIRXEV]MRJSVQEXMSRSRXLIEGUYMWMXMSRSJWEPMRMX]F]E¾YMH ,ERSV Application to IOCG mineral districts

8LI'PSRGYVV]HMWXVMGXSJXLI1X-WE-RPMIV *MKYVI RSVXLIEWXIVR%YWXVEPMEERHXLI;IVRIGOI1SYRXEMRW 'EREHE[IVIGLSWIREWX[SGSRXVEWXMRK+EMVSRS\MHIGSTTIVKSPH -3'+ XIVVERIW1SWXSJXLI -3'+HITSWMXWMRXLI'PSRGYVV]HMWXVMGXMRGPYHMRK)VRIWX ,IRV][LMGLMWXLIVIKMSRWPEVKIWX 1X$ 'YERH TTQ%Y EVIXIQTSVEPP]EWWSGMEXIH[MXLMRXVYWMSRSJ XLI VIKMSREPP]I\XIRWMZI TSWX 1E ;MPPMEQW2EVEOY &EXLSPMXL 1EVOIXEP 8LI3WFSVRIHITSWMXMWXLI WIGSRHPEVKIWXHITSWMXMRXLIVIKMSR 1X$ 'YERH 1ppm Au) and is unusual because its peak metamorphic EKI SJ 1E TVIGIHIW VIKMSREP QEKQEXMWQ F] b Q] +EYXLMIVIXEP -RGSRXVEWXXSXLI1X-WE-RPMIV syn-mineralisation granites are unknown in the Wernecke 1SYRXEMRW[LIVIPEVKIHITSWMXWEVIWXMPPXSFIJSYRH ,YRX IXEP 5YEVX^WEQTPIWEWWSGMEXIH[MXLQMRIVEPMWEXMSR and barren Na-Ca alteration were collected from both HMWXVMGXW ERH WXYHMIH F] QMGVSXLIVQSQIXV]8]TMGEP ¾YMH inclusion assemblages include variably saline aqueous and GEVFSRMGZEVMIXMIW,S[IZIV¾YMHWMRXLI1X-WE-RPMIV[MXL

LMKLIVWEPMRMX] YTXS[X WEPXW ERH'32¾YMHMRGPYWMSRW EVIQSVIGSQQSRXLERMRXLI;IVRIGOI1SYRXEMRW Mt Isa Inlier

,MKLWEPMRMX]¾YMHMRGPYWMSRWMRWEQTPIWJVSQ)VRIWX,IRV] are characterised by variable %VAr values of between ERH b /IRHVMGO IX EP 8LI LMKLIWX %VAr values are correlated with halogen signatures Figure 1. Summary map showing areas of WMQMPEV XS QEKQEXMG ¾YMHW MRZSPZIH MR TSVTL]V] GSTTIV MRXIRWI2E'EEPXIVEXMSR HEVOKVI]WLEHMRK mineralisation and are interpreted to represent a deeply- ERH WYQQEVMWMRK XLI QE\MQYQ 40Ar/36Ar HIVMZIHFEWIQIRX¾YMHSJQEKQEXMGSVMKMR /IRHVMGOIXEP values determined for key study areas. Star *YVXLIV[SVOMWVIUYMVIHXSHIXIVQMRIMJEQERXPI size indicates interpreted involvement of GSQTSRIRXMWTVIWIRX,S[IZIVXLI'SVIPPE*SVQEXMSRMW QEKQEXMG¾YMHW

 pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

interpreted as an important source of CO2MRXLMWHITSWMX /IRHVMGOIXEP 8LIPS[IWX %V Ar ZEPYIW EVI GSVVIPEXIH [MXL PS[ &V'P ERH -'P ZEPYIW WMQMPEV XS XLI GSQTSWMXMSR SJ LEPMXI ERH EVI MRXIVTVIXIHXSVITVIWIRXWIHMQIRXEV]JSVQEXMSR[EXIVWXLEXLEZIMRXIVEGXIH[MXLWGETSPMXI

-RGSRXVEWXXS)VRIWX,IRV]¾YMHMRGPYWMSRWJVSQXLI3WFSVRIHITSWMXLEZIQE\MQYQ%VAr values SJ *MWLIV /IRHVMGO 8LIWIHEXEHSRSXJEZSYVXLIMRZSPZIQIRXSJQEKQEXMG¾YMHWERH the abundant CO2¾YMHMRGPYWMSRWTVIWIRXEX3WFSVRIEVIMRJIVVIHXSLEZILEHEWSPIP]QIXEQSVTLMG SVMKMR *MWLIV /IRHVMGO GSQTEXMFPI [MXL XLI W]RQIXEQSVTLMG XMQMRK SJ QMRIVEPMWEXMSR EX 3WFSVRI +EYXLMIV IX EP %ZEMPEFPI HEXE JSV XLI 7XEVVE ERH )PSMWI HITSWMXW EVI MRXIVQIHMEXI FIX[IIR3WFSVRIERH)VRIWX,IRV]MRHMGEXIQE\MQYQ%V%VZEPYIWSJERHVIWTIGXMZIP] [LMGLEVIMRXIVQIHMEXIFIX[IIRXLSWISJ)VRIWX,IRV]ERH3WFSVRI8LIWIZEPYIWGSYPHMRHMGEXIQMRSV MRZSPZIQIRXSJQEKQEXMG¾YMHWFYXWYKKIWXWIHMQIRXEV]JSVQEXMSR[EXIVWHSQMREXIH

2SFPIKEWERHLEPSKIRHEXEJSVVIKMSREP b1E 2E'EEPXIVEXMSRMRXLI'PSRGYVV]HMWXVMGXERH 1EV] /EXLPIIR *SPH &IPX MRHMGEXI E WMQMPEV VERKI SJ ¾YMH SVMKMRW JSV FEVVIR EPXIVEXMSR ERH IGSRSQMG -3'+QMRIVEPMWEXMSR1SHIVEXIP]WEPMRI¾YMHMRGPYWMSRWMRWEQTPIWJVSQXLI7REOI'VIIO%RXMGPMRILEZI maximum %V%VZEPYIWSJbXLEXEVIMRXIVTVIXIHXSMRHMGEXIEQEKQEXMGSVMKMRERHGSVVIPEXIH [MXLXLI7E\F]KVERMXI /IRHVMGOIXEP )PWI[LIVIEUYISYW¾YMHW[MXL%V%VZEPYIWSJ HSQMREXIERHEVIMRXIVTVIXIHXSMRHMGEXIEHSQMRERXP]RSRQEKQEXMG¾YMHSVMKMR

7EQTPIWJVSQXLI/RSFF]5YEVV]EVISJWTIGMEPMRXIVIWXFIGEYWIXLI]EVIHSQMREXIHF]'32¾YMH inclusions: initial noble gas analysis indicated a maximum %V%VZEPYISJb /IRHVMGOIXEP 8LMWZEPYIMWWMKRM½GERXP]PS[IVXLERXLIQEKQEXMGZEPYISJbHIXIVQMRIHMRXLI'PSRGYVV]HMWXVMGX

ERHXLI136&QERXPIZEPYISJWYKKIWXMRKWMKRM½GERXTSVXMSRWSJ'32 had a local source from the 'SVVIPPE*SVQEXMSR /IRHVMGOIXEP *YVXLIV[SVO[EWYRHIVXEOIRXSGSRWXVEMRETSWWMFPIQERXPI CO2 component and resulted in the maximum measured %V %VZEPYIMRGVIEWMRKXSb8LMW value is higher than could easily be generated by metamorphism of sedimentary rocks and it is positively correlated with 202I222I8LI TSWMXMZI GSVVIPEXMSR FIX[IIR 202I22Ne and%VAr is most easily I\TPEMRIHEWEQM\MRKPMRI8LIIRHQIQFIVWEVIQSHIPPIHEW Ar-rich CO2 obtained by devolatilisation of the Corella Formation and Ar-poor CO2[MXLEQERXPISVMKMR(ITIRHMRKSRXLIMRTYXTEVEQIXIVW the maximum measured %V Ar value corresponds with a maximum mantle CO2GSQTSRIRXSJb EXXLI/RSFF]PSGEPMX]8LMWVIWYPXMWMRKSSHEKVIIQIRX[MXLXLITVSTSVXMSRWIWXMQEXIHMRHITIRHIRXP] JVSQ'ERH3MWSXSTIWXYHMIW 3PMZIVIXEP 3PMZIV 8LI;IVRIGOI1SYRXEMRW *PYMHMRGPYWMSRFIEVMRKUYEVX^ERHWYPTLMHIWEQTPIW[IVIGSPPIGXIHJVSQXLI7PEXW7PEF,SSZIV3P]QTMG ERH -KSV TVSWTIGXW HIWGVMFIH F] ,YRX IX EP (IWTMXI XLI PEGO SJ GSRXIQTSVERISYW KVERMXIW outcropping in the Wernecke Mountains the Ar and halogen results are very similar to those obtained JSV)VRIWX,IRV]8LI¾YMHMRGPYWMSR%V%VZEPYIWZEV]FIX[IIRERHERHKMZIEWMQMPEV VERKISJZEPYIWMRUYEVX^ERHWYPTLMHIWEQTPIW8LILEPSKIRWEVILMKLP]JVEGXMSREXIHERHMRGPYHIQMRMQYQ &V'PERH-'PZEPYIWXLEXEVIWMQMPEVXSLEPMXI*PYMHMRGPYWMSRW[MXLLMKL%VAr values can be attributed XSIMXLIVQIXEQSVTLMGSVQEKQEXMGWSYVGIWMRXLIHIITGVYWX 8EFPI 8LILMKLIWX%VAr value of MW[MXLMRIVVSVSJFSXLXLIHIITGVYWXERHXLIQSHIVRHE]136&QERXPI 8EFPI ERH,IERH 2IMWSXSTIHEXETVIGPYHIEQERXPIZSPEXMPIGSQTSRIRXMRXLIWIHITSWMXW *MKYVI Application to orogenic gold deposits

-RXLI+E7X-ZIW+SPH'EQTKSPHMWTVIJIVIRXMEPP]PSGEPMWIHEXXLIMRXIVJEGIFIX[IIRHMJJIVIRXOQ WGEPIEPXIVEXMSR^SRIW[MXLGSRXVEWXMRKVIHS\WXEXI8LMWSFWIVZEXMSRLEWFIIRGVMXMGEPMRHIZIPSTQIRX SJERYRI\TIGXIHRI[QSHIPJSVKSPHQMRIVEPMWEXMSRXLEXIRZMWEKIWL]HVSKIRVMGLHIIT)EVXL¾YMHWEW EGVMXMGEPMRKVIHMIRX ;EPWLIIXEP 2IYQE]VIXEP 8LMWQSHIPWYKKIWXWL]HVMG¾YMHWGSYPH FI MQTSVXERX JSV IMXLIV VIHYGMRK VIPEXMZIP] S\MHMWIH%YFIEVMRK QIXEQSVTLMG ¾YMHW ERH GEYWMRK%Y

 pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

*MKYVI2IMWSXSTITPSXJSV¾YMHMRGPYWMSRWMR;IVRIGOIWYPTLMHI8SKIXLIV[MXLQE\MQYQ3He/4He value of XLIWIHEXETVIGPYHIEQERXPIGSQTSRIRX /IRHVMGOIXEP

TVIGMTMXEXMSRSVEWETVIZMSYWP]SZIVPSSOIHXVERWTSVXMRKQIHMYQXLEX¾Y\IW%YHMVIGXP]JVSQXLI)EVXL´W QERXPIXSXLIGVYWXHYVMRKWTIGMEPQMRIVEPMWMRKITSGLW ;EPWLIIXEP 

8LIL]HVMG¾YMHWIQTLEWMWIHF]XLMWQSHIPHSRSXETTIEVXSFITVIWIRXMRZIV]QER]KSPHHITSWMXW

1MRSV',¾YMHMRGPYWMSRWSV',bearing mixed CO2,23¾YMHMRGPYWMSRWEVIGSQQSRP]TVIWIRXFYX are generally explained by localised reduction of CO2SVEQMRSVWSYVGIJVSQL]HVSGEVFSRW%QENSV HMJ½GYPX]MRXIWXMRKXLIHIIT)EVXLQSHIPMWXLEXXLIL]HVMG¾YMHWGVMXMGEPJSVQMRIVEPMWEXMSREVIHIWXVS]IH F]S\MHEXMSRVIEGXMSRWHYVMRKXLIQMRIVEPMWEXMSRTVSGIWWIK

?',%Y,7,'P K AQERXPI¾YMH?,23'32732AQEKQEXMG¾YMH

= [CO2,23,'P EU A¾YMHW,27%Y'

-JXLMWQSHIPMWGSVVIGXXLIR', [LIVITVIWIRX WLSYPHGEVV]QERXPIHIVMZIHRSFPIKEWIW *PYMHMRGPYWMSRQMGVSXLIVQSQIXV]LEWHIQSRWXVEXIHXLEXWEQTPIWJVSQS\MHMWIHT]VMXIFIEVMRKUYEVX^ veins are dominated by CO2,23¾YMHMRGPYWMSRWXLEXEVIWMQMPEVXSXLSWIVITSVXIHJSVQSWXSXLIV KSPHHITSWMXW 4IXIVWIRIXEP 8LIWI¾YMHMRGPYWMSRWLEZI %V%VZEPYIWSJYTXSERH contain ppb levels of %VSFWIVZEXMSRWGSRWMWXIRX[MXLXLIMRZSPZIQIRXSJQEKQEXMG¾YMHW7EQTPIWJVSQ

VIHYGIHT]VVLSXMXIFIEVMRKUYEVX^ZIMRWEVIYRYWYEPMRXLEXXLI]EVIHSQMREXIHF]LMKLTYVMX]',¾YMH MRGPYWMSRW 4IXIVWIRIXEP 

 8LI',¾YMHMRGPYWMSRWLEZIQERXPIPMOI %V %VZEPYIWSJYTXSERHGSRXEMRTEVXWTIVXVMPPMSR

 pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

*MKYVI%VHEXEJSVWM\WEQTPIW[MXLHMJJIVIRX¾YMHMRGPYWMSRX]TIW

 %VGSRGIRXVEXMSRW *MKYVI 8LIWIHEXEEVIGSQTEXMFPI[MXLEQERXPISVMKMRJSV', at St Ives if noble KEWIWLEZIFIIRVIG]GPIHMRXSXLIQERXPIWMRGIXLI%VGLEIER ,SPPERH &EPPIRXMRI 

 %R MQTSVXERX JIEXYVI SJ XLIWI HEXE MW XLEX ', ¾YMH MRGPYWMSRW LEZI PS[IV Ar concentration than

CO2¾YMHMRGPYWMSRW8LMWMQTPMIW', could not have formed by reduction of CO2 due to wall-rock interaction: wall-rock interaction typically increases the %VGSRGIRXVEXMSRSJXLI¾YMH /IRHVMGOIXEP E -REHHMXMSRXLI%VAr values are orders of magnitude higher than is typical of hydrocarbons

MRWIHMQIRXEV]FEWMRW 8EFPI 8LISRP]ZMEFPIEPXIVREXMZIXSEQERXPISVMKMRJSV',MWXLEX', was sourced independently of CO2JVSQXLIHIITGVYWX,IPMYQERH2IMWSXSTIEREP]WIWEVIYRHIV[E]XS XIWXXLIWIEPXIVREXMZISVMKMRW Summary and conclusions

'SQFMRIHRSFPIKEWERHLEPSKIREREP]WMWLEWTVSZIRETS[IVJYPXSSPJSVGSRWXVEMRMRK¾YMHSVMKMRWMR FSXL-3'+HITSWMXWERHSVSKIRMGKSPHHITSWMXW'SQTEVIHXSWXEFPIMWSXSTIW[LMGLZEV]F]TEVXWTIV XLSYWERHERHGERFIVIWIXHYVMRK[EPPVSGOMRXIVEGXMSRXLISVHIVSJQEKRMXYHIZEVMEXMSRMRRSFPIKEWERH LEPSKIRWMKREXYVIWVIZIEPWRI[GSQTPI\MXMIWERHXLITSWWMFMPMX]SJHI½RMXMZIGSRWXVEMRXW Fluid sources are indicated to have been heterogeneous in IOCG deposits and the fractionated halogen WMKREXYVIWTVSZMHIWXVSRKIZMHIRGIXLEXXLIHMWWSPYXMSRSJLEPMXISVFVIEOHS[RSJWGETSPMXILEWFIIR

ERMQTSVXERXTVSGIWWJSVIRLERGMRK¾YMHWEPMRMX]-RZSPZIQIRXSJQERXPI'32 has been demonstrated MRXLI1EV]/EXLPIIR*SPH&IPXWYTTSVXMRKMRHITIRHIRXGSRGPYWMSRWFEWIHSR'ERH3MWSXSTIWXYHMIW

,S[IZIVQERXPIZSPEXMPIWEVIRSXEYFMUYMXSYWGSQTSRIRXSJ-3'+SVI¾YMHWSVXLISRP]WSYVGISJ'32 MRXLI-3'+W]WXIQWSJXLI1X-WE-RPMIV1EKQEXMG¾YMHWEVIMRJIVVIHXSLEZILEHETYVIP]GVYWXEPSVMKMR MRXLI;IVRIGOI1SYRXEMRW RSQEKQEXMGWSYVGIVSGOWEVII\TSWIH(IITP]HIVMZIHQEKQEXMG¾YMHW are interpreted to have been completely absent during mineralisation at the syn-metamorphic Osborne -3'+HITSWMX8LIWMQMPEVMX]SJ¾YMHSVMKMRWMRHMGEXIHJSVFEVVIREPXIVEXMSRERH-3'+QMRIVEPMWEXMSRMR

 pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

the Mt Isa Inlier suggests that wall-rock interactions are a far more important control on the mineralising TSXIRXMEPSJ-3'+SVI¾YMHWXLERXLIMVWSYVGI

Argon data demonstrate independent origins for CO2ERH',MRXLI7X-ZIWKSPHGEQT8LIWIHEXE EVI GSQTEXMFPI [MXL ¾YMH QM\MRK QSHIPW JSV QMRIVEPMWEXMSR ERH GSR½VQ XLEX XLI I\MWXMRK QSHIP SJ

QIXEQSVTLMGKSPHQMRIVEPMWEXMSRRIIHWXSFIVIIZEPYEXIH8LIQERXPIMWEJEZSYVIHWSYVGISJ', with exceptionally high %V%VZEPYIWEX7X-ZIW,S[IZIVJYVXLIV[SVOMRGPYHMRK,IERH2IMWSXSTI EREP]WIWEVIVIUYMVIHXSGSRWXVEMRXLMWHI½RMXMZIP]-REHHMXMSRSXLIVKSPHHITSWMXWQYWXFII\EQMRIHXS XIWXXLIETTPMGEFMPMX]SJXLIL]HVMG¾YMHQSHIPXSSXLIVQMRIVEPMWIHVIKMSRW References

&EPPIRXMRI'.&YVKIWW6 1EVX]&8VEGMRK¾YMHSVMKMRXVERWTSVXERHMRXIVEGXMSRMRXLIGVYWX -R4SVGIPPM(&EPPIRXMRI'. ;MIPIV6IHW2SFPIKEWIWMRKISGLIQMWXV]ERHGSWQSGLIQMWXV] 6IZMI[WMR1MRIVEPSK]ERH+ISGLIQMWXV]

*MWLIV 0 /IRHVMGO 1 1IXEQSVTLMG ¾YMH SVMKMRW MR XLI 3WFSVRI *I S\MHI¯'Y¯%Y HITSWMX %YWXVEPMEIZMHIRGIJVSQRSFPIKEWIWERHLEPSKIRW1MRIVEPMYQ(ITSWMXEMRTVIWW EZEMPEFPISRPMRI EXNSYVREP[IFWMXI

+EYXLMIV0,EPP+7XIMR, 7GLEPXIKKIV98LI3WFSVRI(ITSWMX'PSRGYVV](MWXVMGX%1E 'Y%Y7OEVR(ITSWMX-R;MPPMEQW4.IH%,]HVSXLIVQEP3H]WWI])GSRSQMG+ISPSK]6IWIEVGL 9RMX.EQIW'SSO9RMZIVWMX]'SRXVMFYXMSR

,ERSV.73VMKMRSJWEPMRI¾YMHWMRWIHMQIRXEV]FEWMRW-R4EVRIPP.IH+IS¾YMHW3VMKMR1MKVEXMSR ERH)ZSPYXMSRSJ¾YMHWMR7IHMQIRXEV]&EWMRW+ISPSKMGEP7SGMIX]SJ0SRHSR7TIGMEP4YFPMGEXMSR 

,SPPERH+ &EPPIRXMRI'.7IE[EXIVWYFHYGXMSRGSRXVSPWXLILIEZ]RSFPIKEWGSQTSWMXMSRSJXLI QERXPI2EXYVI

,YRX.&EOIV8 8LSVOIPWSR(6IKMSREPWGEPI4VSXIVS^SMG-3'+QMRIVEPM^IHFVIGGMEW]WXIQW I\EQTPIWJVSQXLI;IVRIGOI1SYRXEMRW=YOSR'EREHE1MRIVEPMYQ(ITSWMXE

/IRHVMGO1%&EOIV8*Y&4LMPPMTW( ;MPPMEQW4.2SFPIKEWERHLEPSKIRGSRWXVEMRXWSR VIKMSREPP]I\XIRWMZIQMHGVYWXEP2E'EQIXEWSQEXMWQXLI4VSXIVS^SMG)EWXIVR1SYRX-WE&PSGO %YWXVEPME4VIGEQFVMER6IWIEVGL

/IRHVMGO 1% &YVKIWW 6 4EXXVMGO 6%( 8YVRIV + *PYMH MRGPYWMSR RSFPI KEW ERH LEPSKIR IZMHIRGISRXLISVMKMRSJ'Y4SVTL]V]QMRIVEPMWMRK¾YMHW+ISGLMQMGE'SWQSGLMQMGE%GXE 

/IRHVMGO1%(YRGER6ERH4LMPPMTW(E2SFPIKEWERHLEPSKIRGSRWXVEMRXWSRQMRIVEPM^MRK¾YMHW SJQIXEQSVTLMGZIVWYWWYV½GMEPSVMKMR1X-WE%YWXVEPME'LIQMGEP+ISPSK]

/IRHVMGO1%1EVO+ 4LMPPMTW(1MHGVYWXEP¾YMHQM\MRKMRE4VSXIVS^SMG*IS\MHI'Y%Y HITSWMX)VRIWX,IRV]%YWXVEPME)ZMHIRGIJVSQ%V/V

/IRHVMGO1%1MPPIV.1 4LMPPMTW(F4EVX-(IGVITMXEXMSRERHHIKEWWMRKFILEZMSYVSJUYEVX^ YT XS '%REP]WMW SJ RSFPI KEWIW ERH LEPSKIRW MR GSQTPI\ ¾YMH MRGPYWMSRW EWWIQFPEKIW +ISGLMQMGE'SWQSGLMQMGE%GXE

1EVO+3PMZIV2,7 'EVI[1.-RWMKLXWMRXSXLIKIRIWMWERHHMZIVWMX]SJITMKIRIXMG'Y%Y QMRIVEPMWEXMSRMRXLI'PSRGYVV]HMWXVMGX1X-WE-RPMIVRSVXL[IWX5YIIRWPERH%YWXVEPMER.SYVREPSJ )EVXL7GMIRGI

 pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

2IYQE]V4;EPWLI.,EKIQERR74IXIVWIR/6SEGLI%*VMOOIR4,SVR0 ,EPPI]73\MHM^IH ERHVIHYGIHQMRIVEPEWWIQFPEKIWMRKVIIRWXSRIFIPXVSGOWSJXLI7X-ZIWKSPHGEQT;IWXIVR %YWXVEPMEZIGXSVWXSLMKLKVEHISVIFSHMIWMR%VGLEIERKSPHHITSWMXW#1MRIVEPMYQ(ITSWMXE

3PMZIV2,7,]HVSXLIVQEP,MWXSV]SJXLI1EV]/EXLPIIR*SPH&IPX1X-WE&PSGO5YIIRWPERH %YWXVEPMER.SYVREPSJ)EVXL7GMIRGI

3PMZIV2,7'EVX[VMKLX-;EPP:. +SPHMRK7(8LIWXEFPIMWSXSTIWMKREXYVISJOMPSQIXVIWGEPI JVEGXYVIHSQMREXIHQIXEQSVTLMG¾YMHTEXL[E]W1EV]/EXLPIIR%YWXVEPME.SYVREPSJ1IXEQSVTLMG +ISPSK]

3^MQE1 4SHSWIO*%2SFPI+EW+ISGLIQMWXV]'EQFVMHKI9RMZIVWMX]4VIWW

4IXIVWIR/,EKIQERR7+2IYQE]V4 ;EPWLI.01YPXMTPIL]HVSXLIVQEP¾YMHTYPWIWXLVSYKL XMQIEXXLI/EQFEPHEKSPHHITSWMXW=MPKEVR'VEXSR;IWXIVR%YWXVEPME-R%RHVI['.IXEPIHW (MKKMRK(IITIV4VSGIIHMRKWSJXLI2MRXL&MIRRMEP1IIXMRKSJXLI7SGMIX]JSV+ISPSK]%TTPMIHXS 1MRIVEP(ITSWMXW-VMWL%WWSGMEXMSRJSV)GSRSQMG+ISPSK]ZSP

7MQQSRW7*7E[OMRW*. 7GLPYXXIV(.1ERXPIHIVMZIHLIPMYQMRX[S4IVYZMERL]HVSXLIVQEPSVI HITSWMXW2EXYVI

;EPWLI.02IYQE]V44IXIVWIR/,EPPI]76SEGLI% =SYRK'7GEPIMRXIKVEXIHEVGLMXIGXYVEP ERHKISH]REQMGGSRXVSPWSREPXIVEXMSRERHKISGLIQMWXV]SJKSPHW]WXIQWMRXLI)EWXIVR+SPH½IPHW 4VSZMRGI=MPKEVR 'VEXSR 1MRIVEPW ERH )RIVK] 6IWIEVGL -RWXMXYXI SJ;IWXIVR%YWXVEPME 4IVXL 4VSNIGX1TT

 pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

Architecture: New knowledge from seismic surveys

R.J. KORSCH pmd*CRC+ISWGMIRGI%YWXVEPME+43&S\'ERFIVVE%'8 6YWWIPP/SVWGL$KEKSZEY

Introduction

-R YRHIVXEOMRK E ³[LSPI SJ W]WXIQ´ ETTVSEGL XS QMRIVEPMWEXMSR XLI 4VIHMGXMZI 1MRIVEP (MWGSZIV] Cooperative Research Centre (pmd*CRC ) has adopted an integrated methodology across all scales YWMRKXLI*MZI5YIWXMSRWEWSYXPMRIHF]4VMGIERH7XSOIV ERH&EVRMGSEX -RYRHIVWXERHMRK XLIEVGLMXIGXYVISJEQMRIVEPW]WXIQXLIpmd*CRC routinely constructs 3D geological maps in selected QMRIVEPTVSZMRGIWMR%YWXVEPMEXSHIXIVQMRIXLIKISH]REQMGIZSPYXMSRERHXSI\EQMRIVIKMSREPWGEPI GSRXVSPWSRQMRIVEPMWEXMSRERHTSWWMFPI¾YMHTEXL[E]W8SLIPTGSRWXVEMRXLIEVGLMXIGXYVIMRXLIXLMVH HMQIRWMSRXLIpmd*CRCLEWFIIRMRZSPZIH[MXL+ISWGMIRGI%YWXVEPME +% WXEXIKSZIVRQIRXEKIRGMIW ERHMRHYWXV]WTSRWSVWMRXLIEGUYMWMXMSR XLVSYKLXLI2EXMSREP6IWIEVGL*EGMPMX]JSV)EVXL7SYRHMRK %27-6 ERHMRXIVTVIXEXMSRSJEWIVMIWSJHIITWIMWQMGVI¾IGXMSRTVS½PIW *MKYVI XSTVSZMHIMRJSVQEXMSR SRQMRIVEPW]WXIQWEXWGEPIWVERKMRKJVSQXLITVSZMRGIXSXLIHITSWMX,IVI[II\EQMRIWSQISJXLIWI WIMWQMGTVS½PIWMRXIVQWSJXLIMVGSRXVMFYXMSRXSXLIYRHIVWXERHMRKSJQMRIVEPW]WXIQWMRXLITVSZMRGI

-RXIVQWSJXLI*MZI5YIWXMSRWXLIHIITWIMWQMGHEXEGERGSRXVMFYXIXSXLIYRHIVWXERHMRKSJWIZIVEP EWTIGXWEWYRHIVPMRIHFIPS[

;LEXMWXLIgeodynamic settingERH48LMWXSV]SJXLIW]WXIQ# ;LEXMWXLIarchitectureSJXLIW]WXIQ# ;LEXEVIXLI¾YMHWXLIMVWSYVGIWERHSVreservoirs# ;LEXEVIXLI¾YMH¾S[HVMZIVWERHpathways# ;LEXEVIXLIQIXEPERHWYPJYVXVERWTSVXERHHITSWMXMSRTVSGIWWIW#

Northeast Yilgarn Craton (Orogenic Au, Ni)

8LIKVERMXIKVIIRWXSRIXIVVERIWSJXLIIEWXIVR=MPKEVR'VEXSRMRTEVXMGYPEVXLI/EPKSSVPMIERH/YVREPTM 8IVVERIWGSRXEMRRYQIVSYW[SVPHGPEWWKSPHHITSWMXWXLEXEVIWTEXMEPP]EWWSGMEXIH[MXLQENSVWXVYGXYVIW 8LIXLVIIHMQIRWMSREPGLEVEGXIVSJXLIWIQENSVWXVYGXYVIWVIZIEPWMRJSVQEXMSRSRXLIWM^IERHEVGLMXIGXYVI SJXLIKSPHQMRIVEPW]WXIQWERHXLIKISH]REQMGTVSGIWWIWVIWTSRWMFPIJSVXLIMVKIRIVEXMSR %VGLMFEPH +SPIF]IXEPE

-RXLIRSVXLIEWXIVR=MPKEVRVIKMSRXLIXLVIIHMQIRWMSREPWXVYGXYVI[EWTSSVP]GSRWXVEMRIH+ISWGMIRGI %YWXVEPMEERHXLI+ISPSKMGEP7YVZI]SJ;IWXIVR%YWXVEPME +7;% MRGSRNYRGXMSR[MXLXLIpmd*CRC ERH%27-6 EGUYMVIH SZIV OQ SJ HIIT WIMWQMG VI¾IGXMSR HEXE MR XLI RSVXLIEWXIVR TEVX SJ XLI =MPKEVR'VEXSRMR;IWXIVR%YWXVEPMEMR8LIHIITWIMWQMGVI¾IGXMSRHEXE[IVIGSPPIGXIHEPSRKX[S XVEZIVWIWWXEVXMRKMRXLI[IWX[MXLMRXLI7SRWSJ+[EPMEKSPHQMRIPIEWIRIEV0ISRSVEERHI\XIRHIH eastwards past Laverton and Yamarna before passing over the mineral exploration drill hole NJD1 and ½RMWLMRKMRXLI3J½GIV&EWMR7LSVXIVWIMWQMGPMRIW[IVIEPWSEGUYMVIHMRXLIZMGMRMX]SJ;EPPEF]ERH

 pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

McArthur 2002

Mt Isa 2006

QuickTime™ and a QuickTime™decompressor and a are neededdecompressor to see this picture. NE Yilgarn are needed to see this picture. 2001 Curnamona Thomson 2003-04 -Lachlan 2005

Victoria 2006

*MKYVI(IITWIMWQMGVI¾IGXMSRPMRIWMR%YWXVEPMEWLS[MRKXLIPSGEXMSRWSJXLIWYVZI]WXLEXXLITQHCRC has been associated with.

7YRVMWI(EQQMRIW

%WYQQEV]SJXLIQEMRJIEXYVIWSJXLIHIITWIMWQMGMRXIVTVIXEXMSRMWTVIWIRXIHMR+SPIF]IXEP F &PI[IXXIXEP HMWGYWWIWWIZIVEPSJXLIWISFWIVZEXMSRW[MXLMRXLI[IWXIVRTEVXSJ XLIWYVZI]FIX[IIR0ISRSVEERH0EZIVXSRMRHIXEMP%RYQFIVSJWMKRM½GERXKISPSKMGEPJIEXYVIWSJXLI RSVXLIVR=MPKEVRHIITWIMWQMGVI¾IGXMSRXVEZIVWIWXERHSYX8LIWIEVI

8LIGVYWXXLMGOIRWIEWX[EVHWEWMXETTVSEGLIWXLI%PFER]*VEWIV4VSZMRGI-XHIITIRWJVSQEFSYX W OQ FIRIEXL0ISRSVEXSW OQ EXXLIIEWXIVRIRHXLIXVEZIVWI 8LIGVYWXGERFIWYFHMZMHIHMRXSXLVIIWYFLSVM^SRXEPFERHWEPS[IVRSRVI¾IGXMZIHYGXMPIPIZIP EQMHHPIPIZIP[MXLRYQIVSYWTVSQMRIRXIEWXHMTTMRKVI¾IGXMSRWERHERYTTIVPIZIPXLEXGERFI KVSYTIHMRXSTEGOIXWSJHMWXMRGXVI¾IGXMZMX] 8LIVIMWEZIV]TVSRSYRGIHIEWXHMTTMRKVI¾IGXMZMX]EPSRKXLIIRXMVIWIMWQMGXVEZIVWIFSXLMRXLI QMHHPIERHYTTIVPIZIPWSJXLIGVYWXERHLEZIEWLEPPS[HMTXLEXMWX]TMGEPP]EVSYRH

 pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

8LIVIEVIXLVIIQENSVIEWXHMTTMRKGVYWXEPTIRIXVEXMRKWLIEV^SRIW1ENSVSVSKIRMGKSPHW]WXIQW EVI EWWSGMEXIH[MXL XLI [IWXIVR 0ISRSVE VIKMSR ERH GIRXVEP 0EZIVXSR VIKMSR WLIEV ^SRIW 8LIXLMVHWLIEVVIGSKRMWIHMRXLIIEWXIVRTEVXSJXLIWIMWQMGPMRIMRXLI=EQEVREEVIEVEMWIWXLI TSXIRXMEPJSVWMKRM½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pmd*CRC and AngloAmerican combined to fund a deep seismic VI¾IGXMSRWYVZI]EPSRKEOQPSRKIEWX[IWXTVS½PIEGVSWWXLMWFEWMR[LMGL[EWEGUYMVIHF]%27-6 MRPEXI8LIQEMREMQ[EWXSI\EQMRIXLIJYRHEQIRXEPFEWMREVGLMXIGXYVISJXLIWSYXLIVR1G%VXLYV &EWMRTEVXMGYPEVP]XLI&EXXIR*EYPX>SRI 6E[PMRKWIXEP

8LIWIMWQMGHEXETVSZMHIPMXXPIIZMHIRGIJSVTVSRSYRGIHWXVEXMKVETLMGXLMGOIRMRKMRXLIWIMWQMGWIGXMSR [MXLRSIZMHIRGIJSVXLI&EXXIR³8VSYKL´FIMRKEWITEVEXIHITSGIRXVISVJSVXLITVIWIRGISJPEVKI EW]QQIXVMGLEPJKVEFIRFIGEYWIXLIXLMGOWIHMQIRXEV]WYGGIWWMSRI\XIRHWFSXLXSXLIIEWXERH[IWX FI]SRHXLIMRJIVVIHFSYRHEVMIWSJXLI³XVSYKL´

8LI[IWXIVRX[SXLMVHWSJXLIWIMWQMGTVS½PIMWHSQMREXIHF]EWIVMIWSJ[IWXHMTTMRKPS[ERKPIJEYPXW XLEXJSVQTEVXSJETVIZMSYWP]YRVIGSKRMWIHQENSVXLVYWXFIPXXLEXLEWTVSTEKEXIHIEWX[EVHJSVQMRKE JSV[EVHFVIEOMRKWIUYIRGISJXLVYWXW(MWTPEGIQIRXSRXLIXLVYWXWXIRHWXSFIKVIEXIWXMRXLI[IWXERH HMQMRMWLIWXSXLIIEWX[MXLXLIJVSRXEPXLVYWXSJXLIW]WXIQLEZMRKSRP]QMRSVHMWTPEGIQIRXERHSGGYVVMRK bOQ[IWXSJXLI)QY*EYPX>SRI-RXLI[IWXXLI]SYRKIWXWXVEXESJXLI1G%VXLYV&EWMRXLI6STIV +VSYTJSVQXLI[IWXIVRPMQFSJXLI&EYLMRMEQSRSGPMRI[LMGLHIZIPSTIHEFSZIXLIQSWX[IWXIVR XLVYWXVEQTMRXLIWIMWQMGHEXEERHMRHMGEXIETSWX6STIVXMQMRKJSVXLIXLVYWXW]WXIQ8LIXLVYWXW GSRXMRYIEXHITXLFI]SRHXLI[IWXIVRPMQMXSJXLIWIMWQMGWIGXMSRERHXLMWTEVXSJXLIXLVYWXFIPXMWRS[ LMHHIRFIRIEXL]SYRKIVWIHMQIRXEV]GSZIV

-RXLIIEWXIVRTEVXSJXLIFEWMRXLI)QY*EYPX>SRIMWMRXIVTVIXIHEWERIEVZIVXMGEPFVEMHIHWXVMOIWPMT JEYPXW]WXIQ8LIWIMWQMGHEXEWYKKIWXXLIPMOIPMLSSHSJQMRSVWXVEXMKVETLMGXLMGOIRMRKEHNEGIRXXSXLI )QY *EYPXHYVMRK HITSWMXMSRSJ XLI 1G%VXLYV +VSYTTVSFEFP] MR EWQEPPTYPPETEVXFEWMR JSVQMRK E RIKEXMZI¾S[IVWXVYGXYVI8LMWMRXIVTVIXEXMSRMWWYTTSVXIHF]XLIVIGXMPMRIEVREXYVISJXLIJEYPXW]WXIQ MRQETZMI[8LIVILEZIFIIREXPIEWXX[SITMWSHIWSJJEYPXEGXMZMX]8LI½VWXMRZSPZIHWMRMWXVEPQSZIQIRX MR QMHHPI 1G%VXLYV +VSYT XMQIW PIEHMRK XS TSWWMFPI XLMGOIRIH WXVEXE EX XVERWXIRWMSREP JEYPX FIRHW 8LIWIGSRHMRZSPZIHHI\XVEPXVERWTVIWWMSR[LMGLMRZIVXIHIEVPMIVXVERWXIRWMSREP^SRIWXSJSVQTSWMXMZI ¾S[IVWXVYGXYVIWMRTSWX6STIVXMQI

*SV XLI KMERX 1G%VXLYV 6MZIV >R4F%K HITSWMX MX LEW FIIR EVKYIH XLEX XLI )QY *EYPX TVSZMHIW E GSRHYMXJSVSVIJSVQMRK¾YMHWXSQSZIJVSQWSYVGIXSHITSWMXMSREPWMXI ;MPPMEQW 8LIHITSWMXMSREP environment for the base metals is the thick accumulation of carbonaceous deep-water shales and WMPXWXSRIWSJXLI&EVRI]'VIIO*SVQEXMSR QMHHPI1G%VXLYV+VSYT HITSWMXIHMREWYFFEWMREHNEGIRX XSXLI)QY*EYPX

2YQIVMGEP¾YMH¾S[QSHIPWJSVFEWIQIXEPQMRIVEPMWEXMSREX1G%VXLYV6MZIV IK+EVZIRIXEP VIP] PEVKIP] SR XLI GMVGYPEXMSR SJ QIXEPPMJIVSYW FVMRIW MR JVII GSRZIGXMZI GIPPW SJ OQ HMEQIXIV

 pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

[LMGLHIZIPST[MXLMRXLITVSTSWIHPEXIVEPEUYMJIVW]WXIQ*MVWXSVHIVGSRXVSPSRSVI¾YMHJSGYWWMRK[EW HMWGLEVKIXSXLIWYVJEGIEPSRKXLIEGXMZI)QY*EYPXERHVIGLEVKIEPSRKXLI8E[EPPEL*EYPXXSXLI[IWX8LI WYFZIVXMGEPSVMIRXEXMSRERHHIITVSSXIHREXYVISJFSXLXLI)QYERH8E[EPPELJEYPXWERHEWYFLSVM^SRXEP aquifer is implicit to the initiation and maintenance of west-to-east brine transport and the proposed HMWGLEVKIERHVIGLEVKITSMRXW%PXLSYKLXLIWIMWQMGHEXEWYKKIWXXLEXXLI)QY*EYPXMWWYFZIVXMGEPXLMWMW RSXXLIGEWIJSVXLI8E[EPPEL*EYPX[LMGLMWEXLVYWXHMTTMRKWLEPPS[P]XSXLI[IWX,IRGIXLIEVGLMXIGXYVI SJXLI¾YMH¾S[QSHIPF]+EVZIRIXEP JSVXLIJSVQEXMSRSJXLI1G%VXLYV6MZIVHITSWMXMWMRZEPMH ERHRIIHWXSFIVIGSRWMHIVIH The new seismic data suggest that the potential for McArthur style base metal deposits is increased [MXLMRERHXSXLIIEWXSJXLI&EXXIR*EYPX>SRI+MZIRXLIWXVMOIWPMTREXYVISJXLI)QY*EYPXWIKQIRXW of it now under cover to the north and south of the McArthur River deposit may also have formed sub- FEWMRW RIKEXMZI¾S[IVWXVYGXYVIW XLEX[SYPHEPWSFITVSWTIGXMZIJSVFEWIQIXEPW

8LIVIGSKRMXMSRSJETVIZMSYWP]YRORS[RQENSVXLVYWXFIPXIRLERGIWXLITVSWTIGXMZMX]SJPEVKIEVIEWSJ XLI1G%VXLYV&EWMRJSVI\TPSVEXMSRJSV]SYRKIV TSWX6STIV+VSYT JSVIPERHFEWMRX]TIHITSWMXWWYGLEW 1MWWMWWMTTM:EPPI]X]TIW 1:8 EW[IPPEWIUYMZEPIRXWX]PIWXSXLI'IRXYV]HITSWMX[LMGLTSWWMFP]JSVQIH F]XSTSKVETLMGEPP]HVMZIR¾YMH¾S[%PWSYRHIVGSZIV[IPPXSXLI[IWXSJXLIWIMWQMGTVS½PIMRXLIGSVI SJXLIXLVYWXFIPX SVSKIR XLIVIQE]FITSXIRXMEPJSVSVSKIRMGKSPHHITSWMXWYRHIV]SYRKIVGSZIV 'YVREQSRE4VSZMRGI %K4F>R'Y%YERH97]WXIQW 8LI'YVREQSRE4VSZMRGIGSRXEMRWXLI[SVPHGPEWW&VSOIR,MPP%K4F>RHITSWMXERHGSRWMWXWSJXLI 4EPEISTVSXIVS^SMG b 1E ;MPP]EQE 7YTIVKVSYT ERH GSIZEP QEKQEXMG VSGOW XLEX [IVI HIJSVQIHERHQIXEQSVTLSWIHHYVMRKXLIb1E3PEVMER3VSKIR][LMGL[EWJSPPS[IHF]ERIEVP] 1IWSTVSXIVS^SMGQEKQEXMGIZIRX-R+%4-67%ERHXLIpmd*CRCMRGSRNYRGXMSR[MXL%27-6 GSPPIGXIH b OQ SJ HIIT WIMWQMG VI¾IGXMSR HEXE MR XLI 7SYXL%YWXVEPMER TEVX SJ XLI 'YVREQSRE 4VSZMRGI

(EXEJVSQEH]REQMXIWSYVGIHHIITWIMWQMGVI¾IGXMSRWYVZI]MR2I[7SYXL;EPIW +MFWSR IXEP LEZIFIIRVITVSGIWWIHYWMRKQSVIVIGIRXWIMWQMGTVSGIWWMRKXIGLRMUYIWERHXLIVIWYPXW GSQFMRIH[MXLXLIZMFVSWIMWWSYVGIHHIITWIMWQMGWYVZI] +SPIF]IXEP XSTVSHYGIE WMRKPIOQPSRKXVERWIGXEGVSWWXLIIRXMVI'YVREQSRE4VSZMRGIJVSQXLI(EVPMRK&EWMRMRXLIIEWX XSXLI*PMRHIVW6ERKIWMRXLI[IWX8LMWXVERWIGXEGVSWWXLI'YVREQSRE4VSZMRGILEWTVSZMHIHXLI½VWX WIMWQMGXVERWIGXEGVSWWERIRXMVIQMRIVEPTVSZMRGIMR%YWXVEPMEERHLEWTVSZMHIHMRWMKLXWMRXSMXWGVYWXEP EVGLMXIGXYVIERHKISPSKMGEPIZSPYXMSR /SVWGLIXEPE The original interpretation of the seismic transect in New South Wales indicated that the dominant JIEXYVIWWIIRMRXLIWIMWQMGHEXE[IVIEWIVMIWSJVI¾IGXMSRWXLEXLEHERETTEVIRXHMTXSXLIWSYXLIEWX +MFWSRIXEP 8LIWIVI¾IGXMSRW[IVIMRXIVTVIXIHXSVITVIWIRXWLIEV^SRIWWSQISJ[LMGL[IVI MRJIVVIHXSGYXHIITMRXSXLIGVYWX IK1YRHM1YRHM*EYPXERH/MRK+YRRME7LIEV>SRI %WLSVXLMKL VIWSPYXMSRWIMWQMGPMRIMQQIHMEXIP]XSXLIIEWXSJ&VSOIR,MPPEGUYMVIHMRLEWTVSZMHIHEQYGL MQTVSZIHMQEKISJXLIYTTIVbOQSJXLIGVYWXMRGPYHMRKXLIVIKMSRFIX[IIRXLI7XITLIRW'VIIOERH +PSFI:EY\LEPPWLIEV^SRIW /SVWGLIXEPF [LMGLGVSWWIWXLIRSVXLIEWXI\XIRWMSRSJXLI&VSOIR ,MPPPMRISJPSHI8LMWGSR½VQIHXLIWSYXLIEWXHMTERHXLVYWXKISQIXV]XSXLIWLIEV^SRIW

-R 7SYXL%YWXVEPMEXLI WIMWQMG XVERWIGX WLS[W ER YTTIV GVYWXEP XLVYWX FIPX[MXL IEWXHMTTMRK XLVYWXW GYXXMRK XLI;MPP]EQE 7YTIVKVSYT[LMGL LEW FIIR JSPHIH XS JSVQ LERKMRK [EPP ERXMGPMRIW8LMWXLVYWX FIPXWMXWSRE±HIGSPPIQIRX²HI½RIHF]WXVSRKVI¾IGXMZMX]EXbOQHITXL8LILMKLPIZIPXLVYWXFIPX TVSTEKEXIH[IWX[EVHW[MXLXLIEQSYRXSJHMWTPEGIQIRXH]MRKSYXXSXLI[IWXERHXLIWLSVXIRMRKFIMRK EGGSQQSHEXIHMRXSFVSEH[EZIPIRKXLJSPHWMRXLIRIEVWYVJEGI

8LIWIMWQMGXVERWIGXWLS[WXLITVIWIRGISJEPMROIH[IWX[EVHTVSTEKEXMRKXLVYWXFIPX8LIXLVYWXWEVI

 pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

XLMGOWOMRRIHERHGYXHIITMRXSXLIGVYWXMRXLIGSVISJXLISVSKIRMRXLIZMGMRMX]SJ&VSOIR,MPP[LIVIEW XSXLI[IWXTVMRGMTEPP]MR7SYXL%YWXVEPMEXLIXLVYWXFIPXMWXLMRWOMRRIHERHGSRWMWXWSJXLVYWXWXLEXPMRO SRXSEWLEPPS[HIXEGLQIRXEXEHITXLSJbOQ

&IGEYWIXLIXLVYWXFIPXMRGPYHIWMRHMZMHYEPJSPHWERHXLVYWXWXLEXEVIMRXIVTVIXIHEW(3MXMWMRJIVVIHXS LEZIJSVQIHPEXIHYVMRKXLIb1E3PEVMER3VSKIR]2IZIVXLIPIWWXLIWXVYGXYVIWQE]LEZIFIIR VIEGXMZEXIHHYVMRKPEXIV2ISTVSXIVS^SMGERHSV4EPEIS^SMG (IPEQIVMER HIJSVQEXMSREPIZIRXW7LIEV ^SRIWI\LMFMXMRKXLMWXMQMRKEVI[IPPHSGYQIRXIHEXXLIWYVJEGIMRXLIWSYXLIVR'YVREQSRETVSZMRGI ERH(IPEQIVMERHIJSVQEXMSRMWWIIREXXLI[IWXIVRIRHSJXLITVS½PI[LIVI2ISTVSXIVS^SMGVSGOWEVI MRXIRWIP]HIJSVQIH

8LI/EPOEVSS'Y%Y1SHITSWMXEPEVKIXSRREKIVIPEXMZIP]PS[KVEHITSP]QIXEPPMGVIWSYVGIPSGEXIH

EFSYXOQXSXLIRSVXLSJXLIWIMWQMGPMRIETTIEVWXSFIEWWSGMEXIH[MXLWIGSRHSVHIVW]RXLIXMG(3 JEYPXW EWWSGMEXIH [MXL LERKMRK [EPP ERXMGPMRIW EFSZI E FSYRHMRK IEWXHMTTMRK JEYPX EX HITXL8LIJEYPX FIRIEXLXLIERXMGPMRIGSYPHLEZIFIIRXLIGSRHYMXJSV¾YMHWQSZMRKJVSQXLIHIITGVYWXXSYTTIVGVYWXEP levels where they could have migrated into favourable depositional sites associated with the second SVHIVWXVYGXYVIW

8LI[IWXIVRPMQMXSJXLI'YVREQSRE4VSZMRGIMWHI½RIHF]ETSWWMFPIWYXYVI^SRIFIX[IIRX[SHMJJIVIRX X]TIWSJPS[IVGVYWX[MXLXLIGVYWXMRXLI[IWXFIPS[XLI*PMRHIVW6ERKIWFIMRKSZIVXLVYWXF]WYF 'YVREQSREGVYWXMRXLIIEWX8LIIEWXIVRPMQMXSJXLITVSZMRGIMWEPWSHI½RIHF]EGVYWXEPWGEPIIEWX HMTTMRK WXVYGXYVI XLEX XLVYWXW XLI 2ISTVSXIVS^SMG4LERIVS^SMG /SSRIRFIVV] &IPX SZIV VSGOW SJ XLI 'YVREQSRE4VSZMRGI

The thin-skinned and thick-skinned deformation (D3 JSVQWEWMRKPIPMROIH[IWX[EVHTVSTEKEXMRKXLVYWX FIPXEXG1E8LVIIKISH]REQMGWGIREVMSWEVIJIEWMFPIXSI\TPEMRXLIJSVQEXMSRSJXLIXLVYWXFIPX

 8LIXLVYWXFIPXMWEVIXVSJSVIPERHXLVYWXFIPXJSVQIHHYIXSFEGOEVGGSRXVEGXMSR[MXLEGSRXMRIRXEP QEVKMRQEKQEXMGEVGERHWYFHYGXMSR^SRI [MXLWLEPPS[[IWXHMT PSGEXIHXSXLIIEWX

 8LIXLVYWXFIPXGSYPHFITEVXSJEGSPPMWMSR^SRI[MXLXLISXLIVLEPJSJXLIGSPPMWMSR^SRI IMXLIV GSRXMRIRXGSRXMRIRXSVEVGGSRXMRIRXGSPPMWMSR PSGEXIHXSXLIIEWXSV

8LIXLVYWXFIPXGSYPHVIWYPXJVSQGSRXMRIRXEPMRXVETPEXIHIJSVQEXMSRMQTP]MRKQSVIGSRXMRIRXEP GVYWXXSXLIIEWX -RIZIV]WGIREVMSXLIIEWXIVRTEVXSJXLIW]WXIQMWQMWWMRKTVIWYQEFP]VMJXIHSJJHYVMRKXLIFVIEOYTSJ 6SHMRMEERHVITPEGIHMRXLI2ISTVSXIVS^SMG4LERIVS^SMGF]XLI/SSRIRFIVV]&IPXHYVMRKXLIEWWIQFP] SJ+SRH[ERE Thomson Orogen-Lachlan Orogen Boundary (Frontier Terrain)

8LI2ISTVSXIVS^SMGXSQMHHPI4EPEIS^SMG8LSQWSR3VSKIRSGGYTMIWEZEWXEVIESJ[IWXIVRERHGIRXVEP 5YIIRWPERHERHRSVXL[IWXIVR2I[7SYXL;EPIWFYXZIV]PMXXPIMWORS[REFSYXMXFIGEYWIMXMWGSZIVIH F]'EMRS^SMGWIHMQIRXWERHXLI1IWS^SMG)VSQERKE&EWMR%bPMRIOQHIITWIMWQMGVI¾IGXMSRWYVZI] [EWGSRHYGXIHMRMR2I[7SYXL;EPIWF]+%+ISPSKMGEP7YVZI]SJ2I[7SYXL;EPIW +727; and pmd*CRCMRGSRNYRGXMSR[MXL%27-6XSI\EQMRIXLIXIGXSRMGERHQIXEPPSKIRMGMQTPMGEXMSRWSJE QENSVIEWX[IWXXIGXSRMGFSYRHEV][MXLXLI0EGLPER3VSKIRXSXLIWSYXL¾EROIHXSXLIRSVXLF]E QENSVIEWX[IWXKVEZMX]LMKLGYVZMPMRIEVEIVSQEKRIXMGLMKLWERHQE½GXSMRXIVQIHMEXIMKRISYWVSGOW VITSVXIHJVSQHVMPPLSPIWMRXLIWSYXLIVRTEVXSJXLI8LSQWSR3VSKIR +PIRIXEP

-RXLIWIMWQMGWIGXMSRWXLIFSYRHEV]FIX[IIRXLI8LSQWSRERH0EGLPERSVSKIRWMWMQEKIHEWERSVXL HMTTMRKJEYPX^SRIXLEXGYXWXLVSYKLXLIIRXMVIGVYWXERHSJJWIXWXLI1SLS0EXIWXQSZIQIRX[EWMR XLI'EVFSRMJIVSYWHYVMRKXLI/ERMQFPER%PMGI7TVMRKW3VSKIR]FIGEYWI0EXI(IZSRMERVSGOWSJXLI

 pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

2IP]EQFS8VSYKLSJXLI(EVPMRK&EWMREVIXVYRGEXIHERHHIJSVQIHEXXLIWYXYVI[LIVISPHIVVSGOW SJXLI8LSQWSR3VSKIREVIXLVYWXSZIVXLI0EXI(IZSRMERWIHMQIRXEV]VSGOW8LIGVYWXYRHIVXLI 8LSQWSR3VSKIRMWQYGLXLMGOIVXLERXLEXYRHIVXLI0EGLPER3VSKIR

2SVXLSJXLMWFSYRHEV]XLIWMQMPEVMX]SJXLIKVEZMX]VIWTSRWIW[MXLXLSWISJEGGVIXIHKSPHERHGSTTIV VMGL3VHSZMGMER1EGUYEVMI%VGWEQTPIHF]WIMWQMGVI¾IGXMSRTVS½PMRKMRERH +PIRIXEP WYKKIWXWXLEXXLIFSYRHEV]QE]FIEGSRZIVKIRXQEVKMRQEVOIHF]XLITSWWMFPIHIZIPSTQIRX SJMWPERHEVGERHSGIERGVYWXEPMKRISYWVSGOW8LMWMWWYTTSVXIHF]XLIVIGIRXVITSVXMRKF]&YVXSRIXEP SJGEPGEPOEPMRIZSPGERMGVSGOWSJTSWWMFPIMWPERHEVGEJ½RMX]OQXSXLIRSVXLIEWXSJ&SYVOIMR XLIWSYXLIVR8LSQWSR3VSKIR

7SYXLSJXLIFSYRHEV]XLIVIMWRS[MRGVIEWIHTSXIRXMEPJSVQMRIVEPW]WXIQWMR)EVP](IZSRMERVMJXFEWMRW TSWWMFP] SJ XLI WX]PI SJ XLI RIEVF] 'SFEV &EWMR KIRIVEXIH F] QSZIQIRX SR XLI8LSQWSR0EGLPER boundary imaged by the seismic beneath Late Devonian strata in the Nelyambo Trough of the Darling &EWMR8LIWIMWQMGEPWSMRHMGEXIWXLITSWWMFMPMX]SJ1MWWMWWMTTM:EPPI]QMRIVEPW]WXIQWEPSRKXLIEPSRKXLI QEVKMRWSJXLI1X.EGO,MKLXLEXQEVOWXLIXLVYWXVIPEXIHWSYXLIVRIHKISJXLI2IP]EQFS8VSYKL CentralVictoria (Orogenic Au Systems)

8LIbOQPSRK'IRXVEP:MGXSVMERHIITGVYWXEPVI¾IGXMSRWIMWQMGWYVZI][EWGEVVMIHSYXMREWE GSPPEFSVEXMZITVSNIGXFIX[IIR+ISWGMIRGI%YWXVEPMEXLI:MGXSVMER+SZIVRQIRX (ITEVXQIRXSJ4VMQEV] -RHYWXVMIW ERH (ITEVXQIRX SJ -RRSZEXMSR -RHYWXV] ERH 6IKMSREP (IZIPSTQIRX XLVSYKL +ISWGMIRGI :MGXSVME+7: XLIpmd*CRC+SPH*MIPHW%YWXVEPEWME4X]0XH0MLMV+SPH0XHERH2SVXLKEXI1MRIVEPW 'SVTSVEXMSRYWMRKXLIJEGMPMXMIWSJ%27-68LIEMQ[EWXSGVSWWWIZIVEPFEWIQIRX^SRIWERHTVSZMHI MRJSVQEXMSR SR XLI GVYWXEP EVGLMXIGXYVI TEVXMGYPEVP] EGVSWW XLI LMKLP] TVSWTIGXMZI 4EPEIS^SMG VSGOW SGGYVVMRKEPSRKWXVMOIXSXLIRSVXLSJXLIQENSV:MGXSVMERKSPH½IPHW

8LITVMQEV]EMQWSJXLIWIMWQMGWYVZI][IVIXSMRZIWXMKEXI E XLIMRXIVREPWXVYGXYVISJXLI7XE[IPP &IRHMKSERH1IPFSYVRIWXVYGXYVEPFEWIQIRX^SRIW F XLIQENSVJEYPXWXLEXJSVQXLIFSYRHEVMIWSJ FEWIQIRX^SRIW G XLIHMWXVMFYXMSRSJVSGOYRMXWMRXLIGVYWXERH H XLIVIPEXMSRWLMTSJQENSVKSPH HITSWMXWXSQENSVVIKMSREPWXVYGXYVIWMRGIRXVEP:MGXSVME8LIRI[WIMWQMGHEXEWMKRM½GERXP]IRLERGIXLI YRHIVWXERHMRK SJ XLI KISPSKMGEP IZSPYXMSR SJ:MGXSVME ERH LIPT ZEPMHEXI VIKMSREP GVSWWWIGXMSRW FIMRK constructed concurrently for 3D interpretation and the building of a meaningful 3D map of Central :MGXSVME8LI RI[ HEXE ERH XLIMV HIXEMPIH KISPSKMGEP MRXIVTVIXEXMSR EPWS TVSZMHI XLI JVEQI[SVO JSV YRHIVWXERHMRKXLIGSRXVSPWSRKSPHQMRIVEPMWEXMSRMRXLI[IWXIVR0EGLPER3VSKIR

8LI1S]WXSR*EYPXMWEQENSVIEWXHMTTMRKTPEREVJEYPXRIEVXLIIEWXIVRIHKISJXLI(IPEQIVMER3VSKIR -XGYXWXLVSYKLXLIIRXMVIGVYWXXSXLI1SLS8LIFSYRHEV]FIX[IIRXLI7XE[IPP>SRIERHXLI&IRHMKS >SRIJEVXLIVXSXLIIEWXMWXLI%ZSGE*EYPX[LMGLETTIEVWXSFIE[IWXHMTTMRKPMWXVMGJEYPXXLEXPMROWXS XLI1S]WXSR*EYPXEXEHITXLSJEFSYXOQJSVQMRKE=WLETIHKISQIXV]-RXIVREPJEYPXWMRXLI7XE[IPP ERH&IRHMKS^SRIWEVIEPQSWXIRXMVIP][IWXHMTTMRKPMWXVMGJEYPXW[LMGLGYXXLILMKLP]VI¾IGXMZIPS[IV GVYWXSJXLIWI^SRIW1ENSVKSPHHITSWMXWSGGYVMRXLILERKMRK[EPPSJXLIXLVYWXWLIIXEFSZI[IWX HMTTMRKXLVYWXJEYPXW[LMGLGYXHIITMRXSXLIGVYWX8LIVIMWMRGVIEWIHTSXIRXMEPJSVKSPHEWWSGMEXIH[MXL XLSWIJEYPXWTVIZMSYWP]GSRWMHIVIHXSFIWLEPPS[FYXWLS[RF]XLIWIMWQMGHEXEXSFIQENSVWXVYGXYVIW XLEXGYXHIITMRXSXLIGVYWX

8LIFSYRHEV]FIX[IIRXLI&IRHMKSERH1IPFSYVRI^SRIWXLI,IEXLGSXI*EYPX>SRIJSVQWE^SRISJ WXVSRK[IWXHMTTMRKVI¾IGXMSRWEFSYXXLVIIOMPSQIXVIW[MHIXSEHITXLSJEXPIEWXOQERHTSWWMFP] XSXLI1SLS8LI+SZIVRSV*EYPXWITEVEXMRKXLI1IPFSYVRI>SRIJVSQXLI8EFFIVEFFIVE>SRIHMTWXS XLIRSVXLEXEFSYX[LIVIXLIWYVZI]GVSWWIWMX8LIWIMWQMGGLEVEGXIVSJXLIPS[IVGVYWXFIPS[XLI 1IPFSYVRI>SRI XLI±7IP[]R&PSGO² MWWMKRM½GERXP]HMJJIVIRXXSXLEXSFWIVZIHFIPS[XLI&IRHMKSERH 7XE[IPP^SRIWERHGSRWMWXWSJWIZIVEPZIV]WXVSRKWYFLSVM^SRXEPVI¾IGXMSRWEFSYXOQXLMGOWXEVXMRKEX EFSYXOQHITXL[MXLEPIWWVI¾IGXMZI^SRIFIPS[MX

 pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

1X-WE4VSZMRGI 4F>R-3'+ERH97]WXIQW -RPEXI+%+ISPSKMGEP7YVZI]SJ5YIIRWPERHpmd*CRCERH>MRMJI\0MQMXIHMRGSRNYRGXMSR[MXL %27-6YRHIVXSSOHIITWIMWQMGVI¾IGXMSRTVS½PMRKEPSRKWM\XVEZIVWIWMRXLI1SYRX-WEVIKMSRXSMQTVSZI XLIYRHIVWXERHMRKSJXLIPMROEKIWFIX[IIRGVYWXEPEVGLMXIGXYVI¾YMH¾S[ERHVIKMSREPWGEPIQMRIVEP W]WXIQWERHXSEWWMWXMRXLIHMWGSZIV]SJJYVXLIVQMRIVEPVIWSYVGIW8LIWIXVEZIVWIWGSQTPIQIRXXLI VIKMSREPHIITWIMWQMGWYVZI]GSRHYGXIHF]XLI%YWXVEPMER+ISH]REQMGW'6'MR (VYQQSRHIXEP 1EG'VIEH]IXEP 1EG'VIEH] ERHLEWFIIRVITVSGIWWIHEWTEVXSJXLMWTVSNIGX

8LIWGMIRXM½GSFNIGXMZIWMRGPYHIH

(IXIVQMRMRKXLIWXVYGXYVEPERHGVYWXEPWIXXMRKSJORS[RQMRIVEPMWEXMSREWEKYMHIXS½RHMRKWMQMPEV SVIFSHMIWERHEXXIQTXXSHMVIGXP]MQEKIORS[R¾YMHGSRHYMXWERHSVEPXIVEXMSRW]WXIQW -QEKMRKXLIQENSVFEWIQIRXTIRIXVEXMRKJEYPXWERHWLIEV^SRIWXLEXGSRXVSPPIHFEWMRJSVQEXMSR TPYW ER] QENSV FEWMRFSYRHMRK WXVYGXYVIW XLEX QE] LEZI EGXIH EW ¾YMH GSRHYMXW JSV ORS[R mineralisation during or subsequent to basin formation (IXIVQMRMRK XLI HITXL KISQIXV] ERH HMWXVMFYXMSR SJ TVI 1E FEWIQIRX FIRIEXL XLI Leichhardt and Calvert Superbasins -RZIWXMKEXMRK XLI VIPEXMZI MQTSVXERGI SJ RSVXLWSYXL ZIVWYW IEWX[IWX XVIRHMRK WXVYGXYVIW MR FEWMRJSVQEXMSRJSVXLI0IMGLLEVHX6MZIV*EYPX8VSYKLERHRSVXLIEWXZIVWYWRSVXL[IWXXVIRHMRK WXVYGXYVIWSRXLI0E[R,MPP4PEXJSVQERHHIXIVQMRIXLII\XIRXXS[LMGLXLIEWWSGMEXIHFEWMR EVGLMXIGXYVIMWHIZIPSTIHJEVXLIVIEWXMRXLI)EWXIVR*SPH&IPX (IXIVQMRMRK XLI I\XIRX SJ FEWMR MRZIVWMSR VIPEXIH XS RSVXLWSYXL ERHSV IEWX[IWX GVYWXEP WLSVXIRMRK (I½RMRK XLI I\XIRX HMWXVMFYXMSR ERH KISQIXV] SJ 4VSXIVS^SMG VSGOW FIPS[ QYGL ]SYRKIV 'EQFVMER VSGOW ERH VIKSPMXL GSZIV XS XLI [IWX ERH WSYXL SJ 1X -WE XLIVIF] TVSZMHMRK ER additional interpretative tool to better understand unexposed basement that can be targeted by GSQTPIQIRXEV]KISTL]WMGEPQIXLSHW IKEIVSQEKRIXMGWKVEZMX]ERHQYPXMWTIGXVEPEREP]WMW

4VSGIWWMRKERHMRXIVTVIXEXMSRSJXLIHIITWIMWQMGVI¾IGXMSRXVEZIVWIWMWMRTVSKVIWWERHXLIVIWYPXW[MPP FIVIPIEWIHEXETYFPMGHSQEMR[SVOWLSTMR1SYRX-WEMRPEXI.YRI Conclusions

(IITWIMWQMGVI¾IGXMSRTVS½PIWMRQMRIVEPTVSZMRGIWMR%YWXVEPMEEVIMHIRXMJ]MRKXLIQEMRGVYWXEPWGEPI EVGLMXIGXYVI[LMGLMWXLIOI]XSHIXIVQMRMRKVIKMSREPWGEPIGSRXVSPWSRQMRIVEPMWEXMSRERHTSWWMFPI¾YMH TEXL[E]WXLYWGSRXVMFYXMRKWMKRM½GERXP]XS[EVHWXLI*MZI%RW[IVWXSXLI*MZI5YIWXMSRW8LIVIWYPXW have implications for regional geodynamics and constrain the crustal architectures during the building SJ(KISPSKMGEPQETWSJXLIVIKMSRW8LIWIMWQMGVIWYPXWEVIGLEPPIRKMRKSYVGYVVIRXYRHIVWXERHMRKSJ XLIKISPSK]QMRIVEPW]WXIQERHSVIHITSWMXQSHIPWERHGSRXVMFYXMRKXSXLITSXIRXMEPTVSWTIGXMZMX]SJ %YWXVEPME Acknowledgements

- XLERO XLI QER] KISWGMIRXMWXW [LS LEZI FIIR MRZSPZIH MR ZEVMSYW WXEKIW SJ XLI WIMWQMG EGUYMWMXMSR TVSGIWWMRKSVMRXIVTVIXEXMSRTLEWIWJSVXLIMVMRTYXERHETSPSKMWIXSER][LSQ-LEZISQMXXIHMREHZIVXIRXP] from the list below:

pmd*CRC @ GA: &VYGI+SPIF]6MGLEVH&PI[IXX+ISVKI+MFWSR4EYP,IRWSR/EVSP'^EVRSXE (EZMH,YWXSR(EZMH'LEQTMSR/IZMR'EWWMH]&EVV](VYQQSRH(EZMH1EMHQIRX&IR&IPP%PER ;LMXEOIV1MOI&EVPS[6MGLEVH0ERI,IPIR/ISKL

 pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

pmd*CRC and ANSIR @ GA:8MQ &EVXSR 0ISRMI .SRIW (EZMH .SLRWXSRI8ER]E *SQMR 6SWW 'SWXIPPSI%OM2EOEQYVE.IRR]1ELIV,YKL8EWWIPP)VHMRG7E]KMR.SWIJ,SP^WGLYL 3D, Graphics and Visualisation @GA: 1EPGSPQ 2MGSPP .SI 1MJWYH 7MPZMS 1I^^SQS %RKMI Jaentsch pmd*CRC @ Melbourne University: &EVV]1YVTL]&IR.YTT8MQ6E[PMRK'LVMW;MPWSR0E[VIRGI 0IEHIV%PMWSR(YKHEPI +7;%&VYGI+VSIRI[EPH+VIK'EVPWIR NTGS: David Rawlings +727;(MGO+PIR=ZIXXI4SYHNSQ(NSQERM6MGO]1ERXEVMRK7XIZI(MGO&EVRI]7XIZIRW PIRSA: 'SPMR'SRSV;SPJKERK4VIMWW7XYEVX6SFIVXWSR%RH]&YVXX GSV: 6SWW'E]PI](EZMH1SSVI:MRGI1SVERH4IXIV3´7LIE'PMZI;MPPQER8MQ6E[PMRK GSQ: 0EYVMI,YXXSR-ER;MXLREPP Industry: %RKIPE0SVVMKER0EVV]7XI[EVX >MRMJI\ 2IMP2SVVMW%RHVIE6IIH 2SVXLKEXI +ISJJ Turner (Gold Fields)

References

%VGLMFEPH2(+ISPSK]ERH8IGXSRMG7]RXLIWMWSJXLI/EPKSSVPMIXIVVEMR-R+ISH]REQMGWERH KSPHI\TPSVEXMSRMRXLI=MPKEVR%YWXVEPMER+ISH]REQMGW'SSTIVEXMZI6IWIEVGL'IRXVI;SVOWLST %FWXVEGXW

&EVRMGSEX%' 1MRIVEP W]WXIQW ERH I\TPSVEXMSR WGMIRGI PMROMRK JYRHEQIRXEP GSRXVSPW SR SVI HITSWMXMSR[MXLXLII\TPSVEXMSRTVSGIWW-R%RHVI['.IXEPIHW(MKKMRK(IITIV4VSGIIHMRKW SJ XLI 2MRXL &MIRRMEP 1IIXMRK SJ XLI 7SGMIX] JSV +ISPSK]%TTPMIH XS 1MRIVEP (ITSWMXW -VMWL %WWSGMEXMSRJSV)GSRSQMG+ISPSK]ZSP

&PI[IXX6'LEQTMSR(;LMXEOIV%&IPP&2MGSPP1+SPIF]&'EWWMH]/ +VSIRI[EPH&% new 3D model of the Leonora-Laverton Transect: implications for the tectonic evolution of the IEWXIVR=MPKEVR'VEXSR-R:IEVRGSQFI7 IH%TTPMIH7XVYGXYVEP+ISPSK]SJ1MRIVEP)\TPSVEXMSR ERH1MRMRK%YWXVEPMER-RWXMXYXISJ+ISWGMIRXMWXW&YPPIXMR

&YVXSR+6(EHH/% :MGOIV]21:SPGERMG EVGX]TI VSGOW FIRIEXL GSZIV OQ XS XLI RSVXLIEWXSJ&SYVOI5YEVXIVP]2SXIWSJXLI+ISPSKMGEP7YVZI]SJ2I[7SYXL;EPIW

'^EVRSXE/&PI[IXX67'LEQTMSR(',IRWSR4% 'EWWMH]/*7MKRM½GERGISJI\XIRWMSREP XIGXSRMGWMRSVSKIRMGKSPHW]WXIQWERI\EQTPIJVSQXLI)EWXIVR+SPH½IPHW7YTIVXIVVERI=MPKEVR 'VEXSR%YWXVEPME-R%RHVI['.IXEPIHW(MKKMRK(IITIV4VSGIIHMRKWSJXLI2MRXL&MIRRMEP 1IIXMRKSJXLI7SGMIX]JSV+ISPSK]%TTPMIHXS1MRIVEP(ITSWMXW-VMWL%WWSGMEXMSRJSV)GSRSQMG +ISPSK]ZSP

(VYQQSRH&.+SPIF]&6+SRGLEVSZ%;]FSVR0%-'SPPMRW'(2 1EG'VIEH]8'VYWXEP WGEPIWXVYGXYVIWMRXLI4VSXIVS^SMG1SYRX-WE-RPMIVXSJRSVXL%YWXVEPMEXLIMVWIMWQMGVIWTSRWIERH MR¾YIRGISRQMRIVEPMWEXMSR8IGXSRSTL]WMGW

+EVZIR+&YPP7; 0EVKI66,]HVSXLIVQEP¾YMH¾S[QSHIPWSJWXVEXMJSVQSVIKIRIWMWMRXLI 1G%VXLYV&EWMR2SVXLIVR8IVVMXSV]%YWXVEPME+IS¾YMHW

+MFWSR+(VYQQSRH&*SQMR83[IR%1EMHQIRX(+MFWSR(4IPNS1 ;EOI(]WXIV/ 6IIZEPYEXMSRSJGVYWXEPWXVYGXYVISJXLI&VSOIR,MPP-RPMIVXLVSYKLWXVYGXYVEPQETTMRKERHWIMWQMG TVS½PMRK%YWXVEPMER+ISPSKMGEP7YVZI]3VKERMWEXMSR6IGSVHTT

 pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

+PIR6%/SVWGL6.(MVIIR2+.SRIW0)%.SLRWXSRI(;0E[VMI/'*MRPE]WSR(1 7LE[ 6('VYWXEPWXVYGXYVISJXLI3VHSZMGMER1EGUYEVMI%VGIEWXIVR0EGLPER3VSKIRFEWIHSR WIMWQMGVI¾IGXMSRTVS½PMRK%YWXVEPMER.SYVREPSJ)EVXL7GMIRGIW

+PIR6%/SVWGL6.'SWXIPPSI6(4SYHNSQ(NSQERM= 1ERXEVMRK64VIPMQMREV]VIWYPXWJVSQ XLI8LSQWSR0EGLPER(IIT7IMWQMG7YVZI]RSVXL[IWX2I[7SYXL;EPIW-R0I[MW4IH1MRIVEP I\TPSVEXMSRKISWGMIRGIMR2I[7SYXL;EPIW)\XIRHIH%FWXVEGXW1MRIWERH;MRIW'SRJIVIRGI 'IWWRSGO27;71)(+7]HRI]

+PIR6%4SYHNSQ(NSQERM=/SVWGL6.'SWXIPPSI6( (MGO78LSQWSR0EGLPERWIMWQMG TVSNIGX¯VIWYPXWERHMQTPMGEXMSRW-R0I[MW4IH1MRIW ;MRIW1MRIVEP)\TPSVEXMSRMRXLI 8EWQERMHIW%YWXVEPMER-RWXMXYXISJ+ISWGMIRXMWXW&YPPIXMR

+SPIF] &6 /SVWGL 6. *SQMR8 &IPP & 2MGSPP 1+ (VYQQSRH &. 3[IR%. E% ( MRXIVTVIXEXMSRSJXLI/EPKSSVPMIVIKMSR)EWXIVR+SPH½IPHW;IWXIVR%YWXVEPMEJVSQHIITWIMWQMG VI¾IGXMSRERHTSXIRXMEP½IPHHEXE-R/SVWGL6.IH+ISH]REQMGWSJ%YWXVEPMEERHMXWQMRIVEP W]WXIQWQMRIVEPTVSZMRGIW%YWXVEPMER.SYVREPSJ)EVXL7GMIRGIW

+SPIF]&6&PI[IXX67'LEQTMSR('/SVWGL6.&IPP&+VSIRI[EPH4&.SRIW0)%;LMXEOIV%. 'EWWMH]/* 'EVPWIR+1F(IITWIMWQMGTVS½PMRKMRXLI2)=MPKEVRMRWMKLXWMRXSMXWGVYWXEP EVGLMXIGXYVI-R:IEVRGSQFI7IH%TTPMIH7XVYGXYVEP+ISPSK]SJ1MRIVEP)\TPSVEXMSRERH1MRMRK %YWXVEPMER-RWXMXYXISJ+ISWGMIRXMWXW&YPPIXMR

+SPIF] &6 &PI[IXX 67 +VSIRI[EPH 4& 'EWWMH] /* 'LEQTMSR (' .SRIW 0)% /SVWGL 6. 7LIZGLIROS7 %TEO728LI2SVXLIEWXIVR=MPKEVRHIITWIMWQMGVI¾IGXMSRWYVZI] +ISWGMIRGI%YWXVEPME6IGSVHTT

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+SPIF]&6/SVWGL6.*SQMR8'SRSV',,4VIMWW;:6SFIVXWSR67 &YVXX%'8LI 'YVREQSRE4VSZMRGIWIMWQMGWYVZI]+ISWGMIRGI%YWXVEPME6IGSVHTT LXXT[[[KEKSZEYEFSYXGSVTSVEXIKECEYXLSVWVIGSVHCNWT

/SVWGL6.*SQMR8'SRSV',,7XIZIRW&4.+SPIF]&66SFIVXWSR67 4VIMWW;:E% HIITWIMWQMGVI¾IGXMSRXVERWIGXEGVSWWXLI'YVREQSRE4VSZMRGIJVSQXLI(EVPMRK&EWMRXSXLI *PMRHIVW6ERKIW+ISWGMIRGI%YWXVEPME6IGSVH LXXTW[[[KEKSZEYMQEKIC GEGLI+%THJ

/SVWGL6.*SQMR8 7XIZIRW&4.F4VIPMQMREV]VIWYPXWSJELMKLVIWSPYXMSRWIMWQMGVI¾IGXMSR WYVZI] EX &VSOIR ,MPP +ISWGMIRGI%YWXVEPME 6IGSVH LXXTW[[[KEKSZEY MQEKICGEGLI+%THJ

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1EG'VIEH]87XVYGXYVEPGVSWWWIGXMSRFEWIHSRXLI1X-WEHIITWIMWQMGXVERWIGX%YWXVEPMER.SYVREP SJ)EVXL7GMIRGIW

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 pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

6E[PMRKW (. /SVWGL 6. +SPIF] &6 +MFWSR +1 .SLRWXSRI (; &EVPS[ 1 8LI 7SYXLIVR1G%VXLYV&EWMR7IMWQMG6I¾IGXMSR7YVZI]+ISWGMIRGI%YWXVEPME6IGSVHTT LXXTW[[[KEKSZEYMQEKICGEGLI+%THJ

;MPPMEQW27XYHMIW SJ XLI FEWI QIXEP WYP½HI HITSWMXW EX 1G%VXLYV 6MZIV2SVXLIVR8IVVMXSV] %YWXVEPME --8LI WYP½HI7 ERH SVKERMG' VIPEXMSRWLMTW SJ XLI GSRGSVHERX HITSWMXW ERH XLIMV WMKRM½GERGI)GSRSQMG+ISPSK]

 pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

Geodynamics: Linking geochronology and structural evolution at Stawell

JOHN MILLER1',6-7834,)6;-07322 AND DAVID PHILLIPS2

1pmd*CRC'IRXVIJSV)\TPSVEXMSR8EVKIXMRK7GLSSPSJ)EVXLERH+ISKVETLMGEP7GMIRGIW 9RMZIVWMX]SJ;IWXIVR%YWXVEPME7XMVPMRK,MKL[E]'VE[PI];% 2pmd*CRC7GLSSPSJ)EVXL7GMIRGIW9RMZIVWMX]SJ1IPFSYVRI:-' NQQMPPIV$G]PPIRIY[EIHYEY

4VIZMSYWKISGLVSRSPSK]WXYHMIWLEZIMHIRXM½IHQYPXMTPIITMWSHIWSJKSPHQMRIVEPMWEXMSRFIX[IIR 1EERH1EMRXLI4EPEIS^SMG:MGXSVMERKSPH½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½RIHEW SGGYVVMRK[MXLMRXLI0EGLPER3VSKIR[LMGLPMIWXSXLI)EWXSJXLISPHIV'EQFVMER(IPEQIVMER3VSKIR

%VAr age data from rocks that host the Stawell deposit indicate that the rocks are actually part of the older Cambrian Delamerian Orogen that was reworked during later orogenesis associated with the HIZIPSTQIRXSJXLI0EGLPER3VSKIRERHXLIJSVQEXMSRSJGE1EKSPHHITSWMXW 1MPPIVIXEP 8LMWLEWQENSVMQTPMGEXMSRWJSVXLIXIGXSRMGIZSPYXMSRSJXLI8EWQERMHIWERHEPWSVEMWIWXLITSWWMFMPMX]SJ QSVIGE1E[SVPHGPEWWSVIFSHMIWP]MRK[MXLMRSXLIVVI[SVOIHTEVXWSJXLI'EQFVMER(IPEQIVMER 3VSKIRMR:MGXSVMEERH2I[7SYXL;EPIW The revised tectonic model places the Stawell gold deposit within a Cambrian metamorphic belt !(IPEQIVMEREKISVSKIRIWMW MRXLI[IWXIVR7XE[IPP>SRISJXLI4EPEIS^SMG8EWQERMHIW7]WXIQSJ WSYXLIEWXIVR%YWXVEPME8LI6SWWERH(IPEQIVMERW]WXIQWSJ%RXEVGXMGEERH%YWXVEPMEVI¾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

8LISVSKIRIWMWXLEXJSVQIHXLI;IWXIVR0EGLPER3VSKIRSGGYVVIHEFSYXQMPPMSR]IEVWEJXIVXLI (IPEQIVMER3VSKIR]8LMWGPSWIHEQEVKMREPSGIERFEWMRF][IWXHMVIGXIHYRHIVXLVYWXMRKXLEXTVSHYGIH EXLVYWXFIPX[MXL[IWXHMTTMRKJEYPXW8LIQENSVGE1ESVSKIRMGKSPHHITSWMXWMRXLI[IWXIVR:MGXSVMER KSPH½IPHWLEZIQEVOIHP]HMJJIVIRXWXVYGXYVEPGSQTPI\MX]FYXEPPJSVQIHHYVMRKIEWX¯[IWXWLSVXIRMRK8LI WXVYGXYVEPGSQTPI\MX]SJXLIGE1E7XE[IPPKSPHHITSWMXVI¾IGXWMXWPSGEXMSRMREVI[SVOIHTEVXSJXLI 'EQFVMER(IPEQIVMER3VSKIR[LIVIEWXLIWXVYGXYVEPP]WMQTPIVGE1E&IRHMKSHITSWMXMWLSWXIH by younger Ordovician turbidites that had not been deposited when the Cambrian deformation and QIXEQSVTLMWQEJJIGXIHXLIVSGOWXLEXLSWXXLI7XE[IPPHITSWMX%X7XE[IPPEWXVMOIGLERKIEPSRKETVI I\MWXMRK'EQFVMERJEYPXW]WXIQEFSZIEQENSVPMXLSWTLIVMGFSYRHEV][EWVIEGXMZEXIHHYVMRKXLIGE

 pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

1EKSPHIZIRX8LMWFSYRHEV]GERFIXVEGIHXSEHITXLSJOMPSQIXVIWF]4[EZIZIPSGMX]ZEVMEXMSRW +VEIFIVIXEP -RXLI&IRHMKS>SRI1ESVSKIRMGKSPHHITSWMXWLEZIEXVIRHSFPMUYIXSXLI dominant structural grain and this is parallel to the western edge of an inferred underlying crystalline FEWIQIRXFPSGOXLEX[EWHI½RIHEWXLI7IP[]R&PSGOF]'E]PI]IXEP

(YVMRK XLI IZSPYXMSR SJ XLI 0EGLPER 3VSKIR QENSV ZEVMEXMSRW MR XLI VIKMSREP WXVIWW ½IPHW SGGYVVIH FIX[IIRERH1E7SQI[SVPHGPEWW "QMPPMSRSYRGIW KSPHHITSWMXWJSVQIHFIX[IIR1E ERH1E*MIPHQETTMRKEX7XE[IPPMRXIKVEXIH[MXLI\MWXMRKKISGLVSRSPSK]MRHMGEXIWXLEXXLI¯ 1ETIVMSHEX7XE[IPPVIGSVHWWMRMWXVEPWXVMOIWPMTJEYPXMRKEWWSGMEXIH[MXLKSPHQMRIVEPMWEXMSRWSYXLIEWX HMVIGXIHJEYPXMRKMRXVYWMSRVIPEXIHKSPHQMRIVEPMWEXMSRERHI\XIRWMZILMKLPIZIP)EVP](IZSRMERTPYXSRMWQ 8LIKSPHHITSWMXWXLEXJSVQIHMRXLI¯1ETIVMSHLEZIVIPEXMZIP]WQEPPIRHS[QIRXWFYXXLI] MRXVSHYGIEQEVOIHEQSYRXSJQMRIVEPSKMGEPERHWXVYGXYVEPGSQTPI\MX]XSXLIKSPHTVSZMRGIERHMR TPEGIWGEYWIYTKVEHMRKSJHITSWMXWGSRXEMRMRKSPHIVWXEKIWSJKSPHQMRIVEPMWEXMSR Acknowledgements

8LMW [SVO IZSPZIH JVSQ%6' 74-68 +VERX ' 'SQTPIXIH .ERYEV] %6' 0-2/%+) +VERX04ERH[SVOJYRHIHF]XLI4VIHMGXMZI1MRIVEP(MWGSZIV]'SSTIVEXMZI6IWIEVGL'IRXVI References

%VRI('&MIVPIMR*41SVKER.; 7XIMR,.6I3WHEXMRKSJWYP½HIWEWWSGMEXIH[MXLKSPH QMRIVEPM^EXMSRMRGIRXVEP:MGXSVME)GSRSQMG+ISPSK]

&MIVPIMR*4*SWXIV(%1G/RMKLX7 %VRI('8MQMRKSJKSPHQMRIVEPM^EXMSRMRXLI&EPPEVEX KSPH½IPHWGIRXVEP:MGXSVMEGSRWXVEMRXWJVSQAr-%VVIWYPXW%YWXVEPMER.SYVREPSJ)EVXL7GMIRGIW 

&MIVPIMR*4%VRI('*SWXIV(% 6I]RSPHW4%KISGLVSRSPSKMGEPJVEQI[SVOJSVSVSKIRMGKSPH MRGIRXVEP:MGXSVME%YWXVEPME1MRIVEPMYQ(ITSWMXE

'E]PI]6%8E]PSV(,:ERHIR&IVK%,1 1SSVI(,4VSXIVS^SMG)EVP]4EPEIS^SMGVSGOWERH XLI8]IRRER3VSKIR]MRGIRXVEP:MGXSVMEXLI7IP[]R&PSGOERHMXWXIGXSRMGMQTPMGEXMSRW%YWXVEPMER .SYVREPSJ)EVXL7GMIRGIW

*SWXIV(%+VE](6/[EO8%4 &YGLIV1'LVSRSPSK]ERHXIGXSRMGJVEQI[SVOSJXYVFMHMXI LSWXIHKSPHHITSWMXWMRXLI[IWXIVR0EGLPER*SPH&IPX:MGXSVMEAr-%VVIWYPXW3VI+ISPSK] 6IZMI[W

+VEIFIV*1,SYWIQER+% +VIIRLEPKL76IKMSREPXIPIWIMWQMGXSQSKVETL]SJXLI[IWXIVR 0EGLPER 3VSKIR ERH XLI 2I[IV:SPGERMG 4VSZMRGI WSYXLIEWX %YWXVEPME +ISTL]WMGEP .SYVREP -RXIVREXMSREP¯

1MPPIV.1G0 ;MPWSR'.08LI1EKHEPE0SHI7]WXIQ7XE[IPPWSYXLIEWXIVR%YWXVEPMEWXVYGXYVEP WX]PI ERH VIPEXMSRWLMT XS KSPH QMRIVEPM^EXMSR EGVSWW XLI [IWXIVR 0EGLPER *SPH &IPX )GSRSQMG +ISPSK]

1MPPIV .1G0 4LMPPMTW (;MPWSR '.0 (YKHEPI 0. )ZSPYXMSR SJ E VI[SVOIH SVSKIRMG ^SRI XLIFSYRHEV]FIX[IIRXLI(IPEQIVMERERH0EGLPER*SPH&IPXWWSYXLIEWXIVR%YWXVEPME%YWXVEPMER .SYVREPSJ)EVXL7GMIRGIW

 pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

Architecture: using Leapfrog to link structure and spatial data

JOHN MCLEOD MILLER pmd*CRC'IRXVIJSV)\TPSVEXMSR8EVKIXMRK7GLSSPSJ)EVXLERH+ISKVETLMGEP7GMIRGIW9RMZIVWMX]SJ ;IWXIVR%YWXVEPME7XMVPMRK,MKL[E]'VE[PI];% NQQMPPIV$G]PPIRIY[EIHYEY

8VEHMXMSREPWXVYGXYVEPQETTMRKETTVSEGLIWYWMRKWIGXMSRERHTPERQETTMRKERHMRXIVTVIXEXMSRGERVIWYPX MREPEVKIEQSYRXSJQETTMRKXMQIXLEXMWRSXIJ½GMIRXP]XEVKIXIH[MXLRSRGVMXMGEPEVIEWFIMRKQETTIH EWEVIWYPX8LMWGERHIPE]XLIMQTPIQIRXEXMSRSJSXLIVVIWIEVGLEZIRYIWXLEXGERLEZIEQENSVMQTEGX Traditional sectional structural analysis approach is also commonly restricted by an inability to rapidly EGGIWW(QMRIHEXEERHGEREPWSFILEQTIVIHF]EPEGOSJMRXIKVEXMSR[MXLKISGLIQMGEPHEXEWIXW IK EVWIRMGKSPHIXG 8LMWTETIVHIWGVMFIWEPETXSTEREP]WMWETTVSEGLMRXIKVEXIHMRXSWXVYGXYVEPQETTMRK TVSKVEQW;LMPWXXLIVIEVIQYPXMTPIWSJX[EVITEGOEKIWEZEMPEFPIXLMWTETIVLMKLPMKLXWXLIYXMPMWEXMSRSJ FracSIS (Runge Ltd) to integrate and visualise data and also Leapfrog (Zaparo Ltd) to model drillhole HEXEFEWIWERHZMWYEPMWII\MWXMRK[MVIJVEQIW[MXLXLIRI[P]KIRIVEXIHMWSWYVJEGIW%HIWGVMTXMSRSJXLI ETTVSEGLERHEWLSVXSZIVZMI[SJEGEWIWXYH]EXXLI;EPPEF]KSPHHITSWMX;IWXIVR%YWXVEPMEMWKMZIR FIPS[ A revised structural mapping approach is as follows:

9XMPMWIETVSKVEQWYGLEW*VEG7-7 6YRKI0XH XSGSQTMPIQMRIHEXE HIZIPSTQIRXKVEHIWLIPPW IXG 9XMPMWI0IETJVSK >ETEVS0XH XSKIRIVEXIMWSWYVJEGIWSJKVEHIVSGOX]TIWEPXIVEXMSRERHER] SXLIVGSHIVIGSVHIHMRXLIHMEQSRHHVMPPLSPIHEXEFEWIXLEXGSYPHFIVIPIZERX8LIWIEVIXLIR MRGSVTSVEXIHMRXSXLIHMKMXEPQSHIP[MXLXLIQMRIHEXE0IETJVSKMWSWYVJEGIWEVIRSVQEPP]MRMXMEPP] VYR EW MWSXVSTMG ½XW ERH EPWS [MXL ERMWSXVST] TEVEPPIP XS I\MWXMRK XVIRHW SFWIVZIH [MXLMR XLI GSQTMPIHQMRI[MVIJVEQIW 9WIXLIHMKMXEPQSHIPXSXEVKIXWYVJEGISVYRHIVKVSYRHQETTMRKEVIEW SVHVMPPLSPIW 9RHIVXEOIWXERHEVHW]WXIQEXMGWXVYGXYVEPQETTMRKMRXLIWIXEVKIXEVIEW 6YREHHMXMSREP0IETJVSKQSHIPWYWMRKXLIORS[PIHKIKEMRIHJVSQSFWIVZEXMSRWQEHIHYVMRKXLI QETTMRK%HHMXMSREPQSHIPWGSQQSRP]MWSWYVJEGIOI]EPXIVEXMSRX]TIWPMROIHXSSVISVMRGSVTSVEXI RI[QETTMRKHEXE WYGLEWH]OIFIHHMRKSVJSPMEXMSRXVIRHW XSVYRERMWSXVSTMGQSHIPW The Leapfrog isosurfaces of rock and alteration types are produced as follows:

(VMPPMRKHEXEGSQTSWMXIHXSQMHTSMRXW MRXIVZEPHITIRHWSRWGEPI 'SHIEPPYRMXWXLEXEVIXSFIMRGSVTSVEXIHMRXSXLI[MVIJVEQIEW 'SHIEPPSXLIVYRMXWEW 9WI0IETJVSKXSTVSHYGIEMWSWYVJEGIWFIX[IIRERH XSEVIGSQQSRZEPYIWYWIH -RMXMEPP]VYRMWSXVSTMGQSHIPWFYXEPWSERMWSXVSTMGQSHIPWEVIVYR Whilst the isosurfacing approach using Leapfrog is restricted by drilling density (and the consistency of HVMPPLSPIPSKKMRK MXLEWXLIEHZERXEKISJFIMRKZIV]UYMGO TSSVQSHIPMRKSYXGSQIWHSRSXEHZIVWIP]

 pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

EJJIGXXLIXMQIJVEQISJXLIWXYH]8LIETTVSEGLMWRSXVIWXVMGXIHXSXEPP]F]XLIGYVVIRXZMI[SJEKMZIR HITSWMX ERHXLII\MWXMRK[MVIJVEQIW [MXLXLIEFMPMX]XSKIRIVEXIRI[MWSWYVJEGIWXLEXGERFI½IPH XIWXIHMQQIHMEXIP]8LMWTVSHYGIWJIIHFEGOPSSTW[LIVIXLI(QSHIPGEREMHMRMHIRXMJ]MRKOI]½IPH WMXIWXSQET[LMGLXLIRPIEHWXSRI[MWSWYVJEGIWFIMRKKIRIVEXIHXLEXJYVXLIVEMHXLIYRHIVWXERHMRKSJ EW]WXIQ8LIVIWYPXMWE¾I\MFPI(QSHIP[MXLQYPXMTPIKIRIVEXMSRWSJ[MVIJVEQIWJSVHMJJIVIRXIPIQIRXW SJEKMZIRW]WXIQXLEXMWVIWTSRWMZIXSRI[HEXEMRTYX-XEPWSMRGSVTSVEXIWKISPSK]HEXEPSKKIHJVSQHVMPP GSVIXLEXEVIRSXTVIWIRXMRQER]I\MWXMRK(QSHIPW %TTPMGEXMSRXSXLI;EPPEF]KSPHHITSWMX0EZIVXSR;IWXIVR%YWXVEPME The Wallaby gold deposit occurs within an Actinolite-Magnetite-Epidote-Calcite (AMEC) alteration TMTIEWWSGMEXIH[MXLETMTIPMOIW]IRMXIFSH]XLEXMRXVYHIHEQEWWMZIGSRKPSQIVEXIYRMX 7EPMIVIXEP 8LIPS[ERKPIKSPHPSHIWSZIVTVMRXXLI%1)'TMTI[MXLXLIEWWIQFPEKIHSPSQMXIUYEVX^T]VMXI GEPGMXIWIVMGMXILIQEXMXI 7EPMIVIXEP %WTEVXSJEWXVYGXYVEPQETTMRKTVSKVEQHSRI[MXLMRXLI 4VIHMGXMZI1MRIVEP(MWGSZIV]'SSTIVEXMZI6IWIEVGL'IRXVI0IETJVSKQSHIPWSJXLI;EPPEF]7]IRMXI [IVITVSHYGIHYWMRKMWSXVSTMGERHERMWSXVSTMG½XW *MKYVI 8LIERMWSXVSTMG½XWQSHIPIHXLIW]IRMXIW

*MKYVI 0IETJVSK QSHIPW SJ MRXVYWMZI VSGOW ZMI[IH MR *VEG7-7 GSQFMRIW EPP MRXVYWMZI VSGOW I\GITX JSV PEQTVSTL]VIW HYGXMPIJSSX[EPPWLIEVTMXWLIPPERHHIZIPSTQIRXEPWSWLS[R(YGXMPIWLIEV[MVIJVEQITVSHYGIH F]KISPSK]WXEJJJVSQ&EVVMGO+SPHSJ%YWXVEPME0MQMXIH E -WSXVSTMG½X F 4MTIKISQIXV] ½XXIHJSVETPYRKI SJXSXLIWSYXL[MXL0IETJVSKERMWSXVST]SJ GERHH 8[SZMI[WSJXLIH]OIQSHIP8LMWYWIHER ERMWSXVSTMG ½X XLEX JSPPS[IH XLI HSQMRERX W]IRMXI H]OI XVIRH MR XLI STIR TMX RSVXLRSVXLIEWX 0IETJVSK ERMWSXVST] SJ 0MRI LMKLPMKLXW TSWMXMSR SJ WIGXMSR TPER MR *MKYVI -R VIEPMX] XLI EGXYEP W]WXIQ MW E combination of dyke and pipe geometries, with more than one dyke trend.

 pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

EWE³TMTI´ERH[MXLXLIHSQMRERXH]OIXVIRHTVIWIRXMRXLII\MWXMRKQMRI[MVIJVEQIW ³H]OI½X´ *MKYVI 1SHIPWSJKISPSK]PSKKIHEPXIVEXMSRX]TIWXLEXLEHEREWWSGMEXMSR[MXLKSPH[IVIEPWSKIRIVEXIH

%OI]JIEXYVISFWIVZIH[MXLMRXLI(HMKMXEPQSHIPTVMSVXSQETTMRK[EWXLEXXLIW]IRMXIETTIEVIHXS FISJJWIXMRHMVIGXMSRWMRGSRWMWXIRX[MXLTVII\MWXMRKWXVYGXYVEPQSHIPW%PWSXLIGSQTPI\(HMWXVMFYXMSR SJXLIW]IRMXIW IKTMRGLERHW[IPPKISQIXVMIW ETTIEVIHXSLEZIEGSRXVSPSRXLIKSPHPSHIPSGEXMSRW [MXLPSHIWPSGEXIHEGVSWWXLMRRIV³RIGO´VIKMSRWSJXLIMRXVYWMZIFSHMIW *MKYVI 8LI0IETJVSKEPXIVEXMSR QSHIPWEPWSWLS[IHGSQTPI\HMWXVMFYXMSRW

*MKYVI0IETJVSKQSHIPWSJMRXVYWMZIVSGOWZMI[IHMR*VEG7-7LMKLPMKLXMRKXLIPSHIW KVIIRKVEHIWLIPPW FIMRK linked to breaks within the syenite intrusives. Grade shells produced by geology staff from Barrick Gold of Australia Limited.

9RHIVKVSYRHQETTMRK *MKYVI SJXLIW]IRMXIGSRXEGX[MXLXLIGSRKPSQIVEXIWGSR½VQIHXLEXXLI ³H]OI´0IETJVSKQSHIP[EWEGPSWIQEXGLXSVIEPMX] XLIGSRXEGX[EWRSVQEPP][MXLMRQIXVIW[MXL I\GITXMSRWFIMRKEVIEW[LIVIXLIKISPSK][EWHI½RIHF]I\XIRWMZIW]IRMXIH]OIW *YVXLIVQSVIXLI SFWIVZIHSJJWIXHMVIGXMSRSJXLIW]IRMXIWEGVSWWXLIKSPHPSHIWMRXLI0IETJVSKQSHIP[EWEPWSGSVVIGX Systematic structural mapping of fault-vein intersections (with niche sampling of grade) delineated the XVIRHWSJJVEGXYVIQIWLEWWSGMEXIHQMRIVEPMWEXMSR[MXLMRXLIHITSWMX8LIKISQIXV]SJXLIWIJVEGXYVI QIWLIW[EWPMROIHFEGOXSXLII\MWXMRKKVEHIWLIPPWTVSHYGMRKEKSSHGSVVIPEXMSRFIX[IIRQIWSERH QEGVSWGEPIJIEXYVIW One key observation from the mapping was that there were actually two phases of fracture-mesh LSWXIHKSPHPSHIWXLEXGSYPHFIPMROIHFEGOXSXLII\MWXMRKKVEHIWLIPPW XLMW[EWMRXIVTVIXIHXSVI¾IGX a change in m2ERHXLYWm2TIVQIEFMPMX][MXLEVIWYPXERXGLERKIMRSVIWLSSXSVMIRXEXMSR 8LIIEVPMIWX set of lodes was associated with hematite alteration that had more gently dipping fault-vein intersections GSQTEVIHXSPEXIVJVEGXYVIQIWLIW8LIWIIEVP]LIQEXMXIEWWSGMEXIHPSHIW[IVISJJWIXERHHIJSVQIH F]XLI]SYRKIVJVEGXYVIQIWLIW%TEVXJVSQXLIVIFIMRKEHMJJIVIRGIMRJVEGXYVIQIWLKISQIXV]XLI disseminated wall rock alteration linked to the hematite-associated lodes had different gold grades GSQTEVIHXSPEXIVJVEGXYVIQIWLIW 8LIWIX[SSFWIVZEXMSRWQIERXXLEXHIPMRIEXMRKXLIHMWXVMFYXMSR

 pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

*MKYVI,SVM^SRXEPWPMGIXLVSYKL0IETJVSKH]OI½XXSVSGOWZMI[IHMR*VEG7-7 PMRIMR*MKYVILMKLPMKLXW WPMGIPSGEXMSR 2SXIX[SMRXVYWMZIFSHMIW[IVIHIPMRIEXIHMRXLIQSHIP8LMW[EWGSR½VQIHF]YRHIVKVSYRH QETTMRK FPYIPMRI 8LIQENSVHIZMEXMSRWJVSQXLIQSHIPXSEGXYEPHMWXVMFYXMSRWSGGYVVIH[LIVIXLIMRXVYWMSR split into multiple dykes. Note light red coloured areas are regions where massive syenite (instead of sheeted H]OIW SGGYVW

SJXLILIQEXMXIPSHIW[EWSRIOI]EWTIGXXSYRHIVWXERHMRKXLIKVEHIHMWXVMFYXMSR[MXLMRXLIHITSWMX %HHMXMSREP0IETJVSKQSHIPWSJXLILIQEXMXIEPXIVEXMSR VSGOGSHI%76, [IVIKIRIVEXIHEWEVIWYPXSJ XLI½IPHSFWIVZEXMSRW XLIWIWYGGIWWJYPP]MHIRXM½IHXLIQENSVWXVYGXYVIWPMROIHXSLIQEXMXIEWWSGMEXIH SVI[MXLMRXLIHITSWMX

 pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

The initial structural mapping underground was able to constrain the geometry of the fracture-mesh EWWSGMEXIHSVIWLSSXW8LI0IETJVSKEPXIVEXMSRQSHIPWJSVSRIEVIESJXLIHITSWMXLS[IZIVLEHEKVEHI related alteration trend that was substantially different to ore shoots linked to the intersection of the SFWIVZIHFVMXXPIHIJSVQEXMSRJIEXYVIW&EWIHSRMXW0IETJVSKEPXIVEXMSRTEXXIVR[MXLMRXLI(HMKMXEP QSHIP *MKYVI XLMWEVIESJXLIQMRIFIGEQIEOI]TVMSVMX]EVIEXSQETEWMXETTIEVIHXSVITVIWIRX E[IPPHI½RIHFVSEHERHGSRXMRYSYWTEGOEKISJSVIVIPEXIHEPXIVEXMSREPXLSYKLMXHMHRSXJSPPS[ER] XVIRHWETTEVIRXMRXLIFVMXXPIJIEXYVIWQETTIHMRXLIQMRI8LIQETTMRKSJXLMWEVIEJSYRHXLEXPSGEPMWIH ^SRIWSJHYGXMPIWLIEVWERHEWWSGMEXIHJSPMEXMSRLEHEQENSVGSRXVSPSRXLIJSVQEXMSRSJXLIKSPHPSHIW 8LISVIWLSSXWMRXLI0IETJVSKEPXIVEXMSRQSHIPEGXYEPP]VI¾IGXIHXLIMRXIVWIGXMSRFIX[IIRXLIWIHYGXMPI WLIEVWERHGVSWWGYXXMRKFVMXXPIJEYPXW[MXLEWYFWXERXMEPEQSYRXSJ[EPPVSGOEPXIVEXMSRJSPPS[MRKXLI TVII\MWXMRKHYGXMPIWLIEVW *MKYVIE 8LIMRXIVWIGXMSRSJXLIWIX[SJIEXYVIW *MKYVIF QEXGLIHXLI observed alteration shoot produced in the 3D Leapfrog model by modeling geology-logged alteration GSHIW *MKYVI 'SQTEVIHXSEVIEW[MXLQEWWMZIGSRKPSQIVEXIXLITVIWIRGISJHYGXMPIWLIEVW[EW PMROIHXSXLIHIZIPSTQIRXSJ[MHIV^SRIWSJEPXIVEXMSRXLEXEVIIGSRSQMGXSQMRI8LMWLMKLPMKLXIH XLIRIIHJSVXLI;EPPEF]QMRIKISPSKMWXWXSRSXNYWXJSGYWSRXLIFVMXXPIJIEXYVIWFYXXSYRHIVWXERH XLIHMWXVMFYXMSRSJHYGXMPI^SRIWSJWLIEVMRK[MXLMRXLIHITSWMX8LIHYGXMPIWLIEVWEVIMRJIVVIHXSFSXL chemically and mechanically prepare the rocks making them more susceptible to developing ore-related EPXIVEXMSREVSYRHMRXIVWIGXMRKFVMXXPIJEYPXW8LIQMRIKISPSKMWXWWYFWIUYIRXP]HSQEMRIHXLIWIHYGXMPI ^SRIWXLVSYKLSYXXLIIRXMVISVIFSH]

100m

*MKYVI7RETWLSXSJ0IETJVSKQSHIP &&EVIE;EPPEF]1MRI SJSVIVIPEXIHEPXIVEXMSR XLMWGSQFMRIH EPPKISPSK]PSKKIHVSGOGSHIWPMROIHXSKSPH ZMI[IHMR*VEG7-78LMWTVSHYGIHEWXVSRKIEWXXVIRHMRKEPXIVEXMSR WLSSX[LMGLQEXGLIWXLIQETTIHJEYPXWJSPMEXMSRMRXIVWIGXMSR *MKYVI Summary of mapping approach

8LI;EPPEF]TVSNIGXMWERI\EQTPISJEWXVYGXYVEPQETTMRKETTVSEGLXLEXMRXIKVEXIHXLII\MWXMRKQMRI data into a 3D model and also generated models of geology logged rock and alteration codes prior XSERHHYVMRKXLIYRHIVKVSYRHERHTMXQETTMRK8LMWQMRMQMWIHXLIQETTMRKSJRSRGVMXMGEPEVIEWERH I\XVEGXIHGVMXMGEPEHHMXMSREPORS[PIHKIJVSQXLIHVMPPLSPIHEXEFEWI Acknowledgements

8LMW[SVOLEWFIIRHSRIEWTEVXSJXLI=pmd*CRCTVSKVEQ7YWER(VMIFIVK[EWGVMXMGEPMRJEGMPMXEXMRK

 pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

*MKYVI E 4LSXSSJLIQEXMXIEWWSGMEXIHEPXIVEXMSRJSPPS[MRKIEVPMIVHYGXMPIWLIEVJSPMEXMSR8LIMRXIVWIGXMSR SJXLIWIQEXGLIWXLISVIWLSSX WII*MKYVI F 7XIVISRIXTPSXSJJEYPXW IEWXHMTTMRK ERHJSPMEXMSRHYGXMPI WLIEVW WSYXLIEWXXSWSYXLWSYXLIEWXHMTTMRK MRXLI&HVMZI8LIMRXIVWIGXMSRMWIEWXXVIRHMRKERH matches the alteration trend in Figure 4.

XLI MRMXMEP VIWIEVGL ERH EPWS HIQSRWXVEXIH EPP SJ XLI OI] EPXIVEXMSR X]TIW ERH MRXVYWMZI VSGOW &VYGI 6SFIVXWSRMWXLEROIHJSVI\XIRWMZIEMHMREGGIWWMRKHVMPPHEXE[MVIJVEQIWERHQETTMRKERHQEOMRKXLI TVSNIGX[SVO Reference

7EPMIV&4+VSZIW(-1G2EYKLXSR2. *PIXGLIV-6 8LI[SVPHGPEWW;EPPEF] KSPH HITSWMX 0EZIVXSR;IWXIVR%YWXVEPME%RSVSKIRMGWX]PISZIVTVMRXSREQEKQEXMGL]HVSXLIVQEPQEKRIXMXI GEPGMXIEPXIVEXMSRTMTI#1MRIVEPMYQ(ITSWMXE¯

 pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

%VGLMXIGXYVI;SVQWERH[LEXXLI] can show

F. C. (BARRY) MURPHY pmd*CRC7GLSSPSJ)EVXL7GMIRGIW9RMZIVWMX]SJ1IPFSYVRI:-' FQYVTL]$YRMQIPFIHYEYERHJGQ$JVEGXSVIGSQ

Introduction Mineral explorers must make area reduction decisions based on some a priori knowledge and understanding SJEVERKISJHEXEMRTYXW[MXLZEV]MRKVIPMEFMPMX]-RTEVXMGYPEVLYKIMRZIWXQIRXWEVIQEHIMRXLIEGUYMWMXMSR SJKVEZMX]ERHEIVSQEKRIXMGHEXE]IXXLIMRXIVTVIXEXMSRSJWYGLHEXEGERJEPPWLSVXSJXLIQEVOFIGEYWI XLIVIMWELMKLHIKVIISJYRGIVXEMRX]SVEQFMKYMX]MRZSPZIH[MXLMXWMRXIVTVIXEXMSR%QFMKYMX]MRTSXIRXMEP ½IPHMRXIVTVIXEXMSREVMWIWJVSQXLIJEGXXLEXERMR½RMXIRYQFIVSJ(HMWXVMFYXMSRWSJWYWGITXMFMPMX]SV HIRWMX]GERHIVMZIJVSQXLIWEQIQIEWYVIQIRXWMRXLIQEKRIXMGSVKVEZMX]½IPHWVIWTIGXMZIP]+VEHMIRXW MRXLITSXIRXMEP½IPHEVIMQTSVXERXEWXLI]VI¾IGXHIRWMX]ERHSVQEKRIXMGWYWGITXMFMPMX]GSRXVEWXWHYIXS GLERKIWMRVSGOGSQTSWMXMSR8LITSWMXMSRWERHREXYVISJWYGLKVEHMIRXWEVIEOI]IPIQIRXMRHIZIPSTMRK EKISPSKMGEPMRXIVTVIXEXMSRSJXLIEVGLMXIGXYVI%VERKISJMQEKITVSGIWWMRKERH(IHKIIRLERGIQIRX XIGLRMUYIWEVIGSQQSRP]ETTPMIHWYGLHEXE2SX[MXLWXERHMRKXLMWXLIEQFMKYMX]ERHVERKISJTSWWMFPI MRXIVTVIXEXMSRWVIQEMRWPEVKI

8S VIHYGI XLMW EQFMKYMX] '7-63 MR GSPPEFSVEXMSR [MXL *VEGXEP +VETLMGW XLVSYKL XLI %YWXVEPMER +ISH]REQMGW'SSTIVEXMZI6IWIEVGL'IRXVI %+'6' HIZIPSTIHEREYXSQEXIHIHKIHIXIGXMSRVSYXMRI YWMRK[EZIPIXFEWIHEPKSVMXLQWXSHIXIGXXLITSWMXMSRWSJQE\MQYQKVEHMIRXWEGVSWWQYPXMTPILIMKLXW SJYT[EVHGSRXMRYEXMSR PSSWIP]XIVQIH³[SVQW´ ,SVRF]IXEP %VGLMFEPHIXEP ,SPHIRIX EP 8LIEHZERXEKISJXLMWETTVSEGLMWXLEXMXTVSZMHIWE(¾SEXMRKTSMRXVITVIWIRXEXMSRSJXLI KVEHMIRX½IPHWXLEXTIVQMXWVETMHVITIEXEFPIMRXIVTVIXEXMSRWSJXLIHEXE%PXLSYKLXLIVIMWWXMPPEQFMKYMX] MRLS[XSMRXIVTVIXWYGLHEXEMRIJJIGXXLI[SVQWLIPTXS³WXIEH]XLILERH´SJXLIMRXIVTVIXIVERHKMZIE (ETTVIGMEXMSRSJXLIKVEHMIRXWXLEXMWWYTIVMSVXSXVEHMXMSREP(MQEKIIRLERGIQIRXQIXLSHW

3RGIKIRIVEXIHLS[IZIVXLIMRXIVTVIXIVMWJEGIH[MXLELYKIZSPYQISJHEXETSMRXW YTXSQMPPMSRW [LMGLEVIGYQFIVWSQIXSQERMTYPEXIERHZMWYEPMWIMR(ERHIWTIGMEPP]MR(TPEXJSVQW8LI(*VEG7-7 WSJX[EVI TPEXJSVQ [EW HIZIPSTIH MR VIWTSRWI XS XLI RIIH XS ZMWYEPMWI WYGL MRJSVQEXMSR 3R E ( TPEXJSVQERSTXMQMWEXMSRVSYXMRI[EWHIZIPSTIHXLVSYKLXLIpmd*CRC to convert the 3D data into 2D MQEKIWERHVIPEXIHZIGXSVSYXTYXWYWMRKXLIpmd*CRC´W+ISWGSTIWSJX[EVI8LMWQEOIWXLI[SVQHEXE QSVIEQIREFPIXSUYERXMXEXMZI+-7XVIEXQIRXW ;LEXEVI[SVQW# Worms are points of maximum gradient derived through a process of wavelet transformation and YT[EVHGSRXMRYEXMSRSJTSXIRXMEP½IPHKVMHW8LIWITSMRXWEVI³¾SEXMRK´MR(WTEGIERH[LIRZMWYEPMWIH EGVSWWQYPXMTPIPIZIPWSJYT[EVHGSRXMRYEXMSRETTIEVXSGSEPIWGIEW([SVQ³WLIIXW´ ,SVRF]IXEP %VGLMFEPHIXEP 8LITSMRXWVIGSVHXLITSWMXMSR \]^ ERHEQTPMXYHI [ SJKVEHMIRXW *MKYVI ,SVRF]IXEP LEZIWLS[RXLEX[MXLXLIYWISJERETTVSTVMEXI[EZIPIXHIVMZIHJVSQ+VIIR´W JYRGXMSRSJKVEZMXEXMSREPEGGIPIVEXMSRXLIQIEWYVIHTSXIRXMEP½IPHSVMXWWTEXMEPHIVMZEXMZIWGERFIXVIEXIH EWXVERWJSVQWSJXLIWSYVGIHMWXVMFYXMSR-RSXLIV[SVHWEGSQTPIXISVSFWIVZIHWMKREPMWFVSOIRHS[R MRXSEWIVMIWSJGSQTSRIRXWSV[EZIPIXW-QTSVXERXP]XLIVIMWIUYMZEPIRGIFIX[IIRXLITSXIRXMEP½IPH

 pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

YT[EVHGSRXMRYEXMSRERHXLIGLERKIMRWGEPIMR[EZIPIXEREP]WMW8LVSYKLWIPIGXMSRSJETTVSTVMEXIWGEPMRK ERHKVMHHMRKJYRGXMSRWXLMWVIPEXMSRWLMTMWSTXMQMWIHJSVXLITVSHYGXMSRSJ[SVQW;SVQWEXXLIPS[IWX PIZIPSJYT[EVHGSRXMRYEXMSREVIXIVQIH³½RIWGEPI´[SVQWERHEVIWLSVX[EZIPIRKXLLMKLJVIUYIRG] IHKIWMRXLIRIEVWYVJEGIIRZMVSRQIRX;SVQWLIIXWTIVWMWXXSZEV]MRKLIMKLXWSJYT[EVHGSRXMRYEXMSR HITIRHMRKSRXLIREXYVISJXLIKISPSKMGEPIHKI8LSWIXLEXGSRXMRYIXSLMKLPIZIPWSJYT[EVHGSRXMRYEXMSR EVIXIVQIH³GSEVWIWGEPI´FIMRKPSRK[EZIPIRKXLPS[JVIUYIRG]IHKIW;MXLWSQII\GITXMSRWGSEVWI WGEPI[SVQWKIRIVEPP]VIPEXIXSHIITIVPIZIPWERHQSVITIVWMWXIRXGVYWXEPWSYVGIW

%OI]EWWYQTXMSRYRHIVP]MRKXLIMRXIVTVIXEXMSRMWXLEXETTEVIRXIHKIWMRXLITSXIRXMEP½IPHVIPEXIXS EKISPSKMGEPGSRXEGX %VGLMFEPHIXEP 7]RXLIXMGQSHIPW IK*MKYVI MRHMGEXIXLEXYTXSXLI[ QE\MQE ,SPHIRIXEP XLIHMTHMVIGXMSRSJE[SVQWLIIXGERFIEQMVVSVMQEKISJXLIVIPEXIH KISPSKMGEP GSRXEGX IKJSPHWJEYPXWMRXVYWMZI FSHMIW 9WMRK XLI LIMKLX ^ ERH PIRKXL TIVWMWXIRGI SJ [SVQWMRJIVIRGIWGERFIQEHIEFSYXXLIHITXLSJTIRIXVEXMSRSJEKISPSKMGEPIHKI 1YVTL]IXEP

2EXYVEPP]GSRXEGXW[MXLRSHIRWMX]GSRXVEWXEGVSWWXLIQ IKWSQIJEYPXW EVI³FPMRH´XSXLIIHKITMGOMRK EPKSVMXLQ7YGLJEYPXWLS[IZIVGERFIMRJIVVIHXLVSYKLPMRIEVFVIEOWMRERHSJJWIXWSJXLI[SVQWLIIXW %WXLI[SVQMRKTVSGIWWVIUYMVIWEVIKYPEVKVMHSJHEXEERHVIKMSREPWYVZI]WVEVIP]GSRJSVQXSXLMWHEXE QE]RIIHXSFIMRXVSHYGIHXS³TEHSYX´XLIKVMHERHMRWSQIMRWXERGIWXLIWYVZI]FSYRHEV]QE]MXWIPJ GVIEXIEREVXM½GMEP[SVQ

*MKYVI(ZMWYEPMWEXMSRSJW]RXLIXMGQYPXMWGEPIIHKIW [SVQW HYIXSERMRGPMRIHG]PMRHIV2SXIXLIMRGPMRIH [SVQ WLIIX QMVVSVW XLI HMT SJ XLI G]PMRHIVERH XLI EQTPMXYHI [ MRGVIEWIW [MXL LIMKLX ^ XS[EVHW E QE\MQYQ [EVQIVGSPSYVW QSHM½IHJVSQ%VGLMFEPHIXEP

;LEXXSHS[MXL[SVQW# 8LI(REXYVISJXLI[SVQHEXETVSZMHIWOI]MRJSVQEXMSRSRXLIPSGEXMSRHMTHMVIGXMSRERHHITXL I\XIRXSJKVEHMIRXW7YGLMRXIVTVIXEXMSRWLS[IZIVRIIHXSFIQEHIMRGSQFMREXMSR[MXLSXLIVHEXE WIXWVEXLIVXLERYWIHMRMWSPEXMSREWEQFMKYMX]VIQEMRWERMWWYI-RTVS½PIZMI[XLIYT[EVHGSRXMRYIH

 pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

PIZIPWLIPTXSGSRWXVEMRXLIREXYVISJKISPSKMGEPGSRXVEGXWERHMRGSQFMREXMSR[MXLSXLIVKISTL]WMGEPERH KISPSKMGEPHEXEWYGLSYXTYXWGERFIYWIHMRFYMPHMRK(KISPSKMGEPQSHIPWHIVMZIHJVSQWIVMEPKISPSKMGEP GVSWWWIGXMSRWWYGLEWMR;IWXIVR:MGXSVME *MKYVI 1YVTL]IXEP ERHMR8EWQERME 1YVTL]IXEP

Figure 2. Template used for construction of geological cross sections in western Victoria. A. Geological map [MXLWYTIVMQTSWIHTSWMXMSRWSJWIMWQMGXVEZIVWIW ::: ERHPMRISJWIGXMSR HEWLIHPMRIPEFIPPIH% & ZIVXMGEPTVS½PISJ[SVQTSMRXWEXHMJJIVIRXLIMKLXWSJYT[EVHGSRXMRYEXMSREFSZIKVSYRHWYVJEGI QEKIRXE EVIKVEZMX][SVQWFPYIKVIIREVIQEKRIXMG[SVQWGSPSYVIHF]EQTPMXYHI 'FIPS[KVSYRHZIVXMGEPMQEKISJ YRGSRWXVEMRIHKVEZMX]MRZIVWMSRXSOQHITXL VIHEVIQSVIHIRWIFSHMIW (QETSJEIVSQEKRIXMG[SVQW at same location as geology map. Scale bar is 10km, V=H (reproduced with permission from Murphy et al., The pmd*CRC’s Geoscope software renders the 3D gradients (Figure 3a) as thematic maps of worm LIMKLX *MKYVIF [SVQEQTPMXYHIERHLIMKLXQMKVEXIHMQEKIW8LITSWXTVSGIWWMRKVSYXMRIYWIWRIEVIWX neighbour analysis to generate vector lines from the worm points that are attributed with a range of TEVEQIXIVW XVIRHPIRKXLWXVEMKLXRIWWLIMKLX *MKYVIWLS[WERI\EQTPISJKVEZMX]KVEHMIRXWEXXLI OQYT[EVHGSRXMRYIHPIZIPJSVXLI1X-WEVIKMSR8LIWI[SVQPMRIWLEZIFIIR½PXIVIHEGGSVHMRKXSE QMRMQYQPIRKXLGVMXIVME "OQPSRK ERHQETTIHEGGSVHMRKXSXLVIIXVIRHHMWXVMFYXMSRW7YGLSYXTYXW LIPTXSGSRWXVEMRWTEXMEPP]HMWXMRGXHSQEMRW

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a) b)

*MKYVI%IVSQEKRIXMG[SVQMQEKI1X-WEVIKMSR%(TIVWTIGXMZI MR*VEG7-7 SJ[SVQWLIIXWJVSQXS OQLIMKLXGSPSYVIHF]EQTPMXYHI [ [MXLQENSVHITSWMXW VIHHSXW ERH&(QET JVSQ+ISWGSTI SJ WPMKLXP]FMKKIVEVIEWLEHIHEXHMJJIVIRXPIZIPWSJYT[EVHGSRXMRYIHLIMKLX ^ ERHWLS[MRKTSWMXMSRSJQENSV HITSWMXW QEKIRXE QENSVJEYPXW VIH ERH7]FIPPE&EXLSPMXL VIH

7XVMOIPIRKXLMWEYRMJ]MRKGLEVEGXIVSJXLIKVEZMX]ERHEIVSQEKRIXMGHEXEWIXW%OI]TEVXSJXLIMRXIVTVIXEXMSR VSYXMRIMRZSPZIWEHI½RMXMSRSJXLIJEYPXEVGLMXIGXYVIJVSQXLI[SVQHEXE8LMWHIQERHWWSQIWYFNIGXMZMX] MRHIXIVQMRMRK[LIVIJEYPXWIRHEVISJJWIXSVEVIXIVQMREXIH3GOLEQ´W6E^SV ³IRXMXMIWWLSYPHRSXFI QYPXMTPMIHYRRIGIWWEVMP]´ MWIQTPS]IHMRXLIMRXIVTVIXEXMSRVSYXMRIWIIOMRKXSIQTLEWMWGSRXMRYMX]VEXLIV XLERWIKQIRXEXMSR EWTIVXLISVMKMREPHEXE *VSQXLMWJEYPXPMRIMRXIVTVIXEXMSRMQEKIWSJWXVMOIPIRKXLGER FIVIEHMP]HIVMZIH)\EQTPIWSJXLIpmd*CRC’s application of worms to constraining regional architecture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½KYVIWXLI[EVQIVEVIEWVITVIWIRXVIKMSRWSJPSRKIVWXVYGXYVEP IPIQIRXWERHWIIQXSLEZILMKLIVTSXIRXMEPXSLSWXQENSVHITSWMXW Conclusions

;SVQWEVISRIJEGIXSJTSXIRXMEP½IPHKVEHMIRXWXLEXWMKRM½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½IPHXLEXMWWYTIVMSVXSSXLIV XVEHMXMSREP IHKI IRLERGIQIRX VSYXMRIW%REP]WMW SJ WYGL HEXE GER FI HSRI MR ( TPEXJSVQWWYGL EW *VEG7-7SVYWMRKpmd*CRC´W+ISWGSTIXSSPMRE(+-7IRZMVSRQIRX

*SVVIKMSREPWGEPIGSRWXVYGXMSRSJ(QETWXLIPEVKIHMQIRWMSRJEYPXWEVIQSHIPPIHMRXLI½VWXMRWXERGI ERHMRXLIEFWIRGISJSXLIVWYTTSVXMRKHEXEWXVMOIPIRKXLGERFIETVS\]JSVHITXLSJTIRIXVEXMSR%R

 pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

*MKYVI8LIQEXMGQETSJKVEZMX][SVQPMRIWXLEXI\GIIHOQPIRKXLMRXLI1X-WEVIKMSR8LIWIEVIGSPSYVIH F]XVIRH EWXLVIIWYFWIXW EXOQYT[EVHGSRXMRYEXMSRLIMKLX

 pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

*MKYVI8EWQERMEEEIVSQEKRIXMG[SVQWGSPSYVGSHIHF]PIZIPSJYT[EVHGSRXMRYEXMSR > KVIIR!½RIWGEPI VIH!GSEVWIWGEPI FWXVMOIPIRKXLMQEKISJGSQFMRIHEIVSQEKRIXMGERHKVEZMX]MRXIVTVIXIHJEYPXW[EVQIV GSPSYVW!PSRKIVPIRKXL G1X6IEH:,17FIPXEWJEYPXWXVMOIPIRKXLMQEKI HHIXEMPSJWXVMOIPIRKXLMQEKIERH PSGEXMSRWSJQENSVQEWWMZIWYPTLMHIHITSWMXW IEWX[IWX½IPHSJZMI[bOQ JVSQ1YVTL]IXEP analysis of gravity and aeromagnetic gradients provides a basis for generating interpreted fault length MQEKIWSJVIKMSRW8LMWLEWVIPIZERGIXSJEYPXVIPEXIHL]HVSXLIVQEPHITSWMXWTEVXMGYPEVP][LIRI\TPSVMRK MRYRHIVGSZIVVIKMSRW[LIVIXLIVIMWELIEZ]VIPMERGISRTSXIRXMEP½IPHHEXE-XMWGSQQSRP]JSYRH XLEX PSRK [EZIPIRKXL WXVMOI I\XIRWMZI KVEHMIRXW GSVVIPEXI [MXL QENSV JEYPX HMWGSRXMRYMXMIW 7YGL PEVKI

 pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

HMQIRWMSRWXVYGXYVIWEVIMRXVMRWMGEPP][IEOIV[MHIVHEQEKI^SRIWXLEXGERFIGSRHYMXWJSVL]HVSXLIVQEP ¾YMHWEXHMJJIVIRXGVYWXEPPIZIPW References

%VGLMFEPH2+S[4 &SWGLIXXM*1YPXMWGEPIIHKIEREP]WMWSJTSXIRXMEP½IPHHEXE)\TPSVEXMSR +ISTL]WMGW

&MIVPIMR*41YVTL]*';IMRFIVK6* 0IIW8(MWXVMFYXMSRSJSVSKIRMGKSPHHITSWMXWMRVIPEXMSR XS JEYPX ^SRIW ERH KVEZMX] KVEHMIRXW XEVKIXMRK XSSPW ETTPMIH XS XLI )EWXIVR +SPH½IPHW=MPKEVR 'VEXSR;IWXIVR%YWXVEPME1MRIVEPMYQ(ITSWMXE

,SVRF]4,SVS[MX^*&SWGLIXXM* %VGLMFEPH2-RJIVVMRKKISPSK]JVSQKISTL]WMGW%+'6' +ISH]REQMGWERH3VIHITSWMXW'SRJIVIRGI

,SVRF]4&SWGLIXXM* ,SVS[MX^*+%REP]WMWSJTSXIRXMEP½IPHHEXEMRXLI[EZIPIXHSQEMR +ISTL]WMGEP.SYVREP-RXIVREXMSREP

,SPHIR(.%VGLMFEPH2.&SWGLIXXM* .IWWIPP1;-RJIVVMRKKISPSKMGEPWXVYGXYVIWYWMRKQYPXMWGEPI IHKIEREP]WMWERHJSV[EVHQSHIPW)\TPSVEXMSR+ISTL]WMGW

1YVTL]*'(IR[IV//IIPI6+VIIR+/SVWGL6. 0IIW84VSWTIGXMZMX]EREP]WMW8EWQERME [LIVIQSRWXIVWPYVO#-R1G4LMI. 1G+SPHVMGO4IHW(]REQMG)EVXL4EWX4VIWIRXERH*YXYVI +ISPSKMGEP7SGMIX]SJ%YWXVEPME%FWXVEGXW

1YVTL]*'6E[PMRK8.;MPWSR'.0(YKHEPI0. 1MPPIV.1G0(WXVYGXYVEPQSHIPPMRKERH MQTPMGEXMSRW JSV XEVKIXMRK KSPH QMRIVEPMWEXMSR MR [IWXIVR:MGXSVME %YWXVEPMER .SYVREP SJ )EVXL 7GMIRGIW

 pmd*CRC Conference 11-12 June 2008

Deposition: Tarmoola Au numerical modelling - from reverse engineering of a deposit to multi-scale predictive targeting

;%66)24381% pmd*CRC'7-631MRIVEPW(S[R9RHIV*PEKWLMT43&S\&IRXPI];% ;EVVIR4SXQE$GWMVSEY

Introduction

8LI8EVQSSPEKSPHHITSWMXMWPSGEXIHSRXLIIEWXIVRQEVKMRWSJXLI8EVQSSPE+VERSHMSVMXIRSVXLSJ 0EZIVXSRMRXLI)EWXIVR+SPH½IPHWSJXLI=MPKEVR'VEXSRMR[LEXETTIEVWXSFIEPEVKIP]WXVYGXYVEPP] controlled ore system hosting gold within both the granodiorite and carbonated komatiite sequences XLI KVERSHMSVMXI MRXVYHIW +SPH MW GPSWIP] EWWSGMEXIH [MXL FSXL XIRWMPI ERH WLIEV ZIMRW8IRWMPIZIMRW HSQMREXI[MXLMRXLIKVERSHMSVMXI[LIVIXLIQENSVMX]SJQMRIVEPMWEXMSRMWPSGEXIHGPSWIXSXLIQEVKMRSJ XLIMRXVYWMSR[LIVIEWPEVKIQMRIVEPMWIHWLIEVZIMRWGSQQSRP]QEVOXLIGSRXEGXFIX[IIRXLIMRXVYWMSR ERHXLIGEVFSREXIHOSQEXMMXIWIUYIRGI8LIGEVFSREXIHOSQEXMMXIWLSWXEGSQFMREXMSRSJXIRWMPIERH WLIEVZIMRW

8LILMKLIWXKVEHIWERHFIWXSVIXSRREKIWGSQQSRP]SGGYVGPSWIXSXLIGSRXEGXERHXLIVIMWELMKL KVEHISVIWLSSXTPYRKMRKWSYXLWSYXLIEWXGSMRGMHIRX[MXLIQFE]QIRXWMRXLIKVERSHMSVMXI Reverse engineering of deposit

8LI½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½GWIUYIRGIMWTVSZMHMRKXLIHVMZMRKQIGLERMWQ PSGEPMWMRK¾YMH¾S[

8SXIWXXLMWL]TSXLIWMWE(QSHIPSJXLIKVERSHMSVMXI[EWGVIEXIH *MKYVI JVSQEGSQFMREXMSR SJ HIXEMPIH HVMPP LSPI HEXE ERH QMRI QETTMRK MR ERH EVSYRH XLI I\MWXMRK8EVQSSPE TMX%HHMXMSREPP] MRXIVTVIXEXMSRWSJKISTL]WMGEPHEXEWIXWMRGPYHMRKKVEZMX][SVQWERHMRZIVWMSRWSJXLIKVEZMX]HEXEWIXW [IVIYWIHEWGSRWXVEMRXWSRXLIKISQIXV][IWXSJXLITMX9WMRKXLIVIWYPXMRK[MVIJVEQIEGSQTPI\ MVVIKYPEV ( ZSPYQIXVMG QIWL [EW KIRIVEXIHERH EWWMKRIH TL]WMGEP ERH ¾YMH¾S[ TVSTIVXMIW[LMGL VITVIWIRXIHXLIKISQIXV]SJXLIGSQTIXIRXKVERSHMSVMXILSWXIH[MXLMRE[IEOIVOSQEXMMXIQEXVM\

% PEVKI VERKI SJ RYQIVMGEP QSHIPW [IVI XLIR VYR XS XIWX XLI MQTEGX SJ ZEV]MRK XLI JEV½IPHWXVIWW HMVIGXMSRERHHIJSVQEXMSRVIKMQI GSQTVIWWMSRZIVWYWXVERWTVIWWMSRZIVWYWWXVMOIWPMT 8LMWVIWYPXIHMRE WQEPPKVSYTSJQSHIPWXLEXHIZIPSTIHWXVEMRERH¾YMH¾S[ERSQEPMIWMRWMQMPEVPSGEXMSRWERH[MXLWMQMPEV QSVTLSPSKMIWXSXLI8EVQSSPEQMRIVEPMWEXMSR *MKYVI

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*MKYVI8EVQSSPE+VERSHMSVMXIWYVJEGI[MXLXLII\MWXMRK8EVQSSPETMXWLIPPWYTIVMQTSWIH

8LIFIWX½XVIZIVWIIRKMRIIVMRKQSHIPVIWYPXWVITVSHYGIH

8LISFWIVZIHHMWXVMFYXMSRSJHMPEXMSRERHXIRWMPIZIMRMRK[MXLMRXLIKVERSHMSVMXITVS\MQEPXSXLI GSRXEGX 8LILMKLWLIEVWXVEMRERHEWWSGMEXIHHMPEXMSRSRXLI¾EXYTTIVIEWXIVRGSRXEGXSJXLIKVERSHMSVMXI TVS\MQEPXSXLITMX [LIVIEGSRXEGXTEVEPPIPWLIEVZIMRLSWXWQMRIVEPMWEXMSR 8LILMKLWLIEVWXVEMR[MXLMRXLILSWXVSGOWXSXLIIEWXSJXLIFVMXXPIQMRIVEPMWIHHSQEMRTVS\MQEP XSXLIWXIITIEWXIVRKVERSHMSVMXIGSRXEGXMRGPYHMRKVITVSHYGMRKXLIKVIEXIWXHMPEXMSRERSQEP] GSMRGMHIRX[MXLXLILMKLKVEHIWSYXLWSYXLIEWXTPYRKMRKWLSSXWSJLMKLKVEHIQMRIVEPMWEXMSR 8LIKVIEXIWX¾YMH¾S[EXWMXIWTVS\MQEPXSXLIQEVKMRSJXLIKVERSHMSVMXIGSMRGMHIRX[MXLXLI WXVEMRERSQEPMIW Multi-scale predictive targeting

8LIKVSYTSJQSHIPWXLEX]MIPHIHEKSSH½X[MXLXLISFWIVZIHHMWXVMFYXMSRSJQMRIVEPMWEXMSREX8EVQSSPE EPWSLMKLPMKLXIHSXLIVTVIZMSYWP]YRMHIRXM½IHERSQEPMIWSRXLIQEVKMRWSJXLI8EVQSSPEKVERSHMSVMXI

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Figure 2. Models with east-west to east-northeast - west-southwest compression directions yielded anomalous WXVEMRERH¾YMH¾S[HMWXVMFYXMSRWXLEXFIWXQEXGLIHXLIORS[RHMWXVMFYXMSRSJQMRIVEPMWEXMSRERHZIMRMRKMRXLI 8EVQSSPEHITSWMX7MRMWXVEPXVERWTVIWWMSRQSHIPW[MXLGSQTVIWWMSRGSQTSRIRXWEPWS]MIPHIHGSQTEVEFPI results. *MKYVI 8LIQSHIPVIWYPXWEPWSTVSHYGIHERMRHMGEXMSRSJXLII\TIGXIHKISQIXV]SJXLIWIXEVKIXWEW [IPPEWXLIWX]PISJQMRIVEPMWEXMSRSVLSWXWXVYGXYVIXSFII\TIGXIHEXIEGLWMXI The results of the Tarmoola modelling work can also be applied to regional predictive targeting of the QSWXTVSWTIGXMZITSVXMSRWSJXLIQEVKMRWSJ8EVQSSPEPMOIMRXVYWMZIFSHMIWXLVSYKLSYXXLIVIKMSR8LI VIKMSREPJEV½IPHWXVIWWIWEXXLIXMQISJQMRIVEPMWEXMSREVIVIPEXMZIP][IPPGSRWXVEMRIHERHXLIETTVS\MQEXI shapes of other covered granitoids in the region can be derived from geophysical interpretations with WYJ½GMIRX EGGYVEG] XS TVSHYGI E KIRIVEPMWIH ( WLETI XS YWI EW XLI FEWMW JSV TVIHMGXMRK XLI QSWX TVSWTIGXMZIVIKMSRWSRXLIQEVKMRWSJXLIKVERMXSMHW4VIPMQMREV]HVMPPMRKGERXLIRFIYWIHXSVI½RIXLI

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*MKYVI %8EVQSSPEVIWSYVGI QSHIP [EVQ GSPSYVW ! LMKLIV KVEHI & 'YQYPEXMZI HMPEXMSR VIWYPXW JVSQ numerical reverse engineering model.

MRXIVTVIXEXMSRSJXLIKVERMXSMHWLETIERHWYFWIUYIRXP]VI½RIXLIRYQIVMGEPQSHIPXSMQTVSZIXLIUYEPMX] SJTVIHMGXMZIQSHIPPMRKSYXTYXW Acknowledgements

7X&EVFEVE0MQMXIHEVIEGORS[PIHKIHJSVEPPS[MRKXLIWIVIWYPXWXSFITYFPMWLIHERHMRTEVXMGYPEV-ER 3´+VEH]ERH&SF0SZIJSVXLIMVGSRXVMFYXMSRWXSXLMWTVSNIGX(MKMVSGOTVSZMHIHXLI½VWXTEWW[MVIJVEQI ERH MRXIVTVIXEXMSR SJ XLI8EVQSSPE +VERSHMSVMXI[LMGL [EW WYFWIUYIRXP] VIMRXIVTVIXIH ERH VI½RIH F]'7-63+YMPPEYQI(YGPEY\MWEPWSXLEROIHJSVLMWEWWMWXERGIMRTVITEVMRKWSQISJXLIVIWYPXWMRXLMW EFWXVEGX

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*MKYVI2I[XEVKIXWMHIRXM½IHSRXLIQEVKMRSJXLI8EVQSSPE+VERSHMSVMXI%RSQEPMIWERHEVITVIHMGXIH to be shear vein and/or disseminated shear zone hosted anomalies associated with low angle thrusting along XLIKVERSHMSVMXIGSRXEGX8LIWIVIPEXMZIP]¾EXHMTTMRKFVSEHHMWXVMFYXIHWLIEVWXVEMRERH¾YMH¾Y\WMXIWWLSYPH be very easy to test with a limited number of holes. Anomaly 3 is predicted to be a highly localised zone of WMKRM½GERXHMPEXMSRERHZIMRMRKWMQMPEVXSXLI8EVQSSPELMKLKVEHIFVMXXPIZIMRLSWXIHQMRIVEPMWEXMSRLS[IZIV ERSQEP]LEWEWMKRM½GERXP]LMKLIVXIRSVXLERXLI8EVQSSPEERSQEP]ERHMWEPWSWMKRM½GERXP]QSVIJSGYWWIH TSXIRXMEPP]MRHMGEXMRKQSVIMRXIRWIZIMRMRKERH¾YMHJSGYWWMRK